I
AE
S In
t
er
na
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
Ro
bo
t
ics a
nd
Aut
o
m
a
t
io
n
(
I
J
RA)
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
2
6
,
p
p
.
99
~
1
06
I
SS
N:
2722
-
2
5
8
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,
DOI
:
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0
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1
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1
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jr
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1
5
i
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pp
99
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1
06
99
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ttp
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r
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A study o
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no
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tic
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ddies
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y:
R
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y
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5
R
ev
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No
v
1
0
,
2
0
2
5
Acc
ep
ted
Feb
2
1
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Th
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th
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g
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ta
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c
to
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th
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it
p
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in
ten
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y
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e
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d
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.
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is stu
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y
is sig
n
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c
a
n
t
fr
o
m
a
th
e
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ti
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s it
is t
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e
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t
ify
c
o
n
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m
e
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m
o
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ti
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s
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t
h
e
f
ield
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f
ro
b
o
t
ic
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lf
c
a
d
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ie
s.
F
r
o
m
a
p
ra
c
ti
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a
l
sta
n
d
p
o
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n
t,
t
h
e
fin
d
in
g
s
o
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imp
o
rtan
t
im
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
fo
r
th
e
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
m
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rk
e
ti
n
g
stra
t
e
g
ies
fo
r
ro
b
o
ti
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g
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lf
c
a
d
d
ies
,
wh
ich
a
re
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
a
t
th
e
c
o
m
m
e
rc
ializa
ti
o
n
sta
g
e
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
B
eh
av
io
r
al
in
ten
tio
n
s
I
m
ag
e
Mo
tiv
ated
co
n
s
u
m
e
r
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
n
ess
Pric
e
u
n
f
air
n
ess
R
o
b
o
tic
g
o
lf
ca
d
d
y
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Su
n
g
b
ee
n
Par
k
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
T
o
u
r
is
m
Ma
n
a
g
em
en
t,
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n
g
-
A
Un
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e
r
s
ity
B
u
s
an
,
R
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u
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lic
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f
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r
ea
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-
m
ail: sb
p
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k
1
@
d
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ac
.
k
r
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Go
lf
is
k
n
o
wn
as
an
ex
p
en
s
iv
e
s
p
o
r
t,
b
ec
au
s
e
it
r
eq
u
ir
es
th
e
p
u
r
ch
ase
o
f
item
s
,
s
u
ch
as
g
o
lf
clu
b
s
an
d
clo
th
es,
an
d
g
o
lf
is
p
ar
t
icu
lar
ly
k
n
o
wn
as
a
n
ex
p
en
s
iv
e
s
p
o
r
t,
w
h
ich
is
d
u
e
to
g
r
ee
n
f
ee
s
c
o
s
tin
g
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
US$
1
5
0
to
US$
2
0
0
in
Ko
r
ea
.
C
ad
d
y
f
ee
s
h
av
e
also
in
cr
ea
s
ed
,
wh
ich
m
a
k
es
it
a
b
u
r
d
en
to
g
o
lf
er
s
[
1
]
.
A
g
o
lf
ca
d
d
y
h
as
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
h
elp
in
g
an
d
s
er
v
in
g
th
e
n
ee
d
s
o
f
th
eir
ass
ig
n
ed
g
o
lf
er
s
[
2
]
.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
a
g
o
lf
ca
d
d
y
d
eliv
e
r
s
th
e
g
o
lf
cl
u
b
s
to
th
e
g
o
lf
e
r
o
r
g
iv
es
ad
v
ice
ab
o
u
t
th
e
c
o
u
r
s
e
s
tr
ateg
y
.
T
h
e
ca
d
d
y
f
ee
s
f
o
r
Ko
r
ea
n
g
o
lf
co
u
r
s
es
ar
e
cu
r
r
e
n
tly
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
US$
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1
0
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wh
ich
ar
e
u
p
b
y
a
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o
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t
2
0
%
co
m
p
ar
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e
C
OVI
D
-
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t
to
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k
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th
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wev
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m
p
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is
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g
ca
d
d
y
f
ee
in
two
y
ea
r
s
af
ter
C
OVI
D
-
19
[
3
]
.
A
n
o
th
er
p
r
o
b
lem
is
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
t
h
e
c
ad
d
ies.
C
ad
d
ies
wh
o
h
av
e
n
o
t
r
ec
eiv
ed
a
d
eq
u
ate
tr
ain
in
g
ar
e
o
n
ly
g
iv
e
n
s
im
p
le
tr
ain
in
g
b
e
f
o
r
e
th
e
y
ar
e
ass
ig
n
ed
to
g
o
lf
er
s
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
th
e
ca
d
d
y
s
er
v
ice
s
d
o
es
n
o
t
m
ee
t
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
,
wh
ich
h
a
s
led
to
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t in
cr
ea
s
e
i
n
d
is
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
am
o
n
g
g
o
lf
er
s
[
4
]
.
A
r
o
b
o
tic
g
o
lf
ca
d
d
y
(
h
e
r
ea
f
t
er
R
GC
)
i
s
b
ein
g
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
as
a
p
o
ten
tial
s
o
lu
tio
n
to
th
is
is
s
u
e,
b
u
t
v
er
y
f
ew
g
o
lf
c
o
u
r
s
es
in
Ko
r
ea
o
p
er
ate
with
r
o
b
o
tic
g
o
lf
c
ad
d
ies
o
n
a
tr
ial
b
asis
[
5
]
.
R
GC
is
a
d
ev
ice
th
at
ca
r
r
ies
a
g
o
l
f
er
’
s
b
a
g
an
d
clu
b
s
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
g
o
lf
co
u
r
s
e.
R
GC
is
ty
p
ically
co
n
tr
o
lled
b
y
a
r
em
o
te
o
r
a
n
a
p
p
,
an
d
it
u
s
es
s
en
s
o
r
s
an
d
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
in
o
r
d
e
r
to
n
a
v
ig
ate
th
e
c
o
u
r
s
e
an
d
a
v
o
id
o
b
s
tacle
s
[
6
]
.
R
GC
cu
r
r
en
tly
is
n
o
t
co
m
m
e
r
cialize
d
in
Ko
r
ea
,
s
o
th
e
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
th
ese
d
ev
ices
f
o
r
g
o
l
f
er
s
is
lim
ited
.
R
GC
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
a
n
ew
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
s
er
v
ice
f
o
r
t
h
is
r
ea
s
o
n
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
it
is
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
to
s
tu
d
y
co
n
s
u
m
er
m
o
tiv
atio
n
f
o
r
n
ew
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
-
b
ased
s
er
v
ices,
s
u
ch
as
R
GC
wh
en
th
ey
ar
e
r
ele
ased
,
b
ec
au
s
e
c
o
n
s
u
m
er
m
o
tiv
atio
n
is
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
7
2
2
-
2
5
8
6
I
AE
S
I
n
t
J
R
o
b
&
A
u
to
m
,
Vo
l
.
1
5
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
2
6
:
99
-
1
06
100
to
b
e
an
in
ter
n
al
f
ac
to
r
as
well
as
an
ex
ter
n
al
f
ac
to
r
,
wh
i
ch
lead
s
f
u
tu
r
e
b
e
h
av
io
r
in
o
r
d
er
to
ac
h
iev
e
a
co
n
s
u
m
er
’
s
g
o
al
[
7
]
.
T
h
er
e
h
a
s
b
ee
n
n
o
r
esear
ch
co
n
d
u
cted
ab
o
u
t
h
o
w
to
en
co
u
r
ag
e
c
o
n
s
u
m
er
s
to
u
s
e
R
G
C
d
esp
ite
th
e
im
m
in
en
t
co
m
m
e
r
cializa
tio
n
o
f
r
o
b
o
tic
g
o
lf
ca
d
d
ies.
I
t
is
th
er
ef
o
r
e
o
f
g
r
e
at
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
m
o
tiv
atio
n
s
o
f
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
co
n
s
u
m
e
r
s
in
r
eg
ar
d
t
o
R
GC
,
wh
ich
h
as
n
o
t
b
ee
n
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ly
ex
p
lo
r
ed
.
I
n
s
u
m
m
ar
y
,
t
h
e
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
th
is
p
ap
e
r
is
to
id
e
n
tify
t
h
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
m
o
tiv
ated
co
n
s
u
m
er
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
n
ess
(
MCI)
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
R
GC
f
o
r
th
e
f
ir
s
t
tim
e.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
p
ap
e
r
wo
u
ld
o
f
f
e
r
a
cr
itical
m
ar
k
etin
g
s
tr
ateg
y
th
at
is
b
ased
o
n
c
o
n
s
u
m
er
m
o
tiv
atio
n
in
o
r
d
er
to
c
o
m
m
er
cialize
r
o
b
o
tic
g
o
lf
ca
d
d
ies.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
A
h
y
p
o
t
h
etico
-
d
e
d
u
ctiv
e
ap
p
r
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ac
h
was
u
s
ed
i
n
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
p
ap
er
.
I
t
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
a
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
th
eo
r
etica
l
r
ev
iew
f
o
r
ea
ch
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
h
y
p
o
th
eses
b
ased
o
n
estab
lis
h
ed
th
eo
r
etica
l
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
s
.
Fo
llo
win
g
th
is
,
d
ata
co
llectio
n
an
d
a
q
u
a
n
titativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
wer
e
im
p
lem
en
ted
,
with
th
e
d
etails
p
r
o
v
id
ed
in
th
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t sectio
n
s
.
2
.
1
.
L
it
er
a
t
ure
re
v
iew
2
.
2
.
1
.
Ro
bo
t
ic
g
o
lf
ca
dd
y
R
GC
i
s
an
au
to
m
ated
d
e
v
ice
t
h
at
in
teg
r
ates
m
u
ltip
le
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
f
r
o
m
a
n
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
p
e
r
s
p
ec
tiv
e.
First,
it
is
eq
u
ip
p
ed
with
a
s
u
s
p
en
s
io
n
s
y
s
tem
to
e
n
ab
le
s
ta
b
le
an
d
s
m
o
o
th
m
o
v
em
en
t
o
v
er
h
ills
an
d
u
n
e
v
en
ter
r
ain
[
8
]
.
Fu
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e
,
R
GC
is
o
p
er
ated
b
y
a
r
em
o
te
co
n
tr
o
l
with
B
lu
eto
o
th
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
th
at
a
g
o
lf
er
co
u
ld
attac
h
to
th
eir
b
elt/p
o
ck
et,
s
o
th
ey
ca
n
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
s
p
ee
d
a
n
d
th
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
ca
d
d
y
u
s
in
g
th
e
b
u
tto
n
s
o
n
th
e
r
em
o
te
[
6
]
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
R
GC
is
eq
u
ip
p
ed
with
a
lith
iu
m
-
io
n
b
atter
y
,
wh
ich
ca
n
last
u
p
to
3
6
h
o
les
o
n
a
s
in
g
le
ch
ar
g
e
[
9
]
.
L
as
t
ly
,
R
GC
is
eq
u
ip
p
e
d
with
cu
ttin
g
-
e
d
g
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies,
wh
ich
in
cl
u
d
e
d
ee
p
lear
n
in
g
-
b
ased
im
ag
e
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
m
o
tio
n
d
ir
ec
tio
n
c
o
n
tr
o
l
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
a
wate
r
p
r
o
o
f
f
u
n
ctio
n
,
a
n
d
a
lo
ca
tio
n
-
b
ased
s
er
v
ice
(
GPS),
s
o
th
e
p
r
ice
is
ab
o
u
t U
S$
4
,
0
0
0
[
1
0
]
.
2
.
2
.
2
.
M
o
t
iv
a
t
ed
co
ns
um
er
i
nn
o
v
a
t
iv
eness
(
M
CI)
Mo
tiv
ated
co
n
s
u
m
er
i
n
n
o
v
ativ
en
ess
is
a
ter
m
th
at
co
m
b
i
n
es
m
o
tiv
atio
n
an
d
co
n
s
u
m
e
r
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
n
ess
.
Hwa
n
g
et
a
l.
[
1
1
]
d
ef
in
ed
MCI
as
“in
ter
n
al
an
d
ex
ter
n
al
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
l
ea
d
to
co
n
s
u
m
e
r
s
’
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
b
u
y
in
g
b
eh
a
v
io
r
”,
wh
ich
is
b
ased
o
n
b
o
th
d
ef
i
n
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
id
en
tifie
d
th
e
f
o
u
r
th
eo
r
etica
l
s
u
b
-
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
MCI
th
at
ar
e
r
elate
d
to
ad
o
p
tin
g
n
ew
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
(
i.e
.
,
FM
C
I
,
HM
C
I
,
C
MCI,
an
d
SMC
I
)
[
1
2
]
.
First,
FMC
I
ca
n
b
e
d
ef
i
n
ed
as
“c
o
n
s
u
m
er
in
n
o
v
ativ
en
ess
m
o
tiv
ated
b
y
th
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
an
d
f
o
c
u
s
es
o
n
task
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
an
d
ac
c
o
m
p
lis
h
m
en
t
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t”
[
1
2
]
.
Seco
n
d
,
HM
C
I
r
ef
er
s
to
“c
o
n
s
u
m
er
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
n
ess
m
o
tiv
ated
b
y
af
f
ec
tiv
e
o
r
s
en
s
o
r
y
s
tim
u
latio
n
an
d
g
r
atif
icatio
n
”
[
1
2
]
.
Ne
x
t,
C
MCI
is
d
ef
in
ed
as
“c
o
n
s
u
m
e
r
i
n
n
o
v
ativ
e
n
ess
m
o
tiv
ated
b
y
t
h
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
m
en
tal
s
tim
u
latio
n
”
[
1
2
]
.
L
astl
y
,
SM
C
I
is
d
ef
in
ed
as “
co
n
s
u
m
er
in
n
o
v
ativ
en
ess
m
o
tiv
ated
b
y
th
e
s
elf
-
ass
er
tiv
e
s
o
cia
l
n
ee
d
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
en
tiatio
n
”
[
1
2
]
.
2
.
2
.
3.
T
he
influence
o
f
m
o
t
iv
a
t
ed
co
ns
um
er
inn
o
v
a
t
iv
ene
s
s
o
n im
a
g
e
I
m
ag
e
ca
n
b
e
d
e
f
in
ed
as
th
e
o
v
er
all
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
,
wh
ich
in
clu
d
es
b
elief
s
an
d
im
p
r
e
s
s
io
n
s
th
at
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
h
o
ld
to
war
d
s
a
s
p
e
cif
ic
p
r
o
d
u
ct
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
e
th
eo
r
etica
l
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
th
is
ar
g
u
m
en
t
is
b
ased
o
n
th
e
tax
o
n
o
m
y
o
f
h
u
m
an
g
o
als,
wh
ich
ex
p
lain
s
th
at
b
elief
s
,
n
o
r
m
s
,
an
d
b
eh
a
v
io
r
ar
e
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
g
o
als
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
is
m
ea
n
s
th
at
p
eo
p
le’
s
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
a
p
ar
ticu
la
r
s
u
b
jec
t
is
d
r
iv
en
b
y
th
e
m
o
tiv
atio
n
s
th
ey
p
u
r
s
u
e.
T
h
is
im
p
lies
th
at
MCI
p
lay
s
a
v
ita
l
r
o
le
in
r
eg
ar
d
to
s
h
a
p
in
g
t
h
e
ir
o
v
er
all
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct/s
er
v
ice.
T
h
e
p
r
io
r
em
p
ir
ical
p
ap
e
r
s
h
av
e
al
s
o
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
th
e
lin
k
b
etwe
en
MCI
an
d
im
ag
e.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
L
ien
an
d
C
ao
[
1
5
]
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
s
tr
o
n
g
m
o
tiv
atio
n
s
,
wh
ich
in
clu
d
e
en
ter
tain
m
e
n
t,
s
o
ciality
,
an
d
p
r
ac
ticality
,
h
elp
in
r
eg
a
r
d
s
to
f
o
r
m
in
g
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
im
ag
e
o
f
n
ew
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies.
T
h
e
r
ec
en
t
r
esear
ch
b
y
Ph
an
g
et
a
l.
[
1
6
]
s
h
o
wed
th
at
FMC
I
,
HM
C
I
,
an
d
C
MCI
ar
e
cr
u
cial
p
r
ed
icto
r
s
o
f
im
ag
e.
Hy
p
o
th
esis
1
(
H1
)
.
FMC
I
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
af
f
ec
ts
th
e
im
ag
e.
Hy
p
o
th
esis
2
(
H2
)
.
HM
C
I
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
af
f
ec
ts
th
e
im
a
g
e.
Hy
p
o
th
esis
3
(
H3
)
.
C
MCI
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
af
f
ec
ts
th
e
im
a
g
e.
Hy
p
o
th
esis
4
(
H4
)
.
SMC
I
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
af
f
ec
ts
th
e
im
ag
e.
2
.
2
.
4
.
T
he
influence
o
f
im
a
g
e
o
n desi
re
Desire
r
ef
er
s
to
“a
s
ta
te
o
f
m
in
d
wh
er
eb
y
an
ag
en
t
h
as
a
p
er
s
o
n
al
m
o
tiv
atio
n
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ac
tio
n
o
r
to
ac
h
iev
e
a
g
o
al”
[
1
7
]
.
I
t
is
m
o
r
e
im
p
o
r
tan
tl
y
wid
ely
k
n
o
wn
th
at
wh
en
p
eo
p
le
h
a
v
e
a
g
o
o
d
im
ag
e,
th
ei
r
d
esire
is
h
ig
h
[
1
8
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
ar
g
u
ed
t
h
at
im
ag
e
is
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t p
r
ed
icto
r
o
f
d
esire
.
Fo
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
AE
S
I
n
t
J
R
o
b
&
A
u
to
m
I
SS
N:
2722
-
2
5
8
6
A
s
tu
d
y
o
n
mo
tiva
ted
co
n
s
u
m
er in
n
o
va
tiven
ess
in
r
o
b
o
tic
g
o
lf c
a
d
d
ies
(
Jin
s
o
o
Hw
a
n
g
)
101
ex
am
p
le,
Hu
d
s
o
n
et
a
l.
[
1
8
]
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
if
co
n
s
u
m
e
r
s
h
av
e
a
g
o
o
d
im
ag
e
to
war
d
a
d
esti
n
atio
n
,
th
eir
d
esire
to
v
is
it
it
is
s
tr
o
n
g
.
Z
h
an
g
et
a
l.
[
1
9
]
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
c
o
n
s
u
m
er
s
wh
o
h
av
e
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
im
ag
e
o
f
f
o
o
d
ex
p
r
ess
ed
a
s
tr
o
n
g
er
d
esire
to
ea
t it.
Hy
p
o
th
esis
5
(
H5
)
.
I
m
ag
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
af
f
ec
ts
d
esire
.
2
.
2
.
5.
T
he
influence
o
f
im
a
g
e
o
n beha
v
io
ra
l int
ent
io
ns
First,
in
ten
tio
n
s
to
u
s
e
r
ef
er
s
t
o
“th
e
d
eg
r
ee
th
at
a
p
e
r
s
o
n
h
a
s
f
o
r
m
u
lated
co
n
s
cio
u
s
p
lan
s
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
o
r
n
o
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
o
m
e
s
p
ec
if
ie
d
f
u
tu
r
e
b
eh
a
v
io
r
”
[
2
0
]
.
Sec
o
n
d
,
W
OM
in
ten
tio
n
s
ar
e
d
e
f
in
ed
as
“in
f
o
r
m
al
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
d
ir
ec
tly
at
o
th
er
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
ab
o
u
t
th
e
o
wn
e
r
s
h
ip
,
u
s
ag
e,
o
r
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
p
ar
ticu
lar
g
o
o
d
s
an
d
s
er
v
ices
an
d
/o
r
t
h
eir
s
eller
s
”
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
p
a
p
er
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
th
e
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
f
im
ag
e
o
n
B
I
,
wh
ich
was
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
p
r
io
r
s
tu
d
ies.
J
in
et
a
l.
[
2
2
]
in
d
icate
d
th
at
w
h
en
cu
s
to
m
er
s
p
er
ce
iv
e
t
h
e
r
e
s
tau
r
an
t’
s
im
ag
e
as
in
n
o
v
ativ
e,
th
e
y
s
h
o
w
a
h
ig
h
lev
el
o
f
B
I
.
An
o
th
er
s
tu
d
y
co
n
d
u
cted
b
y
T
av
itiy
am
a
n
et
a
l.
[
2
3
]
f
o
c
u
s
ed
o
n
th
e
im
p
ac
t o
f
im
ag
e
o
n
B
I
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
s
m
ar
t to
u
r
is
m
.
Hy
p
o
th
esis
6
(
H6
)
.
I
m
ag
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
af
f
ec
ts
in
ten
tio
n
s
to
u
s
e.
Hy
p
o
th
esis
7
(
H7
)
.
I
m
ag
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
af
f
ec
ts
W
OM
in
ten
tio
n
.
2
.
2
.
6.
T
he
influence
o
f
des
ire
o
n beha
v
io
ra
l int
ent
io
ns
T
h
e
lin
k
b
etwe
en
d
esire
a
n
d
B
I
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
lain
ed
b
y
th
e
m
o
d
el
o
f
g
o
al
-
d
ir
ec
ted
b
eh
a
v
io
r
[
2
4
]
,
wh
ich
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
th
e
m
o
s
t
s
ig
n
if
ic
an
t
f
ac
to
r
th
at
in
f
lu
en
c
es
in
ten
tio
n
/b
eh
a
v
io
r
is
th
e
lev
el
o
f
d
esire
to
p
ar
ticip
ate
in
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
b
eh
av
i
o
r
.
T
h
e
c
o
n
s
u
m
er
b
eh
av
i
o
r
-
r
elate
d
s
tu
d
ies
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
em
p
ir
ical
ev
id
e
n
ce
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
d
esire
o
n
B
I
.
C
h
iu
et
a
l.
[
2
5
]
d
is
co
v
er
e
d
th
at
t
h
e
d
esire
to
u
s
e
o
n
lin
e
s
h
o
p
p
in
g
s
er
v
ices
h
as
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
im
p
ac
t o
n
B
I
.
H
u
an
g
et
a
l.
[
2
6
]
co
n
clu
d
ed
th
at
d
esir
e
is
a
cr
u
cial
f
ac
to
r
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
B
I
.
Hy
p
o
th
esis
8
(
H8
)
.
Desire
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
af
f
ec
ts
in
ten
tio
n
s
to
u
s
e.
Hy
p
o
th
esis
9
(
H9
)
.
Desire
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
af
f
ec
ts
W
OM
in
ten
tio
n
.
2
.
2
.
7.
T
he
m
o
dera
t
ing
f
un
ct
i
o
n o
f
perc
eiv
ed
price
un
f
a
irness
o
f
ca
dd
y
f
ee
s
Per
ce
iv
ed
p
r
ice
u
n
f
ai
r
n
ess
h
as
b
ee
n
ex
ten
s
iv
ely
s
tu
d
ied
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
co
n
s
u
m
er
b
e
h
a
v
io
r
[
2
7
]
,
an
d
it
r
ef
er
s
to
a
co
n
s
u
m
er
’
s
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
wh
eth
e
r
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
etwe
en
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
s
eller
’
s
p
r
ice
an
d
a
r
ef
er
en
ce
p
r
ice
is
u
n
r
ea
s
o
n
ab
l
e
o
r
u
n
ju
s
tifia
b
le
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
e
eq
u
ity
th
eo
r
y
th
e
o
r
etica
lly
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
e
m
o
d
er
atin
g
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
p
er
ce
iv
e
d
p
r
ice
u
n
f
air
n
ess
.
T
h
e
eq
u
ity
th
eo
r
y
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
p
ar
ties
co
m
p
ar
e
th
e
r
atio
o
f
in
p
u
ts
to
o
u
tco
m
es
with
ea
c
h
o
th
er
i
n
s
o
cial
ex
ch
a
n
g
es
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
is
m
ea
n
s
th
at
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
wh
o
a
r
e
co
n
tem
p
latin
g
a
p
u
r
ch
ase
ev
alu
atio
n
c
o
n
s
id
er
th
e
am
o
u
n
t th
ey
p
a
y
an
d
r
ec
eiv
e
as we
ll
as a
l
s
o
th
e
co
s
t
s
th
e
f
ir
m
in
cu
r
s
an
d
th
e
p
r
ice
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
is
s
o
ld
at
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
e
q
u
ity
th
e
o
r
y
[
3
0
]
.
C
o
n
s
u
m
er
s
m
o
r
e
im
p
o
r
tan
tly
p
e
r
ce
iv
e
p
r
ice
u
n
f
air
n
ess
f
o
r
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
p
r
o
d
u
ct
h
in
d
er
s
th
eir
m
o
tiv
atio
n
to
u
s
e
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct,
wh
ich
lead
s
an
u
n
f
av
o
r
ab
le
attitu
d
e
to
war
d
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
[
3
1
]
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
in
f
er
r
ed
th
at
if
g
o
l
f
er
s
th
in
k
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
ca
d
d
ie
f
ee
s
ar
e
u
n
f
air
,
t
h
ey
will
h
a
v
e
a
g
o
o
d
im
ag
e
of
R
GC
.
R
iq
u
elm
e
et
a
l.
[
3
2
]
also
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
c
o
n
s
u
m
er
s
wh
o
p
e
r
ce
iv
e
h
ig
h
le
v
els
o
f
p
r
ice
u
n
f
ai
r
n
ess
h
av
e
m
o
r
e
n
e
g
ativ
e
em
o
tio
n
s
th
an
cu
s
to
m
er
s
wh
o
d
o
n
o
t
i
n
th
e
h
o
tel
-
b
o
o
k
in
g
co
n
tex
t.
Op
ata
et
a
l.
[
3
3
]
s
u
g
g
ested
th
at
wh
en
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
p
e
r
ce
iv
e
th
at
th
e
p
r
ice
o
f
a
p
r
o
d
u
ct
is
n
o
t
f
air
,
th
ei
r
attitu
d
e
to
war
d
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
is
wo
r
s
e
th
an
th
e
attitu
d
e
o
f
cu
s
t
o
m
er
s
wh
o
p
er
c
eiv
e
th
at
th
e
p
r
ice
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
is
f
air
.
Hy
p
o
th
esis
1
0
a
-
d
(
H1
0
a
-
d
)
.
Per
ce
iv
ed
p
r
ice
u
n
f
air
n
ess
p
lay
s
a
m
o
d
er
atin
g
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
MCI
an
d
im
ag
e.
2
.
3.
M
ea
s
urem
ent
First,
th
e
1
2
-
item
s
ca
les
th
at
wer
e
em
p
lo
y
e
d
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
MCI
wer
e
b
o
r
r
o
wed
f
r
o
m
Hwa
n
g
et
a
l.
[
1
1
]
a
n
d
Van
d
ec
asteele
an
d
Geu
e
n
s
[
1
2
]
.
Seco
n
d
,
t
h
e
th
r
ee
item
s
f
o
r
im
a
g
e
wer
e
a
d
ap
ted
f
r
o
m
Ajze
n
[
3
4
]
an
d
C
h
o
e
et
a
l
.
[
3
5
]
.
T
h
i
r
d
,
th
e
th
r
ee
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t
item
s
f
o
r
d
esire
,
w
h
ich
wer
e
b
o
r
r
o
wed
f
r
o
m
Z
h
an
g
et
a
l.
[
1
9
]
a
n
d
Per
u
g
in
i
a
n
d
B
a
g
o
zz
i
[
2
4
]
,
wer
e
also
in
cl
u
d
e
d
.
B
I
,
wh
ich
in
clu
d
e
in
ten
tio
n
s
to
u
s
e
an
d
W
OM
in
ten
tio
n
,
wer
e
cited
f
r
o
m
Kim
et
a
l.
[
3
6
]
,
an
d
th
ey
wer
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
u
s
in
g
s
ix
item
s
.
L
astl
y
,
p
er
ce
iv
ed
p
r
ice
u
n
f
air
n
ess
was m
ea
s
u
r
ed
u
s
in
g
th
r
ee
item
s
th
at
wer
e
b
o
r
r
o
w
ed
f
r
o
m
Dar
k
e
a
n
d
Dah
l
[
3
7
]
an
d
R
iq
u
elm
e
et
a
l.
[
3
8
]
.
2
.
4.
Da
t
a
c
o
llect
io
n
An
o
n
lin
e
s
u
r
v
ey
was
u
s
ed
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
d
is
tr
ib
u
te
th
e
q
u
es
tio
n
n
air
es
to
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
in
Ko
r
ea
.
A
v
id
eo
was
s
h
o
wn
in
o
r
d
e
r
to
h
elp
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
h
o
w
R
GC
o
p
er
ates
d
u
r
in
g
a
r
o
u
n
d
.
3
9
3
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
7
2
2
-
2
5
8
6
I
AE
S
I
n
t
J
R
o
b
&
A
u
to
m
,
Vo
l
.
1
5
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
2
6
:
99
-
1
06
102
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
wer
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
er
an
aly
s
es.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
t
h
e
d
ata
a
n
aly
s
is
in
d
icate
d
t
h
at
all
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
h
ad
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
v
alu
es g
r
ea
ter
th
an
.
7
0
,
wh
ic
h
in
d
icate
s
h
i
g
h
r
eliab
ilit
y
[
3
9
]
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
r
esear
ch
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
ac
co
m
p
a
n
ied
b
y
a
d
etailed
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
ar
e
d
is
p
lay
ed
in
f
i
g
u
r
es a
n
d
tab
les.
3
.
1.
Respo
nd
ent
s
’
cha
ra
ct
er
is
t
ics
Of
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
,
5
6
.
7
%
(
n
=
2
2
3
)
wer
e
m
ale.
T
h
e
lar
g
est
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
,
wh
ich
was
3
7
.
7
%,
wer
e
in
th
eir
2
0
s
(
n
=
1
4
8
)
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
l
ar
g
est
ca
teg
o
r
y
,
wh
ich
in
cl
u
d
ed
5
9
.
0
%
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
,
was
b
ac
h
elo
r
’
s
d
eg
r
ee
(
n
=
2
3
2
)
in
r
eg
ar
d
t
o
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
le
v
el.
2
9
.
8
%
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
in
d
icate
d
th
at
th
eir
m
o
n
th
ly
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
in
c
o
m
e
was
u
n
d
er
$
1
,
0
0
0
,
an
d
th
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
,
wh
ich
was 5
6
.
2
%,
in
d
icate
d
t
h
at
th
ey
wer
e
s
in
g
le
(
n
=
2
2
1
)
.
3
.
2
.
Co
nfir
m
a
t
o
ry
f
a
ct
o
r
a
n
a
ly
s
is
T
h
e
C
FA
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
d
th
at
th
e
m
o
d
el
f
it
was
ac
ce
p
tab
le.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
all
o
f
f
ac
to
r
lo
ad
in
g
s
ar
e
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
.
7
8
4
with
a
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t
at
a
lev
el
o
f
.
0
0
1
.
T
h
is
m
ea
n
s
th
at
all
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
h
av
e
s
tr
o
n
g
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
t
v
alid
ity
.
T
h
e
AVE
s
co
r
es
wer
e
g
r
ea
ter
th
a
n
th
e
.
5
0
s
tan
d
ar
d
f
o
r
all
co
n
s
tr
u
cts,
an
d
all
o
f
th
e
s
q
u
ar
ed
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
(
R
2
)
v
alu
es
wer
e
lo
wer
th
an
th
e
AVE
f
o
r
ea
ch
co
n
s
tr
u
ct,
wh
ich
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
e
co
n
v
er
g
en
t
an
d
d
is
cr
im
in
an
t
v
alid
ity
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
ce
p
ts
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
co
m
p
o
s
ite
r
eliab
ilit
ies
wer
e
h
ig
h
er
th
an
.
7
,
wh
ich
in
d
icate
s
a
h
ig
h
lev
el
o
f
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
.
3
.
3
.
Str
uct
ura
l e
qu
a
t
io
n
m
o
del
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el
in
d
icate
s
an
ac
ce
p
tab
le
f
it
to
th
e
d
ata
[
4
0
]
.
All
o
f
th
e
n
in
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
h
y
p
o
th
eses
wer
e
s
tatis
tically
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
at
p
<
.
0
5
ex
ce
p
t
f
o
r
th
e
lin
k
b
etwe
en
SMC
I
an
d
im
ag
e.
I
m
ag
e
was
p
o
s
itiv
ely
im
p
ac
ted
b
y
FMC
I
,
HM
C
I
,
a
n
d
C
MCI.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
in
d
ic
ated
th
at
H1
,
H2
,
a
n
d
H3
wer
e
p
ar
tially
ac
ce
p
ted
.
Hy
p
o
th
esis
5
,
6
,
a
n
d
7
wer
e
a
cc
ep
ted
,
b
ec
au
s
e
im
ag
e
p
o
s
iti
v
ely
af
f
ec
ts
d
esire
,
in
ten
tio
n
s
to
u
s
e,
a
n
d
W
OM
.
L
astl
y
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
wed
th
at
d
esire
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
af
f
ec
ts
in
ten
tio
n
s
to
u
s
e
an
d
W
OM
in
ten
tio
n
,
wh
ic
h
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
H8
an
d
H9
.
3
.
4
.
M
o
dera
t
ing
f
un
ct
io
n o
f
perc
eiv
ed
price
un
f
a
irne
s
s
o
f
ca
dd
y
f
ee
T
h
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
in
th
e
d
eg
r
e
es
o
f
f
r
ee
d
o
m
was
u
s
ed
t
o
ev
alu
ate
th
e
d
i
f
f
er
en
tial
ef
f
e
cts
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
er
ato
r
[
4
0
]
.
T
h
e
o
r
ig
in
al
s
am
p
le
o
f
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
s
tu
d
y
(
n
=
3
9
3
)
was
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
tw
o
s
u
b
-
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
wh
ic
h
in
clu
d
ed
a
g
r
o
u
p
with
a
lo
w
le
v
el
o
f
p
er
c
eiv
ed
p
r
ice
u
n
f
air
n
ess
o
f
ca
d
d
y
f
ee
s
an
d
a
g
r
o
u
p
with
a
h
ig
h
le
v
el
o
f
p
er
ce
iv
ed
p
r
ice
u
n
f
air
n
ess
o
f
ca
d
d
y
f
ee
s
,
b
y
u
s
in
g
a
m
e
d
ia
n
s
p
lit
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
er
at
o
r
s
co
r
e
.
T
h
e
d
ata
an
al
y
s
is
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
d
th
at
p
er
ce
iv
e
d
p
r
ice
u
n
f
air
n
ess
o
f
ca
d
d
y
f
e
es
p
lay
s
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
m
o
d
er
at
in
g
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
en
FMC
I
an
d
im
ag
e
(
Δ
χ
2
=
4
.
2
1
9
>
χ
2
=
.
5
(
1
)
=
3
.
8
4
a
n
d
d
f
=
1
)
,
wh
ic
h
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
Hy
p
o
th
esis
1
0
a.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
Hy
p
o
th
eses
1
0
b
,
1
0
c,
a
n
d
1
0
d
we
r
e
n
o
t statis
tically
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
.
3
.
5
.
Dis
cus
s
io
ns
a
nd
im
pl
ica
t
io
ns
3
.
5
.
1.
T
heo
re
t
ica
l im
pli
ca
t
io
ns
First,
th
e
d
ata
a
n
aly
s
is
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
d
th
at
FMC
I
p
lay
s
a
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
in
r
eg
a
r
d
to
f
o
r
m
in
g
a
f
av
o
r
a
b
le
im
ag
e
o
f
R
GC
.
L
ie
n
an
d
C
ao
[
1
5
]
also
f
o
u
n
d
th
a
t
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
m
o
tiv
atio
n
is
a
v
i
tal
f
ac
to
r
in
r
eg
ar
d
s
to
d
ev
el
o
p
in
g
an
im
ag
e
o
f
n
e
w
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
-
b
ased
s
er
v
ices.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
’
s
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
th
eo
r
etica
l
im
p
licatio
n
is
th
at
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
FMC
I
an
d
im
ag
e
was
f
ir
s
tly
estab
lis
h
ed
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
R
GC
wh
en
it
was
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
t
u
d
ies.
Seco
n
d
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
HM
C
I
h
as a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t im
p
ac
t o
n
im
a
g
e.
Ph
an
g
et
a
l.
[
1
6
]
also
s
u
g
g
ested
t
h
at
wh
en
cu
s
to
m
er
s
p
er
ce
iv
e
h
i
g
h
lev
els
o
f
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
m
o
tiv
atio
n
to
war
d
a
n
ew
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
-
b
ased
s
er
v
ice,
t
h
e
y
wo
u
ld
h
a
v
e
a
f
av
o
r
ab
le
im
ag
e
o
f
th
e
s
er
v
ice.
Ph
a
n
g
et
a
l.
[
1
6
]
in
p
ar
ticu
lar
ar
g
u
ed
th
at
HM
C
I
h
as
th
e
m
o
s
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
ac
t
o
n
t
h
e
im
ag
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
o
th
e
r
MCIs.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
co
n
f
ir
m
e
d
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
th
eo
r
etica
l
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
as
well
as
ex
p
an
d
ed
it
in
th
is
r
eg
ar
d
b
y
d
is
co
v
er
in
g
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t im
p
ac
t o
f
HM
C
I
o
n
im
ag
e
in
t
h
e
co
n
te
x
t o
f
R
GC
.
T
h
ir
d
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
f
in
d
in
g
v
er
i
f
ied
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
C
MCI
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
R
GC
,
b
ec
au
s
e
R
GC
wa
s
d
is
co
v
er
ed
to
h
av
e
a
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
im
p
ac
t
o
n
im
ag
e.
I
n
ad
d
iti
o
n
,
Van
d
ec
asteele
an
d
Geu
en
s
[
1
2
]
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
C
MCI
is
a
cr
itical
an
tece
d
en
t
o
f
th
e
o
u
tco
m
e
v
ar
iab
les.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
th
ey
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
th
eo
r
etica
l
r
esear
ch
m
o
d
el
th
at
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
h
ig
h
lev
els
o
f
C
MCI
p
o
s
itiv
ely
in
f
l
u
en
ce
attitu
d
e
in
a
n
ew
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
f
ield
.
I
n
th
is
r
eg
ar
d
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
co
n
t
r
ib
u
tes t
o
liter
atu
r
e
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
-
b
ased
s
er
v
ices.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
AE
S
I
n
t
J
R
o
b
&
A
u
to
m
I
SS
N:
2722
-
2
5
8
6
A
s
tu
d
y
o
n
mo
tiva
ted
co
n
s
u
m
er in
n
o
va
tiven
ess
in
r
o
b
o
tic
g
o
lf c
a
d
d
ies
(
Jin
s
o
o
Hw
a
n
g
)
103
Fo
u
r
th
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
s
h
o
wed
th
at
im
ag
e
h
as
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
im
p
ac
t
o
n
d
esire
,
wh
ic
h
in
t
u
r
n
p
o
s
itiv
ely
af
f
ec
ts
in
ten
tio
n
s
to
u
s
e
an
d
W
OM
.
T
h
er
e
h
av
e
b
ee
n
o
n
l
y
a
f
ew
s
tu
d
ies
in
th
e
h
is
to
r
y
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
r
esear
ch
th
at
em
p
h
asized
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
im
ag
e
[
1
8
]
,
wh
ich
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
im
ag
e
p
lay
s
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t r
o
le
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
th
e
o
u
tco
m
e
v
ar
iab
les,
s
u
c
h
as
d
esire
an
d
B
I
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
th
er
ef
o
r
e
was
ab
le
to
co
n
f
ir
m
an
d
b
r
o
ad
e
n
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
o
le
o
f
im
a
g
e
b
y
f
i
n
d
in
g
its
im
p
ac
t
o
n
d
esire
,
in
ten
tio
n
to
u
s
e,
an
d
W
OM
f
o
r
th
e
f
ir
s
t
tim
e
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t o
f
R
GC
.
Fifth
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
m
u
lti
p
le
-
g
r
o
u
p
an
aly
s
is
r
ev
ea
led
t
h
at
p
er
ce
iv
e
d
p
r
ice
u
n
f
air
n
ess
m
o
d
e
r
ates
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
FM
C
I
an
d
im
ag
e.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
o
f
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
is
s
im
ilar
to
th
e
r
es
u
lt
o
f
th
e
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies,
wh
ich
id
en
tifie
d
th
e
m
o
d
er
atin
g
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
p
er
ce
i
v
ed
p
r
ice
u
n
f
air
n
ess
in
o
th
er
ar
ea
s
.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
R
iq
u
elm
e
et
a
l.
[
3
2
]
s
u
g
g
est
ed
th
at
cu
s
to
m
e
r
s
wh
o
p
er
ce
i
v
e
a
h
i
g
h
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
p
r
ice
u
n
f
air
n
ess
h
av
e
m
o
r
e
n
eg
ativ
e
em
o
tio
n
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
w
h
o
p
e
r
ce
iv
e
a
lo
w
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
p
r
ice
u
n
f
ai
r
n
e
s
s
wh
en
b
o
o
k
in
g
a
h
o
tel
u
s
in
g
an
o
n
lin
e
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
is
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
r
esear
ch
in
t
h
is
r
eg
ar
d
,
b
ec
a
u
s
e
it
is
th
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tu
d
y
th
at
id
en
tifie
s
th
e
m
o
d
er
atin
g
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
p
er
ce
iv
ed
p
r
ice
u
n
f
air
n
ess
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
R
GC
,
wh
ich
m
ak
es it a
v
ital th
eo
r
etica
l im
p
licatio
n
.
3
.
5
.
2
.
M
a
na
g
er
ia
l
im
pli
ca
t
io
ns
First,
o
n
e
ca
d
d
y
is
in
f
ac
t
i
n
c
h
ar
g
e
o
f
f
o
u
r
g
o
lf
e
r
s
in
K
o
r
ea
.
T
h
e
g
am
e
o
f
g
o
lf
is
o
f
ten
d
e
lay
ed
d
u
e
to
th
e
ca
d
d
y
h
a
v
in
g
to
p
ick
u
p
th
e
clu
b
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
g
o
lf
ca
r
t
.
Ho
wev
er
,
a
g
o
lf
g
am
e
is
p
la
y
ed
q
u
ick
ly
in
t
h
e
ca
s
e
o
f
u
s
in
g
R
GC
,
b
ec
au
s
e
it
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
p
er
s
o
n
al
s
er
v
ic
e
to
th
e
cu
s
to
m
e
r
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
c
u
s
to
m
er
s
wo
u
ld
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
t
h
at
R
GC
is
v
er
y
co
n
v
en
ien
t
d
u
r
in
g
a
r
o
u
n
d
o
f
g
o
l
f
,
b
ec
a
u
s
e
it
in
f
o
r
m
s
th
e
g
o
l
f
er
s
o
f
t
h
e
d
is
tan
ce
to
th
e
p
in
v
ia
a
GPS
th
at
is
in
s
talled
in
th
e
R
G
C
[
1
0
]
.
I
f
th
ese
ty
p
es
o
f
i
n
n
o
v
ativ
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
asp
ec
ts
o
f
th
e
R
GC
ar
e
th
er
ef
o
r
e
em
p
h
asized
to
p
o
ten
tial
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
,
th
ey
wo
u
ld
p
o
s
itiv
ely
p
e
r
ce
iv
e
th
e
im
ag
e
o
f
R
GC
.
Seco
n
d
,
h
u
m
an
g
o
lf
ca
d
d
ies
p
lay
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
s
i
m
p
le
s
er
v
ices
as
o
p
p
o
s
ed
to
en
ter
tain
in
g
g
o
lf
er
s
in
Ko
r
ea
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
it
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
ab
o
v
e
all
f
o
r
R
GC
to
b
e
ex
citin
g
an
d
s
tim
u
latin
g
f
o
r
t
h
e
p
o
ten
tial
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
o
f
it.
Fo
r
e
x
am
p
le,
a
s
er
v
ice
th
at
is
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
e
d
is
to
i
n
s
tall
a
ca
m
er
a
o
n
R
GC
in
o
r
d
er
to
r
ec
o
r
d
a
r
o
u
n
d
o
f
g
o
lf
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
i
m
ag
es
af
ter
a
r
o
u
n
d
o
f
g
o
lf
.
T
h
is
ca
m
er
a
s
y
s
tem
is
wid
ely
u
s
ed
in
o
th
e
r
f
ield
s
cu
r
r
en
tly
,
an
d
its
co
s
t
is
also
r
ea
s
o
n
ab
le.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
d
r
o
n
e
is
em
p
lo
y
ed
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
f
o
o
d
o
r
d
er
in
g
s
er
v
ices
d
u
r
in
g
a
r
o
u
n
d
in
J
ap
an
.
I
f
a
f
o
o
d
d
eliv
er
y
s
er
v
ice
t
h
at
u
s
es
a
d
r
o
n
e
is
p
r
o
v
id
ed
,
wh
ich
is
b
ased
o
n
a
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
GPS tr
ac
k
er
th
at
is
m
o
u
n
ted
o
n
R
GC
,
th
e
g
o
lf
er
s
wo
u
ld
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
a
h
ig
h
lev
el
o
f
HM
C
I
,
an
d
th
en
it
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
af
f
ec
ts
th
e
im
ag
e
o
f
R
GC
.
T
h
ir
d
,
th
e
g
o
lf
co
u
r
s
e
m
a
n
ag
e
r
s
n
ee
d
to
p
u
t
in
a
c
o
n
s
id
er
ab
l
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
ef
f
o
r
t
in
o
r
d
er
to
s
atis
f
y
th
e
co
g
n
itiv
e
n
ee
d
s
o
f
th
e
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
R
GC
in
clu
d
es
v
ar
io
u
s
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
s
,
s
u
ch
as
an
ti
-
d
ev
iatio
n
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
au
to
m
at
ic
d
r
iv
in
g
,
a
n
d
a
n
ec
o
-
f
r
ien
d
l
y
b
atter
y
,
s
o
i
f
th
ese
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
ar
e
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
to
th
e
c
o
n
s
u
m
er
s
,
it
wo
u
ld
s
tim
u
late
th
e
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
’
in
tellectu
al
cu
r
io
s
ity
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
it
is
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
to
e
m
p
h
asize
t
h
e
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
asp
ec
t
o
f
R
GC
wh
en
a
d
v
er
tis
in
g
,
s
o
t
h
e
c
o
n
s
u
m
er
s
ar
e
th
en
m
o
r
e
lik
ely
to
h
av
e
a
f
av
o
r
ab
le
im
a
g
e
o
f
R
GC
.
Fo
u
r
th
,
it wa
s
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ly
ex
p
lain
ed
th
at
th
e
ca
d
d
y
f
ee
s
h
av
e
r
is
en
in
Ko
r
ea
s
in
ce
C
o
v
id
-
1
9
[
3
]
.
Als
o
,
th
e
d
is
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
am
o
n
g
g
o
lf
er
s
h
as
in
cr
ea
s
ed
,
b
ec
a
u
s
e
u
n
q
u
alif
ied
ca
d
d
ies
ar
e
p
u
t
i
n
to
wo
r
k
[
4
]
.
T
h
e
g
o
lf
er
s
m
ay
th
in
k
th
at
ca
d
d
y
f
ee
s
ar
e
u
n
f
air
in
th
is
s
itu
atio
n
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
s
er
v
ices
th
at
t
h
ey
r
ec
eiv
e
f
r
o
m
a
ca
d
d
y
.
T
h
ese
ty
p
es o
f
g
o
l
f
er
s
m
o
r
e
im
p
o
r
tan
tly
h
a
v
e
a
m
o
r
e
f
av
o
r
a
b
le
im
ag
e
o
f
R
GC
th
an
th
e
g
o
lf
er
s
wh
o
d
o
n
o
t.
I
f
it
is
th
er
ef
o
r
e
em
p
h
asized
th
at
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
ca
d
d
y
f
ee
s
ar
e
u
n
r
ea
s
o
n
ab
le
wh
en
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
R
GC
,
th
e
cu
s
to
m
er
s
ar
e
m
o
r
e
lik
ely
to
h
av
e
a
f
av
o
r
ab
le
im
a
g
e
o
f
R
GC
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
wa
s
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
h
o
w
an
im
ag
e
is
f
o
r
m
ed
an
d
its
r
esu
ltin
g
v
ar
ia
b
les
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t o
f
R
GC
.
Fo
r
th
is
,
d
ata
wer
e
co
llected
f
r
o
m
3
9
3
g
o
lf
er
s
in
Ko
r
ea
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
FMC
I
,
H
MCI,
an
d
C
M
C
I
p
o
s
itiv
ely
af
f
ec
t im
ag
e.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
co
n
f
ir
m
e
d
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
im
ag
e
o
n
d
esire
,
an
d
th
e
n
it
p
o
s
itiv
ely
af
f
ec
ts
in
ten
tio
n
s
to
u
s
e
an
d
W
OM
in
ten
tio
n
.
L
astl
y
,
th
e
m
o
d
er
atin
g
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
p
er
ce
iv
ed
p
r
ice
u
n
f
air
n
ess
was
id
en
tifie
d
in
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
f
u
n
ctio
n
ally
m
o
tiv
ated
c
o
n
s
u
m
e
r
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
n
ess
an
d
im
ag
e.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
s
o
m
e
lim
itatio
n
s
th
a
t
n
ee
d
to
b
e
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
ed
d
e
s
p
ite
th
e
cr
u
cial
th
eo
r
etica
l
an
d
p
r
ac
tical
im
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
.
First,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
was c
o
n
d
u
cted
s
o
lely
in
Ko
r
ea
,
s
o
it m
ay
b
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
to
g
ath
er
d
ata
f
r
o
m
o
th
er
r
e
g
io
n
s
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
v
alid
ate
th
e
m
o
d
els
th
at
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
Seco
n
d
,
d
ata
wer
e
c
o
llected
u
s
in
g
an
o
n
lin
e
s
u
r
v
ey
,
w
h
ich
m
ay
lead
to
s
elec
tio
n
b
iases
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
W
r
ig
h
t.
I
t
is
th
er
ef
o
r
e
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
s
tu
d
ies
to
ad
o
p
t
alter
n
ativ
e
d
ata
co
llectio
n
m
eth
o
d
s
in
o
r
d
er
t
o
m
in
im
ize
th
e
b
iases
.
L
astl
y
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
was
co
n
d
u
cted
o
n
R
GC
,
s
o
it
m
ig
h
t
b
e
lim
ited
to
g
en
er
alize
t
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
to
o
th
er
in
d
u
s
tr
ies.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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DATA AV
AI
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AB
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RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
H
a
n
k
y
u
n
g
,
“
T
o
o
e
x
p
e
n
si
v
e
c
a
d
d
i
e
.
.
.
‘
I
t
c
o
u
l
d
b
e
o
v
e
r
2
0
0
,
0
0
0
W
o
n
.
’
”
M
a
y
2
0
2
2
.
A
c
c
e
ss
e
d
:
M
a
y
1
3
,
2
0
2
2
.
[
O
n
l
i
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
:
h
t
t
p
s
:
/
/
w
w
w
.
h
a
n
k
y
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.
c
o
m
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o
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t
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c
l
e
/
2
0
2
2
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5
1
3
3
7
3
4
i
[
2
]
G
o
l
f
G
u
i
d
e
b
o
o
k
,
“
T
h
e
1
6
r
o
l
e
s
o
f
a
g
o
l
f
c
a
d
d
y
a
n
d
w
h
y
t
h
e
y
’
r
e
so
i
m
p
o
r
t
a
n
t
.
”
2
0
2
2
.
[
3
]
A
si
a
Ec
o
n
o
mi
c
,
“
C
a
d
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y
f
e
e
,
1
5
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0
0
0
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