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I
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7
I
SS
N:
2252
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8
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,
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.
v
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.
i
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.
pp
238
-
247
238
J
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RAC
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ticle
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to
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R
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r
3
1
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5
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ev
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ed
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v
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3
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5
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No
v
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2
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5
El
e
c
tri
c
v
e
h
icle
s
(EVs)
a
re
g
a
in
i
n
g
p
o
p
u
larity
g
l
o
b
a
ll
y
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
ir
e
n
e
rg
y
-
e
fficie
n
t
b
a
tt
e
ry
st
o
ra
g
e
sy
ste
m
s,
lo
w
c
a
rb
o
n
e
m
issio
n
s,
a
n
d
e
c
o
-
frien
d
ly
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
.
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tran
sfo
rm
i
n
g
b
o
t
h
th
e
tran
sp
o
rtatio
n
a
n
d
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
se
c
to
rs,
EVs
c
o
u
l
d
c
re
a
te
a
sy
n
e
rg
isti
c
r
e
latio
n
sh
i
p
th
a
t
re
d
u
c
e
s
fo
ss
il
fu
e
l
u
se
a
n
d
imp
ro
v
e
s
re
n
e
wa
b
le
e
n
e
r
g
y
i
n
teg
ra
ti
o
n
.
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o
we
v
e
r,
t
h
is
c
o
n
v
e
rg
e
n
c
e
e
m
p
h
a
siz
e
s
th
e
n
e
c
e
ss
it
y
fo
r
a
p
p
r
o
p
riate
p
o
we
r
fa
c
to
r
c
o
rre
c
ti
o
n
(
P
F
C
)
m
e
th
o
d
s,
e
sp
e
c
iall
y
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n
EV
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a
tt
e
r
y
c
h
a
rg
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n
g
sy
ste
m
s,
t
o
a
ll
e
v
iate
s
u
p
p
ly
-
e
n
d
P
Q
c
o
n
c
e
rn
s.
Us
e
o
f
a
b
ri
d
g
e
les
s
L
a
n
d
sm
a
n
c
o
n
v
e
rter
(BLC),
n
o
ted
fo
r
it
s
e
fficie
n
c
y
a
n
d
l
in
k
v
o
l
tag
e
m
o
n
it
o
rin
g
,
is
in
n
o
v
a
ti
v
e
in
t
h
is
re
se
a
rc
h
.
A
p
ro
p
o
r
ti
o
n
a
l
-
in
te
g
ra
l
(P
I)
c
o
n
t
ro
ll
e
r
t
u
n
e
d
b
y
a
n
a
rti
ficia
l
n
e
u
ra
l
n
e
two
r
k
(AN
N)
imp
ro
v
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s
p
re
d
ictio
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a
n
d
c
las
sifica
ti
o
n
,
e
sp
e
c
ially
re
sp
o
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se
ti
m
e
.
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e
ANN
-
b
a
se
d
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I
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o
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tr
o
ll
e
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p
t
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s
sy
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m
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e
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rm
a
n
c
e
in
re
a
l
t
ime
u
sin
g
a
d
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p
ti
v
e
c
o
n
tro
l
.
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in
g
a
h
y
ste
re
sis
c
o
n
tro
ll
e
r
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tt
a
c
h
e
d
t
o
a
p
u
lse
wid
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m
o
d
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lati
o
n
(
P
WM
)
g
e
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e
ra
to
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re
g
u
late
s
th
e
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o
n
v
e
rter'
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ste
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d
y
-
sta
te
sw
it
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h
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g
fre
q
u
e
n
c
y
f
o
r
a
c
c
u
ra
te
a
n
d
c
o
n
siste
n
t
o
u
t
p
u
t
.
Th
e
p
ro
p
o
se
d
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
re
d
u
c
e
s
h
a
rm
o
n
ic
d
ist
o
rti
o
n
s
a
n
d
imp
ro
v
e
s
o
p
e
ra
ti
n
g
e
fficie
n
c
y
.
Th
is
c
o
m
p
re
h
e
n
si
v
e
a
rc
h
it
e
c
tu
r
e
imp
ro
v
e
s
p
o
we
r
fa
c
to
r
a
n
d
a
d
d
re
ss
e
s
sig
n
ifi
c
a
n
t
P
Q
c
o
n
c
e
rn
s
in
EV
c
h
a
rg
in
g
i
n
fra
stru
c
tu
re
.
In
teg
ra
ti
n
g
imp
ro
v
e
d
c
o
n
tro
l
tac
ti
c
s
a
n
d
c
o
n
v
e
rter
d
e
sig
n
s
h
o
ws
t
h
a
t
th
is
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
m
a
y
su
p
p
o
r
t
e
lec
tri
c
c
a
r
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
ts.
M
ATLAB
sim
u
latio
n
s
s
h
o
w
th
a
t
p
o
we
r
fa
c
to
r
c
o
rre
c
ti
o
n
(
P
F
C)
c
h
a
rg
e
s
EV
b
a
tt
e
ries
q
u
ick
ly
a
n
d
e
f
fe
c
ti
v
e
ly
.
F
in
d
in
g
s
su
g
g
e
st
th
e
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
c
o
u
l
d
in
c
re
a
se
p
o
we
r
q
u
a
li
t
y
,
s
y
ste
m
e
fficie
n
c
y
,
a
n
d
EV
u
p
tak
e
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
A
r
tific
ial
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
B
r
id
g
eless
L
an
d
s
m
an
co
n
v
e
r
ter
Hy
s
ter
esis
co
n
tr
o
ller
PI
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
Po
wer
q
u
ality
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
P
u
ls
e
wid
th
m
o
d
u
latio
n
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Po
d
ila
Pu
r
n
a
C
h
an
d
r
a
R
ao
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
E
lectr
ical
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
,
Facu
lty
o
f
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
an
d
T
ec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
An
n
am
alai
Un
iv
er
s
ity
C
h
id
am
b
ar
am
,
I
n
d
ia
E
m
ail:
p
u
r
n
ac
h
an
d
r
a
r
ao
.
p
h
d
@
g
m
ail.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
E
lectr
ic
v
eh
icle
s
(
E
Vs)
p
lay
a
p
iv
o
tal
r
o
le
in
f
o
s
ter
in
g
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
an
d
ef
f
icien
t
tr
a
n
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
b
y
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
g
l
o
b
al
c
h
allen
g
es
s
u
ch
as
g
lo
b
al
war
m
i
n
g
,
r
is
in
g
em
is
s
io
n
s
,
d
win
d
lin
g
f
o
s
s
il
f
u
el
r
eser
v
es,
a
n
d
s
u
r
g
in
g
f
u
el
p
r
ices
[
1
]
.
B
y
in
teg
r
atin
g
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
e
r
g
y
-
b
a
s
ed
p
o
wer
g
en
er
atio
n
an
d
E
V
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
th
ese
v
eh
icles
p
r
esen
t
a
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
s
o
lu
tio
n
to
th
ese
p
r
ess
in
g
is
s
u
es.
A
s
a
v
iab
le
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
m
o
d
e
o
f
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
,
E
Vs
h
av
e
g
ar
n
er
ed
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
atten
tio
n
d
u
e
to
th
eir
alig
n
m
e
n
t
with
th
e
g
o
als
o
f
r
ed
u
cin
g
ca
r
b
o
n
f
o
o
t
p
r
in
ts
an
d
a
d
v
an
ci
n
g
b
atter
y
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
[
2
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
A
r
tifi
cia
l n
eu
r
a
l n
etw
o
r
k
-
o
p
timiz
ed
b
r
id
g
eless
L
a
n
d
s
ma
n
co
n
ve
r
ter fo
r
…
(
P
o
d
ila
P
u
r
n
a
C
h
a
n
d
r
a
R
a
o
)
239
T
h
e
q
u
ality
o
f
in
p
u
t
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
in
E
V
s
y
s
tem
s
is
m
an
ag
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
o
wer
f
ac
to
r
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
(
PF
C
)
tech
n
iq
u
es.
Ho
wev
er
,
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
PF
C
m
eth
o
d
s
ar
e
h
in
d
er
e
d
b
y
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
es
an
d
in
ad
eq
u
ate
h
an
d
lin
g
o
f
lar
g
e
lo
ad
tr
an
s
ien
ts
[
3
]
.
T
h
ese
lim
itatio
n
s
c
an
b
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
ad
d
r
ess
ed
b
y
in
teg
r
atin
g
PF
C
tech
n
iq
u
es with
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
c
o
n
v
er
ter
s
y
s
tem
s
[
4
]
.
T
r
ad
itio
n
al
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
s
,
wh
ile
o
f
f
er
i
n
g
h
i
g
h
b
o
o
s
tin
g
r
atio
s
in
id
ea
l
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
,
ar
e
o
f
ten
im
p
r
ac
tical
d
u
e
to
v
o
ltag
e
s
tr
ess
an
d
d
y
n
am
ic
in
s
tab
ilit
y
[
5
]
.
T
h
ese
ch
allen
g
es
n
ec
es
s
itate
h
ig
h
er
-
r
ated
s
witch
es
f
o
r
r
eliab
le
o
p
er
atio
n
[
6
]
.
B
u
ck
-
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
e
r
ter
s
o
v
er
c
o
m
e
s
o
m
e
lim
itatio
n
s
b
y
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
b
o
th
v
o
ltag
e
b
u
ck
in
g
a
n
d
b
o
o
s
tin
g
,
b
u
t
th
eir
d
is
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
in
p
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t
r
estricts
th
eir
u
s
ab
ilit
y
[
6
]
,
[
7
]
.
T
h
e
C
uk
co
n
v
er
ter
im
p
r
o
v
es
v
o
ltag
e
g
a
in
with
r
ed
u
ce
d
s
witch
in
g
l
o
s
s
es
an
d
en
h
an
ce
d
v
o
ltag
e
r
eg
u
l
atio
n
;
h
o
wev
er
,
its
s
tatic
g
ain
is
in
ad
eq
u
ate
f
o
r
l
o
w
-
v
o
ltag
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
,
an
d
its
in
v
er
ted
o
u
tp
u
t
lim
its
its
ap
p
licatio
n
[
8
]
,
[
9
]
.
Similar
ly
,
th
e
s
in
g
le
-
en
d
ed
p
r
im
ar
y
-
in
d
u
cto
r
c
o
n
v
er
te
r
(
SEPI
C
)
co
n
v
er
ter
o
f
f
er
s
h
ig
h
g
ain
an
d
a
n
o
n
-
in
v
er
te
d
o
u
tp
u
t,
y
et
its
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
is
im
p
ed
ed
b
y
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t
cu
r
r
e
n
t
r
ip
p
les,
m
ak
i
n
g
it
u
n
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
h
i
g
h
-
p
o
wer
in
ter
leav
ed
E
V
ch
a
r
g
er
s
[
1
0
]
-
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
e
L
an
d
s
m
an
co
n
v
er
ter
,
a
d
er
iv
ativ
e
o
f
th
e
SEPI
C
an
d
C
u
k
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
s
,
o
f
f
er
s
b
etter
v
o
ltag
e
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
r
atio
s
wh
ile
m
ain
tain
in
g
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
in
p
u
t
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t
cu
r
r
e
n
ts
,
wh
ich
is
id
ea
l
f
o
r
E
V
b
atter
y
ch
ar
g
in
g
w
h
er
e
v
o
ltag
e
s
tab
ili
ty
an
d
lo
w
cu
r
r
e
n
t
r
ip
p
le
ar
e
c
r
itical
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
o
u
g
h
th
e
L
an
d
s
m
an
co
n
v
e
r
ter
is
a
f
o
u
r
th
-
o
r
d
e
r
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
s
y
s
te
m
,
th
is
co
m
p
lex
ity
is
ad
v
a
n
tag
eo
u
s
wh
en
u
s
in
g
ar
tific
i
al
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
(
ANNs)
[
1
7
]
.
ANNs
ca
n
lear
n
an
d
a
d
ap
t
to
c
o
m
p
lex
d
y
n
am
ics
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
el
y
th
an
tr
ad
itio
n
al
co
n
tr
o
l
m
eth
o
d
s
,
th
u
s
m
ak
in
g
th
e
h
i
g
h
er
-
o
r
d
er
d
y
n
am
ics
m
an
a
g
e
ab
le
an
d
o
p
tim
izab
le.
W
h
ile
2
n
d
o
r
3
r
d
o
r
d
er
co
n
v
er
ter
s
a
r
e
s
im
p
ler
a
n
d
m
ay
h
a
v
e
lo
wer
s
witch
in
g
l
o
s
s
es,
th
ey
lack
th
e
f
lex
ib
ili
ty
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
r
an
g
e
th
at
th
e
L
an
d
s
m
an
co
n
v
er
ter
o
f
f
er
s
u
n
d
e
r
d
y
n
am
ic
in
p
u
t/o
u
tp
u
t
co
n
d
itio
n
s
ty
p
ical
in
E
V
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
[
1
8
]
-
[
2
0
]
.
I
ts
o
p
er
atio
n
is
o
p
tim
ized
u
s
in
g
a
clo
s
ed
-
lo
o
p
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
-
in
te
g
r
al
(
PI)
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
wh
ich
en
s
u
r
es
o
u
tp
u
t
s
tab
ilit
y
b
y
m
an
a
g
in
g
th
e
o
n
-
o
f
f
s
witch
in
g
tim
es
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
b
o
th
s
tatic
an
d
d
y
n
am
ic
s
y
s
tem
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
e
in
te
g
r
atio
n
o
f
ANNs
au
g
m
en
ts
th
e
s
y
s
tem
's
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies,
lev
er
ag
in
g
h
u
m
an
in
tellig
en
ce
to
en
h
an
ce
d
etec
t
io
n
an
d
class
if
icatio
n
ef
f
icien
c
y
[
2
3
]
.
I
n
th
is
r
esear
ch
,
a
b
r
id
g
eless
L
an
d
s
m
an
c
o
n
v
er
ter
is
im
p
lem
en
ted
to
ac
h
iev
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
a
n
d
n
o
is
eless
o
p
er
atio
n
.
T
h
e
co
n
v
e
r
ter
'
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
is
r
eg
u
lated
b
y
an
ANN
-
b
ased
PI
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
wh
ich
aid
s
in
o
p
er
atio
n
al
d
etec
tio
n
an
d
cla
s
s
if
icatio
n
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
a
h
y
s
ter
esis
co
n
tr
o
ller
co
u
p
led
with
a
p
u
ls
e
wid
th
m
o
d
u
latio
n
(
PW
M)
cir
cu
it
en
s
u
r
es
p
r
ec
is
e
s
w
itch
in
g
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
r
eg
u
latio
n
,
lead
in
g
to
e
n
h
an
ce
d
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
d
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
i
s
s
u
es.
T
h
is
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
u
n
d
e
r
s
co
r
es
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
ad
v
an
ce
d
co
n
v
e
r
ter
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l stra
teg
ies to
ad
d
r
ess
cr
itical
ch
allen
g
es in
E
V
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
s
y
s
tem
s
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
p
ap
er
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
a
n
o
v
el
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
with
im
p
r
o
v
ed
PF
C
tailo
r
ed
f
o
r
b
atter
y
-
o
p
er
ated
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles
(
B
E
Vs).
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
em
p
lo
y
s
a
b
r
id
g
eless
L
an
d
s
m
an
c
o
n
v
er
ter
d
esig
n
e
d
to
m
in
im
ize
lo
s
s
es,
en
h
an
ce
ef
f
i
cien
cy
,
an
d
ac
h
iev
e
h
ig
h
er
v
o
ltag
e
g
ain
.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
an
ANN
-
b
ased
PI
co
n
tr
o
ller
f
ac
ilit
ates
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
co
n
v
er
te
r
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
en
s
u
r
es
th
e
tr
an
s
f
er
o
f
m
ax
i
m
u
m
p
o
wer
[
2
4
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
t
h
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
a
id
s
in
p
o
wer
d
etec
tio
n
a
n
d
o
p
er
atio
n
al
class
if
icatio
n
[
2
5
]
.
T
o
p
r
ed
ict
s
tead
y
-
s
tate
s
witch
in
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cies
an
d
en
s
u
r
e
r
eliab
le
o
u
tp
u
t
g
e
n
er
atio
n
,
a
h
y
s
ter
esis
-
r
eg
u
lated
PW
M
g
en
er
ato
r
is
u
tili
ze
d
.
T
h
e
b
asic sch
em
atic
d
iag
r
am
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
is
p
r
esen
ted
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
ANN
b
ased
b
r
id
g
ele
s
s
L
an
d
s
m
an
co
n
v
e
r
ter
f
o
r
PF
C
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
2
6
:
238
-
2
4
7
240
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ANN
b
ased
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
co
m
p
ar
e
t
h
e
co
n
v
er
t
er
'
s
v
o
ltag
e
to
a
r
ef
er
en
ce
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
it.
A
r
e
f
er
en
ce
cu
r
r
en
t
is
o
u
tp
u
t
b
y
th
e
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
a
n
d
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
th
e
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
'
s
cu
r
r
en
t
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
e
h
y
s
ter
esis
co
n
tr
o
ller
r
ec
eiv
es
t
h
is
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
r
esu
lt.
T
h
e
L
a
n
d
s
m
an
c
o
n
v
er
te
r
'
s
o
p
er
atio
n
is
r
eg
u
lated
b
y
th
e
h
y
s
ter
esis
co
n
tr
o
ller
'
s
o
u
tp
u
t,
ass
u
r
in
g
s
tead
y
v
o
ltag
e
.
2
.
1
.
B
ridg
eless
L
a
nd
s
m
a
n
c
o
nv
er
t
er
T
h
e
s
u
g
g
ested
m
eth
o
d
s
u
p
p
lie
s
AC
m
ain
s
p
o
wer
to
th
e
b
r
id
g
eless
L
an
d
s
m
an
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
at
UPF.
T
h
e
co
n
v
er
ter
h
as
th
r
ee
m
o
d
es.
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
es
ac
r
o
s
s
s
witch
es
S
1
an
d
S
2
ar
e
d
en
o
ted
as
V
s1
an
d
V
s2
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
e
n
ts
th
r
o
u
g
h
i
n
d
u
cto
r
s
L
I1
an
d
L
I2
a
r
e
r
ep
r
esen
ted
as
I
LI1
an
d
I
LI2
,
wh
ile
th
e
cu
r
r
en
ts
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t in
d
u
cto
r
s
L
O1
an
d
L
O2
a
r
e
d
en
o
ted
as I
LO1
an
d
I
LO2
,
r
es
p
ec
tiv
ely
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
illu
s
tr
ates th
e
cir
cu
it d
iag
r
am
o
f
th
e
b
r
id
g
eless
L
an
d
s
m
an
c
o
n
v
er
ter
.
−
Mo
d
e
1
:
I
n
th
is
m
o
d
e,
s
witch
S
1
is
tu
r
n
ed
ON,
ca
u
s
in
g
ca
p
a
cito
r
C
1
to
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
an
d
tr
an
s
f
er
its
en
er
g
y
t
o
ch
ar
g
e
in
d
u
ct
o
r
L
I1
.
Du
r
in
g
m
o
d
e
1
,
in
d
u
ct
o
r
L
O1
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
s
,
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
to
an
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
V
DC
an
d
I
LI1
,
wh
ile
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
ac
r
o
s
s
ca
p
ac
ito
r
C
1
d
ec
r
ea
s
es.
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
ws th
e
b
r
id
g
eless
L
an
d
s
m
an
c
o
n
v
er
ter
ci
r
cu
it
in
m
o
d
e
1
.
−
Mo
d
e
2
:
I
n
th
is
m
o
d
e,
b
o
th
s
witch
es
ar
e
in
th
e
OFF
s
tat
e,
allo
win
g
th
e
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
o
f
i
n
d
u
cto
r
L
O1
an
d
ca
p
ac
ito
r
C
1
to
o
cc
u
r
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
d
u
r
in
g
m
o
d
e
2
,
th
e
in
p
u
t
in
d
u
cto
r
L
I1
d
is
ch
ar
g
es,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
a
r
is
e
in
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
ac
r
o
s
s
ca
p
ac
ito
r
C
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
d
ep
icts
th
e
cir
cu
it
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
b
r
id
g
eless
L
an
d
s
m
an
co
n
v
er
ter
d
u
r
i
n
g
m
o
d
e
2
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
.
−
Mo
d
e
3
:
I
n
m
o
d
e
3
,
d
is
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
ca
u
s
es
in
d
u
cto
r
cu
r
r
e
n
t
d
is
co
n
tin
u
ity
.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
I
L
I
1
d
r
o
p
s
to
ze
r
o
wh
e
n
th
e
in
d
u
ct
o
r
L
I
1
d
is
ch
ar
g
es
f
u
lly
.
I
n
th
e
m
ea
n
tim
e,
ca
p
ac
ito
r
C
1
'
s
v
o
l
tag
e
d
r
o
p
s
an
d
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t in
d
u
ct
o
r
'
s
cu
r
r
en
t r
i
s
es.
Fig
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
ws th
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u
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u
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5
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I
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8
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241
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r
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y
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s
tab
ilit
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.
2.
2
.
ANN
ba
s
ed
P
I
co
ntr
o
ller
T
h
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ctio
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o
f
a
n
ar
tific
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n
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r
al
n
etwo
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(
ANN)
ef
f
e
ctiv
ely
ad
d
r
ess
es
th
e
ch
allen
g
es
o
f
n
o
n
-
lin
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y
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tem
s
,
en
ab
lin
g
th
e
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n
o
f
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tial
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als
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r
th
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ter
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ap
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ak
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h
ly
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itab
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ter
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ically
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f
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s
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tem
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to
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n
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e
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r
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ated
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ased
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6
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ates
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ased
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p
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
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2
2
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h
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o
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ter
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n
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r
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u
r
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6
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ased
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r
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2.
3
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y
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t
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c
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c
ircuit
Hy
s
ter
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P
W
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o
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ad
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h
e
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ew
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y
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ter
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eg
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lated
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it
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s
im
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le
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k
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e
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d
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ter
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u
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ts
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h
e
R
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it
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tes
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'
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s
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s
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o
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th
e
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p
ac
ito
r
is
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m
p
ar
e
d
to
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e
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esis
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R
2
,
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e
c
o
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ller
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h
iev
es im
p
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ed
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er
f
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ce
.
1
2
1
≪
2
(
1
7
)
T
h
e
s
witch
in
g
f
r
e
q
u
en
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y
is
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iv
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as
(
1
8
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=
(
1
8
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h
e
h
y
s
ter
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v
o
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,
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D)
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tim
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co
n
s
tan
t
ar
e
s
u
p
p
lied
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
A
r
tifi
cia
l n
eu
r
a
l n
etw
o
r
k
-
o
p
timiz
ed
b
r
id
g
eless
L
a
n
d
s
ma
n
co
n
ve
r
ter fo
r
…
(
P
o
d
ila
P
u
r
n
a
C
h
a
n
d
r
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R
a
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)
243
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
p
r
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s
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h
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u
e
f
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r
a
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o
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e
r
ated
elec
tr
ic
v
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(
B
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with
im
p
r
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v
e
d
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.
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h
is
tech
n
iq
u
e
co
m
p
r
is
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a
b
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id
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an
d
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c
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ter
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ANN
b
a
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n
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ller
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ad
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itio
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ased
PW
M
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en
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r
.
T
h
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en
tire
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n
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u
e
is
s
im
u
lated
u
s
in
g
MA
T
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AB
.
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h
e
p
ar
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eter
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f
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th
e
b
r
id
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eless
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an
d
s
m
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c
o
n
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ter
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en
in
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ab
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1
.
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r
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en
t
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d
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m
s
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f
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r
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e
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ep
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in
Fig
u
r
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7
.
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h
e
in
p
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t
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cu
r
r
en
t
f
ir
s
t
v
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ies
f
r
o
m
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.
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A
to
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2
.
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A
an
d
th
en
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tab
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b
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to
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ltag
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w
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o
r
m
s
a
r
e
s
tab
le
ab
o
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t
7
0
V.
Fig
u
r
e
8
s
h
o
ws
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e
in
p
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t
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s
u
p
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l
y
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ef
o
r
m
.
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h
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id
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eless
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d
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ter
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to
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0
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f
r
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m
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s.
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v
o
ltag
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ac
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s
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ca
p
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is
g
iv
e
n
in
Fig
u
r
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s
9
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d
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(
b
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.
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h
e
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cu
r
r
e
n
t
is
s
h
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Fig
u
r
e
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iv
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Fig
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.
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ated
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Fig
u
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ased
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ter
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n
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f
f
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n
d
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atter
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ab
le
1
.
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eter
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ter
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p
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v
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)
180
to
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O
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t
p
u
t
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c
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tac
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:
lsrli
n
g
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y
a
h
o
o
.
c
o
.
in
.
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