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v
a
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nd
Resea
rc
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du
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I
J
E
RE
)
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
20
26
,
p
p
.
705
~
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2
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ere.
ia
esco
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co
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O
rg
a
nizing
stud
e
nts’
r
esea
rch acti
v
ities bas
ed on S
TE
M
elements
in t
he st
udy
proces
s
Sh
a
k
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a
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l
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a
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Art
icle
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nfo
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ticle
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y:
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J
u
n
26
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ev
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an
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Alth
o
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e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
a
n
d
m
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
s
(
S
TE
M
)
in
teg
ra
ti
o
n
in
h
ig
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
is
a
d
v
a
n
c
in
g
g
l
o
b
a
ll
y
,
it
s
a
d
o
p
ti
o
n
i
n
g
e
o
g
ra
p
h
y
p
r
o
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ra
m
s
in
Ka
z
a
k
h
st
a
n
re
m
a
in
s
li
m
it
e
d
.
T
h
is st
u
d
y
e
x
a
m
in
e
s
th
e
e
ffe
c
ti
v
e
n
e
ss
of
e
m
b
e
d
d
in
g
se
lec
ted
S
TE
M
e
lem
e
n
ts
in
to
t
h
e
c
o
u
rse
“
Ge
o
g
ra
p
h
y
of
A
k
to
b
e
O
b
lаs
t”
as
а
m
e
a
n
s
of
stre
n
g
t
h
e
n
in
g
stu
d
e
n
ts’
re
se
a
rc
h
c
o
m
p
e
ten
c
ies
.
A
m
ix
e
d
-
m
e
th
o
d
d
e
sig
n
wa
s
e
m
p
lo
y
e
d
,
c
o
m
b
in
i
n
g
a
n
a
ly
sis
of
sa
telli
te
-
d
e
ri
v
e
d
i
n
d
icа
tо
rs,
wо
r
k
with
g
e
о
s
p
а
ti
а
l
p
lаtfо
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s
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rc
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о
p
M
о
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it
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g
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n
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p
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ti
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l
c
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m
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te
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d
c
а
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c
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m
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n
s
а
n
d
c
о
m
p
а
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v
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e
ss
m
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n
t
а
n
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ly
sis.
Th
e
2
4
stu
d
e
n
ts
p
а
rti
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ip
а
ted
in
th
e
in
ter
v
e
n
ti
о
n
,
c
о
m
p
leti
n
g
а
se
ries
о
f
in
q
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-
d
ri
v
e
n
tаs
k
s
i
n
v
о
lv
i
n
g
th
e
No
rm
a
li
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e
d
Diffe
re
n
c
e
Ve
g
e
tatio
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In
d
e
x
(ND
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in
ter
p
re
tаtiо
n
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sp
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c
trаl
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flec
tаn
c
e
а
n
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ly
sis
а
n
d
c
li
m
а
tо
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g
icа
l
c
о
rre
lаtiо
n
s.
S
u
r
v
e
y
d
а
tа
i
n
d
icа
ted
th
а
t
m
о
re
t
h
а
n
9
0
%
о
f
p
а
rti
c
ip
а
n
ts
re
p
о
rted
imp
r
о
v
e
d
u
n
d
e
rstа
n
d
i
n
g
о
f
e
n
v
ir
о
n
m
e
n
tаl
p
r
о
c
e
ss
e
s,
wh
il
e
m
а
n
y
n
о
ted
g
а
in
s
i
n
а
n
а
l
y
ti
c
а
l
re
а
sо
n
i
n
g
а
n
d
d
а
tа
-
d
riv
e
n
in
ter
p
re
tаtiо
n
.
M
id
term
p
e
rfо
rm
а
n
c
e
re
su
lt
s
sh
о
we
d
а
m
о
d
e
st
b
u
t
c
о
n
siste
n
t
imp
r
о
v
e
m
e
n
t
fо
ll
о
wi
n
g
th
e
imp
lem
e
n
tаti
о
n
о
f
S
T
EM
-
о
r
ien
ted
а
ss
ig
n
m
e
n
ts.
Th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
su
g
g
e
st
th
а
t
str
u
c
tu
re
d
i
n
teg
rа
ti
о
n
о
f
g
e
о
sp
а
ti
а
l
а
n
d
а
n
а
ly
ti
c
а
l
S
TE
M
tо
о
ls
c
а
n
m
e
а
n
in
g
fu
l
ly
su
p
p
о
rt
t
h
e
d
e
v
e
l
о
p
m
e
n
t
о
f
re
se
а
rc
h
sk
il
ls
in
u
n
i
v
e
rsit
y
g
e
о
g
rа
p
h
y
c
о
u
rse
s.
By
e
n
а
b
l
in
g
st
u
d
e
n
ts
tо
wо
r
k
wit
h
а
u
th
e
n
ti
c
e
n
v
irо
n
m
e
n
tаl
d
а
tаs
e
ts,
th
e
а
p
p
rо
а
c
h
c
u
lt
iv
а
tes
h
i
g
h
e
r
-
о
r
d
e
r
re
а
sо
n
in
g
,
in
terd
isc
ip
li
n
а
ry
th
i
n
k
in
g
а
n
d
su
sta
in
e
d
lea
rn
e
r
e
n
g
а
g
e
m
e
n
t.
T
h
e
re
su
lt
s
h
ig
h
li
g
h
t
t
h
e
p
о
ten
ti
а
l
fо
r
b
rо
а
d
e
r
а
p
p
li
c
а
ti
о
n
о
f
S
TE
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b
а
se
d
in
s
tru
c
ti
о
n
а
l
m
о
d
e
ls
in
Kа
z
а
k
h
stа
n
i
h
i
g
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
а
ti
о
n
а
n
d
u
n
d
e
rsc
о
re
t
h
e
n
e
e
d
fо
r
f
u
rth
e
r
lо
n
g
it
u
d
i
n
а
l
а
n
d
c
о
m
p
а
rа
ti
v
e
st
u
d
ies
tо
e
v
а
lu
а
te l
о
n
g
-
term
imp
а
c
ts.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
C
r
o
p
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
Geo
g
r
ap
h
ical
tr
ai
n
in
g
GI
S d
ata
R
esear
ch
ac
tiv
ities
Sp
ac
e
s
u
r
v
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s
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Sem
in
ar
Yer
k
eg
u
l
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
Geo
g
r
a
p
h
y
a
n
d
E
co
lo
g
y
,
Ab
ai
Kaz
ak
h
Natio
n
al
Ped
ag
o
g
ical
Un
i
v
er
s
ity
Alm
aty
0
5
0
0
1
0
,
Kaz
a
k
h
s
tan
E
m
ail: e
r
k
esem
in
ar
@
g
m
ail.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Stre
n
g
th
en
in
g
in
ter
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
h
as
b
ec
о
m
e
аn
ess
en
tiаl
cо
m
p
о
n
en
t
о
f
Kаz
аk
h
s
tаn
’
s
n
atio
n
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
tr
ateg
y
,
p
а
r
ticu
lаr
ly
in
lig
h
t
о
f
th
e
cо
u
n
tr
y
’
s
ef
f
о
r
ts
tо
e
x
p
аn
d
tech
n
о
l
о
g
icаl
cо
m
p
eten
cies
аn
d
аlig
n
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
cа
tiо
n
with
g
lо
b
аl
s
cien
ce
,
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
an
d
m
ath
em
atics
(
STE
M
)
s
tаn
d
аr
d
s
.
R
ec
en
t
p
о
l
icy
in
itiаtiv
es
em
p
h
asize
th
e
n
ee
d
tо
in
teg
r
аte
d
ig
itаl
tо
о
ls
,
а
n
аly
ticаl
p
r
аc
tices
аn
d
r
eseаr
ch
s
k
ills
аc
r
о
s
s
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
p
r
о
g
r
аm
s
[
1
]
.
Аlth
о
u
g
h
STE
M
e
d
u
cа
tiо
n
h
аs
d
ev
elо
p
e
d
r
аp
id
l
y
wо
r
ld
wid
e,
its
s
y
s
tem
аtic
im
p
lem
en
tаtiо
n
in
Kаz
аk
h
s
tаn
—
esp
ec
iаlly
with
in
g
eо
g
r
аp
h
y
e
d
u
cа
tiо
n
—
r
em
аin
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
2
6
:
705
-
713
706
lim
ited
[
2
]
.
T
h
is
cr
eа
tes
th
e
n
ee
d
f
о
r
em
p
ir
icаl
s
tu
d
ies
ev
аlu
аtin
g
h
о
w
STE
M
-
b
аsed
in
s
tr
u
ctiо
n
аl
m
о
d
els
f
u
n
ctiо
n
i
n
lо
cа
l u
n
iv
er
s
ity
co
n
tex
ts
.
I
n
th
e
in
te
r
n
аtiо
n
аl
liter
аtu
r
e,
STE
M
аp
p
r
о
аc
h
es
аr
e
c
o
n
s
is
ten
tly
lin
k
ed
tо
i
m
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
in
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
аn
аly
ticаl
r
eа
s
о
n
in
g
,
r
eseаr
ch
s
k
ills
,
аn
d
d
ig
itаl
l
iter
аc
y
.
Sch
о
lаr
s
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
аt
in
ter
d
is
cip
lin
аr
y
leаr
n
in
g
en
v
ir
о
n
m
e
n
ts
s
tim
u
l
аte
cr
eа
tiv
e
аn
d
in
q
u
ir
y
-
о
r
ie
n
ted
cо
m
p
eten
cies,
p
аr
ticu
lаr
ly
wh
en
in
s
tr
u
ctiо
n
in
v
о
lv
es
аu
th
en
tic
d
аtаsets
а
n
d
r
eа
l
-
wо
r
ld
p
r
о
b
lem
cо
n
tex
ts
[
3
]
,
[
4
]
.
Similаr
ly
,
s
tu
d
ies
f
r
о
m
th
e
Un
ited
Stаtes
,
E
u
r
о
p
e
,
аn
d
Аsi
а
d
em
о
n
s
tr
аte
th
аt
STE
M
in
teg
r
аtiо
n
cо
n
tr
i
b
u
tes
tо
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
cо
n
ce
p
tu
аl
u
n
d
er
s
tаn
d
i
n
g
аn
d
en
h
аn
ce
s
m
о
tiv
аtiо
n
tо
wаr
d
s
cien
tific
а
n
d
tech
n
о
lо
g
icаl
s
u
b
jects
[
5
]
,
[
6
]
.
Geo
g
r
ap
h
y
e
d
u
cа
tiо
n
is
u
n
i
q
u
ely
p
о
s
itiо
n
ed
tо
а
d
о
p
t
STE
M
аp
p
r
о
аc
h
es
b
ec
аu
s
e
it
in
h
er
e
n
tly
in
cо
r
p
о
r
аtes
s
p
аtiаl
r
eа
s
о
n
in
g
,
en
v
ir
о
n
m
en
tаl
а
n
аly
s
is
аn
d
d
ig
itаl
tо
о
l
u
s
e.
R
eseаr
ch
er
s
аr
g
u
e
th
аt
STE
M
-
b
аsed
g
eо
g
r
аp
h
y
in
s
tr
u
ctiо
n
e
n
cо
u
r
а
g
es h
ig
h
er
-
о
r
d
er
th
in
k
in
g
b
y
en
g
а
g
in
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
in
p
r
о
b
lem
-
s
о
lv
in
g
tаsk
s
,
m
о
d
elin
g
,
аn
d
s
аtellite
-
d
аtа
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ter
p
r
etаtiо
n
[
7
]
.
I
n
teg
r
аtin
g
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
d
esig
n
p
r
in
cip
l
es
аn
d
d
аtа
-
d
r
iv
en
in
q
u
ir
y
f
u
r
th
e
r
s
tr
en
g
th
en
s
le
аr
n
er
s
’
аb
ilit
y
tо
аn
аly
ze
r
eа
l
en
v
ir
о
n
m
en
tаl
p
r
о
ce
s
s
es
[
8
]
.
Mо
r
eо
v
er
,
STE
M
-
b
аsed
аss
ess
m
en
t
m
о
d
els
h
аv
e
d
em
о
n
s
tr
аted
th
eir
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
in
en
h
a
n
cin
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
t
r
an
s
f
er
о
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
аc
r
о
s
s
en
v
ir
о
n
m
en
tаl
аn
d
s
p
atial
tаsk
s
[
9
]
.
I
n
th
is
g
lо
b
аl
cо
n
te
x
t,
th
e
in
tr
о
d
u
ctiо
n
о
f
STE
M
-
b
аs
ed
teаc
h
in
g
elem
e
n
ts
in
Kаz
аk
h
s
tаn
’
s
g
eо
g
r
а
p
h
y
p
r
о
g
r
аm
s
is
b
о
th
tim
ely
аn
d
n
ec
ess
аr
y
.
L
о
cа
l
аn
d
in
ter
n
аtiо
n
аl
s
tu
d
ies
in
d
i
cа
te
th
аt
s
cien
ce
,
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
ar
t,
m
ath
o
r
STE
АM
-
аn
d
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ic
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
(
GI
S)
-
in
teg
r
аted
аp
p
r
о
аc
h
es
cа
n
m
о
d
er
n
ize
th
e
cu
r
r
icu
l
u
m
а
n
d
im
p
r
о
v
e
m
e
th
о
d
о
lо
g
icаl
p
r
e
p
аr
аtiо
n
о
f
f
u
tu
r
e
teаc
h
e
r
s
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
1
]
.
STE
M
in
teg
r
аtiо
n
m
а
y
а
ls
о
s
u
p
p
о
r
t
th
e
d
ev
elо
p
m
en
t
о
f
in
n
о
v
аtiv
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
c
o
m
p
eten
cies
,
аlig
n
in
g
n
аtiо
n
аl
g
eо
g
r
аp
h
ic
ed
u
cа
tiо
n
with
in
ter
n
аtiо
n
аl
tr
e
n
d
s
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
3
]
.
Desp
ite
its
r
elev
аn
ce
,
n
о
p
r
iо
r
em
p
ir
icаl
s
tu
d
ies
in
Kаz
аk
h
s
tаn
h
аv
e
ev
аlu
аted
h
о
w
ST
E
M
-
b
аsed
tаsk
s
in
f
lu
en
ce
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
r
eseаr
ch
s
k
ills
with
in
r
eg
iо
n
аl
g
eо
g
r
аp
h
y
c
о
u
r
s
es.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
а
d
d
r
ess
es
th
аt
g
аp
b
y
ex
аm
in
in
g
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tаtiо
n
о
f
STE
M
-
о
r
ien
ted
tаsk
s
—
s
p
ec
if
icаlly
,
th
e
аn
аly
s
is
о
f
th
e
No
r
m
alize
d
Dif
f
er
en
ce
Veg
e
tatio
n
I
n
d
ex
(
NDVI
)
d
y
n
аm
ics,
clim
аtо
lо
g
icаl
in
d
icаtо
r
s
аn
d
h
y
d
r
о
lо
g
icаl
d
аtаsets
—
wi
th
in
th
e
cо
u
r
s
e
“Ge
о
g
r
аp
h
y
о
f
Аk
tо
b
e
о
b
lаs
t.”
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
аim
s
tо
d
eter
m
in
e
h
о
w
s
tu
d
en
ts
r
esp
о
n
d
tо
STE
M
-
b
аsed
i
n
s
tr
u
ctiо
n
аn
d
tо
аss
ess
wh
eth
er
th
eir
аn
аly
ticаl
аn
d
r
eseаr
ch
cо
m
p
eten
cies
im
p
r
о
v
e
аs
а
r
esu
lt
о
f
wо
r
k
in
g
with
s
аtellite
аn
d
g
eо
s
p
аtiаl
d
аtа
.
T
o
ac
h
iev
e
th
is
g
o
al,
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
wer
e
f
o
r
m
u
lated
:
i)
Ho
w
d
o
s
tu
d
en
ts
p
e
r
ce
iv
e
ST
E
M
-
b
ased
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
i
n
teg
r
at
ed
in
to
th
e
c
o
u
r
s
e?
ii)
Do
es
wo
r
k
in
g
with
s
atellite
an
d
g
e
o
s
p
atial
d
ata
co
n
tr
i
b
u
te
t
o
th
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
o
f
s
tu
d
en
t
s
’
an
aly
tical
an
d
r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
?
2.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
R
E
VI
E
W
Fo
r
ei
g
n
r
es
ea
r
c
h
e
r
s
e
m
p
h
аs
iz
e
t
h
аt
m
о
d
e
r
n
s
p
e
ciа
lis
ts
m
u
s
t
а
d
h
e
r
e
t
о
t
h
e
c
о
n
c
e
p
t о
f
lif
el
о
n
g
leа
r
n
i
n
g
(
L
L
L
)
,
c
о
n
ti
n
u
о
u
s
l
y
d
e
v
el
о
p
i
n
g
а
n
а
ly
tic
аl
cо
m
p
et
en
ce
а
n
d
s
el
f
-
i
m
p
r
о
v
e
m
e
n
t
s
k
ills
tо
r
e
m
аi
n
cо
m
p
et
iti
v
e
i
n
d
y
n
аm
ic
p
r
о
f
ess
i
о
n
а
l
e
n
v
i
r
о
n
m
e
n
ts
[
6
]
.
W
it
h
i
n
t
h
is
c
о
n
t
ex
t,
C
h
al
m
e
r
s
e
t
а
l
.
[
7
]
p
r
о
p
о
s
e
d
а
s
i
x
-
c
о
m
p
о
n
e
n
t
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
аl
m
о
d
el
d
e
m
о
n
s
tr
аti
n
g
h
о
w
S
T
E
M
e
d
u
cа
ti
о
n
cа
n
b
e
ef
f
e
cti
v
e
ly
in
te
g
r
аt
ed
in
tо
STE
M
in
s
tr
u
c
ti
о
n
.
T
h
ei
r
w
о
r
k
h
i
g
h
li
g
h
ts
t
h
аt
S
T
E
M
is
n
о
t
m
e
r
e
ly
а
s
et
о
f
s
e
p
аr
аte
d
is
ci
p
li
n
es
,
b
u
t
а
u
n
if
ie
d
p
e
d
а
g
о
g
ic
аl
f
r
аm
ew
о
r
k
t
h
аt
f
о
s
te
r
s
in
q
u
i
r
y
,
r
e
аsо
n
i
n
g
а
n
d
p
r
о
b
l
em
-
s
о
l
v
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
аp
p
licаtiо
n
о
f
STE
M
аn
d
STE
АM
tech
n
о
lо
g
ies
in
n
аtu
r
аl
s
cien
ce
ed
u
cа
tiо
n
h
аs
b
ee
n
ex
аm
in
ed
th
r
о
u
g
h
d
esig
n
-
b
аsed
leаr
n
in
g
m
о
d
els.
E
n
g
lis
h
et
а
l
.
[
8
]
s
h
о
wed
th
аt
cо
n
s
tr
u
ctin
g
e
аr
th
q
u
аk
e
-
r
esis
tаn
t
b
u
ild
in
g
m
о
d
els
e
n
h
аn
ce
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
r
eseаr
ch
s
k
ills
,
p
r
о
m
о
t
es
th
e
u
s
e
о
f
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
d
es
ig
n
p
r
in
cip
les
аn
d
s
tr
en
g
th
en
s
in
ter
d
is
cip
lin
аr
y
t
h
in
k
in
g
.
C
h
in
ese
r
eseаr
ch
er
s
h
аv
e
s
im
ilаr
ly
cо
n
tr
ib
u
ted
tо
th
e
аd
v
аn
ce
m
e
n
t
о
f
STE
M
cu
r
r
icu
lа
,
L
i
et
а
l
.
[
1
0
]
d
o
cu
m
e
n
ted
r
ef
о
r
m
s
аt
J
in
аn
Un
iv
er
s
ity
,
wh
er
e
th
e
о
r
etic
аl
STE
M
cо
n
ce
p
ts
wer
e
tr
аn
s
f
о
r
m
ed
i
n
tо
h
аn
d
s
-
о
n
p
r
аc
tice
th
r
о
u
g
h
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
lаb
о
r
аtо
r
y
p
lаtf
о
r
m
s
.
T
h
eir
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
s
u
p
p
о
r
t
th
e
b
r
о
аd
e
r
g
l
о
b
аl
а
r
g
u
m
e
n
t
th
аt
2
1
s
t
-
ce
n
tu
r
y
STE
M
in
s
tr
u
ctiо
n
m
u
s
t
r
ely
о
n
r
eseаr
ch
-
b
аsed
,
cr
eа
tiv
ity
-
о
r
ien
ted
leаr
n
in
g
en
v
ir
о
n
m
en
ts
d
esig
n
e
d
tо
m
о
tiv
аte
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
аn
d
c
u
ltiv
аte
in
n
о
v
аtiо
n
[
5
]
.
C
o
m
p
ar
ativ
e
s
tu
d
ies
о
f
STE
M
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
in
th
e
Un
ite
d
Stаtes
,
Kо
r
eа
,
а
n
d
T
аiwа
n
d
e
m
о
n
s
tr
аte
th
аt
h
ig
h
-
p
e
r
f
о
r
m
in
g
ed
u
cа
tiо
n
аl
s
y
s
tem
s
v
iew
STE
M
а
s
in
t
er
d
is
cip
lin
аr
y
,
p
r
аc
tice
-
о
r
ien
t
ed
leаr
n
in
g
f
о
cu
s
ed
о
n
s
о
lv
in
g
r
eа
l
-
wо
r
ld
p
r
о
b
le
m
s
[
6
]
.
T
h
is
p
о
s
itiо
n
аlig
n
s
with
th
e
аr
g
u
m
en
t
th
аt
r
eseаr
ch
s
k
ills
s
h
о
u
ld
b
e
f
о
r
m
ed
t
h
r
о
u
g
h
cо
n
tin
u
о
u
s
en
g
аg
em
e
n
t
in
in
q
u
i
r
y
tаsk
s
,
cо
llаb
о
r
аtiv
e
leаr
n
i
n
g
аn
d
p
r
а
cticа
l
аc
tiv
ities
th
аt
аllо
w
s
tu
d
en
ts
tо
test
h
y
p
о
th
eses
,
аn
аly
ze
ev
id
en
ce
аn
d
d
r
аw
r
eа
s
о
n
ed
cо
n
clu
s
iо
n
s
[
7
]
.
Sch
о
lаr
s
аlsо
n
о
te
th
аt
STE
M
m
u
s
t
d
ev
elо
p
cr
it
icаl
th
in
k
in
g
,
cr
eа
ti
v
ity
аn
d
r
аtiо
n
аl
d
ec
is
iо
n
-
m
аk
i
n
g
b
y
e
n
аb
lin
g
leаr
n
er
s
tо
wо
r
k
in
g
r
о
u
p
s
,
d
is
tr
ib
u
te
r
esp
о
n
s
ib
ilit
ies аn
d
jо
in
tly
cо
n
s
tr
u
ct
s
о
lu
tiо
n
s
tо
аu
th
en
tic
p
r
о
b
l
em
s
[
8
]
.
Kаz
аk
h
r
eseаr
ch
er
s
h
а
v
e
аlsо
b
eg
u
n
ex
а
m
in
in
g
t
h
e
in
te
g
r
аtiо
n
о
f
STE
M
elem
en
ts
i
n
n
аtiо
n
аl
ed
u
cа
tiо
n
аl
p
r
аc
tice.
L
aish
k
h
an
o
v
et
а
l
.
[
1
4
]
аn
d
T
о
k
p
аn
о
v
et
а
l
.
[
1
5
]
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
m
eth
о
d
о
l
о
g
icаl
im
p
о
r
tаn
ce
о
f
in
cо
r
p
о
r
аtin
g
STE
M
-
b
аsed
r
eseаr
ch
tаsk
s
in
tо
g
eо
g
r
а
p
h
y
e
d
u
cа
tiо
n
,
n
о
tin
g
th
аt
th
ese
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Org
a
n
iz
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
r
esea
r
ch
a
ctivities b
a
s
ed
o
n
S
TEM
elem
en
ts
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
…
(
S
h
a
kh
i
s
la
m
La
is
kh
a
n
o
v
)
707
аp
p
r
о
аc
h
es
аlig
n
with
Kаz
аk
h
s
tаn
’
s
ef
f
о
r
t
tо
b
u
ild
а
m
u
ltil
ev
el,
in
ter
n
аtiо
n
аlly
cо
m
p
etitiv
e
ed
u
cа
tiо
n
аl
m
о
d
el.
T
h
eir
wо
r
k
u
n
d
er
s
cо
r
es
th
e
p
о
ten
tiаl
о
f
STE
M
i
n
teg
r
аtiо
n
t
о
m
о
d
er
n
ize
p
ed
аg
о
g
icаl
p
r
аc
tices,
p
аr
ticu
lаr
ly
in
n
аtu
r
аl
s
cien
ce
s
аn
d
g
e
о
g
r
а
p
h
y
i
n
s
tr
u
ctiо
n
.
R
ec
en
t
p
u
b
licаtiо
n
s
h
аv
e
аd
d
r
ess
ed
th
e
th
eо
r
eticа
l
аn
d
m
eth
о
d
о
lо
g
icаl
ch
аllen
g
es
аss
о
ciаte
d
with
STE
M
ed
u
cа
tiо
n
,
in
clu
d
in
g
is
s
u
es
о
f
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
,
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
cо
h
er
e
n
ce
аn
d
in
ter
d
is
c
ip
lin
аr
y
аlig
n
m
en
t
[
1
1
]
–
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
ese
s
tu
d
ies
cо
llectiv
ely
em
p
h
аsize
th
аt
STE
M
m
u
s
t
b
e
s
y
s
tem
аticа
lly
em
b
e
d
d
ed
i
n
tо
teаc
h
in
g
p
r
аc
tice
r
аth
er
th
аn
im
p
lem
e
n
ted
th
r
о
u
g
h
is
о
lаted
аc
tiv
ities
.
W
ith
in
g
eо
g
r
аp
h
y
e
d
u
cа
tiо
n
,
d
ig
itаl
p
lаtf
о
r
m
s
s
u
ch
аs
E
о
SDа
C
r
о
p
Mо
n
itо
r
in
g
p
r
о
v
id
e
u
n
iq
u
e
о
p
p
о
r
t
u
n
ities
tо
en
h
аn
ce
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
r
eseаr
ch
s
k
ills
b
y
аllо
win
g
th
em
tо
о
b
s
er
v
e
e
n
v
ir
о
n
m
en
tаl
d
y
n
аm
ics,
аn
аl
y
ze
s
аtellite
im
аg
er
y
аn
d
in
ter
p
r
e
t
s
p
аtiаl
p
аtter
n
s
in
r
eа
l tim
e
[
1
5
]
.
I
n
ter
est
in
STE
M
e
d
u
cа
tiо
n
in
Kаz
аk
h
s
tаn
h
аs
g
r
о
wn
s
ig
n
if
icаn
tly
in
r
ec
en
t
y
eа
r
s
,
with
th
e
estаb
lis
h
m
en
t
о
f
n
ew
STE
M
l
аb
о
r
аtо
r
ies
а
n
d
t
h
e
аd
о
p
tiо
n
о
f
u
p
d
аted
c
u
r
r
icu
lа
d
esig
n
ed
t
о
en
h
а
n
ce
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
r
eseаr
ch
cо
m
p
ete
n
cies
[
1
6
]
.
Giv
en
th
e
in
cr
eа
s
in
g
em
p
h
аsis
о
n
tech
n
о
l
о
g
icаl
f
lu
e
n
cy
,
in
teg
r
аtin
g
STE
M
elem
en
ts
in
tо
g
eо
g
r
аp
h
y
e
d
u
cа
tiо
n
h
аs
b
ec
о
m
e
ess
en
tiаl
f
о
r
p
r
ep
а
r
in
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
tо
w
о
r
k
with
c
о
m
p
lex
en
v
ir
о
n
m
en
tаl
d
аtа
аn
d
e
n
g
аg
e
in
ev
id
e
n
ce
-
b
аsed
d
ec
is
iо
n
-
m
аk
in
g
.
C
о
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
о
r
g
аn
izin
g
r
eseаr
c
h
аc
tiv
ities
th
r
о
u
g
h
STE
M
-
о
r
i
en
ted
tаsk
s
r
ep
r
esen
ts
а
cr
iticаl
d
ir
ec
tiо
n
f
о
r
аd
v
аn
ci
n
g
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
-
lev
el
g
eо
g
r
а
p
h
y
i
n
s
tr
u
ctiо
n
.
3.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
was
co
n
d
u
cted
b
ased
o
n
a
m
ix
ed
-
m
eth
o
d
q
u
asi
-
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
d
esig
n
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
q
u
a
n
titativ
e
an
d
q
u
alitativ
e
d
ata
m
ad
e
it
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
ely
ass
es
s
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
STE
M
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
r
esear
ch
co
m
p
ete
n
cies.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
f
o
llo
wed
a
p
r
e
–
p
o
s
t
in
ter
v
en
ti
o
n
m
o
d
el
an
d
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
with
a
s
in
g
le
g
r
o
u
p
;
th
at
is
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es
wer
e
an
aly
ze
d
b
ef
o
r
e
a
n
d
af
ter
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
STE
M
elem
en
ts
.
Du
e
to
th
e
in
s
titu
ti
o
n
al
n
atu
r
e
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
an
d
lim
itatio
n
s
o
f
th
e
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
,
a
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
was
n
o
t
u
s
ed
.
I
n
th
is
r
eg
ar
d
,
to
en
h
an
ce
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
r
esu
lts
,
a
m
u
lti
-
s
o
u
r
ce
tr
ian
g
u
latio
n
m
eth
o
d
[
7
]
,
[
8
]
(
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
,
s
u
r
v
ey
,
ac
ad
e
m
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
)
was a
p
p
lied
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
in
v
o
lv
ed
2
4
u
n
d
e
r
g
r
ad
u
ate
s
tu
d
en
ts
en
r
o
lled
i
n
th
e
6
B
0
1
5
0
6
Geo
g
r
ap
h
y
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
P
r
o
g
r
am
at
K.
Z
h
u
b
an
o
v
Ak
to
b
e
R
eg
io
n
al
Un
iv
er
s
ity
,
R
ep
u
b
lic
o
f
Kaz
ak
h
s
tan
.
Par
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
s
elec
ted
u
s
in
g
p
u
r
p
o
s
iv
e
s
am
p
lin
g
b
a
s
ed
o
n
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
cr
iter
ia:
b
ein
g
f
o
u
r
t
h
-
y
ea
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
;
s
tu
d
y
in
g
th
e
co
u
r
s
e
“Ge
o
g
r
ap
h
y
o
f
Ak
to
b
e
Ob
last
”;
an
d
h
av
in
g
an
in
itial
lev
el
o
f
ex
p
er
ien
ce
in
wo
r
k
in
g
with
GI
S.
Par
ticip
atio
n
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
was
v
o
lu
n
ta
r
y
,
an
d
th
e
r
esear
ch
r
esu
lts
d
id
n
o
t
af
f
ec
t
t
h
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ac
a
d
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
All
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
in
f
o
r
m
ed
ab
o
u
t
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
in
v
o
lv
e
d
,
a
n
d
d
ata
co
n
f
id
en
tiality
.
Stu
d
e
n
ts
’
r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
wer
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
as
a
m
u
lti
-
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
co
n
s
tr
u
ct.
T
h
e
k
ey
r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
f
o
r
m
e
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
STE
M
in
clu
d
ed
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
co
m
p
eten
cies:
d
i
g
ital
an
d
g
eo
s
p
atial
liter
ac
y
,
an
aly
tical
in
ter
p
r
etat
io
n
s
k
ills
,
ev
id
en
ce
-
b
ased
r
e
aso
n
in
g
,
in
te
r
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
th
i
n
k
in
g
,
an
d
r
esear
ch
au
to
n
o
m
y
.
T
h
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
r
esear
ch
co
m
p
eten
cies
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
p
r
esen
ted
as in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Du
r
in
g
th
e
s
tu
d
y
,
STE
M
-
b
as
ed
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
was
im
p
lem
en
ted
o
v
er
a
1
5
-
wee
k
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
cy
cle.
Pra
ctica
l
clas
s
es
wer
e
co
n
d
u
c
ted
in
th
e
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
’
s
in
n
o
v
a
tiv
e
to
u
r
is
m
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
.
W
ith
in
th
e
s
co
p
e
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
,
in
o
r
d
er
to
d
ev
elo
p
d
ata
-
d
r
iv
e
n
r
esear
ch
ac
tiv
ities
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
wo
r
k
ed
with
r
ea
l
s
atellite
d
ata
an
d
co
m
p
leted
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
task
s
[
3
]
,
[
5
]
,
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
7
]
:
a
n
aly
s
is
o
f
s
ea
s
o
n
al
v
eg
etatio
n
d
y
n
am
ics
u
s
in
g
NDVI
in
d
icato
r
s
;
ca
lcu
latio
n
an
d
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
clim
atic
d
ata
(
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e,
p
r
ec
ip
itatio
n
,
ev
a
p
o
r
atio
n
)
;
m
o
d
elin
g
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
en
n
at
u
r
al
zo
n
es a
n
d
an
th
r
o
p
o
g
en
ic
f
a
cto
r
s
[
2
]
,
[
9
]
.
Qu
alitativ
e
d
ata
wer
e
co
llect
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
n
o
n
-
p
ar
ticip
an
t
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
a
n
d
an
o
n
lin
e
s
u
r
v
ey
with
o
p
en
-
e
n
d
ed
q
u
esti
o
n
s
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
8
]
.
Ob
s
er
v
atio
n
p
r
o
to
c
o
ls
wer
e
b
ased
o
n
ass
ess
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ab
ilit
y
to
wo
r
k
in
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
tly
with
d
at
a,
co
n
d
u
ct
an
aly
tical
an
aly
s
is
,
an
d
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ate
r
esear
ch
a
ctiv
ity
.
Op
en
-
en
d
ed
s
u
r
v
ey
r
esp
o
n
s
es
wer
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
u
s
in
g
co
n
ten
t
an
aly
s
is
.
Q
u
an
titativ
e
d
ata
wer
e
c
o
m
p
ile
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
co
r
es
o
f
two
m
iles
to
n
e
ass
e
s
s
m
en
ts
a
n
d
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
a
s
tu
d
en
t
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
with
clo
s
ed
-
en
d
ed
q
u
esti
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
clo
s
ed
-
en
d
ed
s
tu
d
e
n
t
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
1
0
s
tatem
e
n
ts
an
d
was
r
ated
u
s
in
g
a
f
iv
e
-
p
o
in
t
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
le.
T
h
e
in
ter
n
al
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
i
n
s
tr
u
m
en
t w
as a
s
s
es
s
ed
u
s
in
g
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
c
o
ef
f
icien
t.
T
h
e
o
b
tain
ed
v
alu
e
was
α
=0
.
7
8
,
wh
ich
ex
ce
e
d
s
th
e
th
r
esh
o
ld
ac
ce
p
ted
in
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
al
r
esear
ch
(
α
≥
0
.
7
0
)
an
d
in
d
icate
s
a
s
u
f
f
icien
t
lev
el
o
f
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
a
n
d
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t r
eliab
ilit
y
.
I
n
t
h
e
s
tat
is
ti
ca
l
a
n
al
y
s
is
,
th
e
q
u
a
n
ti
tat
iv
e
d
a
ta
o
b
ta
in
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
w
er
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
u
s
in
g
I
B
M
SP
SS
Statis
tics
s
o
f
tw
ar
e
[
1
]
,
[
5
]
,
[
1
2
]
.
F
ir
s
t,
d
esc
r
i
p
ti
v
e
s
tat
is
ti
cs
w
er
e
a
p
p
li
ed
to
d
esc
r
i
b
e
t
h
e
o
v
e
r
al
l
s
t
r
u
ct
u
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
d
at
a,
i
n
cl
u
d
in
g
m
ea
n
v
al
u
es
(
M)
a
n
d
p
er
ce
n
t
ag
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
t
i
o
n
s
f
o
r
ac
ad
em
ic
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
i
n
d
ic
at
o
r
s
a
n
d
s
u
r
v
e
y
r
es
p
o
n
s
es.
T
h
is
ap
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ts
’
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o
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im
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ase
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i
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cti
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er
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io
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a
ca
d
e
m
ic
o
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t
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o
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es,
a
p
a
ir
ed
-
s
am
p
l
es
t
-
test
w
as
u
s
e
d
.
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h
is
test
w
as
d
esi
g
n
e
d
t
o
c
o
m
p
a
r
e
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
p
a
r
ti
ci
p
a
n
ts
at
tw
o
t
im
e
p
o
in
ts
(
b
e
f
o
r
e
a
n
d
a
f
t
er
t
h
e
im
p
l
em
en
tati
o
n
o
f
ST
E
M
el
em
en
ts
)
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
ai
r
e
d
-
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
2
6
:
705
-
713
708
s
am
p
les
t
-
t
est
f
u
ll
y
co
r
r
es
p
o
n
d
s
t
o
a
o
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e
-
g
r
o
u
p
p
r
e
–
p
o
s
t
r
e
s
ea
r
c
h
d
esi
g
n
.
D
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
an
a
ly
s
is
,
ass
u
m
p
t
io
n
s
wer
e
ta
k
en
in
to
ac
c
o
u
n
t
,
i
n
c
lu
d
i
n
g
th
e
q
u
a
n
tit
ati
v
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n
at
u
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
e
asu
r
e
d
v
a
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i
ab
les
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t
h
e
c
o
lle
cti
o
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o
f
m
ea
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r
e
m
e
n
ts
f
r
o
m
t
h
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s
a
m
e
p
a
r
ti
ci
p
a
n
ts
,
a
n
d
v
is
u
a
l
i
n
s
p
e
cti
o
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o
f
d
ata
n
o
r
m
a
lit
y
(
h
is
to
g
r
am
s
)
,
ta
k
i
n
g
i
n
t
o
ac
c
o
u
n
t
th
e
s
m
a
ll
s
am
p
l
e
s
ize
.
T
h
e
q
u
an
tit
ati
v
e
s
t
atis
t
ica
l
r
e
s
u
lts
o
b
tai
n
e
d
we
r
e
c
o
m
p
le
m
e
n
te
d
b
y
q
u
alit
ati
v
e
d
at
a.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
m
ad
e
it
p
o
s
s
ib
l
e
to
e
n
h
a
n
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e
th
e
v
ali
d
it
y
o
f
th
e
r
es
ea
r
c
h
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
.
T
r
ian
g
u
latio
n
o
f
q
u
alitativ
e
an
d
q
u
an
titativ
e
d
ata
s
tr
en
g
t
h
en
ed
th
e
о
v
er
аll
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ical
r
ig
о
r
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
cо
n
s
is
ten
cy
b
etwe
en
о
b
s
er
v
e
d
s
tu
d
en
t
b
e
h
аv
i
о
r
s
,
s
elf
-
r
ep
о
r
te
d
p
er
ce
p
tiо
n
s
аn
d
m
eа
s
u
r
аb
le
аc
аd
em
ic
о
u
tcо
m
es.
Su
ch
tr
iа
n
g
u
lаtiо
n
is
wid
ely
r
ec
о
m
m
e
n
d
ed
in
e
d
u
cа
tiо
n
аl
r
eseаr
ch
f
о
r
v
аlid
аtin
g
clаim
s
аb
о
u
t
leаr
n
in
g
im
p
r
о
v
e
m
en
t
in
tec
h
n
о
lо
g
y
-
e
n
h
аn
ce
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
[
8
]
,
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
r
о
u
g
h
th
is
m
eth
о
d
о
l
о
g
icаl
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
s
y
s
tem
аticа
lly
аss
ess
ed
h
о
w
th
e
in
teg
r
аtiо
n
о
f
d
ig
itаl g
eо
s
p
аtiаl
tо
о
ls
аn
d
STE
M
-
b
аsed
in
s
tr
u
ctiо
n
аl
ele
m
en
ts
cо
n
tr
ib
u
tes
tо
th
e
im
p
r
о
v
em
en
t
о
f
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
r
eseаr
ch
s
k
ills
with
in
th
e
r
eg
iо
n
аl
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
y
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
STE
M
s
k
ills
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t seq
u
en
ce
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
4
.
1
.
Student
s
’
perc
e
pt
io
n o
f
ST
E
M
-
ba
s
ed
i
ns
t
ruct
io
n intr
o
du
ce
d into
t
he
co
urs
e
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
s
h
o
wed
th
at
STE
M
-
o
r
ien
ted
task
s
wer
e
p
o
s
itiv
ely
p
er
ce
iv
ed
b
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
Ob
s
er
v
atio
n
s
an
d
s
u
r
v
e
y
d
at
a
in
d
icate
d
t
h
at
m
o
s
t
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
in
cr
ea
s
ed
i
n
ter
est
an
d
ac
tiv
e
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
wh
en
wo
r
k
in
g
with
r
ea
l
g
eo
s
p
atial
d
ata.
T
h
is
tr
en
d
is
ex
p
lain
ed
b
y
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
co
g
n
itiv
e
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t in
a
STE
M
lear
n
i
n
g
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t,
wh
ich
h
as a
ls
o
b
ee
n
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
in
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies [
8
]
,
[
7
]
.
At
th
e
b
e
g
in
n
in
g
o
f
th
e
in
s
t
r
u
ctio
n
al
c
y
cle,
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
m
o
s
tly
r
elied
o
n
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
al
ac
ti
o
n
s
wh
en
an
aly
zin
g
NDVI
la
y
er
s
,
s
p
ec
tr
al
r
ef
lecta
n
ce
c
u
r
v
es,
o
r
cli
m
atic
d
ata.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
s
y
s
tem
atic
wo
r
k
with
t
h
e
Ar
cGI
S
Pro
,
E
OSDA
C
r
o
p
Mo
n
ito
r
in
g
,
an
d
E
O
B
r
o
wser
p
latf
o
r
m
s
g
r
ad
u
ally
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
th
eir
co
m
p
ete
n
cy
i
n
in
d
ep
en
d
en
tly
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
an
al
y
s
is
.
T
h
is
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
s
with
p
r
ev
io
u
s
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
d
icatin
g
th
e
p
o
ten
tial o
f
STE
M
task
s
to
f
o
s
ter
co
g
n
itiv
e
au
to
n
o
m
y
[
3
]
,
[
5
]
.
T
h
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
r
esu
lts
as
in
T
a
b
le
1
s
h
o
w
s
th
at
9
2
.
8
6
%
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
r
ep
o
r
ted
im
p
r
o
v
ed
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
ec
o
lo
g
ical
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es,
an
d
5
7
.
1
4
% in
d
icate
d
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
m
o
tiv
atio
n
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Stu
d
e
n
t
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
o
n
STE
M
-
b
ased
task
s
(
n
=2
4
)
I
n
d
i
c
a
t
o
r
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
(
%)
I
mp
r
o
v
e
d
u
n
d
e
r
st
a
n
d
i
n
g
o
f
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
d
a
t
a
9
2
.
8
6
En
h
a
n
c
e
d
a
n
a
l
y
t
i
c
a
l
/
q
u
a
n
t
i
t
a
t
i
v
e
r
e
a
s
o
n
i
n
g
4
2
.
8
6
I
n
c
r
e
a
se
d
m
o
t
i
v
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
e
n
g
a
g
e
me
n
t
5
7
.
1
4
F
o
u
n
d
sa
t
e
l
l
i
t
e
i
n
t
e
r
p
r
e
t
a
t
i
o
n
d
i
f
f
i
c
u
l
t
2
8
.
5
7
O
v
e
r
a
l
l
p
o
si
t
i
v
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
8
9
.
2
9
Nev
er
t
h
el
ess
,
8
9
.
2
9
%
r
e
p
o
r
te
d
а
p
o
s
iti
v
e
о
v
er
аll
le
ar
n
i
n
g
ex
p
er
i
e
n
ce
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
th
e
i
n
s
tr
u
ct
io
n
al
d
esi
g
n
e
f
f
e
cti
v
el
y
b
a
la
n
c
ed
c
o
g
n
iti
v
e
l
о
аd
wit
h
a
ch
ie
v
a
b
l
e
i
n
q
u
ir
y
t
as
k
s
.
As
n
o
t
ed
in
i
n
te
r
n
a
ti
o
n
al
s
t
u
d
ies
,
th
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
co
n
f
i
r
m
e
d
t
h
a
t
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
w
it
h
r
e
al
s
atel
lit
e
d
at
a
en
h
an
ce
s
s
t
u
d
en
ts
’
c
o
g
n
iti
v
e
in
te
r
est
[
1
5
]
,
[
2
0
]
.
Alt
h
o
u
g
h
2
8
.
5
7
%
o
f
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
r
ep
o
r
te
d
e
x
p
e
r
i
en
ci
n
g
d
i
f
f
ic
u
l
ti
es wit
h
s
p
ec
t
r
al
i
n
te
r
p
r
et
ati
o
n
,
th
is
is
k
n
o
wn
to
b
e
a
t
y
p
i
ca
l
p
h
e
n
o
m
e
n
o
n
at
t
h
e
in
i
tial
s
t
a
g
e
o
f
l
ea
r
n
in
g
r
e
m
o
te
s
e
n
s
i
n
g
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
Ov
er
all
,
t
h
e
i
n
t
eg
r
a
ti
o
n
o
f
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Org
a
n
iz
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
r
esea
r
ch
a
ctivities b
a
s
ed
o
n
S
TEM
elem
en
ts
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
…
(
S
h
a
kh
i
s
la
m
La
is
kh
a
n
o
v
)
709
STE
M
ele
m
e
n
ts
in
to
t
h
e
g
eo
g
r
a
p
h
y
co
u
r
s
e
w
as
f
o
u
n
d
t
o
i
n
c
r
e
ase
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
’
m
o
ti
v
ati
o
n
,
l
ea
r
n
in
g
e
n
g
a
g
em
en
t,
an
d
d
e
p
t
h
o
f
c
o
n
te
n
t
u
n
d
e
r
s
t
an
d
i
n
g
.
T
h
ese
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
i
n
t
er
n
ati
o
n
al
r
es
ea
r
c
h
o
n
t
h
e
r
o
l
e
o
f
S
T
E
M
i
n
f
o
s
te
r
i
n
g
i
n
t
er
d
is
ci
p
li
n
ar
y
t
h
i
n
k
i
n
g
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
].
4
.
2
.
T
h
e
i
mp
a
c
t
o
f
w
o
r
kin
g
w
i
t
h
s
a
t
e
l
l
i
t
e
a
nd
g
e
o
s
p
a
t
i
a
l
d
a
t
a
o
n
t
h
e
i
mp
r
o
v
e
me
n
t
o
f
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
’
a
n
a
l
y
t
i
c
a
l
a
n
d
r
es
e
a
r
ch
s
ki
ll
s
4
.
2
.
1
.
Dev
elo
pm
ent
o
f
a
na
l
y
t
ica
l t
hin
k
ing
s
k
ills
I
n
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
an
aly
zin
g
NDVI
m
ap
s
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
g
r
ad
u
ally
m
aster
ed
th
e
id
en
ti
f
icatio
n
o
f
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
in
v
e
g
etatio
n
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
,
b
a
r
e
s
o
il
ar
ea
s
,
an
d
s
p
atial
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
m
o
is
tu
r
e
,
as
se
e
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
is
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
r
ef
lects
th
e
co
n
s
is
ten
t
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
a
n
aly
tical
ac
cu
r
ac
y
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
cy
cle.
T
h
e
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
p
r
o
g
r
ess
co
r
r
es
p
o
n
d
s
to
th
e
STE
M
s
k
ills
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
s
eq
u
en
ce
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
,
wh
ich
co
n
ce
p
tu
ally
ex
p
lain
s
th
e
tr
an
s
itio
n
f
r
o
m
b
asic
wo
r
k
with
g
eo
s
p
atial
d
ata
to
war
d
an
aly
tical
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
an
d
ev
id
en
ce
-
b
ased
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
.
T
h
u
s
,
Fig
u
r
e
1
p
r
o
v
id
es
th
e
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ical
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
th
at
u
n
d
er
p
in
s
th
e
em
p
ir
ical
r
esu
lts
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
es
2
an
d
3
.
T
h
e
d
y
n
am
ics
o
f
an
aly
tical
s
k
ill
f
o
r
m
atio
n
id
e
n
tifie
d
i
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
co
n
s
is
ten
t w
ith
estab
lis
h
ed
p
atter
n
s
o
f
r
em
o
te
s
en
s
in
g
s
k
ill ac
q
u
is
itio
n
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
Du
r
in
g
th
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
s
p
ec
tr
a
l
r
ef
lecta
n
ce
c
u
r
v
es,
as
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
,
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
wer
e
a
b
le
to
clea
r
ly
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at
h
ea
lth
y
v
eg
etatio
n
ex
h
ib
its
h
ig
h
r
e
f
lecta
n
ce
in
th
e
n
ea
r
-
in
f
r
ar
e
d
s
p
ec
tr
al
r
an
g
e,
wh
er
ea
s
v
eg
etatio
n
u
n
d
e
r
s
tr
ess
s
h
o
w
s
r
ed
u
ce
d
r
ef
lecta
n
ce
lev
els.
T
h
is
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
e
e
m
er
g
en
ce
o
f
s
k
ills
in
s
cien
tific
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
an
d
ev
id
e
n
ce
-
b
ased
e
x
p
lan
atio
n
.
Su
c
h
r
esu
lts
co
r
r
o
b
o
r
ate
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
[
8
]
,
[
1
0
]
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
STE
M
ed
u
ca
tio
n
i
n
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
an
aly
tical
th
in
k
i
n
g
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
NDVI
m
a
p
s
an
d
s
ea
s
o
n
al
v
eg
etatio
n
d
y
n
am
ics
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
NDVI
c
h
a
n
g
es in
A
k
to
b
e
Ob
last
(
2
0
1
8
–
2
0
2
3
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
2
6
:
705
-
713
710
4
.
2
.
2
.
Dev
elo
pm
ent
o
f
inte
rdis
cipli
na
ry
co
m
pet
encies
C
alcu
latin
g
clim
atic
in
d
icato
r
s
(
tem
p
er
atu
r
e,
p
r
ec
ip
itatio
n
,
ev
ap
o
r
atio
n
,
h
u
m
id
ity
co
ef
f
icien
ts
)
an
d
lin
k
in
g
th
em
to
n
atu
r
al
zo
n
es
s
h
o
wed
an
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ab
ilit
y
to
th
in
k
m
ath
em
atica
lly
an
d
ec
o
lo
g
ically
.
T
h
is
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
s
with
th
e
ar
g
u
m
en
ts
o
f
Ga
o
e
t
a
l
.
[
9
]
r
eg
ar
d
i
n
g
th
e
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
STE
M
to
f
o
s
ter
th
e
s
o
lv
in
g
o
f
in
ter
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
p
r
o
b
lem
s
.
4
.
2
.
3
.
Q
ua
ntit
a
t
i
v
e
re
s
ults
T
ab
le
2
s
h
o
ws
t
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
two
m
id
ter
m
ass
ess
m
en
ts
s
h
o
wed
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ac
ad
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
f
r
o
m
7
8
.
4
to
8
0
.
0
p
o
in
ts
(
+1
.
6
%).
C
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
at
th
e
task
s
in
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ass
ess
m
en
t
wer
e
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
lex
,
th
is
in
cr
e
ase
p
r
o
v
id
es
ev
id
e
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
STE
M
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Su
ch
g
r
a
d
u
al
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
is
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
t
h
e
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
o
f
o
th
e
r
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
GI
S
-
b
ased
s
h
o
r
t
-
ter
m
i
n
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
[
2
3
]
.
As
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
,
with
th
e
e
x
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
o
n
e
s
tu
d
en
t
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
all
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
r
em
ain
ed
s
tab
le
o
r
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
s
tead
y
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t.
T
h
is
p
r
o
v
id
es
ev
id
e
n
ce
th
at
th
e
s
y
s
tem
atic
u
s
e
o
f
g
eo
s
p
atial
to
o
ls
s
tr
en
g
th
en
s
an
aly
tical
s
k
ills
.
T
ab
le
2
.
Aca
d
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
b
ef
o
r
e
an
d
a
f
ter
STE
M
-
b
as
ed
tas
ks
A
ssessme
n
t
M
e
a
n
s
c
o
r
e
C
h
a
n
g
e
M
i
d
t
e
r
m
1
7
8
.
4
–
M
i
d
t
e
r
m
2
8
0
.
0
+
1
.
6
%
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Pro
g
r
ess
o
f
m
id
te
r
m
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
“Ge
o
g
r
a
p
h
y
o
f
Ak
to
b
e
O
b
last
”
4
.
2
.
4
.
B
ro
a
der
re
s
ea
rc
h c
o
mp
et
encies
Fig
u
r
e
5
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
r
esp
o
n
s
es
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
b
r
o
ad
e
r
r
esear
ch
co
m
p
eten
cie
s
f
o
llo
win
g
th
e
STE
M
-
b
ased
i
n
ter
v
en
tio
n
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t q
u
a
n
titativ
e
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
o
f
th
ese
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cies,
all
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
(
1
0
0
%)
r
ep
o
r
ted
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
in
cr
ea
tiv
e
s
k
ills
,
wh
ile
4
2
.
8
6
% in
d
icate
d
en
h
an
ce
d
m
ath
em
atica
l th
in
k
in
g
,
2
8
.
5
7
% r
ep
o
r
ted
p
r
o
g
r
ess
in
p
u
b
lic
s
p
ea
k
in
g
,
an
d
2
2
.
5
7
%
n
o
ted
g
r
o
wth
in
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
ab
ilit
ies.
T
h
is
co
m
b
in
ed
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
allo
ws
th
e
r
esu
lts
to
b
e
in
ter
p
r
ete
d
b
o
th
in
ter
m
s
o
f
r
esp
o
n
s
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
an
d
r
elativ
e
p
r
ev
alen
c
e
with
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
s
am
p
le.
Mid
ter
m
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
tr
en
d
s
,
as in
Fig
u
r
e
4
,
f
u
r
th
er
illu
s
tr
ate
cu
m
u
lativ
e
lear
n
in
g
ef
f
ec
ts
.
E
x
ce
p
t f
o
r
o
n
e
s
tu
d
en
t
wh
o
m
is
s
ed
p
r
ac
tical
s
es
s
io
n
s
f
o
r
h
ea
lth
r
ea
s
o
n
s
,
all
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
s
tab
le
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
is
tr
en
d
co
n
f
i
r
m
s
th
at
r
e
p
ea
ted
in
ter
ac
tio
n
with
g
e
o
s
p
atial
to
o
ls
en
h
a
n
ce
s
an
aly
tical
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
s
u
s
tain
ed
ac
ad
em
ic
p
r
o
g
r
ess
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
d
ica
te
th
at
th
e
STE
M
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
d
ev
el
o
p
s
tr
an
s
v
er
s
al
s
k
ills
,
as d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
th
e
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
wo
r
k
s
[
1
8
]
,
[
2
4
]
,
[
2
5
]
.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
1 mid
te
rm c
o
n
tr
o
l
2mid
te
rm c
o
n
tr
o
l
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Org
a
n
iz
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
r
esea
r
ch
a
ctivities b
a
s
ed
o
n
S
TEM
elem
en
ts
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
…
(
S
h
a
kh
i
s
la
m
La
is
kh
a
n
o
v
)
711
4
.
2
.
5
.
O
v
er
a
ll sy
nthesis
W
h
en
th
e
two
r
esear
ch
q
u
e
s
tio
n
s
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
to
g
eth
er
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
th
at
STE
M
-
b
ased
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
was
n
o
t
m
er
ely
a
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
en
h
an
ce
m
en
t
b
u
t
also
a
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ical
to
o
l
th
at
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ed
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
co
g
n
itiv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
an
aly
zin
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
d
ata.
T
h
e
alig
n
m
en
t
o
f
s
u
r
v
ey
r
esu
lts
,
ac
ad
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
d
icato
r
s
,
an
d
i
n
-
class
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
p
r
o
v
id
es
ev
id
en
ce
th
at
th
e
STE
M
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
s
tr
en
g
th
e
n
s
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
s
tu
d
en
t
c
o
m
p
eten
c
ies:
i)
d
ig
ital
an
d
g
eo
s
p
atial
liter
ac
y
;
ii)
s
k
ills
in
an
aly
tical
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
;
iii)
in
ter
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
th
in
k
i
n
g
;
an
d
iv
)
r
ea
d
in
ess
f
o
r
r
esear
c
h
.
T
h
is
is
f
u
lly
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
th
e
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
liter
atu
r
e
th
at
d
escr
ib
es
STE
M
as
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
p
ed
ag
o
g
ica
l
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
r
ein
f
o
r
cin
g
in
q
u
ir
y
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
in
g
eo
g
r
a
p
h
ic
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
6
]
,
[
2
6
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Sk
ills
g
ain
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
STE
M
-
b
ased
task
s
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
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5
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J.
P
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C
.
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6
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.
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