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120
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Acc
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No
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2
8
,
2
0
2
5
Ac
c
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ss
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a
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c
it
y
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m
a
in
s
a
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h
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ll
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g
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in
re
m
o
te
a
n
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o
ff
-
g
ri
d
a
re
a
s,
wh
e
re
c
o
n
v
e
n
ti
o
n
a
l
p
o
we
r
so
u
rc
e
s
a
re
o
ften
u
n
re
li
a
b
le
o
r
u
n
a
v
a
il
a
b
le.
Th
is
p
a
p
e
r
p
re
se
n
ts
th
e
d
e
sig
n
a
n
d
d
e
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e
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p
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e
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t
o
f
a
n
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tern
e
t
o
f
th
i
n
g
s
(
Io
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s
y
ste
m
fo
r
m
o
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i
to
ri
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g
a
n
d
se
c
u
rin
g
a
p
o
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le
so
lar
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o
w
e
r
sta
ti
o
n
tailo
re
d
fo
r
a
lt
e
r
n
a
ti
v
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e
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e
rg
y
a
p
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c
a
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s.
Th
e
sy
ste
m
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wh
ich
c
a
n
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e
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c
h
a
rg
e
d
u
sin
g
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h
o
to
v
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e
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e
m
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a
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tely
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m
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p
p
li
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ti
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s,
in
c
lu
d
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g
tele
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
h
o
u
se
h
o
ld
u
se
.
A
d
u
a
l
-
re
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m
e
c
h
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n
ism
i
s
u
se
d
f
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b
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p
ro
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n
:
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n
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c
ts
c
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rg
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g
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t
1
0
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re
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c
ti
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t
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c
o
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c
ti
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n
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re
m
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.
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h
is
d
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v
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lo
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m
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n
t
p
ro
m
o
tes
e
fficie
n
t
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e
rg
y
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t,
b
a
tt
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ry
l
o
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v
it
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d
imp
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sta
in
a
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lec
tri
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in
u
n
d
e
rse
rv
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d
re
g
i
o
n
s.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
I
o
T
s
y
s
tem
Ph
o
to
v
o
ltaic
Po
r
tab
le
Po
wer
s
tatio
n
R
em
o
te
ar
ea
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
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-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Sy
af
ii
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
E
lectr
ical
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
,
Facu
lty
o
f
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
Un
iv
er
s
itas
An
d
alas
L
im
au
Ma
n
is
,
Pad
an
g
2
5
1
6
3
,
W
est Su
m
atr
a,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
E
m
ail:
s
y
af
ii@
en
g
.
u
n
an
d
.
ac
.
id
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
I
n
d
o
n
esia
p
o
s
s
ess
e
s
a
to
tal
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
g
e
n
er
atio
n
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
3
,
6
8
7
GW
,
with
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
ac
co
u
n
tin
g
f
o
r
t
h
e
lar
g
est
s
h
ar
e
at
3
,
2
9
5
GW
.
I
n
d
o
n
esia'
s
lo
ca
tio
n
o
n
th
e
eq
u
ato
r
p
r
o
v
id
es
it
with
a
n
a
v
er
ag
e
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
4
.
8
k
W
h
/m
²
p
e
r
d
a
y
[
1
]
.
T
h
is
p
o
s
itio
n
s
I
n
d
o
n
esia
as
a
k
e
y
p
la
y
er
i
n
h
ar
n
ess
in
g
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
en
er
g
y
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
m
ak
in
g
it
a
h
ig
h
ly
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
m
ar
k
et
f
o
r
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t.
So
lar
en
er
g
y
h
a
s
b
ec
o
m
e
th
e
en
er
g
y
o
f
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
d
u
e
to
its
clea
n
,
s
af
e,
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
n
atu
r
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
o
th
er
e
n
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
[
2
]
.
Fu
tu
r
e
e
n
er
g
y
t
r
an
s
itio
n
p
o
licies
will
p
o
s
itio
n
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
g
e
n
er
atio
n
to
p
lay
a
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
r
o
le
in
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
to
th
e
n
atio
n
al
e
n
er
g
y
m
ix
[
3
]
,
[
4
]
to
ac
h
iev
e
th
e
tar
g
et
o
f
2
3
%
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
e
r
g
y
b
y
2
0
2
5
[
5
]
.
As
o
f
2
0
2
3
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
h
a
s
o
n
ly
ac
h
ie
v
ed
a
p
p
r
o
x
im
atel
y
h
alf
o
f
its
2
0
2
5
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
tar
g
et,
r
ea
c
h
in
g
1
2
.
5
%.
T
o
b
r
id
g
e
th
is
g
ap
,
ac
ce
ler
atin
g
th
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
is
cr
u
cial.
T
h
is
ef
f
o
r
t
w
o
u
ld
n
o
t
o
n
ly
r
ed
u
ce
ca
r
b
o
n
e
m
is
s
io
n
s
b
u
t
also
in
c
r
ea
s
e
th
e
elec
t
r
if
icatio
n
r
atio
an
d
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
elec
tr
icity
cr
is
is
in
r
em
o
te,
u
n
d
er
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
,
an
d
f
r
o
n
tier
r
e
g
io
n
s
.
E
m
b
r
ac
in
g
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
o
f
f
er
s
a
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
s
o
lu
tio
n
to
d
r
i
v
e
th
e
n
atio
n
to
war
d
s
en
er
g
y
r
esil
ien
ce
an
d
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
[
6
]
,
[
7
]
.
E
lectr
icity
f
ac
ilit
ies
in
r
em
o
te
r
eg
io
n
s
o
f
ten
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
f
r
eq
u
en
t
o
u
tag
es,
lim
ited
u
s
ag
e
r
e
s
tr
icted
to
s
p
ec
if
ic
tim
es,
an
d
in
s
o
m
e
a
r
ea
s
,
th
er
e
is
n
o
elec
tr
icity
n
et
wo
r
k
at
all
.
Pu
b
lic
in
f
r
astru
ct
u
r
e
f
ac
ilit
ies
s
u
ch
as
s
tr
ee
tlig
h
ts
an
d
telec
o
m
m
u
n
ic
atio
n
to
wer
s
r
e
q
u
ir
e
a
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
l
y
to
o
p
e
r
ate
e
f
f
ec
tiv
ely
[
8
]
.
T
h
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
E
n
h
a
n
ci
n
g
s
ec
u
r
ity
in
p
o
r
ta
b
le
s
o
la
r
p
o
w
er su
p
p
ly
d
esig
n
fo
r
a
lter
n
a
tive
en
erg
y
a
p
p
lica
tio
n
s
(
S
ya
fii
)
121
r
elian
ce
o
n
d
iesel
g
en
er
ato
r
s
f
o
r
elec
tr
icity
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
in
cu
r
s
h
ig
h
f
u
el
c
o
s
ts
b
u
t
also
co
n
t
r
ib
u
tes
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
to
ca
r
b
o
n
em
is
s
io
n
s
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
u
r
g
en
t
n
ee
d
f
o
r
clea
n
er
en
er
g
y
alter
n
ativ
es
t
o
r
ed
u
ce
co
s
ts
an
d
m
i
n
im
ize
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
im
p
ac
t
[
9
]
.
T
h
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
c
an
s
er
v
e
as
a
g
r
ee
n
en
e
r
g
y
alter
n
ativ
e
f
o
r
r
em
o
t
e
r
eg
io
n
s
; h
o
wev
e
r
,
b
atter
y
ch
ar
g
in
g
an
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
n
ee
d
to
b
e
co
n
tr
o
lled
t
o
o
p
tim
ize
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
ex
ten
d
b
atter
y
life
s
p
an
[
1
0
]
.
Mo
s
t
b
atter
y
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
s
y
s
tem
s
u
s
e
Ar
d
u
in
o
[
1
1
]
.
Ar
d
u
in
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
h
av
e
s
o
m
e
lim
itatio
n
s
in
ter
m
s
o
f
s
p
ee
d
a
n
d
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
in
p
u
t/o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
r
ts
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
R
asp
b
er
r
y
Pi
an
d
No
d
eM
C
U
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
in
n
o
v
a
tiv
e
r
esear
ch
is
n
ee
d
ed
to
d
ev
elo
p
an
I
o
T
-
b
ased
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
b
atter
y
s
ec
u
r
ity
co
n
tr
o
l,
DC
/AC
o
u
tp
u
t p
o
wer
m
an
ag
em
en
t
o
f
s
o
lar
e
n
er
g
y
,
an
d
its
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
s
.
A
m
ajo
r
ch
allen
g
e
in
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
b
atter
ies
as
an
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
is
th
eir
r
elativ
ely
s
h
o
r
t
life
s
p
an
.
So
lar
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
lies
ar
e
g
en
er
ally
n
o
t
eq
u
ip
p
ed
with
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
an
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
s
y
s
tem
s
f
o
r
o
v
er
ch
a
r
g
in
g
a
n
d
o
v
er
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
.
L
ea
d
-
ac
id
b
atter
ies ar
e
c
o
m
m
o
n
l
y
u
s
ed
in
elec
tr
ical
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
to
d
a
y
[
1
2
]
.
Giv
en
th
e
lim
ited
to
ler
a
n
ce
o
f
b
atter
ies
to
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
s
u
ch
a
s
o
v
er
ch
a
r
g
in
g
an
d
o
v
er
h
ea
tin
g
,
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
ac
cu
r
ate,
I
o
T
-
b
ased
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
b
ec
o
m
es
ess
en
tial
to
en
s
u
r
e
s
af
e
o
p
e
r
atio
n
an
d
alig
n
s
with
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
d
v
an
ce
d
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
th
at
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
,
d
ata
an
aly
tics
,
an
d
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
s
u
r
v
eillan
ce
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
e
m
ain
id
ea
b
eh
in
d
I
o
T
is
to
en
ab
le
p
h
y
s
ical
o
b
jects
to
b
e
in
teg
r
ated
i
n
to
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
in
ter
n
et,
allo
win
g
u
s
to
r
em
o
tely
m
o
n
ito
r
an
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l
th
e
elec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
i
n
th
e
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
an
d
r
ec
eiv
e
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
r
esu
lts
[
1
4
]
.
Desp
ite
th
ese
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
ts
,
s
ev
er
al
ch
allen
g
es
r
em
ain
u
n
ad
d
r
ess
ed
.
First,
m
an
y
p
o
r
ta
b
le
s
o
lar
-
p
o
wer
ed
s
y
s
tem
s
s
till
lack
in
teg
r
ated
,
lo
w
-
c
o
s
t,
an
d
ef
f
ici
en
t
b
atter
y
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
s
o
lu
t
io
n
s
with
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
p
r
o
tectio
n
a
n
d
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
esti
m
atin
g
b
atter
y
ca
p
ac
ity
an
d
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
s
o
lar
en
e
r
g
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
],
f
ew
h
av
e
im
p
le
m
en
ted
m
u
lti
-
o
u
tp
u
t
DC
/AC
m
an
ag
em
en
t
tailo
r
ed
f
o
r
r
e
m
o
te
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
e
x
is
tin
g
I
o
T
-
b
ased
s
y
s
te
m
s
o
f
ten
p
r
io
r
itize
eith
er
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
o
r
co
n
tr
o
l,
b
u
t
n
o
t
b
o
th
in
an
i
n
teg
r
ated
a
n
d
s
ca
lab
le
f
o
r
m
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
aim
s
to
f
ill
th
is
g
ap
b
y
p
r
o
p
o
s
in
g
a
n
o
v
el
I
o
T
-
b
ased
p
o
r
tab
le
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
eq
u
ip
p
e
d
with
a
d
u
al
-
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
s
y
s
tem
:
i
)
b
atter
y
p
r
o
tect
io
n
u
s
in
g
c
o
u
lo
m
b
co
u
n
tin
g
f
o
r
p
r
ec
is
e
s
tate
o
f
ch
ar
g
e
(
So
C
)
esti
m
atio
n
an
d
ii
)
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
DC
/A
C
lo
ad
m
an
ag
em
en
t
o
p
tim
ized
f
o
r
v
a
r
io
u
s
v
o
lta
g
e
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
(
5
V,
1
2
V,
2
4
V,
an
d
2
2
0
V
AC
)
.
T
h
e
m
ain
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
o
f
th
i
s
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
as
f
o
llo
ws:
i
)
th
e
d
esig
n
an
d
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
a
p
o
r
tab
le,
No
d
eM
C
U
E
SP
3
2
-
b
ased
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
p
er
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
ac
cu
r
ate
So
C
esti
m
atio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
co
u
lo
m
b
co
u
n
tin
g
,
ii
)
in
teg
r
a
tio
n
o
f
an
in
tellig
en
t
s
ec
u
r
it
y
s
y
s
tem
to
p
r
ev
e
n
t
b
atter
y
d
am
ag
e
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
o
v
er
ch
a
r
g
in
g
a
n
d
o
v
er
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
,
an
d
iii
)
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t o
f
a
m
o
d
u
lar
o
u
tp
u
t
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
s
y
s
tem
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
cr
itical
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
in
r
e
m
o
te
r
eg
io
n
s
.
T
h
ese
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
ar
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
r
o
u
g
h
h
ar
d
war
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
,
s
y
s
tem
test
in
g
,
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ev
alu
atio
n
in
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
Sev
er
al
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
r
elate
d
to
esti
m
atin
g
th
e
r
em
ain
in
g
b
atter
y
ca
p
ac
ity
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
co
n
d
u
cte
d
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
Acc
u
r
ate
p
r
ed
icti
o
n
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
So
C
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
s
af
e,
ef
f
icien
t,
an
d
r
eliab
le
b
atter
y
m
an
ag
em
en
t
[
17
]
.
Mitig
atio
n
o
f
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
p
o
wer
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
in
g
r
id
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
p
h
o
to
v
o
l
taic
(
PV
)
s
y
s
tem
s
with
q
u
ick
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
s
h
as
b
ee
n
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
.
Sev
er
al
I
o
T
s
y
s
tem
s
b
ased
o
n
No
d
eM
C
U
u
tili
zin
g
th
e
B
ly
n
k
p
latf
o
r
m
,
tak
in
g
in
t
o
ac
c
o
u
n
t
th
e
b
atter
y
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
PV
s
to
r
ag
e,
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
[
16
]
,
[
18
]
.
T
h
ese
s
y
s
tem
s
o
f
f
er
an
ef
f
icien
t
an
d
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
an
d
m
a
n
ag
in
g
s
o
lar
p
o
we
r
s
to
r
ag
e,
en
h
a
n
cin
g
th
e
r
elia
b
ilit
y
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
r
e
n
e
wab
le
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
No
d
eM
C
U
E
SP
3
2
o
f
f
er
s
th
e
ad
v
an
tag
e
o
f
a
lo
wer
p
r
ice
a
n
d
r
ed
u
ce
d
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
R
asp
b
er
r
y
Pi [
19
]
.
I
n
th
is
r
esear
c
h
,
an
I
o
T
-
b
ased
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
b
atter
y
s
ec
u
r
ity
c
o
n
tr
o
l
a
n
d
p
o
r
ta
b
le
s
o
lar
-
p
o
w
er
ed
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
o
u
tp
u
t
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
u
s
in
g
th
e
No
d
eM
C
U
E
SP
3
2
h
as
b
ee
n
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
.
T
h
e
d
e
s
ig
n
ed
s
y
s
tem
will
ac
cu
r
ately
p
r
ed
ict
th
e
r
em
ai
n
in
g
b
atter
y
ca
p
ac
ity
b
y
u
tili
zin
g
a
co
u
lo
m
b
c
o
u
n
tin
g
-
b
ased
m
eth
o
d
[
16
]
,
wh
ich
also
p
r
o
v
id
es
s
ec
u
r
ity
co
n
tr
o
l
ag
ain
s
t
o
v
er
c
h
ar
g
in
g
/o
v
er
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
o
f
t
h
e
b
atter
y
,
an
d
i
s
in
teg
r
ated
with
a
DC
/A
C
o
u
tp
u
t
m
an
ag
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
th
at
m
atch
es
th
e
lo
ad
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
in
r
em
o
te
ar
ea
s
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
b
lem
h
as
b
ee
n
a
d
d
r
ess
ed
,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
d
esig
n
in
g
an
d
b
u
ild
in
g
a
p
o
r
tab
le
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
with
I
o
T
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
th
at
ca
n
ac
cu
r
ate
ly
p
r
ed
ict
th
e
r
e
m
ain
in
g
b
atter
y
ca
p
ac
ity
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
ec
u
r
ity
co
n
tr
o
l
ag
ai
n
s
t
o
v
er
ch
a
r
g
in
g
a
n
d
o
v
er
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
o
f
t
h
e
b
atter
y
.
T
h
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
a
s
tab
le
d
ir
ec
t
c
u
r
r
en
t
(
DC
)
p
o
we
r
o
u
tp
u
t
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
5
V,
1
2
V,
an
d
2
4
V,
tailo
r
e
d
to
m
ee
t
th
e
n
ee
d
s
o
f
telec
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
to
wer
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
d
e
v
ices,
as
well
a
s
alt
er
n
atin
g
cu
r
r
en
t
(
AC
)
o
u
tp
u
t
f
o
r
o
th
er
d
e
v
ices
in
r
em
o
te
ar
e
as,
h
as
b
ee
n
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t.
T
h
is
ar
ticle
will p
r
esen
t f
u
r
th
er
r
esu
lts
o
f
t
h
e
d
esig
n
.
Fro
m
a
th
eo
r
etica
l
s
tan
d
p
o
in
t,
b
atter
y
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
s
(
B
MS)
ar
e
cr
itical
in
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
ap
p
licatio
n
s
to
m
o
n
ito
r
b
atter
y
h
ea
lth
,
en
s
u
r
e
s
af
ety
,
an
d
o
p
tim
ize
life
s
p
an
.
So
C
esti
m
atio
n
,
a
co
r
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
B
MS,
ca
n
b
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
ed
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
v
ar
i
o
u
s
m
eth
o
d
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
o
p
e
n
cir
cu
it
v
o
ltag
e
(
OC
V)
[
2
0
]
,
im
p
ed
an
ce
s
p
ec
tr
o
s
co
p
y
[
2
1
]
,
Kalm
a
n
f
il
ter
in
g
[
2
2
]
,
an
d
co
u
l
o
m
b
c
o
u
n
tin
g
[
2
3
]
.
W
h
ile
Kalm
an
f
ilt
er
s
an
d
d
ata
-
d
r
iv
en
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
s
u
ch
as
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
o
f
f
er
h
ig
h
p
r
ec
is
io
n
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th
ey
o
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ten
d
em
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d
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ig
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ican
t
co
m
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u
tatio
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r
ce
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m
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lex
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o
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el
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g
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g
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g
h
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im
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ler
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em
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s
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ely
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ted
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ed
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e
d
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y
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tem
s
d
u
e
to
its
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f
icien
cy
an
d
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
a
d
o
p
ts
th
e
co
u
l
o
m
b
co
u
n
tin
g
m
eth
o
d
with
in
a
n
I
o
T
-
b
ased
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
to
o
f
f
er
a
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
an
d
s
ca
lab
le
s
o
lu
tio
n
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
2
6
:
1
2
0
-
1
3
1
122
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
in
teg
r
ates
s
en
s
in
g
,
co
n
tr
o
l
lo
g
ic,
wir
eless
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
a
n
d
lo
a
d
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
in
to
a
u
n
if
ied
m
o
d
el,
r
e
f
lectin
g
a
p
r
ac
tical
ad
ap
tatio
n
o
f
B
MS
th
eo
r
y
f
o
r
d
ec
en
tr
alize
d
,
p
o
r
tab
le
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
r
em
ain
d
e
r
o
f
th
is
p
a
p
er
is
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
as
f
o
llo
ws
:
i)
Sectio
n
2
d
escr
ib
es
th
e
o
v
er
all
d
esig
n
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
an
d
h
ar
d
war
e
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
;
ii)
Sectio
n
3
p
r
esen
t
s
th
e
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
s
etu
p
an
d
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
r
es
u
lts
,
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
cr
itical
an
al
y
s
is
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
an
d
f
u
tu
r
e
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
;
iii)
Fin
ally
,
s
ec
tio
n
4
co
n
clu
d
es
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
an
d
o
u
tlin
es
p
o
s
s
ib
le
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
in
s
ec
u
r
in
g
p
o
r
tab
le
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
em
p
lo
y
s
a
d
esig
n
an
d
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
ap
p
r
o
a
ch
f
o
r
an
I
o
T
-
b
ased
b
atter
y
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ec
u
r
ity
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
a
p
o
r
tab
le
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o
lar
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
l
y
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
s
y
s
tem
.
I
n
s
elec
tin
g
th
e
s
y
s
tem
ar
ch
itectu
r
e,
af
f
o
r
d
a
b
ilit
y
,
s
im
p
licity
,
an
d
I
o
T
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
wer
e
p
r
io
r
itized
t
o
m
ee
t
th
e
n
ee
d
s
o
f
o
f
f
-
g
r
id
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
E
SP
3
2
was
ch
o
s
en
d
u
e
to
its
lo
w
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
b
u
ilt
-
in
W
iFi
,
an
d
co
m
p
atib
ilit
y
with
o
p
en
-
s
o
u
r
ce
p
latf
o
r
m
s
,
wh
ile
th
e
co
u
l
o
m
b
c
o
u
n
ti
n
g
m
et
h
o
d
was
s
elec
ted
f
o
r
its
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
So
C
tr
ac
k
in
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
with
m
in
im
al
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
o
v
er
h
ea
d
.
T
h
e
p
o
r
tab
le
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
,
d
esig
n
e
d
to
p
o
wer
b
o
t
h
p
u
b
lic
f
ac
ilit
ies
an
d
r
esid
en
tial
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
s
,
ca
n
b
e
r
ec
h
ar
g
ed
at
d
ed
icate
d
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
f
o
r
esti
m
atin
g
th
e
b
atter
y
'
s
So
C
is
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
ased
o
n
a
n
en
h
an
ce
d
v
er
s
i
o
n
o
f
th
e
co
u
lo
m
b
co
u
n
tin
g
m
et
h
o
d
.
State
o
f
ch
a
r
g
e
is
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
p
ar
am
eter
f
o
r
d
eter
m
in
in
g
th
e
b
atter
y
'
s
ch
ar
g
e
s
tatu
s
.
So
C
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
p
er
ce
n
ta
g
e
o
f
t
h
e
b
atter
y
'
s
r
em
ain
in
g
ca
p
ac
ity
at
a
g
iv
e
n
tim
e.
T
h
e
co
u
l
o
m
b
co
u
n
tin
g
m
eth
o
d
is
a
co
m
m
o
n
ly
u
s
ed
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
to
d
eter
m
in
e
t
h
e
So
C
o
f
a
b
atter
y
.
T
h
is
m
et
h
o
d
in
v
o
lv
es
r
ea
d
in
g
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
f
lo
win
g
in
t
o
an
d
o
u
t
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
to
ca
lc
u
late
th
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
c
h
ar
g
e
en
ter
in
g
o
r
leav
in
g
th
e
b
atter
y
.
T
h
e
co
u
lo
m
b
co
u
n
tin
g
m
eth
o
d
is
f
o
r
m
u
lated
as
(
1
)
[2
4
]
.
(
)
=
(
0
)
±
∫
0
(
1
)
W
h
er
e:
SoC
(t
0
)
=
I
n
itial So
C
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
/d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
cc
u
r
s
.
SoC
(
t)
= T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t So
C
.
η
=
B
atter
y
ch
ar
g
in
g
ef
f
icien
c
y
.
C
η
=
Ma
x
im
u
m
b
atter
y
ca
p
ac
ity
.
I
=
C
u
r
r
en
t f
lo
win
g
in
to
o
r
o
u
t
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
s
ec
u
r
ity
co
n
t
r
o
ls
p
r
ev
en
t
o
v
er
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
a
n
d
o
v
er
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
.
I
t
also
in
clu
d
es
a
DC
/AC
o
u
tp
u
t
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
c
o
m
p
atib
ilit
y
with
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
lo
ad
r
e
q
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
.
T
h
e
b
atter
y
s
ec
u
r
ity
s
y
s
tem
will
u
tili
ze
two
r
elay
s
to
p
r
ev
en
t
o
v
er
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
an
d
o
v
e
r
d
i
s
ch
ar
g
in
g
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
r
elay
ac
tiv
ates
wh
en
th
e
So
C
r
ea
ch
es
a
f
u
ll
ch
ar
g
e
o
f
1
0
0
%
an
d
d
ea
ctiv
ates
wh
en
th
e
So
C
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
to
7
0
%.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
r
elay
ac
tiv
ates w
h
en
th
e
So
C
r
ea
ch
es 2
0
%.
T
h
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
an
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
s
y
s
te
m
is
d
esig
n
ed
b
ased
o
n
I
o
T
,
allo
win
g
it
to
b
e
m
o
n
ito
r
ed
in
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
an
d
r
em
o
tel
y
v
ia
a
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
e.
T
h
e
p
o
r
ta
b
le
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
is
d
esig
n
ed
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
tab
le
D
C
o
u
tp
u
ts
o
f
5
V,
1
2
V,
an
d
2
4
V,
wh
ich
a
r
e
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
telec
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
to
wer
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
d
ev
ices,
as
well
as
an
AC
o
u
tp
u
t
to
p
o
wer
o
th
er
d
e
v
ices.
T
h
e
b
lo
c
k
d
ia
g
r
am
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
tem
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
ESP
32
PV
Ba
t
e
t
ry
SC
C
V
dc
,
I
dc
I
dc
R
1
R
2
DC
/
D
C
C
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
D
C
L
o
a
d
AC
L
o
a
d
I
n
v
e
rt
e
r
P
z
e
m
0
0
4
T
P
o
r
t
a
b
l
e
P
o
w
e
r
S
u
p
p
l
y
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
B
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
o
f
s
y
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tem
d
esig
n
ed
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
E
n
h
a
n
ci
n
g
s
ec
u
r
ity
in
p
o
r
ta
b
le
s
o
la
r
p
o
w
er su
p
p
ly
d
esig
n
fo
r
a
lter
n
a
tive
en
erg
y
a
p
p
lica
tio
n
s
(
S
ya
fii
)
123
T
o
esti
m
ate
th
e
b
atter
y
'
s
s
tate
o
f
ch
ar
g
e
(
So
C
)
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
e
m
p
lo
y
s
th
e
co
u
lo
m
b
co
u
n
tin
g
m
eth
o
d
b
y
in
teg
r
atin
g
t
h
e
n
et
cu
r
r
e
n
t
f
lo
w
o
v
er
tim
e.
T
h
e
E
SP
3
2
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
r
ea
d
s
th
e
c
h
ar
g
in
g
cu
r
r
en
t
(
ℎ
)
an
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
cu
r
r
e
n
t
(
ℎ
)
th
r
o
u
g
h
two
s
ep
ar
ate
cu
r
r
e
n
t
s
en
s
o
r
s
p
lace
d
b
etwe
en
th
e
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
ltaic
p
an
el
an
d
th
e
b
atter
y
,
an
d
b
et
wee
n
th
e
b
atter
y
an
d
th
e
lo
ad
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
ese
cu
r
r
en
t
r
e
ad
in
g
s
ar
e
s
am
p
led
p
er
io
d
ically
an
d
ac
cu
m
u
lated
to
ca
lcu
late
th
e
n
et
ch
a
r
g
e
(
Q_
n
et)
th
at
h
as
en
te
r
ed
o
r
ex
ited
th
e
b
atter
y
.
T
h
e
(
2
)
g
o
v
er
n
s
th
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
.
(
)
=
(
0
)
+
∑
(
ℎ
,
−
ℎ
,
)
=
1
∙
∆
(
2
)
W
h
er
e
ℎ
,
an
d
ℎ
,
ar
e
th
e
in
s
tan
tan
eo
u
s
ch
ar
g
in
g
an
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
cu
r
r
en
ts
s
am
p
led
at
ea
ch
tim
e
in
ter
v
al
∆
.
All
cu
r
r
en
t
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
ar
e
tak
en
b
y
a
n
alo
g
s
en
s
o
r
s
an
d
co
n
v
e
r
ted
v
ia
A
DC
b
ef
o
r
e
b
ein
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
in
th
e
E
SP
3
2
f
ir
m
w
ar
e.
Fig
u
r
e
2
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
th
e
p
o
r
tab
le
s
o
lar
p
o
we
r
s
u
p
p
ly
s
y
s
tem
with
in
teg
r
ated
b
atter
y
s
ec
u
r
ity
f
ea
tu
r
es.
Du
r
in
g
th
e
c
h
ar
g
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
aic
p
an
el
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
t
h
e
c
h
ar
g
e
r
ela
y
,
wh
ich
s
er
v
es
as
a
s
witch
to
co
n
tr
o
l
t
h
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
.
I
t
is
th
en
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
to
a
s
o
lar
c
h
ar
g
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
th
at
r
eg
u
lates
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
f
lo
win
g
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
an
el.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
in
clu
d
es
a
cu
r
r
en
t
s
en
s
o
r
to
co
llect
d
ata
o
n
th
e
in
co
m
in
g
cu
r
r
en
t,
wh
ic
h
is
th
e
n
d
ir
ec
ted
to
th
e
b
atter
y
.
I
n
th
e
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
f
lo
ws
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
b
atter
y
to
a
cu
r
r
en
t
s
en
s
o
r
,
wh
ich
co
llects
d
ata
o
n
th
e
o
u
tg
o
in
g
c
u
r
r
e
n
t.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
th
en
co
n
n
ec
ts
to
th
e
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
r
elay
,
ac
tin
g
as
a
s
witch
to
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
.
Af
ter
war
d
,
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
is
d
ir
ec
ted
to
th
e
in
v
er
ter
,
wh
ic
h
s
u
p
p
lies
p
o
we
r
to
th
e
AC
lo
ad
.
R
elay
s
1
an
d
2
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
b
atter
y
s
ec
u
r
ity
b
y
p
r
ev
en
tin
g
o
v
er
c
h
ar
g
in
g
an
d
o
v
er
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
W
h
en
th
e
b
atter
y
is
f
u
lly
ch
a
r
g
ed
,
R
elay
1
o
p
e
r
ates
to
cu
t
o
f
f
th
e
c
h
ar
g
in
g
c
u
r
r
en
t
to
th
e
b
atter
y
s
o
lar
ch
ar
g
e
co
n
t
r
o
ller
(
SC
C
)
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
wh
e
n
th
e
b
atter
y
'
s
So
C
f
alls
b
elo
w
2
0
%,
R
elay
2
is
ac
tiv
ate
d
to
d
is
co
n
n
ec
t
th
e
l
o
ad
,
t
h
er
eb
y
p
r
o
tectin
g
t
h
e
b
atter
y
f
r
o
m
d
ee
p
d
is
ch
ar
g
e.
T
h
ese
r
ela
y
s
p
lay
a
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
in
m
ain
tain
in
g
th
e
b
atter
y
'
s
h
ea
lth
an
d
ex
te
n
d
in
g
its
life
s
p
an
b
y
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
s
af
e
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
an
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
o
p
er
atio
n
s
.
A
v
o
ltag
e
s
en
s
o
r
is
in
s
talled
o
n
th
e
b
atter
y
t
o
m
o
n
ito
r
its
v
o
ltag
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
b
o
th
th
e
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
an
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es.
All
s
en
s
o
r
d
ata
is
tr
an
s
m
itted
t
o
th
e
E
SP
3
2
,
w
h
ich
ca
lcu
lates
th
e
So
C
an
d
s
en
d
s
th
e
d
ata
to
th
e
B
ly
n
k
ap
p
f
o
r
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
.
T
h
is
s
y
s
tem
en
s
u
r
es
o
p
tim
al
b
atter
y
m
an
ag
em
en
t
wh
ile
en
ab
lin
g
r
e
m
o
te
an
d
co
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
o
v
er
s
ig
h
t o
f
th
e
en
er
g
y
s
u
p
p
ly
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
ca
lcu
lated
So
C
,
th
e
E
SP
3
2
im
p
lem
e
n
ts
a
c
o
n
tr
o
l
l
o
g
ic
f
o
r
two
r
ela
y
s
th
at
en
s
u
r
es
b
atter
y
s
af
ety
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
r
elay
,
k
n
o
wn
as
th
e
ch
ar
g
e
cu
t
-
o
f
f
r
elay
,
is
ac
tiv
ated
(
d
is
co
n
n
ec
tin
g
th
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
p
ath
)
wh
e
n
t
h
e
So
C
r
ea
c
h
es
o
r
e
x
ce
ed
s
1
0
0
%
to
p
r
ev
en
t
o
v
er
ch
a
r
g
in
g
.
T
h
is
r
e
lay
is
d
ea
ctiv
ated
(
r
ec
o
n
n
ec
tin
g
th
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
p
a
th
)
wh
en
th
e
So
C
d
r
o
p
s
to
7
0
%,
allo
win
g
th
e
b
atter
y
to
r
esu
m
e
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
r
elay
,
r
e
f
er
r
ed
to
as
t
h
e
lo
ad
d
is
co
n
n
ec
t r
elay
,
is
ac
ti
v
ated
(
d
is
co
n
n
ec
tin
g
th
e
l
o
ad
)
wh
en
t
h
e
So
C
f
alls
to
2
0
% to
p
r
o
tect
th
e
b
atter
y
f
r
o
m
d
ee
p
d
is
ch
ar
g
e.
I
t is d
ea
ctiv
ated
(
r
ec
o
n
n
ec
tin
g
th
e
lo
ad
)
o
n
ce
th
e
So
C
r
is
e
s
to
4
0
%,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
th
e
b
at
ter
y
h
as su
f
f
icien
t c
h
a
r
g
e
to
s
u
p
p
ly
p
o
wer
ag
ain
.
L
C
D
N
o
d
e
N
C
U
ESP
32
B
l
y
n
k
S
e
r
v
e
r
Hp
/
W
e
b
p
o
r
t
a
l
R
e
l
a
y
#
2
R
e
l
a
y
#
1
D
C
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
a
n
d
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
S
e
n
s
o
r
I
oT
M
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
S
y
s
t
e
m
P
z
e
m
0
0
4
T
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Po
r
ta
b
le
s
o
lar
p
o
we
r
s
u
p
p
ly
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
2
6
:
1
2
0
-
1
3
1
124
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
cu
r
r
en
t
s
en
s
in
g
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
also
e
m
p
lo
y
s
a
v
o
ltag
e
s
en
s
o
r
co
n
n
ec
ted
d
ir
e
ctly
to
th
e
b
atter
y
ter
m
in
als
to
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
m
o
n
ito
r
th
e
b
atter
y
’
s
v
o
ltag
e
lev
el
d
u
r
in
g
b
o
th
ch
a
r
g
i
n
g
an
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es.
T
h
is
v
o
ltag
e
r
e
ad
in
g
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
to
v
alid
ate
So
C
esti
m
atio
n
an
d
co
n
tr
i
b
u
tes
to
o
v
er
all
s
y
s
tem
p
r
o
tectio
n
an
d
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
ac
cu
r
ac
y
.
T
h
is
co
n
tr
o
l
lo
g
ic
e
n
s
u
r
es
th
at
th
e
b
atter
y
o
p
er
ates
with
in
a
s
af
e
So
C
r
an
g
e
o
f
2
0
%
to
1
0
0
%,
th
er
eb
y
av
o
id
in
g
d
eg
r
a
d
atio
n
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
ex
tr
e
m
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
o
r
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
R
elay
co
n
tr
o
l is ex
ec
u
ted
v
ia
th
e
d
ig
ital G
PIO
p
in
s
o
f
th
e
E
SP
3
2
,
a
n
d
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t So
C
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
s
tatu
s
ar
e
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
u
p
d
ate
d
an
d
tr
a
n
s
m
itted
o
v
er
W
iFi
t
o
th
e
B
ly
n
k
a
p
p
licatio
n
,
e
n
ab
l
in
g
u
s
er
s
to
m
o
n
ito
r
th
e
b
atter
y
co
n
d
itio
n
i
n
r
ea
l ti
m
e
r
em
o
tely
.
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
r
ep
r
o
d
u
cib
ilit
y
an
d
clar
ity
,
th
is
m
eth
o
d
in
teg
r
ate
s
b
o
th
s
tan
d
ar
d
an
d
n
o
v
el
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
.
Stan
d
ar
d
p
r
ac
tices
in
clu
d
e
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
cu
r
r
en
t
s
en
s
o
r
s
(
AC
S7
1
2
)
,
v
o
ltag
e
d
iv
id
er
s
,
an
d
a
s
o
lar
ch
ar
g
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
f
o
r
m
an
ag
i
n
g
en
er
g
y
f
lo
w
f
r
o
m
th
e
PV
p
an
el.
T
h
e
n
o
v
elty
o
f
th
is
wo
r
k
lies
in
th
e
d
u
al
-
r
elay
cu
t
-
o
f
f
s
tr
ateg
y
b
ased
o
n
So
C
th
r
e
s
h
o
ld
s
(
1
0
0
%,
7
0
%,
an
d
2
0
%)
,
d
esig
n
ed
to
ex
ten
d
b
atter
y
lif
esp
an
an
d
p
r
ev
en
t
u
n
s
af
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
/d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
.
T
h
e
r
atio
n
ale
f
o
r
u
s
in
g
th
e
co
u
lo
m
b
co
u
n
tin
g
m
eth
o
d
is
its
s
im
p
licity
an
d
s
u
itab
ilit
y
f
o
r
lo
w
-
p
o
wer
em
b
ed
d
ed
s
y
s
tem
s
,
wh
er
e
m
o
r
e
c
o
m
p
lex
So
C
esti
m
atio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
(
e.
g
.
,
Kalm
an
f
ilter
in
g
o
r
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
)
ar
e
im
p
r
ac
tical.
T
h
e
E
SP
3
2
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
was
s
elec
t
ed
d
u
e
to
its
W
i
Fi
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
,
lo
w
co
s
t,
an
d
G
PIO
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
,
m
ak
in
g
it
id
e
al
f
o
r
in
te
g
r
atio
n
with
I
o
T
p
l
atf
o
r
m
s
lik
e
B
ly
n
k
.
All
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
,
i
n
clu
d
in
g
S
o
C
tr
ac
k
in
g
,
th
r
esh
o
ld
-
b
ased
r
elay
ac
tiv
atio
n
,
an
d
s
en
s
o
r
in
ter
f
ac
in
g
,
ar
e
im
p
lem
en
ted
in
C
/C
++
u
s
in
g
th
e
Ar
d
u
in
o
I
DE
.
T
h
e
s
eq
u
en
ce
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
s
f
r
o
m
s
en
s
o
r
d
ata
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
to
So
C
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
an
d
r
ela
y
c
o
n
tr
o
l
is
ex
ec
u
ted
in
lo
o
p
c
y
c
les
ev
er
y
o
n
e
s
ec
o
n
d
to
en
s
u
r
e
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
s
y
s
tem
r
esp
o
n
s
e.
W
ith
th
is
d
esig
n
,
t
h
e
en
tire
s
y
s
tem
ca
n
b
e
r
e
p
licated
u
s
in
g
o
p
en
-
s
o
u
r
ce
lib
r
ar
ies
an
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
p
o
r
ta
b
le
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
was
c
ar
r
ied
o
u
t
i
n
alig
n
m
en
t
with
t
h
e
cir
cu
it
d
iag
r
am
s
s
h
o
wn
i
n
Fig
u
r
es
1
an
d
2
.
All
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
wer
e
a
s
s
em
b
led
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
ese
s
ch
em
atics,
with
th
e
r
esu
ltin
g
s
etu
p
d
is
p
lay
ed
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
a)
.
T
h
e
m
ain
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
th
e
p
o
r
tab
le
s
o
lar
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
ly
in
clu
d
e
a
No
d
eM
C
U
E
SP
8
2
6
6
,
Ar
d
u
in
o
,
cu
r
r
en
t
s
en
s
o
r
,
v
o
ltag
e
s
en
s
o
r
,
PZe
m
s
en
s
o
r
,
b
u
ck
/
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
e
r
ter
,
a
n
d
a
n
L
C
D
d
is
p
lay
.
T
h
e
f
in
al
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ate
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ad
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td
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ates
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at
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ed
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et
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ess
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esh
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ld
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d
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o
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licatio
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s
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er
e
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ain
ten
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ce
an
d
ca
lib
r
atio
n
o
p
p
o
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tu
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ities
ar
e
m
in
im
al.
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h
e
co
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eth
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ed
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ate
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e
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tem
o
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e
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ef
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en
s
o
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clo
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ely
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atc
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g
th
o
s
e
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o
m
s
tan
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d
m
e
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en
t
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ls
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e
n
s
u
r
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th
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u
p
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l
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n
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e
s
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ec
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ely
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ed
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ea
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wo
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ld
ap
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licatio
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s
.
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h
e
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o
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I
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T
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p
ab
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o
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f
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n
ce
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th
e
s
y
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'
s
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u
n
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ality
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s
t
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o
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m
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ag
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y
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u
to
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ated
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ec
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r
e
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n
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er
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ile
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o
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ated
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eth
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im
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ac
k
n
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ad
v
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d
ap
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es
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t
liter
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e.
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tech
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ased
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ath
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atica
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atter
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o
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els.
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ik
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ac
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d
s
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ch
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r
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k
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o
r
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atter
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eh
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h
is
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ata
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o
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m
o
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ad
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esti
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Ho
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er
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eth
o
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ty
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ically
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ir
e
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ig
h
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c
o
m
p
u
tatio
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al
r
eso
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ce
s
,
co
m
p
lex
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o
d
el
tr
ain
in
g
,
a
n
d
a
r
e
less
s
u
itab
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f
o
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l
o
w
-
p
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wer
em
b
e
d
d
ed
s
y
s
tem
s
in
r
u
r
al
o
r
o
f
f
-
g
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id
ap
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li
ca
tio
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s
.
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h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ad
o
p
ts
th
e
co
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l
o
m
b
co
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n
tin
g
ap
p
r
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ac
h
d
u
e
to
its
s
im
p
licity
,
ea
s
e
o
f
i
m
p
lem
en
tatio
n
,
a
n
d
co
m
p
atib
ilit
y
with
t
h
e
E
SP
3
2
p
latf
o
r
m
.
W
h
en
s
u
p
p
o
r
te
d
b
y
r
eliab
le
cu
r
r
e
n
t
an
d
v
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ltag
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en
s
in
g
,
th
is
m
et
h
o
d
p
r
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v
id
es
s
u
f
f
icien
t
ac
cu
r
ac
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f
o
r
p
r
ac
tical
f
ield
ap
p
licatio
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s
,
m
ak
in
g
it
a
v
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le
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
d
ec
e
n
tr
alize
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en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
.
C
o
m
p
ar
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to
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r
e
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u
s
im
p
le
m
en
tatio
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u
s
in
g
Kalm
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f
ilter
[
2
5
]
o
r
m
ac
h
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lear
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ased
[
2
6
]
So
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p
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th
e
co
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lo
m
b
co
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m
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ad
v
an
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ap
p
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ac
h
es
m
a
y
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h
iev
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h
ig
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io
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n
d
er
la
b
o
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ato
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y
co
n
d
itio
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s
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th
e
y
o
f
ten
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q
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ir
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s
o
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tter
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atase
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h
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g
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er
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m
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u
tatio
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al
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o
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o
t
s
u
itab
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w
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co
s
t
m
icr
o
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o
n
tr
o
ller
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lik
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e
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2
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
th
e
m
eth
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d
p
r
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ted
in
th
i
s
wo
r
k
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r
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ity
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in
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ts
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lab
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g
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alize
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r
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er
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ates
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atter
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ased
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atter
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atch
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with
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atter
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ic
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ch
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m
icr
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tr
o
ller
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T
,
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d
AC
S7
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en
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r
s
,
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ce
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ak
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s
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tem
ac
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ib
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o
r
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m
e
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m
m
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ities
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h
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m
o
d
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lar
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m
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im
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ce
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m
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lex
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ts
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ter
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'
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ile
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aig
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es.
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h
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s
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b
atter
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r
o
tectio
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h
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n
is
m
th
r
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g
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ate
So
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co
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atter
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s
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o
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ip
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t
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e
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ay
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r
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o
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ti
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ize
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o
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o
m
ic
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ilit
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y
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m
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elin
g
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d
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d
e
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etwe
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atter
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r
alter
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ativ
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er
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o
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4.
CO
NCLU
SI
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N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
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u
cc
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lly
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im
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ted
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p
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ly
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ig
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r
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e
So
C
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m
atio
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s
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g
th
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lo
m
b
co
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n
tin
g
m
eth
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ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
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k
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atter
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ca
p
ac
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wh
e
r
e
th
e
So
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in
cr
ea
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u
r
in
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g
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a
n
d
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
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u
r
i
n
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is
ch
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g
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g
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alig
n
in
g
with
ex
p
ec
ted
b
e
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av
io
r
.
A
d
u
a
l
-
r
elay
p
r
o
tectio
n
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h
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is
m
was
im
p
lem
e
n
ted
:
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elay
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at
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%
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o
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d
tu
r
n
e
d
o
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at
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ile
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u
t
o
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th
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ad
at
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to
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t
o
v
er
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is
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ar
g
e.
T
h
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co
n
tr
o
ls
o
p
er
ated
in
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ea
l
-
tim
e
th
r
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g
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t
h
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B
ly
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k
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ased
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o
T
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ter
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e,
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h
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s
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tem
d
eliv
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d
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tab
le
5
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1
2
V,
an
d
2
4
V
DC
o
u
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ts
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d
A
C
p
o
wer
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u
itab
le
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o
r
telec
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m
m
u
n
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s
an
d
o
th
e
r
r
em
o
te
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ar
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ap
p
licatio
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s
.
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h
e
in
teg
r
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n
o
f
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c
u
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ate
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r
s
,
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im
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le
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ef
f
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,
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d
r
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-
tim
e
I
o
T
m
o
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ito
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m
ak
e
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th
e
s
y
s
tem
p
r
ac
tical
f
o
r
o
f
f
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r
id
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s
e.
Fu
r
th
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m
o
r
e,
its
m
o
d
u
lar
d
esig
n
allo
ws
f
u
tu
r
e
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
,
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d
its
s
im
p
licity
o
f
f
er
s
ad
v
a
n
tag
es
o
v
er
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
lex
p
r
ed
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eth
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d
s
s
u
ch
as
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ilter
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m
ac
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m
ak
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o
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t
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er
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e
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lo
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en
t
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icatio
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F
UNDING
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h
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An
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t
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.