I
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rna
t
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l J
o
urna
l o
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Appl
ied P
o
wer
E
ng
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ing
(
I
J
AP
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)
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
2
6
,
p
p
.
2
8
9
~
2
9
7
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
,
DOI
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/ijap
e
.
v
1
5
.
i
1
.
pp
289
-
297
289
J
o
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na
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e
:
h
ttp
:
//
ija
p
e.
ia
esco
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e.
co
m/
Simula
tion o
f
t
hr
ee phas
e grid
int
e
rcon
nections
with
H
V
DC
link wit
h t
hree l
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v
el MM
C conv
ert
er
M
a
dh
u
ba
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hiruv
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v
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h Ra
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a
bu
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ena
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o
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Ak
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h
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uthula
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ticle
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to
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y:
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J
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4
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2
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ev
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ed
No
v
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5
,
2
0
2
5
Acc
ep
ted
J
an
9
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2
6
Th
is
p
a
p
e
r
p
re
se
n
ts
th
e
sim
u
la
ti
o
n
a
n
d
a
n
a
l
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sis
o
f
a
th
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e
-
p
h
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terc
o
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n
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ti
o
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sy
ste
m
u
sin
g
a
h
i
g
h
v
o
lt
a
g
e
d
irec
t
c
u
rre
n
t
(HV
DC)
li
n
k
wit
h
a
th
re
e
-
lev
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l
m
o
d
u
lar
m
u
l
ti
lev
e
l
c
o
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v
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rter
(M
M
C).
Th
e
HV
DC
li
n
k
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
s
m
o
d
e
rn
p
o
we
r
tran
sm
is
sio
n
b
y
re
d
u
c
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n
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lo
ss
e
s,
i
n
c
re
a
sin
g
tran
sfe
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c
a
p
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it
y
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a
n
d
imp
ro
v
in
g
g
ri
d
sta
b
il
it
y
.
Th
e
th
re
e
-
lev
e
l
M
M
C,
k
n
o
wn
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it
s
m
o
d
u
lar
d
e
si
g
n
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sc
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lab
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it
y
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a
n
d
lo
w
h
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rm
o
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ic
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ist
o
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o
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is
e
m
p
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d
fo
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e
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teg
ra
ti
o
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.
Th
e
sy
ste
m
,
m
o
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led
i
n
M
ATLAB/
S
imu
li
n
k
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in
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lu
d
e
s
a
th
re
e
-
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h
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se
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lt
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ti
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g
rid
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li
n
k
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a
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d
M
M
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o
p
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ra
ti
n
g
in
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o
t
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c
ti
fica
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o
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a
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n
a
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le
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i
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o
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l
p
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tra
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sfe
r.
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ro
p
o
rti
o
n
a
l
-
i
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te
g
ra
l
(P
I)
c
o
n
tr
o
ll
e
rs
sy
n
c
h
r
o
n
ize
th
e
M
M
C
with
th
e
g
ri
d
,
e
n
su
ri
n
g
sta
b
le
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
u
n
d
e
r
v
a
r
y
in
g
c
o
n
d
it
i
o
n
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su
c
h
a
s
lo
a
d
c
h
a
n
g
e
s
a
n
d
d
istu
r
b
a
n
c
e
s.
S
imu
latio
n
re
su
l
ts
in
d
ica
te
h
i
g
h
e
fficie
n
c
y
,
lo
w
h
a
rm
o
n
ic
d
ist
o
rti
o
n
,
re
d
u
c
e
d
sw
it
c
h
i
n
g
l
o
ss
e
s,
a
n
d
d
e
c
re
a
se
d
v
o
lt
a
g
e
stre
ss
o
n
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts.
Th
e
HV
D
C
li
n
k
a
lso
imp
r
o
v
e
s
re
li
a
b
i
li
ty
b
y
d
a
m
p
i
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po
we
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o
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il
lati
o
n
s
a
n
d
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
re
a
c
ti
v
e
p
o
we
r
su
p
p
o
r
t.
O
v
e
ra
ll
,
th
e
in
teg
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
HV
DC
a
n
d
M
M
C
o
ffe
rs
a
ro
b
u
st
,
e
fficie
n
t,
a
n
d
s
u
sta
in
a
b
le
so
lu
ti
o
n
f
o
r
f
u
tu
re
h
ig
h
-
p
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
g
rid
in
terc
o
n
n
e
c
ti
o
n
s,
se
rv
in
g
a
s
a
stro
n
g
b
a
sis fo
r
fu
rt
h
e
r
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
ts i
n
HV
DC t
ra
n
sm
issio
n
sy
ste
m
s.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Gr
id
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
Har
m
o
n
ic
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
HVDC tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
Mo
d
u
lar
m
u
ltil
ev
el
co
n
v
e
r
ter
Vo
ltag
e
r
eg
u
latio
n
Vo
ltag
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
co
n
tr
o
l
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Ma
d
h
u
b
a
b
u
T
h
i
r
u
v
ee
d
u
la
Dep
ar
tm
en
t
of
E
lectr
ical
an
d
E
lectr
o
n
ics
E
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
,
T
ee
g
ala
Kr
is
h
n
a
R
ed
d
y
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
C
o
lleg
e
Me
d
b
o
wli,
Me
er
p
et,
Sar
o
o
r
n
a
g
ar
,
Hy
d
e
r
ab
ad
–
5
0
0
0
9
7
,
T
ela
n
g
an
a,
I
n
d
ia
E
m
ail:
m
ad
h
u
m
k
4
4
8
@
g
m
ail.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
g
lo
b
al
d
em
an
d
f
o
r
elec
tr
icity
,
co
m
b
in
ed
with
th
e
g
r
o
win
g
co
m
p
lex
ity
o
f
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
,
h
as
led
to
th
e
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
o
f
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
f
o
r
ef
f
icien
t
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
.
On
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
in
s
y
s
tem
s
th
at
tr
an
s
m
it
p
o
wer
is
th
e
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
d
ir
ec
t
c
u
r
r
en
t
(
HVDC)
lin
k
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
w
h
en
c
o
u
p
le
d
w
ith
a
m
o
d
u
lar
m
u
ltil
ev
el
c
o
n
v
er
ter
(
MM
C
)
[
1
]
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
ed
to
c
o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
alter
n
atin
g
cu
r
r
en
t
(
AC
)
s
y
s
tem
s
,
HVDC
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
h
as
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
b
en
e
f
its
,
in
clu
d
in
g
as
in
cr
ea
s
e
d
ef
f
icien
cy
,
r
ed
u
ce
d
l
o
s
s
es,
an
d
th
e
ca
p
ac
ity
to
s
en
d
elec
tr
i
city
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ast
d
is
tan
ce
s
wit
h
litt
le
v
o
ltag
e
d
r
o
p
[
2
]
.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
HVDC
lin
k
s
with
MM
C
s
en
h
an
ce
s
th
e
o
v
er
all
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
e
n
ab
lin
g
s
ca
lab
le
an
d
f
lex
ib
le
g
r
i
d
in
ter
c
o
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
th
at
ca
n
m
ee
t
th
e
n
ee
d
s
o
f
m
o
d
er
n
elec
tr
ical
g
r
i
d
s
[
3
]
.
HVDC
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
cr
itica
l
in
m
o
d
er
n
p
o
wer
n
etwo
r
k
s
d
u
e
to
th
ei
r
ab
ilit
y
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
lo
n
g
-
d
is
tan
ce
,
h
ig
h
-
ca
p
ac
ity
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
with
m
in
im
al
lo
s
s
es
[
4
]
.
Un
lik
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
A
C
s
y
s
tem
s
,
HVDC
s
y
s
tem
s
d
o
n
o
t
s
u
f
f
e
r
f
r
o
m
th
e
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
es
ass
o
ciate
d
with
AC
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
,
an
d
th
ey
also
elim
i
n
ate
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
izatio
n
b
etwe
en
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
o
wer
g
r
id
s
.
T
h
ese
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
m
ak
e
HVDC
s
y
s
tem
s
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
b
en
ef
icial
f
o
r
ap
p
licatio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
o
f
f
s
h
o
r
e
win
d
f
ar
m
s
,
u
n
d
er
s
ea
ca
b
le
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
,
an
d
l
o
n
g
-
d
is
tan
ce
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
[
5
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
2
6
:
289
-
2
9
7
290
HVDC
s
y
s
tem
s
ty
p
ically
co
n
s
is
t
o
f
two
m
ain
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
:
th
e
co
n
v
e
r
ter
s
tatio
n
s
an
d
th
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
lin
e.
T
h
e
s
tatio
n
s
f
o
r
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
,
w
h
ich
ar
e
lin
k
ed
to
b
o
th
th
e
s
en
d
in
g
a
n
d
r
e
ce
iv
in
g
en
d
s
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
lin
e,
co
n
v
er
t
AC
p
o
wer
to
DC
p
o
wer
a
n
d
v
ice
v
er
s
a
[
6
]
.
HVDC
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
also
eq
u
ip
p
ed
wit
h
v
ar
io
u
s
co
n
tr
o
l
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
to
r
eg
u
late
p
o
wer
f
l
o
w,
s
tab
ilize
th
e
g
r
id
,
an
d
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
p
o
wer
is
d
eliv
er
ed
r
eliab
ly
[
7
]
.
On
e
o
f
th
e
k
ey
b
e
n
ef
its
o
f
HVDC
is
its
ab
ilit
y
t
o
en
ab
le
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
er
b
etwe
en
asy
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
ly
o
p
er
ated
g
r
i
d
s
.
T
h
is
m
ak
es
H
VDC
s
y
s
tem
s
a
v
alu
ab
le
to
o
l
f
o
r
lin
k
in
g
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
o
we
r
g
r
id
s
th
at
o
p
er
ate
at
d
if
f
er
en
t f
r
eq
u
e
n
cies o
r
ar
e
s
e
p
ar
ated
b
y
lar
g
e
g
e
o
g
r
a
p
h
ical
d
is
tan
ce
s
[
8
]
.
B
y
d
ec
o
u
p
lin
g
t
h
e
g
r
id
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cies,
HVDC
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
allo
ws
f
o
r
b
etter
co
n
tr
o
l
o
v
er
p
o
we
r
f
lo
w,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
p
o
we
r
ca
n
b
e
ef
f
icien
tly
tr
an
s
m
itted
f
r
o
m
a
r
ea
s
o
f
h
i
g
h
g
en
er
atio
n
to
ar
ea
s
o
f
h
ig
h
d
e
m
an
d
[
9
]
.
T
h
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
g
l
o
b
al
d
em
a
n
d
f
o
r
e
f
f
icien
t,
lo
n
g
-
d
is
tan
ce
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
h
as
h
ig
h
l
ig
h
ted
th
e
r
estrictio
n
s
o
f
tr
ad
itio
n
al
AC
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
s
y
s
tem
s
,
esp
ec
iall
y
f
o
r
th
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
o
f
p
o
wer
in
b
u
lk
a
n
d
g
r
id
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
ac
r
o
s
s
en
o
r
m
o
u
s
d
is
tan
ce
s
.
T
h
e
tech
n
iq
u
e
k
n
o
wn
as
HVDC
h
as
b
e
co
m
e
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
,
k
n
o
wn
f
o
r
its
ab
ilit
y
to
tr
an
s
m
it
lar
g
e
am
o
u
n
ts
o
f
p
o
wer
with
m
in
im
al
lo
s
s
es
an
d
en
h
an
ce
d
s
tab
ilit
y
o
v
er
l
o
n
g
d
is
tan
ce
s
[
1
0
]
.
H
VDC
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
esp
ec
ially
ad
v
an
tag
e
o
u
s
in
ap
p
licatio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
s
u
b
m
ar
in
e
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
,
asy
n
c
h
r
o
n
o
u
s
g
r
id
in
te
r
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
,
an
d
r
en
ewa
b
le
e
n
er
g
y
in
te
g
r
atio
n
,
w
h
er
e
AC
s
y
s
tem
s
f
ac
e
o
p
er
atio
n
al
an
d
s
tab
ilit
y
ch
allen
g
es
[
1
1
]
.
MM
C
s
,
o
r
m
o
d
u
lar
m
u
ltil
ev
el
co
n
v
er
ter
s
,
ar
e
n
o
w
a
r
ev
o
lu
tio
n
a
r
y
a
d
v
an
ce
m
e
n
t
in
HVDC
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
.
I
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
as
a
s
ca
lab
le,
m
o
d
u
lar
s
o
l
u
tio
n
,
MM
C
s
allo
w
f
o
r
h
ig
h
p
o
wer
an
d
h
ig
h
v
o
lta
g
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
b
y
ass
em
b
lin
g
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
s
u
b
-
m
o
d
u
les
in
s
e
r
ies
to
ac
h
iev
e
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
[
1
2
]
.
MM
C
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
p
r
o
v
id
es
s
u
p
er
i
o
r
v
o
ltag
e
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
b
u
t
also
r
ed
u
ce
s
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
,
as
MM
C
s
p
r
o
d
u
ce
a
n
ea
r
-
s
in
u
s
o
i
d
al
o
u
tp
u
t
w
av
ef
o
r
m
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
is
in
h
er
en
t
q
u
ality
r
e
d
u
ce
s
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
co
m
p
lex
a
n
d
b
u
lk
y
f
i
lter
in
g
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
,
m
ak
in
g
MM
C
s
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
lo
n
g
-
d
is
tan
ce
HVDC
ap
p
licat
io
n
s
an
d
h
ig
h
-
q
u
ality
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
[
1
4
]
.
MM
C
-
b
ased
HVDC
s
y
s
tem
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
s
h
o
wn
to
ac
h
iev
e
h
ig
h
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
with
r
ed
u
ce
d
to
tal
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
(
T
HD
)
,
co
n
tr
i
b
u
tin
g
to
in
cr
ea
s
ed
ef
f
icien
cy
a
n
d
s
t
ab
ilit
y
in
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
n
etwo
r
k
s
[
1
5
]
.
W
h
en
c
o
m
p
ar
e
d
to
p
r
ev
io
u
s
v
o
ltag
e
lift
m
eth
o
d
s
lik
e
s
u
p
er
lift
co
n
v
er
ter
s
an
d
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
b
o
o
s
t
c
o
n
v
er
ter
s
,
u
ltra
-
lift
co
n
v
er
ter
s
p
r
o
d
u
ce
ex
tr
e
m
ely
lar
g
e
o
u
tp
u
t
tr
an
s
f
er
g
ain
s
wi
th
g
eo
m
etr
ic
g
r
o
wth
.
W
h
en
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
,
it
also
p
r
o
v
id
es
b
et
ter
ef
f
icien
c
y
an
d
s
m
aller
s
ize
[
16
].
A
k
ey
b
en
e
f
it
o
f
MM
C
s
is
th
e
ir
ab
ilit
y
t
o
in
d
ep
en
d
en
tly
co
n
tr
o
l
ac
tiv
e
an
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
,
a
cr
u
cial
f
ac
to
r
in
m
o
d
er
n
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
is
ca
p
a
b
ilit
y
en
h
an
ce
s
g
r
id
s
tab
ilit
y
,
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
in
s
y
s
tem
s
in
teg
r
atin
g
v
ar
iab
le
r
en
ewa
b
l
e
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
win
d
an
d
s
o
lar
[
1
8
]
.
T
r
ad
itio
n
al
HVDC
s
y
s
tem
s
,
ty
p
ically
r
ely
in
g
o
n
lin
e
co
m
m
u
tated
co
n
v
er
ter
s
(
L
C
C
s
)
,
r
eq
u
ir
e
r
o
b
u
s
t
AC
g
r
id
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
,
m
ak
in
g
th
em
u
n
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
w
ea
k
g
r
i
d
s
o
r
r
en
ewa
b
le
-
h
ea
v
y
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
1
9
]
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
MM
C
s
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
(
VS
C
)
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
wh
ich
allo
ws
f
lex
ib
le
o
p
e
r
atio
n
ac
r
o
s
s
wea
k
o
r
f
l
u
ctu
atin
g
g
r
id
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
m
ak
in
g
th
em
an
i
d
ea
l
ch
o
ice
f
o
r
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
e
n
er
g
y
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
an
d
o
f
f
s
h
o
r
e
p
o
wer
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
2
0
]
.
A
n
in
ter
-
p
o
le
co
o
p
er
ativ
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
[
21
]
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
o
r
a
n
o
f
f
s
h
o
r
e
win
d
-
p
o
wer
ed
MM
C
-
HVDC
s
y
s
tem
th
at
i
s
r
ea
lly
b
ip
o
lar
.
I
t
h
as
b
ee
n
s
u
g
g
ested
to
u
s
e
an
u
p
g
r
a
d
ed
f
au
lt
r
id
e
-
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
m
eth
o
d
with
o
u
t
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
a
n
d
with
o
u
t
a
DC
ch
o
p
p
er
[
2
2
]
.
Fo
r
an
HVDC
s
y
s
tem
'
s
two
co
n
v
er
t
er
s
tatio
n
s
,
two
f
au
lt
r
id
e
-
th
r
o
u
g
h
(
FR
T
)
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
ar
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
.
T
h
e
m
aster
co
n
v
er
ter
s
tatio
n
'
s
DC
v
o
ltag
e
co
n
tr
o
l
lo
o
p
r
ec
eiv
es
o
n
e
FR
T
m
ec
h
an
is
m
,
wh
ile
t
h
e
s
lav
e
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
s
tatio
n
'
s
ac
tiv
e
p
o
wer
co
n
tr
o
l
lo
o
p
r
ec
e
iv
es
th
e
o
th
er
FR
T
m
ec
h
an
is
m
[
2
3
]
.
Fo
r
th
e
MM
C
,
a
m
o
d
if
ied
n
ea
r
est
lev
el
m
o
d
u
latio
n
(
NL
M)
co
n
tr
o
l m
ec
h
an
is
m
is
s
u
g
g
ested
,
wh
ich
y
ield
s
2
N+
1
lev
els,
o
r
twice
as
m
an
y
lev
els
as
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
NL
M
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
r
ee
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
m
ak
e
u
p
th
e
h
ier
ar
c
h
ical
co
o
r
d
in
ate
d
ad
ap
tiv
e
s
tr
ateg
y
an
d
th
e
ad
a
p
tiv
e
d
r
o
o
p
co
n
tr
o
l
th
at
is
s
u
g
g
ested
f
o
r
MM
C
in
v
er
ter
s
[
2
5
]
.
2.
M
O
DUL
AR
M
U
L
T
I
L
E
V
E
L
CO
NVE
RT
E
RS (
M
M
C
s
)
MM
C
s
ar
e
ad
v
an
ce
d
p
o
wer
c
o
n
v
er
ter
s
t
h
at
p
lay
a
c
r
u
cial
r
o
le
in
s
y
s
tem
s
th
at
u
s
e
h
ig
h
v
o
l
tag
e
d
ir
ec
t
cu
r
r
en
t
(
HVDC)
.
MM
C
s
ar
e
co
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
s
u
b
-
m
o
d
u
les
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
s
er
ies,
wh
i
ch
allo
ws
f
o
r
h
i
g
h
v
o
ltag
e
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
an
d
m
o
d
u
lar
d
esig
n
f
lex
i
b
ilit
y
.
Key
f
ea
tu
r
es o
f
MM
C
s
in
HVDC a
p
p
lica
tio
n
s
in
clu
d
e:
-
Hig
h
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
:
MM
C
s
ca
n
h
an
d
le
h
ig
h
p
o
wer
a
n
d
v
o
lt
ag
e
lev
els,
m
ak
in
g
th
em
i
d
e
al
f
o
r
HVDC
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
an
d
g
r
id
in
teg
r
ati
o
n
o
f
r
en
ewa
b
le
e
n
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
-
R
ed
u
ce
d
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
:
T
h
e
co
n
v
er
ter
’
s
m
o
d
u
lar
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
cr
ea
tes
a
s
m
o
o
th
e
r
,
n
ea
r
ly
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
v
o
ltag
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
,
m
in
im
izin
g
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
an
d
o
f
te
n
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
lar
g
e
e
x
ter
n
al
f
ilter
s
.
-
Fau
lt
t
o
ler
an
ce
:
T
h
e
m
o
d
u
lar
d
esig
n
allo
ws
in
d
iv
id
u
al
s
u
b
-
m
o
d
u
les
to
b
e
b
y
p
ass
ed
in
c
ase
o
f
f
au
lts
,
en
h
an
cin
g
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
m
ak
i
n
g
m
ain
ten
a
n
ce
m
o
r
e
m
an
a
g
e
ab
le.
-
E
f
f
icien
t
en
er
g
y
c
o
n
v
e
r
s
io
n
:
MM
C
s
ef
f
icien
tly
h
an
d
le
b
o
t
h
ac
tiv
e
an
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
,
allo
win
g
f
o
r
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
v
o
ltag
e
co
n
tr
o
l,
wh
ic
h
is
ess
en
tial in
lo
n
g
-
d
is
tan
ce
an
d
h
ig
h
-
ca
p
ac
ity
HVDC tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
S
imu
la
tio
n
o
f
t
h
r
ee
p
h
a
s
e
g
r
id
in
terco
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
w
ith
HV
DC
lin
k
w
ith
…
(
Ma
d
h
u
b
a
b
u
Th
ir
u
ve
ed
u
la
)
291
-
Dy
n
am
ic
c
o
n
tr
o
l:
MM
C
s
o
f
f
er
r
o
b
u
s
t
d
y
n
am
ic
co
n
tr
o
l,
i
n
clu
d
in
g
v
o
ltag
e
s
tab
ilizatio
n
an
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
c
o
n
tr
o
l,
wh
ich
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
g
r
id
s
tab
ilit
y
a
n
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
v
ar
io
u
s
ap
p
licatio
n
s
lik
e
o
f
f
s
h
o
r
e
win
d
f
ar
m
s
an
d
m
u
lti
-
ter
m
i
n
al
HVDC sy
s
tem
s
.
MM
C
s
r
ep
r
esen
t
a
b
r
ea
k
th
r
o
u
g
h
in
HVDC
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
b
y
co
m
b
in
in
g
h
ig
h
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
with
m
o
d
u
lar
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
an
d
r
esil
ien
t
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
.
T
h
e
HVDC
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
s
y
s
tem
u
tili
zin
g
MM
C
s
o
f
f
er
s
a
p
o
wer
f
u
l
an
d
e
f
f
icien
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
lo
n
g
-
d
is
tan
ce
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
,
alig
n
in
g
well
with
th
e
d
em
an
d
s
o
f
m
o
d
er
n
elec
tr
ical
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
I
n
th
is
p
r
o
ject,
MM
C
s
ar
e
u
tili
ze
d
t
o
en
h
an
ce
HVDC
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
ei
r
m
o
d
u
lar
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e,
w
h
ich
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
m
u
ltip
le
s
u
b
-
m
o
d
u
les
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
s
er
ies.
Fig
u
r
e
1
d
ep
icts
th
e
to
p
o
lo
g
y
o
f
th
e
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
MM
C
cir
cu
it
.
T
h
is
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
en
ab
les
h
i
g
h
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
h
ig
h
p
o
wer
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
,
m
ak
in
g
MM
C
s
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
u
ltra
-
lo
n
g
-
d
is
tan
ce
HVDC
lin
es
an
d
h
ig
h
-
ca
p
ac
ity
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
n
ea
r
-
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
g
en
er
ate
d
b
y
MM
C
s
r
ed
u
ce
s
T
HD,
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
lo
wer
i
n
g
t
h
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
ex
te
n
s
iv
e
f
ilter
in
g
eq
u
ip
m
e
n
t
an
d
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
t
o
im
p
r
o
v
ed
p
o
we
r
q
u
ality
.
MM
C
s
also
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
ep
ar
ate
m
a
n
ag
em
e
n
t
o
f
r
e
ac
tiv
e
an
d
ac
tiv
e
p
o
wer
,
wh
ich
is
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
s
tab
ilizin
g
v
o
ltag
e
in
HVDC
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
in
teg
r
atin
g
v
ar
ia
b
le
r
en
ewa
b
le
e
n
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
s
u
ch
as
s
o
lar
an
d
win
d
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
ws
MMC
’
s
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
o
p
o
lo
g
y
o
f
th
e
t
h
r
e
e
-
p
h
ase
MM
C
cir
cu
it
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
MM
C
’
s
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
2
6
:
289
-
2
9
7
292
3.
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
M
O
D
E
L
O
F
A
N
H
VDC
T
RAN
SM
I
S
SI
O
N
SYST
E
M
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
m
o
d
el,
a
5
0
0
MW
DC
(
2
5
0
k
V,
2
k
A)
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
is
u
tili
ze
d
f
o
r
p
o
we
r
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
f
r
o
m
a
5
0
0
0
M
VA,
3
1
5
k
V
AC
n
etwo
r
k
.
T
h
e
n
etwo
r
k
is
d
is
s
em
b
led
u
s
in
g
a
L
L
R
d
am
p
e
n
ed
o
r
ig
in
al
with
an
8
0
-
d
eg
r
ee
im
p
ed
an
ce
an
g
le
at
6
0
Hz,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
3
r
d
h
ar
m
o
n
io
u
s
.
T
h
e
m
o
to
r
m
o
to
r
an
d
th
e
th
er
ap
y
ar
e
m
o
d
eled
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
u
n
iv
e
r
s
al
b
r
id
g
e
an
d
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
b
lo
c
k
s
.
I
n
s
tead
o
f
th
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
6
-
p
u
ls
e
r
ec
tifie
r
,
an
MM
C
is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
r
ec
tific
atio
n
p
r
o
c
ess
.
T
h
e
MM
C
p
r
o
v
id
es
h
ig
h
er
ef
f
icien
cy
,
b
ette
r
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
an
d
m
o
r
e
f
le
x
ib
le
o
p
er
atio
n
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
6
-
p
u
ls
e
r
ec
tifie
r
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
ws
a
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
o
f
HVDC
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
lin
e
.
T
h
e
MM
C
0
.
5
H
s
m
o
o
th
in
g
r
ea
cto
r
(
L
s
R
)
co
n
n
ec
ts
th
e
s
y
s
tem
'
s
3
0
0
k
m
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
p
ar
am
eter
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
lin
e.
T
h
e
in
v
er
ter
ty
p
e
in
clu
d
es
a
s
m
o
o
th
in
g
r
ea
cto
r
(
L
s
I
)
f
o
r
s
tab
ilizatio
n
an
d
a
s
im
p
le
DC
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
th
at
u
s
es
a
d
io
d
e
to
g
u
ar
a
n
tee
o
n
e
-
way
f
l
o
w
o
f
c
u
r
r
e
n
t.
C
-
b
an
k
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
ar
e
p
a
r
t
o
f
a
s
er
ies
o
f
f
ilter
s
u
s
ed
to
f
u
l
f
ill
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
'
s
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
r
e
q
u
ir
em
en
ts
an
d
f
ilter
s
th
at
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
h
ig
h
er
-
o
r
d
er
,
s
ev
en
th
,
an
d
f
if
th
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
s
.
W
h
en
co
m
b
in
ed
,
th
ese
e
lem
en
ts
o
f
f
er
a
3
2
0
Mv
ar
o
f
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
ad
ju
s
tm
en
t.
Fu
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e,
a
cir
cu
it
to
s
im
u
late
a
r
ec
tifie
r
-
s
id
e
DC
lin
e
f
au
lt,
a
b
r
ea
k
er
is
u
s
ed
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
o
f
co
n
tr
o
l
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
ates
two
m
ajo
r
b
lo
ck
s
ac
co
m
p
an
ied
6
-
p
alp
it
atio
n
cr
ea
to
r
(
wh
ich
in
th
is
ca
s
e
is
ac
clim
ated
f
o
r
MM
C
o
p
er
atio
n
)
an
d
a
r
eg
u
l
ato
r
f
o
r
PI
c
u
r
r
en
t.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
o
f
co
n
t
r
o
l
en
s
u
r
es
th
at
th
e
v
o
ltag
es
tr
an
s
f
er
r
ed
ar
e
s
cr
ee
n
ed
b
ef
o
r
e
en
ter
in
g
th
e
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
izatio
n
s
y
s
tem
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
b
a
n
d
-
p
ass
,
s
ec
o
n
d
o
r
d
er
p
o
llu
ta
n
ts
.
T
h
e
en
tire
th
e
co
n
t
r
o
l sy
s
tem
is
s
ep
ar
ated
with
a
g
a
p
b
etwe
en
s
li
ce
s
o
f
4
3
.
4
μ
s
ec
(
1
/
3
6
0
/6
4
)
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
B
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
o
f
H
VDC
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
lin
e
4.
SI
M
UL
A
T
I
O
N
R
E
S
UL
T
S
AND
DIS
CUSS
I
O
N
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
HVDC
s
y
s
tem
,
u
tili
zin
g
an
MM
C
f
o
r
b
o
th
r
e
ctif
icatio
n
an
d
in
v
e
r
s
io
n
,
was
s
im
u
lated
u
s
in
g
MA
T
L
AB
/Si
m
u
lin
k
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
tr
an
s
m
its
elec
tr
icit
y
f
r
o
m
a
3
1
5
k
V,
5
0
0
0
MV
A
3
1
5
MW
DC
lin
k
th
at
o
p
er
ates
at
2
5
0
k
V
an
d
2
k
A.
AC
n
etwo
r
k
.
T
o
e
v
alu
ate
th
e
HVDC
s
y
s
tem
'
s
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
u
n
d
er
s
ev
er
al
o
p
er
atin
g
cir
cu
m
s
tan
ce
s
,
th
e
f
o
ll
o
win
g
s
im
u
latio
n
s
wer
e
r
u
n
.
4
.
1
.
Sy
s
t
e
m
co
nfig
ura
t
io
n
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
u
s
ed
in
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
in
clu
d
es th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
A
d
a
m
p
ed
L
L
R
eq
u
iv
alen
t
with
an
80
-
d
eg
r
ee
im
p
ed
a
n
ce
an
g
le
at
6
0
Hz
,
i
n
clu
d
in
g
th
e
th
ir
d
h
ar
m
o
n
ic,
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
AC
n
etwo
r
k
at
3
1
5
k
V
an
d
5
0
0
0
MV
A.
C
o
n
v
e
r
ter
:
a
u
n
iv
e
r
s
al
b
r
id
g
e
a
n
d
u
n
iv
e
r
s
al
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
b
lo
ck
th
at
co
n
n
ec
ts
an
MM
C
,
o
r
m
o
d
u
la
r
m
u
ltil
ev
el
co
n
v
er
ter
a
n
MM
C
to
th
e
A
C
g
r
id
.
C
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
6
-
p
u
ls
e
co
n
v
er
te
r
s
,
th
e
MM
C
co
n
v
er
ts
AC
to
DC
an
d
v
ice
v
er
s
a
with
g
r
ea
t
ef
f
icien
c
y
an
d
less
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
.
T
r
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
lin
e:
a
d
is
tr
ib
u
te
d
p
a
r
am
eter
lin
e
(
L
s
R
=
0
.
5
H)
th
at
is
3
0
0
k
m
lo
n
g
a
n
d
h
as
a
s
m
o
o
th
in
g
r
ea
cto
r
.
T
h
e
i
n
v
er
t
er
h
as
a
s
m
o
o
th
in
g
r
ea
cto
r
(
L
s
I
)
o
n
t
h
e
in
v
er
ter
s
id
e
a
n
d
a
b
asic
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
DC
v
o
ltag
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
with
a
d
io
d
e
in
s
er
ies
to
co
m
p
el
o
n
e
-
way
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
.
A
co
llectio
n
o
f
p
o
llu
tan
ts
,
in
clu
d
in
g
h
ig
h
-
p
ass
,
f
if
t
h
,
s
ev
en
t
h
,
an
d
C
-
b
an
k
p
o
llu
tan
ts
.
Fil
ter
s
:
a
co
llectio
n
o
f
f
ilter
s
(
h
ig
h
-
p
ass
,
f
if
th
,
s
ev
e
n
th
,
a
n
d
C
-
b
an
k
)
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
a
3
2
0
Mv
ar
in
to
tal
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
co
m
p
en
s
atio
n
to
m
ain
tain
s
y
s
tem
s
tab
ilit
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
d
ep
icts
th
e
w
av
ef
o
r
m
o
f
MM
C
’
s
v
o
ltag
e
.
4.
2
.
Co
ntr
o
l
s
y
s
t
em
des
ig
n
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
was
im
p
l
em
en
ted
u
s
in
g
two
m
ain
b
lo
c
k
s
.
Sy
n
ch
r
o
n
ized
MM
C
g
en
e
r
ato
r
:
T
h
is
b
lo
ck
p
r
o
v
id
es
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
izatio
n
f
o
r
th
e
M
MC,
en
s
u
r
in
g
p
r
o
p
er
c
o
n
tr
o
l
o
f
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t.
PI
c
u
r
r
en
t
r
eg
u
lato
r
:
A
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
-
in
te
g
r
al
(
PI)
r
eg
u
lato
r
was
u
s
ed
to
co
m
p
ar
e
th
e
DC
lin
e
cu
r
r
en
t
with
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
a
n
d
a
d
ju
s
t
th
e
f
ir
in
g
a
n
g
le
(
alp
h
a)
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
to
m
ain
tain
m
in
im
al
er
r
o
r
.
T
h
e
en
tire
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
was
d
is
cr
etize
d
with
a
s
am
p
lin
g
in
ter
v
al
o
f
4
3
.
4
μ
s
ec
(
1
/3
6
0
/6
4
)
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
ws
th
e
C
o
n
tr
o
l
v
o
ltag
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
S
imu
la
tio
n
o
f
t
h
r
ee
p
h
a
s
e
g
r
id
in
terco
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
w
ith
HV
DC
lin
k
w
ith
…
(
Ma
d
h
u
b
a
b
u
Th
ir
u
ve
ed
u
la
)
293
4.
3
.
Resul
t
s
Stead
y
-
s
tate
o
p
er
atio
n
:
Un
d
er
s
tead
y
-
s
tate
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
was
ab
le
to
d
eliv
er
a
c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
5
0
0
MW
o
f
p
o
wer
f
r
o
m
th
e
3
1
5
k
V
AC
n
etwo
r
k
to
th
e
DC
s
id
e
at
2
5
0
k
V,
2
k
A.
T
h
e
MM
C
co
n
v
er
ter
s
h
o
wed
h
ig
h
e
f
f
icien
cy
,
with
m
in
im
al
lo
s
s
es
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
d
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
,
b
ec
a
u
s
e
th
e
T
HD
is
lo
w.
T
h
e
v
alu
es
o
b
s
er
v
ed
o
n
b
o
th
th
e
DC
an
d
AC
p
h
ases
.
T
r
an
s
ien
t
r
esp
o
n
s
e:
T
h
e
tr
an
s
ien
t
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
was
tes
ted
u
n
d
er
f
au
lt
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as
DC
lin
e
f
au
lts
o
n
th
e
r
ec
tifie
r
s
id
e.
W
h
en
th
e
f
au
lt
o
cc
u
r
r
ed
,
th
e
cir
cu
it
b
r
ea
k
er
was
tr
ig
g
er
e
d
,
an
d
th
e
MM
C
ad
ju
s
ted
its
o
p
e
r
atio
n
to
p
r
ev
en
t
d
am
a
g
e
to
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
Af
ter
th
e
is
s
u
e
was
f
ix
ed
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
r
etu
r
n
ed
r
etu
r
n
i
n
g
to
r
eg
u
lar
o
p
er
atio
n
s
with
in
a
s
h
o
r
t
tim
e,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
th
e
f
au
lt
-
to
ler
an
t n
atu
r
e
o
f
th
e
HV
DC
s
y
s
tem
u
s
in
g
MM
C
s
.
R
ec
o
v
er
y
t
im
e:
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
was
ab
le
to
r
ec
o
v
er
f
r
o
m
th
e
f
au
lt
with
in
1
0
0
m
s
,
with
th
e
in
v
er
te
r
m
ain
tain
i
n
g
s
tab
il
ity
an
d
s
m
o
o
th
ly
r
am
p
in
g
u
p
th
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t.
C
u
r
r
en
t
r
e
g
u
latio
n
:
Du
r
in
g
th
e
f
au
lt
co
n
d
itio
n
,
t
h
e
PI
cu
r
r
en
t
r
eg
u
lato
r
e
f
f
ec
tiv
ely
ad
ju
s
ted
th
e
f
ir
in
g
an
g
le
to
b
r
in
g
t
h
e
s
y
s
tem
b
ac
k
to
s
tead
y
-
s
tate
o
p
e
r
atio
n
,
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
DC
lin
e
cu
r
r
en
t
m
a
tch
ed
th
e
r
e
f
er
en
ce
af
ter
f
au
lt
clea
r
a
n
ce
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
d
ep
icts
th
e
r
esu
ltin
g
wav
ef
o
r
m
o
f
cu
r
r
en
t.
E
f
f
icien
cy
a
n
d
h
ar
m
o
n
ics:
T
h
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
was
f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
h
ig
h
er
th
an
th
a
t
o
f
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
HVDC
s
y
s
tem
s
u
s
in
g
6
-
p
u
ls
e
r
ec
tifie
r
s
,
p
r
im
ar
ily
d
u
e
to
th
e
m
o
d
u
lar
d
esig
n
o
f
th
e
MM
C
,
wh
ich
r
ed
u
ce
s
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
co
n
ten
t
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
es
o
v
er
all
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
.
Po
wer
l
o
s
s
es:
T
h
e
to
tal
s
y
s
tem
lo
s
s
e
s
wer
e
f
o
u
n
d
t
o
b
e
m
in
im
al
(
a
p
p
r
o
x
im
ately
1
-
2
%
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itted
p
o
wer
)
,
wh
ich
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
o
v
er
tr
ad
itio
n
al
HVDC
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Har
m
o
n
ics:
T
h
e
MM
C
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
r
ed
u
c
ed
th
e
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
a
6
-
p
u
ls
e
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
T
HD
o
n
b
o
th
th
e
AC
an
d
DC
s
id
es
r
em
ain
ed
b
e
lo
w
2%
,
in
d
icatin
g
h
i
g
h
-
q
u
ali
ty
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
d
ep
icts
th
e
T
HD
v
alu
e
o
f
t
h
e
o
u
t
p
u
t v
o
ltag
e
.
Fig
u
r
e
4.
W
av
ef
o
r
m
o
f
MM
C
’
s
v
o
ltag
e
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
C
o
n
tr
o
l v
o
ltag
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
2
6
:
289
-
2
9
7
294
Fig
u
r
e
6.
R
esu
ltin
g
wav
ef
o
r
m
o
f
cu
r
r
en
t
Fig
u
r
e
7.
T
HD
v
a
u
le
o
f
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
p
ap
er
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
an
d
an
aly
s
is
o
f
a
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
g
r
id
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
y
s
te
m
u
s
in
g
a
HVDC
lin
k
with
a
th
r
ee
-
lev
e
l
MM
C
,
ev
alu
atin
g
its
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
u
n
d
er
v
ar
i
o
u
s
o
p
er
ati
n
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
HVDC
l
in
k
en
h
an
ce
s
lo
n
g
-
d
is
tan
ce
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
b
y
r
ed
u
cin
g
lo
s
s
es,
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
tr
an
s
f
er
ca
p
ac
ity
,
an
d
en
s
u
r
in
g
r
eliab
le
i
n
ter
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
b
etwe
en
g
r
id
s
.
T
h
e
M
MC’s
m
o
d
u
lar
d
esig
n
e
n
ab
l
es
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
,
lo
w
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
,
a
n
d
r
ed
u
ce
d
s
witch
in
g
lo
s
s
es,
m
ak
in
g
it
well
-
s
u
ited
f
o
r
h
ig
h
-
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
Simu
latio
n
s
in
MA
T
L
AB
/
Si
m
u
lin
k
s
h
o
w
th
e
s
y
s
tem
ac
h
iev
in
g
h
ig
h
-
q
u
ality
o
u
tp
u
t
wa
v
ef
o
r
m
s
with
T
HD
b
elo
w
2
%,
alo
n
g
with
r
e
d
u
ce
d
v
o
ltag
e
s
tr
ess
o
n
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
,
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
o
v
er
all
ef
f
icie
n
cy
.
T
h
e
HVDC
lin
k
f
u
r
th
er
co
n
t
r
ib
u
tes
to
s
tab
ilit
y
b
y
d
a
m
p
in
g
p
o
wer
o
s
cillati
o
n
s
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
co
m
p
en
s
atio
n
d
u
r
in
g
lo
ad
ch
a
n
g
es
an
d
tr
a
n
s
ien
t
ev
en
ts
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at
c
o
m
b
in
in
g
HVD
C
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
with
MM
C
s
o
f
f
er
s
a
r
o
b
u
s
t,
ef
f
icien
t,
an
d
f
lex
i
b
le
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
m
o
d
er
n
g
r
id
in
ter
c
o
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
HVDC
-
MM
C
s
y
s
tem
s
to
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
f
u
tu
r
e
p
o
wer
n
etwo
r
k
s
b
y
d
eliv
er
in
g
en
h
an
ce
d
s
tab
ilit
y
,
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
,
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
,
wh
ile
also
e
s
tab
lis
h
in
g
a
s
tr
o
n
g
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
er
r
esear
ch
aim
ed
at
o
p
tim
izin
g
th
eir
ef
f
icien
cy
,
r
el
iab
ilit
y
,
an
d
in
teg
r
atio
n
in
t
o
n
ex
t
-
g
en
er
atio
n
en
er
g
y
in
f
r
astr
u
ctu
r
es.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
was f
u
n
d
e
d
b
y
T
ee
g
ala
Kr
is
h
n
a
R
ed
d
y
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
C
o
lleg
e
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
S
imu
la
tio
n
o
f
t
h
r
ee
p
h
a
s
e
g
r
id
in
terco
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
w
ith
HV
DC
lin
k
w
ith
…
(
Ma
d
h
u
b
a
b
u
Th
ir
u
ve
ed
u
la
)
295
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
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B
UT
I
O
NS ST
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T
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M
E
N
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h
is
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u
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u
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ax
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,
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est.
RE
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S
[
1
]
A
.
M
.
V
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.
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[
2
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M
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3
]
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.
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[
4
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K
.
Y
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[
5
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M
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6
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I
.
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[
7
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L.
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,
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8
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[
9
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S
.
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.
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1
2
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c
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c
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tac
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:
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a
n
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c
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.