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t
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l J
o
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f
Art
if
icia
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t
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ence
(
I
J
-
AI
)
Vo
l.
15
,
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.
1
,
Feb
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2
0
2
6
,
p
p
.
247
~
256
I
SS
N:
2
2
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8
9
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,
DOI
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0
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1
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1
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15
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1
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247
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a
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.
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Enha
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c ne
twor
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ty throug
h a trus
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ba
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ehicula
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tack
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ilp
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ticle
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y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
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v
28
,
2
0
2
5
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ev
is
ed
Dec
26
,
2
0
2
5
Acc
ep
ted
J
an
10
,
2
0
2
6
In
v
e
h
icu
lar
a
d
-
h
o
c
n
e
tw
o
rk
s
(VA
NETs),
e
n
su
rin
g
se
c
u
re
a
n
d
re
li
a
b
le
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
is
e
ss
e
n
ti
a
l
d
u
e
t
o
th
e
g
ro
wi
n
g
t
h
re
a
t
o
f
c
y
b
e
r
-
a
t
tac
k
s.
As
a
tt
a
c
k
s
c
a
n
d
isr
u
p
t
d
a
ta
tran
sm
issio
n
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
r
o
m
ise
u
se
r
p
ri
v
a
c
y
a
n
d
n
e
two
rk
i
n
teg
rit
y
,
it
is
v
it
a
l
to
d
e
v
e
lo
p
r
o
b
u
st
se
c
u
rit
y
so
l
u
ti
o
n
s.
He
n
c
e
,
th
is
wo
rk
i
n
tro
d
u
c
e
s
a
tru
st
-
b
a
se
d
v
e
h
icu
lar
se
c
u
rit
y
(TV
S
)
m
o
d
e
l,
wh
ic
h
lev
e
ra
g
e
s
tru
st
m
e
tri
c
s
to
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
VA
NET
se
c
u
rit
y
.
T
h
e
m
a
in
o
b
j
e
c
ti
v
e
wa
s
to
e
sta
b
li
s
h
se
c
u
re
c
o
n
n
e
c
ti
o
n
s
b
e
twe
e
n
v
e
h
icle
s
a
n
d
in
fra
stru
c
t
u
re
n
o
d
e
s,
e
ffe
c
ti
v
e
ly
m
it
ig
a
ti
n
g
a
tt
a
c
k
s
w
h
il
e
m
a
in
tain
in
g
h
ig
h
e
r
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t.
T
h
e
m
e
th
o
d
o
lo
g
y
in
te
g
ra
ted
a
d
y
n
a
m
ic
tru
st
e
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
m
o
d
e
l
t
o
p
re
v
e
n
t
m
a
li
c
io
u
s
a
c
ti
v
it
ies
a
n
d
e
n
su
re
se
c
u
re
d
a
ta
tran
sm
issio
n
.
Th
e
TVS
m
o
d
e
l’s
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
wa
s
c
o
m
p
a
re
d
t
o
a
n
e
x
ist
in
g
VA
NET
m
o
d
e
l,
sh
o
wi
n
g
imp
ro
v
e
d
re
su
lt
s
in
term
s
o
f
d
e
tec
ti
o
n
ra
te,
m
isc
las
sifica
ti
o
n
ra
te,
a
n
d
th
ro
u
g
h
p
u
t.
T
h
e
fin
d
in
g
s
d
e
m
o
n
stra
te
a
n
a
v
e
ra
g
e
m
isc
l
a
ss
ifi
c
a
ti
o
n
ra
te
o
f
2
2
.
7
5
%
,
a
d
e
tec
ti
o
n
ra
te
o
f
1
4
.
7
7
%
,
a
n
d
a
th
ro
u
g
h
p
u
t
o
f
1
1
.
4
5
%
,
h
ig
h
li
g
h
ti
n
g
th
e
su
p
e
rio
r
e
ffe
c
ti
v
e
n
e
ss
o
f
th
e
TVS
m
o
d
e
l
i
n
a
tt
a
c
k
-
p
ro
n
e
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
ts
w
h
e
n
c
o
m
p
a
re
d
with
e
x
isti
n
g
VA
NET
m
o
d
e
ls.
Th
e
TVS
m
o
d
e
l
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
s
a
p
ro
m
isin
g
se
c
u
rit
y
so
l
u
ti
o
n
f
o
r
VA
NETs,
o
ffe
rin
g
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
d
p
r
o
tec
ti
o
n
a
g
a
i
n
st
d
e
n
ial
-
of
-
se
rv
ice
(Do
S
)
a
tt
a
c
k
s
a
n
d
sp
o
o
fi
n
g
(c
y
b
e
r
-
a
tt
a
c
k
s)
wit
h
b
e
tt
e
r
a
c
c
u
r
a
c
y
a
n
d
n
e
tw
o
rk
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
.
T
h
e
n
o
v
e
lt
y
li
e
s
in
t
h
e
d
y
n
a
m
ic,
m
u
lt
i
-
tr
u
st
-
b
a
se
d
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
fo
r
se
c
u
re
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
in
v
e
h
icu
lar
n
e
two
rk
s.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Attack
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
Dy
n
am
ic
tr
u
s
t
I
o
V
-
PB
FT
Secu
r
ity
T
r
u
s
t
-
b
ased
v
eh
ic
u
lar
V
eh
icu
lar
ad
-
h
o
c
n
etwo
r
k
s
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Sh
ilp
a
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
C
o
m
p
u
ter
Scie
n
ce
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
R
E
VA
Un
iv
er
s
ity
B
en
g
alu
r
u
,
I
n
d
ia
E
m
ail: sh
ilp
asad
lap
u
r
@
r
ed
if
f
m
ail.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Veh
icu
lar
ad
-
h
o
c
n
etwo
r
k
s
(
VANE
T
s
)
ar
e
s
p
ec
ialized
wir
eless
n
etwo
r
k
s
d
esig
n
ed
f
o
r
v
eh
icles
to
co
m
m
u
n
icate
with
ea
ch
o
th
er
an
d
with
r
o
a
d
s
id
e
in
f
r
as
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
v
e
h
icle
-
to
-
v
e
h
icle
(
V2
V)
,
v
eh
icle
-
to
-
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
(
V2
I
)
,
an
d
v
eh
i
cle
-
to
-
ev
er
y
t
h
in
g
(
V
2
X)
an
d
o
th
er
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
p
ar
ad
ig
m
s
as
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
[
1
]
.
B
y
u
tili
zin
g
d
y
n
am
ic
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
an
d
s
h
o
r
t
-
r
an
g
e
wir
eless
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
s
u
ch
as
d
ed
icate
d
s
h
o
r
t
-
r
an
g
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
(
DSR
C
)
an
d
5
G,
VANE
T
s
en
ab
le
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
f
o
r
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
tr
a
f
f
ic
m
an
a
g
e
m
en
t
to
s
af
ety
aler
ts
.
T
h
ese
n
etwo
r
k
s
p
lay
a
p
i
v
o
tal
r
o
le
in
en
h
an
cin
g
r
o
a
d
s
af
ety
,
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
tr
a
f
f
ic
co
n
g
esti
o
n
,
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
o
v
er
a
ll
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
e
f
f
icien
cy
[
1
]
.
VANE
T
s
ar
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
h
i
g
h
m
o
b
ilit
y
,
f
r
eq
u
e
n
t
to
p
o
lo
g
y
ch
a
n
g
es,
an
d
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
lo
w
-
laten
c
y
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
m
ak
in
g
th
em
a
cr
itical
co
m
p
o
n
en
t o
f
m
o
d
er
n
tr
a
n
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
[
2
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
VAN
E
T
s
ar
e
in
tr
in
s
ically
lin
k
ed
to
th
e
in
tellig
e
n
t
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
s
y
s
tem
(
I
T
S),
a
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
t
h
at
lev
er
a
g
es
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
to
cr
ea
te
s
af
er
,
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
t,
a
n
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
[
3
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8
9
3
8
I
n
t J Ar
tif
I
n
tell
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
20
26
:
247
-
2
5
6
248
I
T
S
in
teg
r
ates
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies,
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
an
d
d
ata
an
aly
tics
to
o
p
tim
ize
tr
af
f
ic
f
lo
w,
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
af
ety
,
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
im
p
ac
t
[
4
]
.
VANE
T
s
f
o
r
m
th
e
b
ac
k
b
o
n
e
o
f
I
T
S
b
y
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
b
et
wee
n
v
eh
icles
an
d
in
f
r
astru
c
tu
r
e,
en
ab
lin
g
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
lik
e
ad
ap
tiv
e
tr
af
f
ic
lig
h
ts
,
em
er
g
e
n
cy
v
eh
icle
p
r
io
r
itizatio
n
,
an
d
co
llis
io
n
av
o
id
a
n
ce
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
e
s
y
n
er
g
y
b
etwe
en
VANE
T
s
an
d
I
T
S
f
ac
ilit
ates
s
m
ar
ter
u
r
b
an
m
o
b
ilit
y
a
n
d
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
co
n
n
ec
t
ed
an
d
au
to
m
ate
d
v
eh
icle
ec
o
s
y
s
tem
s
[
5
]
.
Nev
er
th
eless
,
VANE
T
s
ar
e
in
te
g
r
al
to
th
e
b
r
o
ad
er
in
te
r
n
et
o
f
v
eh
icles
(
I
o
V)
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
,
wh
ic
h
co
n
n
ec
ts
v
eh
icles
to
th
e
in
ter
n
et
an
d
o
t
h
er
d
e
v
ices,
en
ab
lin
g
a
s
ea
m
le
s
s
f
lo
w
o
f
d
ata
an
d
s
er
v
ices
[
6
]
.
I
o
V
e
n
co
m
p
ass
e
s
V2
V,
V2
I
,
an
d
V
2
X
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
p
a
r
ad
ig
m
s
.
V2
V
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
allo
ws
v
eh
icles
to
ex
ch
an
g
e
in
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
ab
o
u
t
s
p
ee
d
,
l
o
ca
tio
n
,
an
d
tr
af
f
ic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
en
h
an
cin
g
s
af
ety
,
an
d
tr
af
f
ic
ef
f
icien
cy
.
V2
I
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
f
ac
ilit
ates
in
ter
ac
tio
n
with
r
o
ad
s
id
e
u
n
its
(
R
SUs
)
f
o
r
tr
af
f
ic
m
an
ag
em
en
t
an
d
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
u
p
d
ates.
V2
X
e
x
ten
d
s
th
is
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
to
p
e
d
estrian
s
,
cy
clis
ts
,
an
d
o
th
er
r
o
a
d
u
s
er
s
,
c
r
ea
tin
g
a
h
o
lis
tic
ec
o
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
co
n
n
ec
t
ed
m
o
b
ilit
y
.
T
h
ese
c
o
n
n
ec
tiv
i
ty
p
ar
a
d
ig
m
s
p
o
s
itio
n
VANE
T
s
as
a
co
r
n
er
s
to
n
e
o
f
m
o
d
er
n
tr
a
n
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
,
en
ab
lin
g
s
m
ar
ter
,
an
d
m
o
r
e
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
e
tr
af
f
ic
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Ad
v
an
ce
d
VANE
T
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
(
I
o
V)
[
1
]
Desp
ite
th
eir
b
e
n
ef
its
,
VANE
T
s
p
o
s
s
ess
u
n
iq
u
e
f
ea
tu
r
es
t
h
a
t
m
ak
e
th
em
v
u
ln
e
r
ab
le
t
o
a
wid
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
attac
k
s
[
7
]
,
[
8
]
.
Hig
h
m
o
b
il
ity
an
d
f
r
e
q
u
en
t
to
p
o
l
o
g
y
ch
a
n
g
es
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
u
n
a
u
th
o
r
ized
ac
ce
s
s
an
d
d
ata
b
r
ea
ch
es.
T
h
e
d
ec
en
tr
alize
d
n
atu
r
e
o
f
VANE
T
s
ca
n
lead
to
ch
allen
g
es
in
m
ain
tain
in
g
s
ec
u
r
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
o
p
e
n
wir
eless
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
ch
a
n
n
els
ar
e
s
u
s
ce
p
tib
le
to
ea
v
esd
r
o
p
p
in
g
,
jam
m
in
g
,
s
p
o
o
f
i
n
g
,
an
d
d
en
ial
-
of
-
s
er
v
ice
(
Do
S)
attac
k
s
[
9
]
,
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
e
r
elian
ce
o
n
tr
u
s
t
b
et
wee
n
n
o
d
es
f
u
r
th
e
r
co
m
p
licates
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
as
m
al
icio
u
s
n
o
d
es
ca
n
ex
p
lo
it
tr
u
s
t
-
b
ased
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
to
d
is
r
u
p
t
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
o
r
d
is
s
em
in
ate
f
alse
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
E
ar
lier
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
to
s
e
cu
r
in
g
VANE
T
s
r
elied
h
ea
v
ily
o
n
tr
ad
itio
n
al
cr
y
p
to
g
r
ap
h
ic
m
eth
o
d
s
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
ce
r
tific
ates
[
1
3
]
,
p
u
b
lic
k
ey
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
es
(
PKI
)
[
1
4
]
,
an
d
d
ig
ital
s
ig
n
atu
r
es
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
e
s
e
m
eth
o
d
s
p
r
o
v
id
ed
au
th
e
n
ticatio
n
an
d
en
cr
y
p
tio
n
to
p
r
o
tect
d
ata
f
r
o
m
u
n
au
th
o
r
ized
ac
ce
s
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
ey
f
ac
ed
c
h
allen
g
es
in
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
,
laten
cy
,
an
d
r
es
o
u
r
ce
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
d
y
n
am
ic
an
d
h
ig
h
-
m
o
b
ilit
y
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
lik
e
VANE
T
s
.
T
h
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
f
r
eq
u
en
t
k
ey
ex
c
h
an
g
es
an
d
ce
r
tific
ate
r
ev
o
ca
tio
n
s
o
f
ten
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
d
elay
s
an
d
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
o
v
e
r
h
ea
d
,
w
h
ich
co
m
p
r
o
m
is
ed
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
’
s
ef
f
icie
n
cy
a
n
d
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
en
ess
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
ese
m
eth
o
d
s
s
tr
u
g
g
led
t
o
d
etec
t
an
d
m
itig
ate
in
s
id
er
th
r
ea
ts
o
r
co
m
p
r
o
m
is
ed
n
o
d
es,
leav
in
g
n
etwo
r
k
s
v
u
ln
er
ab
le
to
attac
k
s
s
u
c
h
as
Sy
b
il
attac
k
s
an
d
r
o
u
tin
g
d
is
r
u
p
tio
n
s
.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
ese
lim
itat
io
n
s
,
r
ec
en
t
r
esear
ch
h
as
f
o
c
u
s
ed
o
n
tr
u
s
t
-
b
ased
s
ec
u
r
ity
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
f
o
r
VANE
T
s
[
1
6
]
,
[
1
7
]
.
T
r
u
s
t
-
b
ased
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
ev
a
lu
ate
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
a
n
d
b
e
h
av
io
r
o
f
n
o
d
es
to
estab
lis
h
s
ec
u
r
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
T
h
ese
m
eth
o
d
s
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
m
etr
ics
s
u
ch
as
d
ir
ec
t
tr
u
s
t,
in
d
ir
ec
t
tr
u
s
t,
a
n
d
h
is
to
r
ical
tr
u
s
t
to
ass
es
s
n
o
d
e
au
th
en
ticity
.
T
r
u
s
t
-
b
ased
m
o
d
els
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
y
n
am
ic
an
d
ad
a
p
tiv
e
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
en
ab
lin
g
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
id
en
tific
atio
n
o
f
m
alicio
u
s
n
o
d
es
an
d
f
o
s
ter
in
g
s
ec
u
r
e
d
ata
e
x
ch
an
g
e.
T
h
ey
o
f
f
er
a
m
o
r
e
r
o
b
u
s
t
an
d
f
lex
ib
le
s
o
lu
tio
n
co
m
p
ar
e
d
t
o
tr
ad
itio
n
al
cr
y
p
to
g
r
ap
h
ic
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
as
th
e
y
a
d
ap
t
t
o
th
e
d
y
n
a
m
ic
an
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
n
atu
r
e
o
f
VANE
T
s
.
W
h
ile
tr
u
s
t
-
b
ased
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
h
av
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
VANE
T
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
ex
is
tin
g
m
o
d
els
o
f
ten
lack
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
tr
u
s
t
e
v
alu
atio
n
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
th
at
i
n
teg
r
ate
m
u
ltip
le
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
tr
u
s
t.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
m
an
y
m
o
d
els
s
tr
u
g
g
le
to
b
alan
ce
s
ec
u
r
ity
with
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
.
Hen
ce
,
th
is
wo
r
k
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
a
tr
u
s
t
-
b
ased
v
eh
icu
lar
s
ec
u
r
ity
(
T
VS)
m
o
d
el
th
at
ad
d
r
ess
es
t
h
ese
ch
allen
g
es
b
y
in
teg
r
atin
g
d
ir
ec
t
tr
u
s
t,
in
d
ir
ec
t
tr
u
s
t,
r
ec
e
n
t
tr
u
s
t,
p
ast
t
r
u
s
t,
an
d
an
ticip
ated
f
u
t
u
r
e
t
r
u
s
t
in
to
a
u
n
if
ied
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
.
T
h
e
T
VS
m
o
d
el
d
y
n
am
ically
e
v
alu
ates
an
d
u
p
d
ates
tr
u
s
t
v
alu
es
u
s
in
g
weig
h
ted
m
eth
o
d
s
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
r
o
b
u
s
t secu
r
ity
with
o
u
t c
o
m
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
ef
f
icien
c
y
.
B
y
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
p
o
s
itio
n
ev
alu
atio
n
an
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ar
tif
I
n
tell
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
9
3
8
E
n
h
a
n
ci
n
g
ve
h
ic
u
la
r
a
d
h
o
c
n
etw
o
r
k
s
ec
u
r
ity
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
tr
u
s
t
-
b
a
s
ed
ve
h
icu
l
a
r
mo
d
el
fo
r
a
t
ta
ck
…
(
S
h
ilp
a
)
249
d
y
n
am
ic
s
tate
-
ch
an
g
in
g
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
,
th
e
T
VS
m
o
d
el
ef
f
ec
t
iv
ely
id
en
tifie
s
an
d
m
itig
ates
m
alicio
u
s
ac
tiv
ities
,
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
a
h
o
lis
tic
s
o
lu
tio
n
to
VANE
T
s
ec
u
r
ity
ch
allen
g
es.
T
h
e
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
o
f
th
e
T
VS
m
o
d
el
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
as f
o
llo
ws.
T
h
e
T
VS
m
o
d
el
in
teg
r
ates
m
u
ltip
le
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
tr
u
s
t,
i
n
clu
d
in
g
d
ir
ec
t,
in
d
ir
ec
t,
r
ec
e
n
t
,
p
ast,
an
d
f
u
tu
r
e
tr
u
s
t,
f
o
r
a
r
o
b
u
s
t
an
d
d
y
n
a
m
ic
ass
es
s
m
en
t
o
f
v
eh
icle
(
n
o
d
e
)
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
I
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
a
n
o
v
el
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilis
tic
s
tate
-
ch
an
g
in
g
m
ec
h
an
is
m
to
d
etec
t
an
d
m
iti
g
ate
attac
k
s
in
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
b
y
a
n
aly
zin
g
c
h
an
g
es
i
n
v
eh
icle
b
eh
av
io
r
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
s
ec
u
r
e
an
d
ef
f
icien
t
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
Desig
n
ed
th
e
T
VS
m
o
d
el
to
o
p
er
ate
ef
f
icien
tly
in
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le,
h
i
g
h
-
m
o
b
ilit
y
VANE
T
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
b
y
o
p
tim
izin
g
r
eso
u
r
ce
u
tili
za
tio
n
an
d
r
ed
u
cin
g
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
d
ela
y
s
.
Dem
o
n
s
tr
ated
im
p
r
o
v
ed
attac
k
d
etec
tio
n
ac
cu
r
ac
y
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
d
m
is
class
if
icatio
n
r
ates
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
ex
is
tin
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
r
o
b
u
s
t
p
r
o
tectio
n
ag
ain
s
t
m
ali
cio
u
s
ac
tiv
ities
.
E
v
alu
ated
th
e
T
VS
m
o
d
el
u
s
in
g
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
p
a
r
am
eter
s
an
d
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
its
s
u
p
er
i
o
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
in
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t,
laten
cy
,
an
d
attac
k
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
.
B
y
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
e
g
ap
s
in
ex
is
tin
g
s
ec
u
r
ity
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
,
th
e
T
VS
m
o
d
el
estab
lis
h
es
a
n
ew
b
en
ch
m
ar
k
f
o
r
s
ec
u
r
in
g
VANE
T
s
,
p
av
in
g
t
h
e
way
f
o
r
s
af
er
an
d
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
t
ITS
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
,
th
e
m
a
n
u
s
cr
ip
t
is
o
r
g
an
ized
in
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
wa
y
:
s
ec
tio
n
2
d
is
cu
s
s
es
th
e
s
tate
-
of
-
th
e
-
ar
t
ad
v
an
ce
m
e
n
ts
in
tr
u
s
t
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
f
o
r
VANE
T
s
,
f
o
cu
s
i
n
g
o
n
d
y
n
am
ic
tr
u
s
t
ev
alu
at
io
n
,
cr
y
p
to
g
r
ap
h
ic
tech
n
iq
u
es,
an
d
b
l
o
ck
ch
ain
-
b
ased
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
.
S
ec
tio
n
3
p
r
e
s
en
ts
th
e
T
VS
m
o
d
el
.
S
ec
tio
n
4
d
is
cu
s
s
es
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
T
VS
m
o
d
el
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
e
x
is
tin
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
.
Fin
ally
,
s
ec
tio
n
5
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
co
n
clu
s
io
n
an
d
f
u
tu
r
e
wo
r
k
.
2.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
SU
RVE
Y
VANE
T
s
h
av
e
em
er
g
e
d
as
a
cr
itical
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
o
f
I
T
S,
en
ab
lin
g
ef
f
icien
t
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
ca
tio
n
an
d
en
h
an
ce
d
s
af
ety
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
d
y
n
am
ic
a
n
d
d
ec
en
tr
alize
d
n
atu
r
e
o
f
VANE
T
s
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
s
ec
u
r
ity
ch
allen
g
es,
s
u
ch
as
m
alicio
u
s
n
o
d
e
b
eh
a
v
io
r
,
tr
u
s
t
m
an
a
g
em
en
t,
a
n
d
attac
k
p
r
ev
e
n
tio
n
.
Ov
er
th
e
y
ea
r
s
,
v
ar
io
u
s
tr
u
s
t
-
b
ased
a
n
d
b
lo
c
k
ch
ain
-
in
teg
r
ated
s
ec
u
r
ity
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
ese
is
s
u
es.
T
h
is
li
ter
atu
r
e
s
u
r
v
ey
ex
p
lo
r
es
th
e
s
tate
-
of
-
th
e
-
ar
t
a
d
v
an
ce
m
e
n
ts
in
tr
u
s
t
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
f
o
r
VANE
T
s
,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
d
y
n
am
ic
tr
u
s
t e
v
a
lu
atio
n
,
cr
y
p
to
g
r
ap
h
ic
tech
n
iq
u
es,
an
d
b
l
o
ck
ch
ain
-
b
ased
s
o
l
u
tio
n
s
.
R
eh
m
an
et
a
l.
[
1
8
]
p
r
esen
ted
a
tr
u
s
t
-
b
ased
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
I
o
V
in
VANE
T
f
o
r
t
h
e
id
e
n
tific
atio
n
o
f
m
alicio
u
s
ev
en
ts
an
d
n
o
d
es.
T
h
eir
w
o
r
k
was
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
f
r
o
m
o
th
er
w
o
r
k
s
as
th
e
y
c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
d
y
n
am
ic
p
ar
am
eter
s
an
d
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
f
o
r
b
u
ild
in
g
th
eir
m
o
d
el.
Als
o
,
th
eir
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
was
b
u
ilt
b
ased
o
n
a
co
n
tex
t
-
awa
r
e
co
g
n
itiv
e
m
o
d
el
with
ar
tific
ial
in
tellig
en
ce
f
o
r
co
n
s
tan
tly
lear
n
in
g
th
e
c
h
an
g
es
in
th
e
VANE
T
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
.
T
h
ey
ev
alu
ated
th
eir
m
o
d
el
in
MA
T
L
AB
,
an
d
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
eir
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
etter
I
o
V
s
ec
u
r
ity
in
VANE
T
in
ter
m
s
o
f
tr
u
s
t
lev
els
an
d
m
alicio
u
s
n
o
d
e
d
etec
tio
n
.
Am
ar
i
et
a
l
.
[
1
9
]
co
n
d
u
cte
d
a
r
ev
iew
o
n
v
ar
io
u
s
tr
u
s
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
p
r
esen
ted
in
r
ec
en
t
y
ea
r
s
f
o
r
VANE
T
in
v
ar
io
u
s
p
ar
a
d
ig
m
s
.
T
h
eir
r
ev
iew
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
d
if
f
er
en
t
tr
u
s
t
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
,
ex
is
tin
g
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es
p
r
esen
ted
in
r
ec
en
t
y
ea
r
s
,
c
h
allen
g
es
f
ac
e
d
b
y
ex
is
tin
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
an
d
f
in
al
ly
class
if
ied
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
in
to
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
s
ch
em
es,
i.e
.
,
en
tity
-
b
ased
,
d
ata
-
b
ased
,
h
y
b
r
id
,
a
n
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
-
b
ased
.
Fin
ally
c
o
n
clu
d
ed
th
eir
w
o
r
k
with
f
u
tu
r
e
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es.
Din
et
a
l.
[
2
0
]
p
r
esen
te
d
c
o
n
te
x
tu
al
-
awa
r
e
c
o
g
n
itiv
e
-
m
em
o
r
y
tr
u
s
t
-
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t
-
s
y
s
tem
(
C
AC
MT
M)
f
o
r
I
T
S.
T
h
e
C
AC
MT
M
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
u
tili
ze
d
g
am
e
th
eo
r
y
f
o
r
m
o
d
ellin
g
a
tr
u
s
t
-
b
ased
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
,
ev
al
u
atin
g
tr
u
s
t,
u
p
d
atin
g
t
r
u
s
t
an
d
tak
i
n
g
d
ec
is
io
n
s
o
n
tr
u
s
t.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
a
co
g
n
itiv
e
-
m
em
o
r
y
-
b
ased
tr
u
s
t
m
an
ag
em
en
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
was
in
teg
r
ated
in
to
th
e
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
lear
n
in
g
p
ast
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
an
d
ev
o
l
v
in
g
t
h
e
m
o
d
el’
s
b
eh
a
v
io
r
f
o
r
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
tr
u
s
t
-
b
ased
s
ec
u
r
ity
.
T
h
eir
wo
r
k
em
p
lo
y
ed
a
m
u
lti
-
d
im
en
s
io
n
al
tr
u
s
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
r
ed
u
cin
g
f
ailu
r
e
o
f
f
alse
-
tr
u
s
t
an
d
a
b
lo
c
k
ch
ain
-
s
ec
u
r
ity
-
b
ased
lo
g
g
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
tr
an
s
p
ar
e
n
c
y
an
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
.
T
h
e
C
AC
MT
M
h
ad
f
o
u
r
s
tag
es,
i.
e.
,
tr
u
s
t
-
ev
alu
atio
n
,
t
r
u
s
t
-
d
ec
is
io
n
,
tr
u
s
t
-
u
p
d
ate
an
d
tr
u
s
t
-
k
n
o
wled
g
e.
E
v
al
u
atio
n
o
f
C
AC
MT
M
wa
s
d
o
n
e
o
n
th
e
OM
Net+
+
s
im
u
lato
r
,
wh
er
e
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
s
im
u
latio
n
p
ar
am
eter
s
an
d
ev
alu
ated
in
ter
m
s
o
f
d
etec
tio
n
ac
cu
r
a
cy
,
tim
e,
f
alse
-
n
eg
ativ
e
,
an
d
f
alse
-
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
ate,
wh
er
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
s
h
o
wed
t
h
at
C
AC
MT
M
ac
h
iev
ed
9
6
.
3
% a
c
cu
r
ac
y
f
o
r
id
e
n
tify
in
g
attac
k
s
.
Ma
lik
et
a
l
.
[
2
1
]
p
r
esen
ted
an
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
p
r
ev
en
tin
g
g
r
ey
-
h
o
le
attac
k
s
(
GHA)
an
d
ad
-
h
o
c
on
-
d
em
a
n
d
d
is
tan
ce
-
v
ec
to
r
att
ac
k
s
(
AODV
)
ca
lled
as
d
etec
t
io
n
-
p
r
e
v
en
tio
n
o
f
g
r
e
y
-
h
o
le
attac
k
s
(
DPGHA)
in
VANE
T
s
.
T
h
e
DPGHA
u
s
ed
d
y
n
am
ically
ch
an
g
in
g
th
r
esh
o
ld
v
alu
es
f
o
r
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
an
d
t
r
an
s
m
itti
n
g
p
ac
k
ets
in
VANE
T
.
T
h
e
DPGHA
w
as
im
p
lem
en
ted
u
s
in
g
s
im
u
latio
n
o
f
u
r
b
a
n
m
o
b
ilit
y
(
SU
MO
)
an
d
n
etwo
r
k
s
im
u
lato
r
v
er
s
io
n
2
(
NS
-
2
)
s
im
u
lato
r
,
wh
er
e
DPGHA
ac
h
iev
ed
1
0
.
8
5
,
3
.
8
5
,
4
.
6
7
,
2
.
3
,
an
d
6
.
5
8
%
b
etter
r
esu
lts
f
o
r
r
o
u
tin
g
o
v
er
h
ea
d
,
av
er
ag
e
en
d
-
to
-
e
n
d
d
elay
,
p
a
ck
et
-
d
eliv
er
y
r
ate,
d
etec
tio
n
r
ate
an
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
,
wh
en
co
m
p
a
r
ed
with
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
Xi
e
et
a
l
.
[
2
2
]
ex
ten
d
e
d
th
eir
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
wo
r
k
,
wh
ich
was
b
ased
o
n
I
o
V,
wh
e
r
e
th
ey
p
r
o
v
i
d
ed
s
ec
u
r
ity
f
o
r
R
SUs
u
s
in
g
b
lo
ck
ch
ai
n
.
T
h
e
y
id
en
tifi
ed
f
r
o
m
th
eir
wo
r
k
th
at
th
eir
p
r
ev
io
u
s
wo
r
k
wa
s
v
u
ln
er
ab
le
to
attac
k
s
,
h
e
n
ce
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
b
lo
c
k
ch
ain
-
b
ased
ellip
tic
-
cu
r
v
e
cr
y
p
to
g
r
ap
h
y
-
b
ased
cr
o
s
s
-
tr
u
s
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
I
o
V.
T
h
ey
u
s
ed
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
h
y
s
ical
-
u
n
clo
n
a
b
le
f
u
n
ctio
n
(
PUF)
an
d
b
io
m
etr
ic
-
b
ased
k
ey
s
f
o
r
r
esis
tin
g
R
SUs
in
tr
u
s
io
n
attac
k
s
.
Fin
d
in
g
s
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
e
p
r
esen
ted
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
b
etter
s
ec
u
r
ity
.
Ma
e
t
a
l
.
[
2
3
]
p
r
o
v
id
ed
an
a
u
th
en
ti
ca
tio
n
b
lo
ck
c
h
ain
tr
u
s
t
-
b
ased
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
I
o
V.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8
9
3
8
I
n
t J Ar
tif
I
n
tell
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
20
26
:
247
-
2
5
6
250
I
n
itially
,
in
th
eir
w
o
r
k
,
d
at
a
was
p
r
e
-
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
a
n
d
s
to
r
ed
i
n
e
d
g
e
f
o
r
r
ed
u
cin
g
r
esp
o
n
s
e
tim
e
a
n
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
d
elay
.
Fu
r
th
er
,
s
m
ar
t
co
n
tr
ac
ts
wer
e
u
tili
ze
d
f
o
r
au
th
en
ticatin
g
d
ata,
an
d
an
o
p
tim
al
p
r
ac
tical
-
b
y
za
n
tin
e
f
au
lt
-
to
ler
an
t
-
c
o
n
s
en
s
u
s
(
PB
F
T
)
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
was
p
r
esen
ted
f
o
r
ad
d
in
g
th
e
au
th
e
n
ticated
d
at
a
to
th
e
b
lo
ck
c
h
ain
led
g
er
.
T
h
e
s
ec
u
r
ity
was
v
er
if
ied
u
s
in
g
th
e
au
to
m
ated
v
alid
atio
n
o
f
in
ter
n
et
s
ec
u
r
ity
p
r
o
to
co
ls
an
d
ap
p
licatio
n
s
(
AVI
SP
A
)
to
o
l
an
d
th
e
r
ea
l
-
or
-
r
an
d
o
m
o
r
ac
l
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
o
n
th
e
SUMO
s
im
u
lato
r
.
Fin
d
in
g
s
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
r
ed
u
ce
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
co
s
t
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
o
v
e
r
h
ea
d
.
Han
et
a
l
.
[
2
4
]
p
r
esen
ted
a
n
o
v
el
tr
u
s
t
in
ce
n
tiv
e
-
b
ased
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
VAN
E
T
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
ec
u
r
ity
.
T
h
eir
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
ev
alu
ated
th
e
tr
u
s
t
-
b
ased
m
ess
ag
e
u
s
in
g
r
ep
u
tatio
n
e
v
alu
atio
n
s
an
d
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
.
A
p
e
n
alty
an
d
r
ewa
r
d
wer
e
allo
ca
ted
to
v
eh
icles
o
n
th
e
b
asis
o
f
g
am
e
th
eo
r
y
,
wh
ich
r
e
d
u
ce
d
th
e
tr
an
s
f
er
en
ce
o
f
f
alse
d
ata
an
d
attac
k
s
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
a
b
lo
ck
c
h
ain
-
b
ased
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
was
p
r
esen
ted
f
o
r
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
in
s
to
r
ag
e
an
d
th
e
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
E
v
alu
atio
n
s
wer
e
c
o
n
d
u
cte
d
o
n
MA
T
L
AB
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
s
ce
n
ar
io
p
a
r
am
eter
s
,
wh
er
e
th
e
p
r
esen
ted
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
r
ed
u
ce
d
tr
an
s
f
er
en
ce
o
f
f
alse
d
ata,
attac
k
s
,
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
ed
th
e
VA
NE
T
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
B
ib
i
et
a
l.
[
2
5
]
p
r
esen
ted
a
tr
u
s
t
-
awa
r
e
VANE
T
ar
ch
ite
ctu
r
e
th
at
was
in
teg
r
ated
wi
th
b
lo
ck
ch
ain
an
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
-
ce
n
tr
ic
n
etwo
r
k
in
g
f
o
r
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
c
o
n
ten
t
-
b
a
s
ed
s
ec
u
r
ity
.
T
h
eir
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
u
tili
ze
d
v
eh
icle
au
th
en
tic
d
ata
to
en
s
u
r
e
co
n
te
n
t
in
teg
r
ity
in
VANE
T
,
th
er
eb
y
p
r
o
v
i
d
in
g
s
ec
u
r
ity
.
E
v
al
u
atio
n
s
o
f
th
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cted
i
n
J
u
p
y
ter
,
wh
er
e
th
e
r
esu
lts
wer
e
ev
al
u
ated
in
ter
m
s
o
f
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t,
b
an
d
wid
t
h
u
s
ag
e,
co
n
ten
t
d
eli
v
er
y
an
d
n
etwo
r
k
co
n
te
n
t
u
s
ag
e.
T
h
e
ap
p
r
o
a
ch
s
h
o
wed
b
etter
r
esu
lts
wh
en
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
ex
is
tin
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
E
x
is
tin
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
to
en
h
a
n
cin
g
s
ec
u
r
ity
in
VANE
T
s
f
ac
e
n
o
tab
le
lim
itatio
n
s
as
s
ee
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
ab
o
v
e
s
tu
d
y
.
T
r
u
s
t
-
b
ased
m
o
d
els
lik
e
th
o
s
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
[
1
8
]
,
[
2
0
]
o
f
ten
r
ely
o
n
p
r
ed
e
f
in
ed
p
ar
am
ete
r
s
o
r
s
tatic
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
,
m
ak
in
g
th
em
less
ad
ap
tab
le
to
d
y
n
a
m
ic
VANE
T
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
.
C
o
n
tex
tu
al
m
o
d
els
an
d
co
g
n
itiv
e
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
wh
ile
i
n
n
o
v
ativ
e
,
m
a
y
s
u
f
f
er
f
r
o
m
c
o
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
o
v
e
r
h
ea
d
an
d
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
is
s
u
es
in
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
B
lo
ck
ch
ain
-
in
teg
r
ated
s
o
l
u
tio
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
3
]
,
p
r
o
v
id
e
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
c
y
an
d
tam
p
er
-
p
r
o
o
f
i
n
g
b
u
t
o
f
te
n
in
cu
r
h
ig
h
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
d
elay
s
an
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
Similar
ly
,
s
o
f
t
-
co
m
p
u
tin
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
lik
e
[
2
4
]
–
[
2
8
]
r
eq
u
ir
e
e
x
ten
s
iv
e
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
an
d
m
ay
s
tr
u
g
g
le
to
ad
ap
t
to
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
ch
a
n
g
es.
T
h
e
T
VS
m
o
d
el
o
v
e
r
co
m
es
th
ese
lim
itatio
n
s
b
y
u
tili
zin
g
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
an
d
ad
ap
tiv
e
tr
u
s
t
ev
alu
atio
n
m
e
ch
an
is
m
th
at
in
teg
r
ates
m
u
ltip
le
tr
u
s
t
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
d
ir
ec
t,
in
d
ir
ec
t,
r
ec
en
t,
p
ast,
an
d
an
ticip
ate
d
f
u
tu
r
e
tr
u
s
t.
B
y
em
p
lo
y
in
g
d
y
n
am
ic
weig
h
t
allo
ca
ti
o
n
,
s
tate
-
ch
an
g
i
n
g
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
,
th
e
T
VS
m
o
d
e
l
en
s
u
r
es
lo
w
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
o
v
e
r
h
ea
d
,
h
i
g
h
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
,
an
d
r
o
b
u
s
t
attac
k
d
etec
tio
n
[
2
9
]
,
[
3
0
]
.
I
ts
ab
ilit
y
to
d
y
n
am
ically
co
n
v
er
g
e
tr
an
s
m
itted
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
a
n
d
i
d
en
ti
f
y
m
alicio
u
s
n
o
d
es
in
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
ad
d
r
ess
es
th
e
g
a
p
s
in
p
r
ev
io
u
s
m
o
d
els,
p
r
o
v
i
d
in
g
a
h
o
lis
tic
an
d
e
f
f
icien
t
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
VANE
T
s
ec
u
r
ity
.
I
n
th
e
n
ex
t sectio
n
,
th
e
T
VS m
o
d
el
is
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
d
etail.
3.
T
RUS
T
-
B
A
SE
D
VE
H
I
CUL
AR
SE
C
URI
T
Y
M
O
D
E
L
T
h
is
wo
r
k
in
t
r
o
d
u
ce
s
a
T
VS
m
o
d
el
aim
e
d
at
e
n
h
an
ci
n
g
s
ec
u
r
ity
in
VANE
T
s
.
T
h
e
T
VS
m
o
d
el
lev
er
ag
es
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
t
r
u
s
t
to
estab
lis
h
s
ec
u
r
e
co
n
n
ec
ti
o
n
s
b
etwe
en
v
eh
icles
a
n
d
n
e
ar
b
y
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e.
B
y
u
tili
zin
g
tr
u
s
t
as
th
e
b
asi
s
f
o
r
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
,
th
e
m
o
d
el
en
s
u
r
es
r
o
b
u
s
t
s
ec
u
r
ity
m
ea
s
u
r
es
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
m
itig
ates
p
o
ten
tial
attac
k
s
in
VANE
T
s
.
T
h
is
n
o
v
el
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
teg
r
ates
tr
u
s
t
-
b
ased
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
with
attac
k
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
c
o
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
s
ec
u
r
ity
s
o
lu
tio
n
.
C
o
n
s
id
er
a
s
ce
n
ar
io
wh
er
e
a
m
o
v
in
g
v
eh
icle,
r
ep
r
esen
ted
as
a
n
o
d
e,
s
ee
k
s
to
estab
lis
h
a
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
with
an
o
th
e
r
v
e
h
icle
o
r
an
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
n
o
d
e
in
t
h
e
VANE
T
to
ex
ch
a
n
g
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
as
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
I
n
s
u
ch
ca
s
es,
it
is
cr
u
cial
to
a
ch
iev
e
th
e
h
ig
h
est
p
o
s
s
ib
le
lev
el
o
f
s
ec
u
r
ity
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
th
at
u
n
au
t
h
o
r
ized
n
o
d
es
ca
n
n
o
t
ac
ce
s
s
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
r
lau
n
c
h
attac
k
s
.
T
h
e
T
VS
m
o
d
el
ad
d
r
ess
es
th
is
n
ee
d
b
y
p
r
io
r
itizin
g
tr
u
s
t
-
b
a
s
ed
s
ec
u
r
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
th
er
eb
y
s
af
eg
u
a
r
d
in
g
d
ata
ex
ch
a
n
g
es
a
n
d
p
r
ev
e
n
tin
g
m
alicio
u
s
ac
tiv
ities
with
in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
.
I
n
t
h
e
T
VS
m
o
d
el,
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
estab
lis
h
in
g
a
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
b
e
g
in
s
with
ev
alu
atin
g
th
e
tr
u
s
t
lev
el
o
f
th
e
co
n
n
ec
tin
g
n
o
d
e
i
n
r
elatio
n
to
o
th
er
n
o
d
es.
T
h
e
tr
u
s
t
lev
el
in
th
e
T
VS
m
o
d
el
is
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
b
y
c
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
m
u
ltip
le
tr
u
s
t
lev
els,
in
clu
d
in
g
in
d
ir
ec
t
tr
u
s
t,
d
ir
ec
t tr
u
s
t,
p
ast tr
u
s
t,
r
e
ce
n
t tr
u
s
t,
an
d
an
ticip
ated
f
u
tu
r
e
tr
u
s
t.
T
h
is
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
e
v
alu
atio
n
en
s
u
r
es a
r
o
b
u
s
t
an
d
r
eliab
le
tr
u
s
t
ass
ess
m
en
t,
en
ab
lin
g
s
ec
u
r
e
an
d
tr
u
s
two
r
th
y
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
with
in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
.
I
n
t
h
e
n
ex
t sectio
n
,
th
e
in
d
ir
ec
t tr
u
s
t
an
d
d
ir
ec
t tr
u
s
t e
v
alu
atio
n
a
r
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
d
etail.
C
o
n
s
id
er
as
a
v
eh
icle
(
n
o
d
e
)
p
r
esen
t
in
VANE
T
,
as
an
o
t
h
er
v
eh
icle
n
o
d
e
,
as
th
e
d
u
r
a
tio
n
o
f
th
e
co
n
n
ec
tin
g
n
o
d
e
co
n
n
e
cted
with
o
th
e
r
n
o
d
es
an
d
.
As
th
e
o
v
er
all
d
u
r
atio
n
f
o
r
ex
c
h
an
g
in
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
Fro
m
th
is
,
th
e
s
e
cu
r
ity
-
b
ased
tr
u
s
t p
ar
am
eter
c
an
b
e
estab
lis
h
ed
as
(
,
)
,
wh
er
e
(
,
)
ev
alu
ates
th
e
o
v
er
all
tr
u
s
t
lev
el
o
f
with
,
wh
ich
is
ev
alu
ated
u
s
in
g
(
1
)
.
I
n
(
1
)
,
d
en
o
tes
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
etwe
en
d
if
f
er
en
t
tr
u
s
t
lev
els
to
o
p
tim
is
e
t
h
e
m
o
d
el
d
y
n
a
m
ically
an
d
d
en
o
tes
tr
u
s
t
lev
el
f
o
r
a
r
ec
en
tly
estab
lis
h
ed
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
.
T
h
e
m
ain
aim
o
f
p
r
o
v
id
es
v
alid
a
tio
n
-
b
ased
s
ec
u
r
ity
f
o
r
co
n
n
e
ctin
g
with
a
co
m
p
u
tin
g
n
o
d
e,
h
e
n
ce
is
d
en
o
ted
as (
2
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ar
tif
I
n
tell
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
9
3
8
E
n
h
a
n
ci
n
g
ve
h
ic
u
la
r
a
d
h
o
c
n
etw
o
r
k
s
ec
u
r
ity
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
tr
u
s
t
-
b
a
s
ed
ve
h
icu
l
a
r
mo
d
el
fo
r
a
t
ta
ck
…
(
S
h
ilp
a
)
251
(
,
)
=
∗
(
,
)
+
(
1
−
)
∗
−
1
(
,
)
(
1
)
=
{
0
,
1
,
∈
(
0
,
1
)
,
ℎ
(
2
)
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
VS m
o
d
el
ar
ch
itect
u
r
e
T
h
is
m
ea
n
s
th
at
wh
en
=
0
,
estab
lis
h
ed
co
n
n
ec
ti
o
n
am
o
n
g
d
if
f
er
en
t
v
eh
icle
an
d
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
p
air
s
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
tr
u
s
ted
an
d
w
h
en
=
1
,
estab
lis
h
ed
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
c
an
b
e
tr
u
s
ted
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
i
n
V
ANE
T
s
,
a
v
eh
icle
ca
n
c
o
n
n
ec
t
to
m
u
lt
ip
le
n
o
d
es,
i.e
.
,
V2
I
,
V2
V
,
an
d
V2
X,
p
r
esen
t
in
a
s
m
ar
t
city
;
h
en
ce
,
t
h
is
wo
r
k
co
n
s
id
er
s
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
th
ese
n
o
d
es
as
.
I
n
th
e
T
VS
m
o
d
el,
f
ir
s
t
d
ir
ec
t
-
tr
u
s
t
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
am
o
n
g
(
,
)
,
(
,
)
,
an
d
(
,
)
.
I
n
th
e
T
VS m
o
d
el,
t
h
e
d
ir
ec
t tr
u
s
t is r
ep
r
esen
ted
a
s
(
,
)
,
wh
ich
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
u
s
in
g
(
3
)
.
(
,
)
=
(
,
)
(
3
)
Usi
n
g
(
3
)
,
th
e
d
ir
ec
t
tr
u
s
t
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
f
o
r
(
,
)
.
Similar
ly
,
th
e
d
ir
ec
t
-
tr
u
s
t
f
o
r
(
,
)
an
d
(
,
)
is
estab
lis
h
ed
u
s
in
g
(
3
)
.
Fu
r
th
e
r
,
s
im
ilar
to
d
ir
ec
t
-
tr
u
s
t,
in
d
ir
e
ct
tr
u
s
t
is
al
s
o
d
eter
m
in
ed
am
o
n
g
(
,
)
,
(
,
)
,
an
d
(
,
)
,
b
ased
o
n
a
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ly
estab
lis
h
ed
d
ir
ec
t
-
t
r
u
s
t.
Fo
r
d
eter
m
in
in
g
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
ly
estab
lis
h
ed
d
ir
ec
t
-
tr
u
s
t,
in
itially
co
n
n
ec
ts
with
an
d
c
o
n
n
ec
ts
with
,
f
r
o
m
wh
ich
all
n
o
d
es
co
llect
all
th
e
d
ir
ec
t
-
tr
u
s
t
v
alu
es.
Fo
r
s
en
d
in
g
th
e
co
llected
v
alu
es
d
ir
ec
tly
f
r
o
m
(
,
)
to
with
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
ag
g
r
eg
ates
o
v
er
al
l
d
ir
ec
t
-
tr
u
s
t
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
r
o
m
u
s
in
g
(
4
)
.
(
,
)
=
{
∑
(
,
)
∗
(
,
)
∈
−
{
}
∑
(
,
)
∈
−
{
}
,
|
−
{
}
|
>
0
0
,
|
−
{
}
|
=
0
(
4
)
I
n
(
4
)
,
(
,
)
r
ep
r
esen
ts
o
v
er
all
d
ir
ec
t
-
tr
u
s
t
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
g
at
h
er
e
d
f
r
o
m
,
(
,
)
r
ep
r
esen
ts
au
th
en
ticated
s
ec
u
r
ity
-
b
ased
d
ir
ec
t
-
tr
u
s
t
am
o
n
g
(
,
)
n
o
d
es,
a
n
d
=
(
)
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
at
was
co
n
n
ec
ted
with
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
T
VS
m
o
d
el
u
s
es
weig
h
t
-
b
ased
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
d
y
n
am
ically
allo
ca
tin
g
v
alu
es,
i.e
.
,
n
o
d
es
h
av
in
g
h
ig
h
er
tr
u
s
t
will
h
av
e
h
ig
h
er
weig
h
ts
an
d
n
o
d
es
h
av
in
g
less
er
tr
u
s
t
will
h
av
e
less
er
weig
h
ts
.
T
h
e
(
,
)
in
(
4
)
is
ev
alu
ated
u
s
in
g
(
5
)
.
I
n
(
5
)
,
l
og
r
ep
r
esen
ts
least
-
ac
ce
p
tab
le
s
im
ilar
ity
p
ar
am
eter
an
d
ℝ
(
,
)
r
ep
r
esen
ts
a
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
am
o
n
g
(
,
)
.
Usi
n
g
(
5
)
,
(
,
)
i
s
also
ev
alu
ated
.
(
,
)
=
{
1
−
l
o
g
(
(
,
)
)
l
o
g
,
ℝ
(
,
)
>
0
,
(
5
)
Fu
r
th
er
,
th
e
T
VS
m
o
d
el
d
eter
m
in
es
r
ec
en
t
-
tr
u
s
t
u
s
in
g
(
3
)
a
n
d
(
4
)
.
I
n
T
VS
m
o
d
el,
th
e
r
ec
en
t
-
tr
u
s
t
is
r
ep
r
esen
ted
as
ℂ
(
,
)
,
wh
ich
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
u
s
in
g
(
6
)
.
I
n
(
6
)
,
it
is
a
d
ir
ec
t
-
tr
u
s
t
weig
h
t
v
ar
iab
le,
wh
ich
is
d
y
n
am
ically
o
p
tim
ized
b
ased
o
n
an
d
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
/in
ter
a
ctio
n
f
o
r
d
u
r
atio
n
as d
ef
i
n
ed
in
(
7
)
.
ℂ
(
,
)
=
∗
(
,
)
+
(
1
−
)
∗
(
,
)
(
6
)
=
(
,
)
(
,
)
+
⃗
⃗
(
,
)
(
7
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8
9
3
8
I
n
t J Ar
tif
I
n
tell
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
20
26
:
247
-
2
5
6
252
I
n
(
7
)
,
(
,
)
d
en
o
tes
to
tal
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
v
eh
icle
h
as
estab
lis
h
ed
with
v
eh
icle
f
o
r
tim
e
an
d
⃗
⃗
(
,
)
d
en
o
tes
av
er
a
g
e
in
te
r
ac
tio
n
-
tim
e
th
at
v
eh
icu
lar
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
h
ad
in
ter
ac
te
d
with
v
eh
icle
.
T
h
e
⃗
⃗
(
,
)
is
ev
alu
ate
d
m
at
h
em
atica
lly
u
s
in
g
(
8
)
.
As
d
u
r
atio
n
ch
an
g
es,
th
e
r
ec
en
t
-
tr
u
s
t
d
et
er
m
in
e
d
ch
an
g
es
to
p
ast
-
tr
u
s
t,
wh
ich
is
r
ep
r
esen
ted
as
ℚ
(
,
)
.
T
h
e
ℚ
(
,
)
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
u
s
in
g
(
3
)
a
n
d
(
6
)
as
p
r
esen
ted
in
(
9
)
.
⃗
⃗
(
,
)
=
∑
(
,
)
∗
(
,
)
∈
−
{
}
|
−
{
}
|
(
8
)
ℚ
(
,
)
=
∗
−
1
(
,
)
+
ℂ
−
1
(
,
)
2
(
9
)
I
n
(
9
)
,
(
0
≤
≤
1
)
it
is
an
i
n
ce
n
tiv
e
v
ar
iab
le
th
at
au
to
m
atica
lly
ch
an
g
es
to
0
,
if
d
ir
ec
t
-
tr
u
s
t
is
0
0
(
,
)
.
Fro
m
p
ast
-
tr
u
s
t,
n
o
attac
k
s
c
an
b
e
in
d
u
ce
d
to
an
y
o
f
th
e
n
o
d
es,
i.e
.
,
,
,
an
d
.
T
h
is
is
b
ec
au
s
e,
b
ased
o
n
p
ast
tr
u
s
t,
o
n
ly
th
e
ca
n
co
n
n
ec
t/in
ter
ac
t
with
o
r
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
r
ec
en
t
-
tr
u
s
t
ch
an
g
es
to
th
e
p
ast
-
tr
u
s
t
o
n
ly
wh
en
o
r
h
as
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
/in
ter
ac
te
d
with
in
th
e
T
VS
m
o
d
el,
th
e
m
o
d
el
u
s
es
an
an
ticip
ated
f
u
tu
r
e
tr
u
s
t
to
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
b
etter
s
ec
u
r
ity
.
I
n
th
e
T
VS
m
o
d
el,
th
e
an
ticip
ated
f
u
t
u
r
e
tr
u
s
t
is
r
ep
r
esen
ted
as
(
,
)
,
wh
ich
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
u
s
in
g
(
1
0
)
.
I
n
(
1
0
)
,
it
is
a
d
y
n
am
ically
ch
an
g
in
g
v
a
r
iab
le
th
at
ca
n
b
e
ch
an
g
ed
ac
co
r
d
in
g
t
o
th
e
d
ev
i
atin
g
v
ar
iab
le
.
,
i.e
.
,
th
e
n
etw
o
r
k
s
ize,
b
u
t
in
th
e
T
VS
m
o
d
el
h
as
b
ee
n
s
et
to
0
.
T
h
e
h
as
m
u
ltip
le
p
o
s
s
ib
ili
ties
,
wh
ich
ar
e
r
ep
r
esen
ted
u
s
in
g
(
1
1
)
.
(
,
)
=
{
0
,
ℎ
ℚ
ℂ
ℂ
(
,
)
+
(
1
−
)
(
,
)
ℎ
ℚ
ℂ
(
1
0
)
=
{
+
0
.
1
,
ℂ
(
,
)
−
(
,
)
>
,
−
0
.
1
,
ℂ
(
,
)
−
(
,
)
<
−
,
,
−
<
ℂ
(
,
)
−
(
,
)
<
.
(
1
1
)
B
y
u
s
in
g
(
1
1
)
,
th
e
ca
n
b
e
alter
ed
u
s
in
g
.
Als
o
,
b
y
m
ak
in
g
a
v
eh
icle
ca
n
ch
an
g
e
its
p
ast
estab
lis
h
ed
tr
u
s
t
to
th
e
latest
e
s
tab
lis
h
ed
tr
u
s
t.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
it
i
s
im
p
o
r
tan
t
th
at.
s
h
o
u
ld
n
o
t
b
e
s
et
v
er
y
less
as
m
alicio
u
s
v
eh
icles
u
s
e
th
is
p
ar
am
eter
f
o
r
c
h
an
g
in
g
th
eir
b
eh
av
io
r
,
i.e
.
,
th
ey
m
ay
c
h
an
g
e
f
r
o
m
m
alicio
u
s
t
o
non
-
m
alicio
u
s
v
eh
icle
(
i.e
.
,
ca
n
af
f
ec
t
r
ec
en
t
-
tr
u
s
t
an
d
p
ast
-
tr
u
s
t)
,
h
en
ce
lead
in
g
to
a
n
attac
k
o
n
th
e
v
eh
icle
.
Hen
ce
,
in
th
e
T
VS
m
o
d
el
h
as
b
ee
n
s
et
v
er
y
les
s
to
r
ed
u
ce
an
y
k
in
d
o
f
attac
k
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
,
if
an
y
attac
k
h
ap
p
en
s
in
VANE
T
,
f
o
r
id
en
tific
atio
n
an
d
p
r
e
v
en
tio
n
,
th
e
T
VS
m
o
d
el
p
r
esen
ts
a
s
ec
u
r
ity
p
ar
am
eter
r
ep
r
esen
ted
as
ℱ
(
,
)
.
T
h
is
s
ec
u
r
ity
p
ar
am
eter
u
s
es
(
9
)
an
d
(
1
0
)
f
o
r
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
s
ec
u
r
ity
f
r
o
m
attac
k
s
.
T
h
e
ℱ
(
,
)
it
is
ev
alu
ated
u
s
in
g
(
1
2
)
.
ℱ
(
,
)
=
ℚ
(
,
)
∗
(
,
)
(
1
2
)
B
y
u
tili
zin
g
(
1
2
)
,
th
er
e
is
less
ch
an
g
e
i
n
d
if
f
er
en
t
tr
u
s
t
v
alu
es,
wh
ich
th
er
eb
y
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
th
e
attac
k
.
I
f
a
n
y
attac
k
o
cc
u
r
s
,
t
h
e
attac
k
in
g
n
o
d
e
will
h
av
e
v
er
y
less
v
alu
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
wh
i
ch
th
e
T
VS
m
o
d
el
id
en
tifie
s
wh
eth
er
an
attac
k
h
as
o
cc
u
r
r
ed
.
Usi
n
g
th
is
s
ec
u
r
ity
m
o
d
el,
th
e
T
VS
m
o
d
el
p
r
o
v
id
es
b
etter
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
f
o
r
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
,
b
etter
attac
k
d
etec
tio
n
an
d
less
er
attac
k
m
is
class
i
f
icatio
n
,
wh
ich
h
as
b
ee
n
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
th
e
r
esu
lts
a
n
d
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
ec
tio
n
in
d
etail.
T
h
e
co
m
p
lete
wo
r
k
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
T
VS m
o
d
el
is
g
iv
en
in
Alg
o
r
it
h
m
1
.
Alg
o
r
ith
m
1
.
T
VS
m
eth
o
d
Step
1
.
Star
t
.
Ste
p
2
.
C
r
ea
te
a
n
I
O
V
n
e
two
r
k
wit
h
a
s
et
o
f
v
e
h
i
cles
V
a
n
d
R
SU R,
g
at
ewa
y
s
e
r
v
e
r
E
an
d
m
alic
io
u
s
n
o
d
es
M
.
Step
3
.
Dep
lo
y
t
h
e
I
o
V
n
etwo
r
k
an
d
s
tar
t th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
.
Step
4
.
T
h
e
R
SUs
co
m
p
u
te
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
t t
r
u
s
t m
etr
ics o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t v
eh
icles
.
Step
5
.
T
h
e
v
eh
icle
co
m
m
u
n
i
ca
tes
to
th
e
v
eh
icle/R
SUs
with
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est
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u
s
t
m
etr
ics
u
s
in
g
(
1
2
)
////
/.
No
te
t
h
e
tr
u
s
t
m
etr
ics >0
.
5
to
1
ar
e
s
ec
u
r
e
d
.
Step
6
.
T
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
is
till
all
th
e
v
eh
icle
co
m
p
letes th
eir
task
ex
ec
u
tio
n
.
Step
7
.
Sto
p
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4.
RE
SU
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D
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SCU
SS
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alu
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T
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cted
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s
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o
V
attac
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ataset
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r
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m
th
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C
an
ad
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I
n
s
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o
f
C
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b
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s
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ity
(
C
I
C
)
[
2
6
]
.
Fo
r
c
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n
s
is
ten
cy
,
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
p
ar
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eter
s
u
s
ed
in
th
e
I
o
V
-
PB
FT
ap
p
r
o
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h
[
2
3
]
we
r
e
ad
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p
ted
in
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
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m
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ar
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t
h
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er
f
o
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m
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VS
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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8
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253
m
o
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el
with
th
e
I
o
V
-
PB
FT
ap
p
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o
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lem
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NS3
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ased
SIM
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C
#
[
2
7
]
,
[
2
8
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.
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a
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d
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et
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c
tio
n
r
a
t
e
[
2
9
]
,
[
3
0
]
.
T
h
e
m
is
class
if
icatio
n
r
ate
r
esu
lts
f
o
r
th
e
I
o
V
-
PB
FT
an
d
T
VS
m
o
d
els
u
n
d
e
r
v
a
r
y
in
g
attac
k
p
er
ce
n
tag
es
(
1
0
,
2
0
,
3
0
,
an
d
4
0
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in
d
icate
th
e
T
VS
m
o
d
el’
s
s
u
p
e
r
io
r
ab
ilit
y
to
m
in
im
ize
f
alse
class
if
icatio
n
s
,
as
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
At
an
attac
k
r
ate
o
f
1
0
%,
th
e
I
o
V
-
PB
FT
m
o
d
el
e
x
h
ib
ited
a
3
5
%
m
is
class
if
icatio
n
r
ate,
wh
er
ea
s
th
e
T
VS
m
o
d
el
ac
h
iev
ed
a
lo
wer
r
ate
o
f
2
8
%,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
its
b
etter
ac
cu
r
ac
y
in
d
is
ti
n
g
u
is
h
in
g
b
etwe
en
m
alicio
u
s
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d
leg
itima
te
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o
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es.
As
th
e
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k
p
er
ce
n
tag
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in
cr
ea
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ed
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2
0
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b
o
th
m
o
d
els
s
h
o
wed
h
ig
h
er
m
is
class
if
icatio
n
r
ates,
with
I
o
V
-
PB
FT
at
5
0
%
an
d
T
VS
at
3
6
%.
At
3
0
%,
th
e
I
o
V
-
PB
FT
m
o
d
el
m
ai
n
tain
ed
its
m
is
cla
s
s
if
icatio
n
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ate
at
5
0
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ile
th
e
T
VS
m
o
d
el
r
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s
e
s
lig
h
tly
to
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2
%,
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et
s
till
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
ed
I
o
V
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PB
FT.
At
th
e
h
ig
h
est a
tta
ck
r
ate
o
f
4
0
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I
o
V
-
PB
FT
s
h
o
wed
a
3
7
% m
is
clas
s
if
icatio
n
r
ate,
wh
ile
th
e
T
VS
m
o
d
el
ac
h
iev
e
d
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
tl
y
lo
wer
r
ate
o
f
2
7
%.
T
h
e
av
e
r
ag
e
m
is
class
if
icatio
n
r
ate
an
aly
s
is
,
i.e
.
,
2
2
.
7
5
%
r
ev
ea
ls
th
at
th
e
T
VS
m
o
d
el
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
m
ain
tain
ed
lo
we
r
m
is
class
if
icatio
n
r
ates
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
en
t
attac
k
in
ten
s
ities
.
T
h
is
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
th
e
T
VS
m
o
d
el
n
o
t
o
n
ly
p
r
o
v
id
es
m
o
r
e
ac
cu
r
ate
attac
k
d
etec
tio
n
b
u
t
also
m
in
im
izes
f
alse
attac
k
s
,
m
ak
i
n
g
it
a
m
o
r
e
r
eliab
le
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
VANE
T
s
ec
u
r
ity
.
T
h
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
m
is
class
if
icatio
n
aid
s
th
e
m
o
d
el
in
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
r
ed
u
cin
g
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
o
v
er
h
ea
d
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Misclass
if
icatio
n
r
ate
v
s
v
ar
ied
attac
k
r
ate
T
h
e
d
etec
tio
n
r
ate
r
esu
lts
f
o
r
th
e
I
o
V
-
PB
FT
an
d
T
VS
m
o
d
els
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
y
in
g
attac
k
p
e
r
ce
n
tag
es
(
1
0
,
2
0
,
3
0
,
a
n
d
4
0
%)
h
i
g
h
l
ig
h
t
th
e
s
u
p
er
io
r
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
o
f
th
e
T
VS
m
o
d
el
in
id
en
tify
in
g
m
alicio
u
s
ac
tiv
ities
with
in
VA
NE
T
s
,
as
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
At
1
0
%
attac
k
in
ten
s
ity
,
th
e
I
o
V
-
PB
FT
m
o
d
el
d
etec
ted
6
5
%
o
f
attac
k
s
,
wh
ile
th
e
T
V
S
m
o
d
el
ac
h
iev
ed
a
h
ig
h
er
d
et
ec
tio
n
r
ate
o
f
7
2
%.
As
th
e
attac
k
r
ate
in
cr
ea
s
ed
to
2
0
%,
th
e
d
etec
tio
n
r
ates
f
o
r
b
o
th
m
o
d
els
d
r
o
p
p
e
d
,
with
I
o
V
-
PB
FT
d
etec
tin
g
5
0
%
o
f
attac
k
s
an
d
T
VS
d
etec
tin
g
6
4
%.
At
3
0
%,
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
g
ap
b
etwe
e
n
th
e
m
o
d
els
b
e
g
an
to
wid
e
n
,
with
I
o
V
-
PB
FT
m
ain
tain
in
g
a
d
etec
tio
n
r
ate
o
f
5
0
%,
wh
er
ea
s
th
e
T
VS
m
o
d
el
d
r
o
p
p
ed
s
lig
h
tly
to
5
8
%.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
T
VS
m
o
d
el
s
till
o
u
tp
e
r
f
o
r
m
ed
I
o
V
-
PB
FT.
At
th
e
h
ig
h
est
attac
k
in
ten
s
ity
o
f
4
0
%,
th
e
T
VS
m
o
d
el
r
ea
c
h
ed
a
d
etec
tio
n
r
ate
o
f
7
3
%,
a
n
o
ta
b
le
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
o
v
er
th
e
I
o
V
-
PB
FT
m
o
d
el’
s
6
3
%.
T
h
e
a
v
er
ag
e
d
etec
tio
n
r
ate
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
attac
k
p
er
ce
n
tag
es
,
i.e
.
,
1
4
.
7
7
%
in
d
icate
d
th
at
th
e
T
VS
m
o
d
el
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
ed
t
h
e
I
o
V
-
PB
FT
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
with
th
e
T
VS
m
o
d
el
s
h
o
win
g
h
i
g
h
er
r
esil
ien
ce
in
d
etec
tin
g
att
ac
k
s
u
n
d
er
v
ar
y
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
is
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
th
e
T
VS
m
o
d
el
in
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
r
o
b
u
s
t
s
ec
u
r
ity
b
y
ac
cu
r
ately
id
en
tify
in
g
m
alicio
u
s
n
o
d
es,
ev
en
u
n
d
e
r
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
attac
k
in
ten
s
ities
.
T
h
e
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
in
d
etec
tio
n
r
ate
aid
s
th
e
m
o
d
el
i
n
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
r
e
d
u
cin
g
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
d
ela
y
.
T
h
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
r
esu
lts
f
o
r
th
e
I
o
V
-
PB
FT
an
d
T
VS
m
o
d
els
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
y
in
g
attac
k
r
ates
(
1
0
,
2
0
,
3
0
,
an
d
4
0
%)
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
T
VS
m
o
d
el’
s
s
u
p
er
io
r
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
m
ain
tain
in
g
co
m
m
u
n
ic
atio
n
ef
f
icien
cy
,
as
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
At
th
e
lo
west
attac
k
r
ate
o
f
1
0
%,
t
h
e
T
VS
m
o
d
el
ac
h
iev
ed
a
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
o
f
0
.
5
2
5
,
wh
ich
is
s
lig
h
tly
h
ig
h
er
t
h
an
I
o
V
-
PB
FT
'
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
o
f
0
.
4
8
1
.
T
h
is
co
n
tin
u
ed
as
th
e
attac
k
r
ate
in
cr
ea
s
ed
to
2
0
%,
with
T
VS
s
h
o
win
g
a
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
o
f
0
.
3
3
8
5
,
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
I
o
V
-
PB
FT
at
0
.
2
7
5
.
E
v
en
as
th
e
attac
k
r
ate
escalate
d
to
3
0
an
d
4
0
%,
t
h
e
T
VS
m
o
d
el
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
b
etter
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t.
At
3
0
%,
T
VS
m
ain
tain
ed
a
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
o
f
0
.
2
2
0
1
,
c
o
m
p
ar
e
d
to
0
.
2
0
5
f
o
r
I
o
V
-
PB
FT,
an
d
at
4
0
%,
T
VS
ac
h
iev
ed
0
.
1
5
7
2
,
wh
ile
I
o
V
-
PB
FT
d
r
o
p
p
e
d
t
o
0
.
1
3
8
6
.
T
h
e
a
v
er
ag
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
f
o
r
th
e
T
VS
m
o
d
el,
i.e
.
,
1
1
.
4
5
%
was
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
h
ig
h
er
th
an
t
h
e
I
o
V
-
PB
FT
m
o
d
el
ac
r
o
s
s
all
atta
ck
r
ates,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
T
VS
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
s
u
s
tain
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8
9
3
8
I
n
t J Ar
tif
I
n
tell
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
20
26
:
247
-
2
5
6
254
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ev
en
u
n
d
er
attac
k
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ad
v
an
tag
e
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
th
e
T
VS
m
o
d
el
n
o
t
o
n
ly
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
s
ec
u
r
ity
b
u
t
also
en
s
u
r
es
b
e
tter
n
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r
k
ef
f
icien
cy
,
m
a
k
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g
it
a
m
o
r
e
r
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b
u
s
t
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
VANE
T
s
,
p
ar
ticu
l
ar
ly
in
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
wh
er
e
n
e
two
r
k
tr
af
f
ic
a
n
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
ar
e
cr
itical
co
n
ce
r
n
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Dete
ctio
n
r
ate
v
s
v
ar
ied
attac
k
r
ate
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t v
s
v
a
r
ied
attac
k
r
ate
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
th
is
wo
r
k
,
a
T
VS
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o
d
el
w
as
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
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h
a
n
ce
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s
e
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ity
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m
u
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s
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in
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
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o
v
i
d
ed
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o
v
er
v
iew
o
f
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d
th
eir
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itical
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ee
d
f
o
r
s
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u
r
e,
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le
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m
m
u
n
icatio
n
d
u
e
to
i
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
s
ec
u
r
ity
th
r
ea
ts
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
tr
u
s
t
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
f
o
r
attac
k
p
r
ev
e
n
tio
n
a
n
d
s
ec
u
r
e
d
ata
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
.
T
h
e
liter
atu
r
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
o
u
tlin
ed
v
ar
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o
u
s
ex
is
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g
ap
p
r
o
ac
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es,
in
clu
d
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g
th
e
I
o
V
-
P
B
FT
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o
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el,
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d
id
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tifie
d
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
a
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
s
o
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tio
n
t
h
at
co
u
ld
o
f
f
er
b
etter
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k
d
etec
tio
n
a
n
d
n
etwo
r
k
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t.
T
h
e
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
d
etailed
th
e
T
VS
m
o
d
el,
wh
ich
in
t
eg
r
ates
d
ir
ec
t
-
tr
u
s
t,
in
d
ir
ec
t
-
tr
u
s
t,
r
ec
en
t
-
tr
u
s
t,
p
ast
-
tr
u
s
t,
an
d
an
ticip
ated
f
u
tu
r
e
-
tr
u
s
t
to
en
s
u
r
e
s
ec
u
r
e
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
b
etwe
en
v
eh
icles
an
d
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
n
o
d
es.
B
y
lev
er
ag
in
g
th
ese
tr
u
s
t
lev
els,
th
e
T
VS
m
o
d
el
en
h
an
ce
s
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
m
alicio
u
s
attac
k
s
in
VANE
T
s
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el’
s
s
ec
u
r
ity
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
v
o
lv
e
d
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
tech
n
iq
u
es
lik
e
d
y
n
a
m
ic
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
an
d
s
tate
-
ch
an
g
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
t
o
p
r
e
v
en
t
attac
k
s
d
u
r
in
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
t
h
e
T
VS
m
o
d
el
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
ed
th
e
I
o
V
-
PB
FT
m
o
d
el
in
s
ev
er
al
m
etr
ics.
T
h
e
av
er
ag
e
m
is
class
if
icatio
n
r
ate
was
r
ed
u
ce
d
to
2
2
.
7
5
%,
i
n
d
icatin
g
b
etter
ac
cu
r
ac
y
in
id
en
tif
y
i
n
g
m
alicio
u
s
n
o
d
es.
T
h
e
av
e
r
ag
e
d
etec
tio
n
r
ate
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
y
in
g
attac
k
p
er
ce
n
t
ag
es
was
1
4
.
7
7
%,
wh
ile
th
e
av
er
ag
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
was
1
1
.
4
5
%,
s
h
o
wca
s
in
g
th
e
T
VS
m
o
d
el'
s
ab
ilit
y
to
m
ain
tain
n
etwo
r
k
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ev
e
n
u
n
d
er
attac
k
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
h
o
we
d
b
etter
o
u
tco
m
es
in
c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
with
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
I
o
V
-
PB
FT
m
o
d
el.
Fo
r
f
u
tu
r
e
w
o
r
k
,
t
h
e
T
VS
m
o
d
el
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
an
d
e
d
to
co
n
s
id
er
m
o
r
e
d
y
n
am
ic
attac
k
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
an
d
ev
alu
ate
its
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
VANE
T
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
en
h
an
cin
g
th
e
m
o
d
el
with
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
es
f
o
r
d
y
n
am
ic
tr
u
s
t
ev
alu
atio
n
an
d
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
t
h
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
m
o
b
ilit
y
a
n
d
l
ar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
n
etwo
r
k
s
co
u
ld
f
u
r
th
er
im
p
r
o
v
e
its
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
an
d
ap
p
licab
ilit
y
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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RE
F
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R
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NC
E
S
[
1
]
A
.
D
u
t
t
a
,
L
.
M
.
S
.
C
a
m
p
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.
Tr
o
p
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a
,
a
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d
F
.
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e
R
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o
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c
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a
p
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,
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o
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o
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t
w
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Ma
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,
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.
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-
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[
2
]
J.
M
a
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mo
o
d
,
Z
.
D
u
a
n
,
Y
.
Y
a
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g
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.
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.
[
3
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M
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N
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.
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.
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h
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c
a
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c
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tac
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a
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m
a
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:
sh
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p
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lap
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m
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.
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f
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v
e
rsity
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h
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n
n
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rre
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rk
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g
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rin
g
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t
Re
v
a
Un
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rsity
,
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n
g
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lo
re
.
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se
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h
in
tere
st
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lu
d
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s
b
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g
d
a
ta
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ly
ti
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s,
m
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c
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two
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sis.
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h
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s
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m
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y
p
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p
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rs
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re
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d
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c
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g
,
a
n
d
d
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ta sc
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c
e
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
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t
e
m
a
il
:
d
r.
t
p
ra
sa
n
t
h
@g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
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