I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
Appl
ied P
o
wer
E
ng
i
neer
ing
(
I
J
AP
E
)
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
2
6
,
p
p
.
1
3
2
~
1
40
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
,
DOI
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/ijap
e
.
v
1
5
.
i
1
.
pp
1
3
2
-
1
40
132
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//
ija
p
e.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m/
A nov
el 9
-
lev
el
fourfo
ld
-
bo
o
st swi
t
ched capa
citor
in
v
erte
r
(N9L
-
FBS
CI) con
figura
tion utili
zin
g
f
ewer
com
po
ne
nts and
o
ptimized ac
tive s
witches
N.
Su
bh
a
s
hcha
nd
ra
bo
s
e
,
I
.
K
um
a
ra
s
wa
my
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
En
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
M
o
h
a
n
b
a
b
u
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
,
T
i
r
u
p
a
t
h
i
,
I
n
d
i
a
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
J
an
6
,
2
0
2
5
R
ev
is
ed
Oct
2
1
,
2
0
2
5
Acc
ep
ted
No
v
2
8
,
2
0
2
5
M
u
lt
il
e
v
e
l
in
v
e
rter
(M
LI)
to
p
o
l
o
g
ies
a
re
m
o
re
imp
o
rtan
t
i
n
h
i
g
h
-
v
o
lt
a
g
e
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
wh
e
re
th
e
m
o
st
c
o
m
m
o
n
d
e
sig
n
ten
d
s
t
o
h
a
v
e
sig
n
ifi
c
a
n
t
d
isa
d
v
a
n
tag
e
s,
in
c
l
u
d
i
n
g
b
e
in
g
v
e
ry
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
wh
e
n
it
c
o
m
e
s
to
th
e
sw
it
c
h
v
o
lt
a
g
e
stre
ss
,
c
o
n
tro
l
sc
h
e
m
e
,
a
n
d
a
lso
n
o
t
se
lf
-
v
o
lt
a
g
e
b
a
lan
c
e
d
.
T
h
e
se
p
ro
b
lem
s
lea
d
to
h
ig
h
e
r
c
o
st,
lo
we
r
e
fficie
n
c
y
,
a
n
d
lo
we
r
re
li
a
b
il
it
y
.
T
h
is
p
a
p
e
r
will
t
h
e
re
fo
re
d
e
v
e
lo
p
a
n
e
w
n
in
e
-
lev
e
l
f
o
u
rf
o
l
d
-
b
o
o
st
sw
it
c
h
e
d
c
a
p
a
c
it
o
r
in
v
e
rter
(N9
L
-
F
B
S
C
I)
with
o
u
t
in
c
re
a
sin
g
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
b
u
t
e
n
su
re
s
g
re
a
ter
v
o
lt
a
g
e
g
a
in
s
a
n
d
e
a
se
o
f
u
se
.
It
u
se
s
o
n
ly
o
n
e
DC
so
u
rc
e
,
e
ig
h
t
a
c
ti
v
e
s
witch
e
s,
a
n
d
two
c
a
p
a
c
it
o
rs
wi
th
a
se
lf
-
b
a
lan
c
in
g
m
e
c
h
a
n
ism
o
f
th
e
v
o
lt
a
g
e
,
a
v
o
i
d
in
g
e
x
tra b
a
lan
c
in
g
o
f
th
e
v
o
lt
a
g
e
.
A
fo
u
r
f
o
ld
v
o
lt
a
g
e
g
a
i
n
is
a
c
h
iev
e
d
u
sin
g
fe
we
r
sw
it
c
h
in
g
d
e
v
ice
s
p
e
r
sta
g
e
a
n
d
les
s
b
l
o
c
k
in
g
v
o
lt
a
g
e
to
c
o
n
t
ro
l
a
c
ro
ss
sw
it
c
h
e
s.
An
e
fficie
n
t
c
o
n
tro
l
is
a
c
h
iev
e
d
b
y
a
le
v
e
l
-
sh
ift
e
d
p
h
a
se
d
isp
o
sit
io
n
P
WM
(LS
-
P
DPW
M
)
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
.
An
a
l
y
ti
c
a
l
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
a
ra
ti
v
e
tes
ti
n
g
a
g
a
in
st
re
c
e
n
t
M
LI
d
e
sig
n
p
ro
v
e
s
th
a
t
t
h
e
t
o
p
o
lo
g
y
p
r
o
p
o
se
d
h
a
s
b
e
tt
e
r
v
o
lt
a
g
e
b
o
o
sti
n
g
a
n
d
e
fficie
n
c
y
u
sin
g
th
e
lea
st
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts.
S
imu
lati
o
n
a
n
d
e
x
p
e
rime
n
tal
v
e
rifi
c
a
ti
o
n
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
p
ra
c
ti
c
a
l
e
fficie
n
c
y
o
f
th
e
N9
L
-
F
B
S
CI,
wh
ich
c
a
n
a
c
h
iev
e
a
4
0
0
V
p
e
a
k
o
u
t
p
u
t
with
l
o
w
to
tal
h
a
rm
o
n
ic
d
isto
r
ti
o
n
.
T
h
e
to
p
o
lo
g
y
h
a
s
a
h
ig
h
p
o
te
n
ti
a
l
in
re
n
e
wa
b
le
a
n
d
in
d
u
strial
field
s
with
c
o
st
e
ffe
c
ti
v
e
h
ig
h
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
.
E
x
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
a
l
a
n
d
s
i
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
d
a
t
a
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
a
n
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
o
f
4
0
0
V
a
t
a
n
o
u
t
p
u
t
l
o
a
d
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
o
f
2
A
w
i
t
h
R
L
l
o
a
d
i
n
g
(
1
0
0
Ω,
1
0
0
m
H
)
d
e
l
i
v
e
r
i
n
g
4
0
0
W
p
o
w
e
r
o
u
t
p
u
t
.
T
h
e
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
i
n
t
h
e
c
a
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
r
e
a
c
h
e
s
i
t
s
p
e
a
k
a
t
9
7
.
8
4
%
a
n
d
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
a
n
d
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
t
o
t
a
l
h
a
r
m
o
n
i
c
d
i
s
t
o
r
t
i
o
n
(
T
H
D
)
o
f
1
6
%
a
n
d
6
%
,
c
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
i
n
g
l
y
.
T
h
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
N9
L
-
F
BS
CI
h
a
s
a
b
e
tt
e
r
v
o
lt
a
g
e
g
a
in
a
n
d
fe
we
r
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
t
h
a
n
a
v
a
il
a
b
le
n
in
e
-
lev
e
l
to
p
o
l
o
g
ies
wit
h
o
u
t
a
lt
e
rin
g
th
e
d
e
li
g
h
t
o
f
th
e
wa
v
e
p
o
sit
i
o
n
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Mu
ltil
ev
el
in
v
er
ter
Pu
ls
e
wid
th
m
o
d
u
latio
n
Switch
ed
ca
p
ac
ito
r
T
o
tal
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
Vo
ltag
e
b
o
o
s
t
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r
th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
N.
Su
b
h
ash
ch
an
d
r
ab
o
s
e
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
E
lectr
ical
an
d
E
lectr
o
n
ics E
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
,
M
o
h
an
b
ab
u
Un
iv
er
s
ity
1
-
9
5
,
Nee
r
v
o
y
Villag
e,
Pich
at
u
r
Ma
n
d
al,
T
ir
u
p
at
h
i
,
An
d
h
r
a
Pra
d
esh
,
I
n
d
ia
E
m
ail:
n
.
s
u
b
h
ash
ch
a
n
d
r
a
b
o
s
e.
p
h
d
@
g
m
ail.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
ML
I
i
s
to
co
m
b
in
e
m
u
ltip
le
DC
v
o
l
tag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
to
ac
h
iev
e
en
h
an
ce
d
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
[
1
]
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
a
n
in
e
-
lev
el
in
v
er
te
r
.
T
h
is
d
esig
n
is
n
o
tab
le
f
o
r
its
s
i
m
p
licity
,
r
eq
u
ir
in
g
o
n
ly
o
n
e
in
p
u
t
s
o
u
r
ce
,
a
f
ew
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
,
wh
ile
f
ea
tu
r
in
g
s
elf
-
v
o
ltag
e
b
alan
cin
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
th
at
s
tr
ea
m
lin
e
m
o
d
u
latio
n
.
A
k
e
y
f
ea
tu
r
e
is
its
d
u
al
v
o
ltag
e
-
b
o
o
s
tin
g
ca
p
ac
ity
.
T
h
e
a
r
ch
itectu
r
e
o
f
s
in
g
le
-
s
tag
e
s
witch
ed
-
ca
p
ac
ito
r
m
o
d
u
les
f
o
r
in
v
er
te
r
s
was
ex
p
lo
r
ed
in
[
2
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
it
ac
h
iev
es
a
v
o
ltag
e
g
ain
o
f
two
.
A
n
in
e
-
lev
el
in
v
er
ter
u
tili
zin
g
s
witch
ed
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
with
q
u
a
d
r
u
p
le
-
b
o
o
s
t
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
was
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
i
n
[
3
]
-
[
5
]
,
k
ee
p
in
g
co
s
ts
lo
w.
Desp
ite
th
i
s
,
th
e
d
esig
n
im
p
o
s
es
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
s
tr
ess
o
n
s
witch
in
g
d
ev
ices.
A
b
o
o
s
t
in
v
er
ter
in
[
6
]
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
A
n
o
ve
l 9
-
leve
l fo
u
r
fo
ld
-
b
o
o
s
t
s
w
itch
ed
ca
p
a
cito
r
in
ve
r
ter
(
N
9
L
-
F
B
S
C
I
)
…
(
N
.
S
u
b
h
a
s
h
ch
a
n
d
r
a
b
o
s
e
)
133
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
a
n
in
e
-
le
v
el
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
,
ac
h
iev
in
g
a
n
o
u
tp
u
t
twice
as
h
ig
h
as
th
e
i
n
p
u
t.
Similar
ly
,
t
h
e
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
in
[
7
]
en
h
an
ce
s
v
o
ltag
e
lev
els,
ac
h
iev
es
m
u
lt
i
-
lev
el
o
u
tp
u
t,
an
d
im
p
lem
en
ts
p
ass
iv
e
v
o
ltag
e
b
alan
cin
g
b
u
t
r
eq
u
ir
es
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
,
lead
in
g
to
h
ig
h
e
r
s
tr
ess
o
n
s
witch
es.
I
n
[
8
]
,
i
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
with
a
q
u
ad
r
u
p
le
b
o
o
s
t
an
d
a
d
esig
n
o
f
1
1
s
witch
es
an
d
th
r
ee
d
io
d
es.
C
o
m
p
ac
t
SC
ML
I
d
esig
n
s
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
[
9
]
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
q
u
ality
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
in
[
1
0
]
-
[
1
2
]
u
tili
ze
s
m
in
im
al
d
ev
ices
to
g
en
er
ate
n
in
e
lev
els
b
u
t
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
s
tr
ess
,
with
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
p
er
at
in
g
at
th
eir
lim
its
.
T
h
e
n
in
e
-
lev
el
in
v
er
ter
in
[
1
3
]
u
s
es a
m
in
im
al
d
esig
n
o
f
te
n
s
witch
es a
n
d
two
f
lo
atin
g
ca
p
a
cito
r
s
(
FC
s
)
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
a
v
o
lta
g
e
-
d
o
u
b
lin
g
f
ea
tu
r
e
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
h
ig
h
e
r
v
o
ltag
e
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
.
A
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
er
-
le
s
s
T
-
ty
p
e
h
y
b
r
id
b
o
o
s
t
in
v
er
ter
in
[
1
4
]
d
eliv
er
s
h
ig
h
er
p
o
wer
d
en
s
ity
an
d
r
e
d
u
ce
d
s
em
ico
n
d
u
ct
o
r
r
atin
g
s
b
u
t
r
eq
u
ir
es
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
I
n
[
1
5
]
,
a
s
in
g
le
-
s
o
u
r
ce
q
u
ad
r
u
p
le
b
o
o
s
t
m
u
ltil
ev
el
in
v
er
ter
(
QB
-
ML
I
)
with
f
ewe
r
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
is
d
escr
ib
ed
,
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
1
0
s
witch
es,
two
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
,
two
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
an
d
o
n
e
d
io
d
e.
Me
a
n
wh
ile,
[
1
6
]
-
[
1
8
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
a
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
PV)
-
b
ased
n
in
e
-
lev
el
in
v
er
ter
wit
h
im
p
r
o
v
ed
leak
a
g
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
a
n
d
v
o
ltag
e
b
u
ck
i
n
g
ef
f
ec
ts
,
alb
eit
at
th
e
co
s
t
o
f
in
cr
ea
s
ed
co
m
p
o
n
en
t c
o
u
n
t.
T
h
e
SC
ML
I
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
in
[
1
9
]
em
p
lo
y
s
1
3
s
witch
es,
2
2
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
,
o
n
e
d
io
d
e,
an
d
a
s
in
g
le
s
o
u
r
ce
,
u
s
in
g
n
ea
r
est
-
lev
el
m
o
d
u
latio
n
to
en
h
an
ce
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
m
in
im
ize
s
witch
in
g
lo
s
s
es.
Fo
r
d
o
u
b
le
b
o
o
s
t
v
o
ltag
e
g
ain
,
[
2
0
]
an
in
v
er
ter
s
y
s
tem
u
tili
zin
g
1
1
-
s
witch
an
d
2
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
f
o
r
n
in
e
n
in
e
-
lev
el
b
o
o
s
t o
u
tp
u
t is p
r
esen
ted
,
th
o
u
g
h
r
eq
u
ir
in
g
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
f
o
r
th
e
d
esire
d
o
u
tp
u
t.
A
two
-
f
o
ld
v
o
ltag
e
b
o
o
s
t
is
ac
h
iev
ed
b
y
[
2
1
]
u
s
in
g
a
g
r
o
u
n
d
ed
,
s
in
g
le
-
s
o
u
r
ce
n
i
n
e
-
l
ev
el
in
v
er
ter
f
o
r
h
ig
h
-
f
r
e
q
u
en
cy
AC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
.
T
h
e
in
v
er
ter
i
n
[
2
2
]
in
co
r
p
o
r
a
tes
1
3
s
witch
es
an
d
two
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
f
o
r
a
n
in
e
-
lev
el
o
u
t
p
u
t,
e
m
p
h
asizin
g
v
o
ltag
e
b
o
o
s
tin
g
a
n
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
u
s
e
o
f
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
Similar
ly
,
[
16
],
[2
3
]
d
escr
ib
e
a
co
m
p
ac
t
in
v
er
t
er
with
o
n
e
p
o
wer
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
f
ewe
r
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
,
u
s
in
g
s
witch
ed
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
to
c
r
ea
te
v
ir
tu
al
DC
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
th
o
u
g
h
with
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
v
o
ltag
e
s
tr
ess
o
n
p
o
lar
ity
cir
cu
its
.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
in
[
2
4
]
f
o
c
u
s
es
o
n
s
im
p
licity
,
c
o
n
tr
o
lla
b
ilit
y
,
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
b
o
o
s
tin
g
,
th
o
u
g
h
s
tan
d
in
g
v
o
ltag
es
ca
n
im
p
ac
t
ef
f
icien
c
y
.
A
b
o
o
s
t
in
v
er
te
r
with
1
0
s
witch
es
an
d
two
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
o
f
f
er
in
g
n
in
e
o
u
tp
u
t
lev
els
is
d
escr
ib
ed
in
[
2
5
]
,
b
u
t
h
ig
h
er
p
o
wer
o
p
er
atio
n
ca
n
s
tr
ess
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
an
d
af
f
ec
t
s
y
s
tem
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
I
n
[
2
6
]
,
a
q
u
ad
r
a
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
t
er
with
m
in
im
u
m
s
witch
es
is
o
u
tlin
ed
,
r
e
q
u
ir
in
g
m
o
r
e
r
o
b
u
s
t
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
f
o
r
n
in
e
-
lev
el
o
u
t
p
u
ts
.
T
h
e
s
elf
-
b
alan
cin
g
ca
p
ac
ito
r
d
esig
n
in
s
u
f
f
er
s
f
r
o
m
h
ig
h
s
tan
d
in
g
v
o
ltag
e,
w
h
ile
d
escr
ib
in
g
a
h
ig
h
-
ef
f
icien
c
y
b
o
o
s
t in
v
er
ter
with
q
u
a
d
r
u
p
le
g
ain
b
u
t r
eq
u
ir
in
g
th
e
m
o
s
t
ac
tiv
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
f
o
r
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
lev
el.
T
h
is
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
f
o
r
d
esig
n
in
g
in
v
e
r
ter
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
with
f
ewe
r
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
,
r
ed
u
ce
d
s
tan
d
i
n
g
v
o
ltag
es,
an
d
m
in
im
al
ac
tiv
e
d
e
v
ices
wh
ile
ac
h
iev
in
g
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
g
ai
n
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
i
n
cip
al
aim
o
f
th
is
wo
r
k
is
to
d
escr
ib
e
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
al
o
f
th
e
n
o
v
el
n
in
e
-
lev
el
f
o
u
r
-
f
o
ld
-
b
o
o
s
t
s
witch
ed
ca
p
ac
ito
r
in
v
er
ter
(
N9
L
-
FB
SC
I
)
,
an
d
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tally
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
th
eo
r
etica
lly
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
N9
L
-
FB
SC
I
to
b
e
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
g
ain
b
ased
o
n
a
s
in
g
le
DC
s
o
u
r
ce
,
v
er
y
f
ewe
r
s
witch
es,
an
d
s
elf
-
b
alan
ce
d
ca
p
ac
it
o
r
s
-
h
o
wev
er
with
q
u
ality
wav
es
an
d
ac
h
iev
ab
le
ef
f
icien
cy
th
a
t
f
u
lf
ils
h
ig
h
-
v
o
ltag
e
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
wh
en
it
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
in
co
m
p
ac
t
s
ize.
T
h
e
ar
ticle
is
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
as
f
o
llo
ws:
Sectio
n
2
ex
p
lain
s
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
esig
n
,
its
o
p
e
r
atio
n
,
co
n
tr
o
l stra
teg
ies,
an
d
in
clu
d
e
s
a
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
r
ec
en
t to
p
o
lo
g
ies with
a
p
o
wer
l
o
s
s
s
tu
d
y
.
Sectio
n
3
p
r
esen
ts
s
im
u
latio
n
an
d
e
x
p
er
i
m
en
tal
r
esu
lts
,
wh
ile
Sectio
n
4
p
r
o
v
id
es c
o
n
cl
u
s
io
n
s
.
2.
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
CO
NF
I
G
UR
A
T
I
O
N
Fig
u
r
e
1
d
e
p
icts
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
d
esig
n
N9
L
-
FB
SC
I
,
wh
ich
h
as
o
n
e
DC
s
o
u
r
ce
,
Vd
c
,
an
d
n
in
e
s
witch
es,
S1
–
S9
.
Sp
litt
in
g
th
e
s
y
s
tem
in
to
two
p
r
im
ar
y
p
ar
ts
s
im
p
lifie
s
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
u
n
it
(
U1
)
f
ea
tu
r
es
f
iv
e
s
witch
es
(
S1
-
S5
)
,
d
io
d
es
(
D1
)
,
an
d
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
(
C
1
an
d
C
2
)
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
u
n
it
(
U2
)
p
o
s
s
ess
es
4
s
witch
es
(
S6
-
S9
)
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
u
n
it
p
r
o
v
id
es
v
o
ltag
e,
wh
er
e
as
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
u
n
it
en
h
an
ce
s
it
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
two
d
if
f
er
en
t
m
ag
n
itu
d
es.
W
ith
o
u
t
n
ee
d
in
g
a
co
m
p
lete
b
r
id
g
e
at
th
e
ter
m
in
al
e
n
d
s
,
t
h
e
s
witch
es
in
U2
a
r
e
p
o
s
itio
n
ed
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
AC
o
u
tp
u
t.
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
s
tr
ess
o
n
th
e
f
ir
s
t
u
n
it
d
e
v
ices
is
r
estricte
d
to
Vd
c
an
d
2
V
d
c,
wh
ile
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
u
n
it
s
witch
es
en
co
u
n
ter
4
Vd
c.
T
h
e
ci
r
cu
it
s
witch
in
g
s
ch
e
m
e
f
o
r
in
d
u
ctiv
e
lo
a
d
o
p
er
atio
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
2
h
elp
s
th
e
in
v
er
ter
wo
r
k
in
v
ar
io
u
s
lo
ad
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
also
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
e
n
in
e
o
p
e
r
atio
n
al
s
tates
o
f
th
e
N9
L
-
FB
SC
I
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
at
th
e
+4
Vd
c
lev
el,
s
witch
es
S1
,
S
6
,
S9
,
an
d
S3
ar
e
ac
tiv
ate
d
,
allo
win
g
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ed
in
C
1
,
C
2
,
an
d
th
e
in
p
u
t
s
o
u
r
ce
to
s
u
p
p
l
y
th
e
lo
ad
.
At
+3
Vd
c,
en
er
g
y
is
d
r
awn
f
r
o
m
C
2
an
d
th
e
in
p
u
t
s
o
u
r
ce
b
y
ac
tiv
atin
g
S3
,
S6
,
S9
,
an
d
D1
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Du
r
in
g
th
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
ca
p
ac
ito
r
C
1
is
r
ec
h
ar
g
ed
to
V
d
c
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
a
r
allel
o
p
er
atio
n
with
t
h
e
in
p
u
t so
u
r
c
e.
At
th
e
+2
Vd
c
lev
el,
s
witch
es
S1
,
S6
,
S9
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
b
o
d
y
d
io
d
e
o
f
S4
a
r
e
tu
r
n
ed
o
n
,
s
u
p
p
l
y
in
g
en
e
r
g
y
to
th
e
lo
ad
f
r
o
m
C
1
an
d
th
e
i
n
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e.
Simu
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
,
C
2
is
ch
ar
g
ed
to
2
Vd
c
b
y
o
p
er
atin
g
in
p
ar
allel
with
th
e
p
o
wer
s
o
u
r
ce
.
At
+
Vd
c,
s
witch
es
D1
,
t
h
e
b
o
d
y
d
io
d
es
o
f
S4
,
S6
,
an
d
S9
ar
e
ac
tiv
ated
,
with
C
1
r
ec
h
ar
g
in
g
to
Vd
c
d
u
r
i
n
g
p
a
r
a
llelizatio
n
with
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
,
as
d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
At
th
e
ze
r
o
-
o
u
tp
u
t
lev
el,
s
witch
es
D1
,
S2
,
S7
,
an
d
S9
ar
e
t
u
r
n
ed
o
n
.
Her
e,
C
1
is
ch
a
r
g
ed
to
Vd
c
b
y
o
p
er
atin
g
in
p
a
r
allel
with
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
,
b
u
t
n
o
en
e
r
g
y
is
tr
a
n
s
f
er
r
ed
to
th
e
lo
a
d
.
Fo
r
n
e
g
ativ
e
v
o
ltag
e
le
v
els,
s
witch
es
S1
,
S3
,
S8
,
an
d
S7
a
r
e
ac
tiv
ated
at
−4
Vd
c
,
d
eliv
e
r
in
g
en
e
r
g
y
t
o
th
e
lo
a
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
C
1
,
C
2
,
an
d
t
h
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
2
6
:
1
3
2
-
1
40
134
in
p
u
t
s
o
u
r
ce
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
At
−3
Vd
c,
en
e
r
g
y
is
s
u
p
p
lied
f
r
o
m
C
2
an
d
th
e
in
p
u
t
s
o
u
r
ce
b
y
ac
tiv
atin
g
D1
,
S2
,
S3
,
S8
,
a
n
d
S7
w
h
ile
C
1
is
r
ec
h
ar
g
ed
to
Vd
c
in
p
ar
a
llel w
ith
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
.
At
−2
Vd
c,
s
witch
es
S1
,
th
e
b
o
d
y
d
i
o
d
e
o
f
S4
,
S5
,
S8
,
an
d
S7
ar
e
tu
r
n
e
d
o
n
.
T
h
e
l
o
ad
is
p
o
wer
ed
b
y
th
e
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ed
in
C
1
an
d
th
e
in
p
u
t
s
o
u
r
ce
,
wh
ile
C
2
c
h
ar
g
es
to
2
Vd
c
in
p
ar
allel
with
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
.
Fo
r
−V
d
c,
s
witch
es
D1
,
S2
,
th
e
b
o
d
y
d
io
d
e
o
f
S4
,
S8
,
a
n
d
S7
ar
e
ac
tiv
ated
,
s
u
p
p
ly
i
n
g
e
n
er
g
y
f
r
o
m
V
d
c
to
th
e
lo
ad
an
d
r
ec
h
a
r
g
in
g
C
1
to
Vd
c,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
E
ac
h
o
f
th
e
q
u
asi
-
s
q
u
ar
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
'
s
Fo
u
r
ier
d
ec
o
m
p
o
s
itio
n
(
V
oi
)
m
ig
h
t
b
e
d
escr
ib
ed
as (
1
)
-
(
3
)
.
oi
=
2
dc
∑
co
s
(
i
)
∞
=
1
,
3
,
…
s
in
(
)
(
1
)
o
ut
=
∑
oi
4
=
1
(
2
)
o
ut
=
2
dc
∑
∑
co
s
(
i
)
4
=
1
s
in
(
)
∞
=
1
,
3
,
…
(
3
)
W
h
er
e
:
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
co
n
tr
i
b
u
ted
b
y
th
e
i
-
t
h
s
witch
in
g
lev
el;
:
in
p
u
t
D
C
v
o
ltag
e;
:
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
o
r
d
er
(
o
d
d
in
teg
e
r
s
o
n
ly
:
1
,
3
,
5
,
.
.
.
)
;
:
s
witch
in
g
a
n
g
le
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
i
-
th
lev
el;
:
an
g
u
lar
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
o
f
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t w
av
e
f
o
r
m
(
=
2
);
an
d
: to
tal
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
th
e
in
v
er
ter
wav
ef
o
r
m
.
+
S
7
S
6
V
i
n
-
L
o
a
d
S
5
S
8
C
2
S
3
S
4
D
1
V
o
C
1
S
1
S
2
S
9
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
N9
L
-
FB
SC
I
to
p
o
lo
g
y
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
N9
L
-
FB
SC
I
with
m
u
ltip
le
m
o
d
es o
f
lev
el
g
en
e
r
atio
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
A
n
o
ve
l 9
-
leve
l fo
u
r
fo
ld
-
b
o
o
s
t
s
w
itch
ed
ca
p
a
cito
r
in
ve
r
ter
(
N
9
L
-
F
B
S
C
I
)
…
(
N
.
S
u
b
h
a
s
h
ch
a
n
d
r
a
b
o
s
e
)
135
2
.
1
.
Co
ntr
o
l
s
t
ra
t
eg
y
T
h
e
L
SP
W
M
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
N
-
lev
el
in
v
er
te
r
s
u
tili
ze
s
N−
1
c
ar
r
ier
s
ig
n
als
with
co
n
s
is
ten
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
an
d
am
p
litu
d
e,
c
o
v
er
i
n
g
a
p
ea
k
-
to
-
p
ea
k
r
a
n
g
e.
Du
e
to
its
g
r
ea
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
c
lar
ity
,
an
d
v
er
s
atile
co
n
tr
o
l
ch
o
ices,
L
S
-
PDPW
M
m
o
d
u
latio
n
is
b
ec
o
m
in
g
m
o
r
e
co
m
m
o
n
in
m
u
lti
lev
el
in
v
er
ter
s
(
ML
I
s
)
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
g
en
er
ates
a
n
in
e
-
le
v
el
v
o
ltag
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
u
s
in
g
eig
h
t
ca
r
r
ier
s
ig
n
als
th
at
ar
e
p
er
f
ec
tly
m
atch
ed
t
o
g
u
ar
an
tee
co
n
s
tan
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cie
s
an
d
p
ea
k
-
to
-
p
ea
k
am
p
litu
d
e
s
.
T
h
is
ar
r
ay
o
f
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
ized
ca
r
r
ier
s
is
ca
lled
"p
h
ase
d
is
p
o
s
itio
n
(
PD)
PW
M
m
eth
o
d
.
"
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
a)
s
h
o
ws
th
e
b
asic
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
-
m
o
d
u
latin
g
wav
e
ce
n
tr
ally
alig
n
ed
with
th
e
ze
r
o
-
r
ef
er
en
c
e
lin
e.
C
ar
r
ier
m
ag
n
itu
d
es
r
a
n
g
e
f
r
o
m
0
t
o
+4
a
n
d
-
4
to
0
,
a
s
s
h
o
wn
.
W
h
en
th
e
m
o
d
u
latin
g
wav
e
ex
ce
e
d
s
th
e
ca
r
r
ier
wav
e,
th
e
o
p
e
r
atin
g
m
e
ch
an
is
m
tr
ig
g
er
s
.
A
c
o
m
p
ar
at
o
r
cir
cu
it
co
m
p
ar
es
a
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
m
o
d
u
latin
g
s
ig
n
al
with
a
tr
ian
g
u
lar
ca
r
r
ier
wav
e.
T
h
is
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
b
y
lo
g
ical
cir
cu
itry
to
cr
ea
te
in
v
er
te
r
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
witch
in
g
s
ig
n
als.
T
h
e
s
u
g
g
ested
n
in
e
-
lev
el
s
witch
in
g
s
ig
n
als
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
b
)
.
Sy
n
ch
r
o
n
ized
ca
r
r
ier
s
ig
n
als
an
d
q
u
ick
tr
ig
g
er
in
g
an
d
s
witch
in
g
s
ig
n
als
allo
w
th
is
co
n
tr
o
l
m
eth
o
d
to
p
r
ec
is
ely
m
o
d
u
late
an
d
alter
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
o
u
tp
u
t.
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
c)
s
h
o
ws
th
e
b
lo
ck
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l c
ir
c
u
it.
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
N9
L
-
FB
SC
I
s
w
itch
in
g
b
eh
av
io
r
ac
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
to
t
h
e
PD m
eth
o
d
:
(
a
)
p
atter
n
o
f
ca
r
r
ie
r
s
,
(
b
)
s
witch
in
g
s
ig
n
al,
a
n
d
(
c
)
b
l
o
ck
d
iag
r
am
o
f
co
n
tr
o
l c
ir
cu
it
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
2
6
:
1
3
2
-
1
40
136
2
.
2
.
Co
m
prehens
iv
e
co
m
pa
r
is
o
n
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
N9
L
-
FB
S
C
I
in
v
er
ter
is
ev
alu
ated
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
d
etailed
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
k
ey
p
ar
am
eter
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
s
witch
co
u
n
t,
DC
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
,
v
o
ltag
e
b
o
o
s
t,
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
.
T
a
b
le
1
co
m
p
ar
es
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
N9
L
-
FB
S
C
I
with
s
elec
ted
co
n
v
er
te
r
d
esig
n
s
r
ep
o
r
ted
in
[
3
]
,
[
7
]
,
[
8
]
,
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
,
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
is
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
its
r
ed
u
ce
d
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t c
o
u
n
t a
n
d
s
u
p
er
i
o
r
v
o
ltag
e
g
ain
.
T
ab
le
1
.
C
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
with
r
ec
en
tly
r
ep
o
r
ted
ML
I
s
(
s
in
g
le
p
h
ase
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
)
M
LI
s
NL
N
S
W
N
D
C
S
NC
ND
TN
C
M
C
S
BF
%η
[
3
]
9
12
2
2
0
14
6
4
8
0
.
5
[
7
]
9
12
1
3
0
16
6
4
9
7
.
6
[
8
]
9
8
1
3
3
15
4
4
93
[
1
5
]
9
10
1
2
1
14
5
4
9
8
.
2
[
1
6
]
9
11
1
3
2
17
5
4
9
6
.
0
8
[
1
9
]
9
13
1
2
1
17
6
4
9
0
.
9
4
[
2
0
]
9
10
1
2
0
14
5
2
9
8
.
8
6
[2
6
]
9
10
1
2
0
13
5
4
9
7
.
3
P
r
o
p
o
se
d
9
8
1
2
2
13
4
4
9
7
.
8
4
N
C
:
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
s
,
N
D
S
:
n
u
mb
e
r
o
f
D
C
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
,
N
S
W
:
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
sw
i
t
c
h
e
s,
N
D
:
n
u
mb
e
r
o
f
d
i
o
d
e
s,
C
S
:
ma
x
i
m
u
m
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
i
n
g
sw
i
t
c
h
e
s,
B
F
:
b
o
o
st
i
n
g
f
a
c
t
o
r
,
TN
C
:
t
o
t
a
l
n
u
mb
e
r
o
f
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
,
η
:
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
C
o
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
m
o
s
t
d
esig
n
s
,
th
e
N9
L
-
FB
SC
I
u
s
es
f
ewe
r
s
witch
es
(
NSW
)
an
d
ca
p
ac
it
o
r
s
(
NC
)
,
ac
h
iev
in
g
b
etter
v
o
ltag
e
b
o
o
s
tin
g
wh
ile
m
ain
tain
i
n
g
s
im
p
li
city
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
s
o
m
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
,
lik
e
[
1
]
a
n
d
[
9
]
,
u
s
e
f
ewe
r
s
witch
es,
th
ey
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
o
r
e
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
an
d
o
f
f
er
lo
wer
v
o
ltag
e
g
ain
s
.
Similar
ly
,
wh
ile
[
6
]
em
p
lo
y
s
two
DC
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
v
er
te
r
m
atch
es o
th
er
s
with
ju
s
t o
n
e
DC
s
o
u
r
ce
.
T
h
e
N9
L
-
FB
SC
I
also
lim
it
s
ac
tiv
e
s
witch
es
to
f
iv
e
p
er
lev
el
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
s
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
s
witch
es
(
MCS
)
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
m
o
s
t
alter
n
ativ
es.
W
h
ile
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
s
lik
e
[
2
]
an
d
[
1
5
]
ac
h
iev
e
lo
wer
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
s
witch
es,
th
ey
in
v
o
lv
e
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
d
v
o
ltag
e
g
ain
s
.
C
o
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
o
f
b
lo
ck
in
g
v
o
ltag
es,
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
lo
o
p
s
,
to
tal
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
,
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
co
n
f
ir
m
t
h
a
t
th
e
N9
L
-
FB
SC
I
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
s
ex
is
tin
g
d
esig
n
s
in
ter
m
s
o
f
s
im
p
licity
,
v
o
ltag
e
b
o
o
s
t,
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S O
F
N9
L
-
F
B
SC
I
T
h
e
N9
L
-
FB
SC
I
m
o
d
el
was
s
im
u
lated
u
s
in
g
MA
T
L
AB
-
S
im
u
lin
k
to
v
alid
ate
th
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
L
ev
el
-
s
h
i
f
ted
PW
M
s
ch
em
es
wer
e
im
p
lem
en
ted
an
d
in
teg
r
ated
in
to
th
e
N9
L
-
FB
SC
I
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
to
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
its
p
r
ac
tical
ap
p
licatio
n
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
d
esig
n
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
a
s
in
g
le
DC
s
o
u
r
ce
r
ated
at
V
=
1
0
0
V,
n
in
e
I
GB
T
s
witch
es,
an
d
two
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
(
C
1
an
d
C
2
)
with
v
o
ltag
e
r
ati
n
g
s
o
f
V
an
d
2
V,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
ese
elem
e
n
ts
wo
r
k
in
u
n
is
o
n
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
a
9
-
lev
el
o
u
tp
u
t
wav
e
f
o
r
m
with
a
p
ea
k
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
4
0
0
V.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
N9
L
-
FB
SC
I
wa
s
a
s
s
es
s
ed
at
a
s
w
itch
in
g
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
o
f
2
k
Hz
an
d
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
en
t
m
o
d
u
latio
n
in
d
ices.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
was
test
ed
u
n
d
er
s
tead
y
-
s
tate
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
d
y
n
am
ic
l
o
ad
v
ar
iatio
n
s
at
a
m
o
d
u
latio
n
in
d
ex
o
f
o
n
e,
as we
ll a
s
in
o
p
er
atin
g
m
o
d
es wh
er
e
th
e
m
o
d
u
latio
n
in
d
e
x
was b
elo
w
an
d
ab
o
v
e
u
n
ity
.
As
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
es
4
a
n
d
5
,
th
e
FF
T
an
aly
s
is
s
h
o
ws
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
wav
e
f
o
r
m
s
f
o
r
an
R
L
lo
ad
(
1
0
0
Ω
,
5
0
m
H)
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
a
p
ea
k
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tal
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
4
0
0
V,
with
a
v
o
ltag
e
to
tal
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
(
T
HDV)
o
f
1
4
.
2
4
%
an
d
a
cu
r
r
en
t
to
tal
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
(
T
HDi)
o
f
4
.
0
6
%.
T
h
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
f
u
r
th
e
r
v
alid
ated
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
N9
L
-
FB
S
C
I
d
esig
n
.
E
ac
h
FGA2
5
N1
2
0
I
GB
T
was c
o
n
tr
o
lled
u
s
in
g
a
T
L
P2
5
0
d
r
iv
er
ci
r
cu
it,
with
g
ate
s
ig
n
als g
en
er
ated
b
y
th
e
d
SP
AC
E
1
1
0
4
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
.
T
h
e
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
th
e
in
v
er
ter
was
o
b
tain
e
d
at
th
e
p
o
in
t
o
f
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t
with
a
Yo
k
o
g
awa
W
T
3
1
0
E
p
r
ec
is
io
n
p
o
wer
an
al
y
ze
r
.
T
h
e
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
s
etu
p
f
o
r
th
e
N9
L
-
FB
SC
I
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Fig
u
r
es
7
an
d
8
d
is
p
lay
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
wav
e
f
o
r
m
s
f
o
r
an
R
L
lo
ad
(
1
0
0
Ω
,
5
0
m
H)
an
d
th
eir
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
s
p
ec
tr
al
an
aly
s
is
.
T
h
e
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
r
esu
lts
a
ch
iev
ed
a
p
ea
k
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
3
9
9
.
2
V
an
d
a
p
ea
k
cu
r
r
en
t o
f
2
A,
with
T
HDV
r
ec
o
r
d
e
d
at
1
6
% T
HDi
at
6
%.
I
n
ac
h
ie
v
in
g
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
,
a
cir
cu
itu
ally
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
o
u
t
p
u
t
f
ilter
(
e.
g
.
,
L
C
o
r
L
C
L
)
m
u
s
t
b
e
ca
lled
u
p
o
n
to
r
e
d
u
ce
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
a
n
d
g
u
ar
an
tee
co
n
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
with
r
eg
u
l
atio
n
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
g
r
id
-
tied
im
p
le
m
en
tatio
n
o
r
ap
p
licatio
n
s
with
s
en
s
itiv
e
lo
ad
s
.
T
h
e
f
ilter
d
esig
n
is
n
o
r
m
ally
ap
p
licatio
n
s
p
ec
if
ic,
b
ased
u
p
o
n
th
e
lo
a
d
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
,
s
w
itch
in
g
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
,
an
d
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
atte
n
u
atio
n
b
a
n
d
wid
th
.
T
h
is
f
ilter
in
g
will
b
e
in
teg
r
ated
in
to
th
e
n
ex
t
p
r
o
to
t
y
p
es
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
o
f
ce
r
tain
u
s
e
ca
s
es
(
PV
-
g
r
id
in
teg
r
ati
o
n
o
r
m
o
to
r
d
r
iv
e)
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
A
n
o
ve
l 9
-
leve
l fo
u
r
fo
ld
-
b
o
o
s
t
s
w
itch
ed
ca
p
a
cito
r
in
ve
r
ter
(
N
9
L
-
F
B
S
C
I
)
…
(
N
.
S
u
b
h
a
s
h
ch
a
n
d
r
a
b
o
s
e
)
137
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Simu
lated
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
win
g
N9
L
-
FB
SC
I
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
e
n
t w
av
ef
o
r
m
s
with
R
L
lo
ad
in
g
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
T
h
e
N9
L
-
FB
SC
I
s
h
o
wca
s
in
g
th
e
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t o
u
tp
u
ts
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
E
x
p
er
im
e
n
tal
s
et
u
p
o
f
N9
L
-
FB
SC
I
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
2
6
:
1
3
2
-
1
40
138
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
E
x
p
er
im
e
n
tal
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
win
g
N9
L
-
FB
SC
I
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t w
av
ef
o
r
m
s
with
R
L
lo
ad
in
g
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
T
h
e
N9
L
-
FB
SC
I
s
h
o
wca
s
in
g
th
e
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t o
u
tp
u
ts
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
a
n
o
v
el
N9
L
-
FB
SC
I
co
n
f
ig
u
r
ati
o
n
,
d
esig
n
ed
to
ac
h
iev
e
h
ig
h
er
v
o
ltag
e
o
u
tp
u
t
with
n
o
m
in
al
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
esig
n
in
teg
r
ates
an
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
s
witch
ed
ca
p
ac
ito
r
(
SC
)
ar
r
an
g
em
e
n
t,
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
ac
h
iev
e
h
ig
h
v
o
l
tag
e
lev
els
with
f
ewe
r
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
b
y
u
tili
zin
g
a
q
u
ad
r
u
p
le
b
o
o
s
t
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
.
C
ap
ac
ito
r
v
o
ltag
e
s
elf
-
b
alan
c
in
g
is
g
u
ar
a
n
teed
b
y
th
is
to
p
o
lo
g
y
b
y
d
ef
a
u
lt,
r
em
o
v
in
g
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
au
x
iliar
y
cir
cu
its
an
d
in
c
r
ea
s
in
g
s
y
s
tem
co
n
tr
o
l e
f
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
.
Key
f
ac
to
r
s
,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
co
u
n
t,
v
o
ltag
e
g
ain
,
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
s
tr
ess
wer
e
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
eq
u
iv
alen
t
in
v
er
ter
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
at
io
n
s
as
p
ar
t
o
f
a
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
r
e
v
iew.
C
o
m
p
ar
ati
v
e
an
aly
s
is
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
cr
iter
ia
r
ev
ea
ls
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
esig
n
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
s
m
an
y
r
ec
en
t
in
v
er
ter
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
s
r
ep
o
r
te
d
in
th
e
liter
atu
r
e.
I
t
ac
h
iev
es
s
u
p
er
io
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
wh
ile
s
y
n
th
esizin
g
th
e
AC
o
u
tp
u
t
with
o
u
t
r
ely
in
g
o
n
a
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
f
u
ll
-
b
r
id
g
e
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e,
th
er
e
b
y
r
e
d
u
cin
g
v
o
ltag
e
s
tr
ess
,
wh
ich
is
ca
p
p
ed
at
2
V
d
c.
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
N
9
L
-
FB
S
C
I
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
was
v
alid
ated
th
r
o
u
g
h
b
o
th
s
im
u
l
atio
n
an
d
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
s
tu
d
ies.
T
h
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
r
esu
lts
clo
s
ely
ali
g
n
with
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
,
co
n
f
ir
m
i
n
g
th
e
s
u
itab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
d
esig
n
f
o
r
r
e
al
-
wo
r
ld
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
clea
r
ly
h
ig
h
lig
h
t th
e
ad
v
an
tag
es o
f
th
e
N9
L
-
FB
S
C
I
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
en
ab
les
elev
ated
v
o
ltag
e
lev
els
an
d
d
eliv
er
s
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
v
o
ltag
e
am
p
lific
atio
n
v
ia
its
f
o
u
r
f
o
l
d
b
o
o
s
t
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
.
T
h
is
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
p
r
ac
ti
ca
l
v
iab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
N9
L
-
FB
SC
I
f
o
r
d
iv
er
s
e
h
ig
h
-
v
o
ltag
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
c
o
n
v
er
ter
with
4
0
0
V
p
ea
k
v
o
ltag
e,
2
A
lo
a
d
cu
r
r
en
t,
an
d
4
0
0
W
p
o
we
r
r
atin
g
is
c
h
ec
k
ed
b
y
s
im
u
latio
n
an
d
h
ar
d
war
e
test
s
.
T
h
e
v
al
u
es
o
f
T
HD
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
e
n
t
wer
e
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
as
16
%
an
d
6
%
af
ter
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
,
an
d
th
e
in
v
er
ter
r
ea
ch
ed
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
9
7
.
8
4
%.
Dem
o
n
s
tr
ated
v
o
ltag
es
an
d
im
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
less
v
ar
y
in
g
v
o
ltag
es
ac
r
o
s
s
s
witch
es
(
lim
ited
to
4
Vd
c,
w
ith
litt
le
ch
an
g
e
i
n
v
o
ltag
es
ac
r
o
s
s
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
)
,
an
d
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
b
o
o
s
tin
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
ar
e
b
etter
th
an
with
s
im
ilar
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
,
wh
ich
u
s
e
m
o
r
e
s
witch
es
o
r
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
o
n
e
s
o
u
r
ce
.
T
h
e
o
u
tco
m
es
estab
lis
h
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iacy
o
f
th
e
N9
L
-
FB
S
C
I
to
s
h
o
r
t a
d
ju
s
tab
le
ap
p
licatio
n
s
in
r
en
ewa
b
le
v
ig
o
r
s
o
u
r
ce
s
an
d
in
d
u
s
tr
y
d
r
iv
es.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
th
at
n
o
f
u
n
d
i
n
g
was in
v
o
lv
e
d
in
c
o
n
d
u
ctin
g
th
is
r
esear
ch
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
A
n
o
ve
l 9
-
leve
l fo
u
r
fo
ld
-
b
o
o
s
t
s
w
itch
ed
ca
p
a
cito
r
in
ve
r
ter
(
N
9
L
-
F
B
S
C
I
)
…
(
N
.
S
u
b
h
a
s
h
ch
a
n
d
r
a
b
o
s
e
)
139
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
ax
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
id
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Na
m
e
o
f
Aut
ho
r
C
M
So
Va
Fo
I
R
D
O
E
Vi
Su
P
Fu
N.
Su
b
h
ash
ch
a
n
d
r
ab
o
s
e
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
I
.
Ku
m
ar
aswam
y
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
C
:
C
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
M
:
M
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
So
:
So
f
t
w
a
r
e
Va
:
Va
l
i
d
a
t
i
o
n
Fo
:
Fo
r
mal
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
I
:
I
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
R
:
R
e
so
u
r
c
e
s
D
:
D
a
t
a
C
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
O
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
O
r
i
g
i
n
a
l
D
r
a
f
t
E
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
R
e
v
i
e
w
&
E
d
i
t
i
n
g
Vi
:
Vi
su
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
Su
:
Su
p
e
r
v
i
s
i
o
n
P
:
P
r
o
j
e
c
t
a
d
mi
n
i
st
r
a
t
i
o
n
Fu
:
Fu
n
d
i
n
g
a
c
q
u
i
si
t
i
o
n
CO
NF
L
I
C
T
O
F
I
N
T
E
R
E
S
T
ST
A
T
E
M
E
NT
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
d
ec
lar
e
th
at
th
e
r
e
is
n
o
co
n
f
lict o
f
in
ter
est r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
p
u
b
licatio
n
o
f
th
is
m
a
n
u
s
cr
ip
t.
DATA AV
AI
L
AB
I
L
I
T
Y
T
h
e
d
ata
th
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
av
ailab
l
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
au
t
h
o
r
,
[
NS]
,
u
p
o
n
r
ea
s
o
n
ab
le
r
eq
u
est.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
J.
L
i
u
,
J.
W
u
,
J
.
Z
e
n
g
,
a
n
d
H
.
G
u
o
,
“
A
n
o
v
e
l
n
i
n
e
-
l
e
v
e
l
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
e
m
p
l
o
y
i
n
g
o
n
e
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
a
n
d
r
e
d
u
c
e
d
c
o
mp
o
n
e
n
t
s
a
s
h
i
g
h
-
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
A
C
p
o
w
e
r
so
u
r
c
e
,
”
I
EE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
P
o
w
e
r
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
3
2
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
2
9
3
9
–
2
9
4
7
,
A
p
r
.
2
0
1
7
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
TPE
L.
2
0
1
6
.
2
5
8
2
2
0
6
.
[
2
]
S
.
S
.
L
e
e
,
“
S
i
n
g
l
e
-
st
a
g
e
sw
i
t
c
h
e
d
-
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
m
o
d
u
l
e
(
S
3
C
M
)
t
o
p
o
l
o
g
y
f
o
r
c
a
sca
d
e
d
m
u
l
t
i
l
e
v
e
l
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
,
”
I
E
EE
T
ra
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
Po
w
e
r
El
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
3
3
,
n
o
.
1
0
,
p
p
.
8
2
0
4
–
8
2
0
7
,
O
c
t
.
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
TPEL.
2
0
1
8
.
2
8
0
5
6
8
5
.
[
3
]
N
.
S
a
n
d
e
e
p
a
n
d
J.
S
.
A
l
i
,
“
A
n
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
d
q
u
a
d
r
u
p
l
e
-
b
o
o
s
t
sw
i
t
c
h
e
d
-
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
-
b
a
s
e
d
n
i
n
e
-
l
e
v
e
l
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
,
”
I
EE
E
T
ra
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
Po
w
e
r
El
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
3
8
,
n
o
.
8
,
p
p
.
9
3
3
5
–
9
3
3
9
,
A
u
g
.
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
TPEL.
2
0
2
3
.
3
2
7
2
9
1
5
.
[
4
]
A
.
K
.
S
i
n
g
h
,
R
.
R
a
u
sh
a
n
,
R
.
K
.
M
a
n
d
a
l
,
a
n
d
M
.
W
.
A
h
m
a
d
,
“
A
n
e
w
s
i
n
g
l
e
-
so
u
r
c
e
n
i
n
e
-
l
e
v
e
l
q
u
a
d
r
u
p
l
e
b
o
o
s
t
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
(
N
Q
B
I
)
f
o
r
P
V
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
I
EE
E
A
c
c
e
s
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
0
,
p
p
.
3
6
2
4
6
–
3
6
2
5
3
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
A
C
C
ESS
.
2
0
2
2
.
3
1
6
3
2
6
2
.
[
5
]
K
.
V
a
r
e
si
,
F
.
Es
mae
i
l
i
,
S
.
D
e
l
i
r
i
,
a
n
d
H
.
Ta
r
z
a
mn
i
,
“
S
i
n
g
l
e
-
i
n
p
u
t
q
u
a
d
r
u
p
l
e
-
b
o
o
s
t
i
n
g
sw
i
t
c
h
e
d
-
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
n
i
n
e
-
l
e
v
e
l
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
w
i
t
h
sel
f
-
b
a
l
a
n
c
e
d
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
s,”
I
EEE
Ac
c
e
s
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
0
,
p
p
.
7
0
3
5
0
–
7
0
3
6
1
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
A
C
C
ESS
.
2
0
2
2
.
3
1
8
7
0
0
5
.
[
6
]
M
.
D
.
S
i
d
d
i
q
u
e
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
A
s
i
n
g
l
e
D
C
so
u
r
c
e
n
i
n
e
-
l
e
v
e
l
sw
i
t
c
h
e
d
-
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
b
o
o
st
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
t
o
p
o
l
o
g
y
w
i
t
h
r
e
d
u
c
e
d
sw
i
t
c
h
c
o
u
n
t
,
”
I
EEE
A
c
c
e
ss
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
p
p
.
5
8
4
0
–
5
8
5
1
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
A
C
C
ESS
.
2
0
1
9
.
2
9
6
2
7
0
6
.
[
7
]
Y
.
N
a
k
a
g
a
w
a
a
n
d
H
.
K
o
i
z
u
mi
,
“
A
b
o
o
s
t
-
t
y
p
e
n
i
n
e
-
l
e
v
e
l
sw
i
t
c
h
e
d
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
,
”
I
E
EE
T
r
a
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
P
o
w
e
r
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
3
4
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
p
.
6
5
2
2
–
6
5
3
2
,
J
u
l
.
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
TPEL.
2
0
1
8
.
2
8
7
6
1
5
8
.
[
8
]
J.
L
i
u
,
W
.
L
i
n
,
J.
W
u
,
a
n
d
J
.
Z
e
n
g
,
“
A
n
o
v
e
l
n
i
n
e
-
l
e
v
e
l
q
u
a
d
r
u
p
l
e
b
o
o
s
t
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
w
i
t
h
i
n
d
u
c
t
i
v
e
-
l
o
a
d
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
,
”
I
EEE
T
r
a
n
sa
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
P
o
w
e
r E
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
3
4
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
4
0
1
4
–
4
0
1
8
,
M
a
y
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
TPE
L.
2
0
1
8
.
2
8
7
3
1
8
8
.
[
9
]
J.
S
.
M
o
h
a
me
d
A
l
i
a
n
d
V
.
K
r
i
sh
n
a
sa
my
,
“
C
o
mp
a
c
t
sw
i
t
c
h
e
d
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
mu
l
t
i
l
e
v
e
l
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
(
C
S
C
M
LI
)
w
i
t
h
s
e
l
f
-
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
b
a
l
a
n
c
i
n
g
a
n
d
b
o
o
s
t
i
n
g
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
,
”
I
EEE
T
ra
n
sa
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
P
o
w
e
r
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
3
4
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
4
0
0
9
–
4
0
1
3
,
M
a
y
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
TPE
L.
2
0
1
8
.
2
8
7
1
3
7
8
.
[
1
0
]
M
.
D
.
S
i
d
d
i
q
u
e
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
A
n
e
w
si
n
g
l
e
p
h
a
se
s
i
n
g
l
e
sw
i
t
c
h
e
d
-
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
b
a
se
d
n
i
n
e
-
l
e
v
e
l
b
o
o
s
t
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
t
o
p
o
l
o
g
y
w
i
t
h
r
e
d
u
c
e
d
sw
i
t
c
h
c
o
u
n
t
a
n
d
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
st
r
e
ss
,
”
I
EE
E
Ac
c
e
ss
,
v
o
l
.
7
,
p
p
.
1
7
4
1
7
8
–
1
7
4
1
8
8
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
A
C
C
ESS
.
2
0
1
9
.
2
9
5
7
1
8
0
.
[
1
1
]
N
.
S
a
n
d
e
e
p
a
n
d
U
.
R
.
Y
a
r
a
g
a
t
t
i
,
“
O
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
o
f
a
n
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
d
h
y
b
r
i
d
n
i
n
e
-
l
e
v
e
l
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
,
”
I
EEE
T
ra
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
I
n
d
u
st
r
y
A
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
v
o
l
.
5
3
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
5
6
7
6
–
5
6
8
6
,
2
0
1
7
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
TI
A
.
2
0
1
7
.
2
7
3
7
4
0
6
.
[
1
2
]
M
.
D
.
S
i
d
d
i
q
u
e
,
S
.
M
e
k
h
i
l
e
f
,
N
.
M
.
S
h
a
h
,
a
n
d
M
.
A
.
M
e
m
o
n
,
“
O
p
t
i
mal
d
e
s
i
g
n
o
f
a
n
e
w
c
a
sca
d
e
d
m
u
l
t
i
l
e
v
e
l
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
t
o
p
o
l
o
g
y
w
i
t
h
r
e
d
u
c
e
d
sw
i
t
c
h
c
o
u
n
t
,
”
I
E
EE
Ac
c
e
ss
,
v
o
l
.
7
,
p
p
.
2
4
4
9
8
–
2
4
5
1
0
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
A
C
C
ESS
.
2
0
1
9
.
2
8
9
0
8
7
2
.
[
1
3
]
M
.
J
.
S
a
t
h
i
k
,
N
.
S
a
n
d
e
e
p
,
D
.
A
l
ma
k
h
l
e
s,
a
n
d
F
.
B
l
a
a
b
j
e
r
g
,
“
C
r
o
ss
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
c
o
m
p
a
c
t
sw
i
t
c
h
e
d
-
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
mu
l
t
i
l
e
v
e
l
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
(
C
3
-
S
C
M
LI
)
t
o
p
o
l
o
g
y
w
i
t
h
r
e
d
u
c
e
d
sw
i
t
c
h
c
o
u
n
t
,
”
I
E
EE
T
ra
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
C
i
r
c
u
i
t
s a
n
d
S
y
s
t
e
m
s
I
I
:
E
x
p
r
e
ss
Br
i
e
f
s
,
v
o
l
.
6
7
,
n
o
.
1
2
,
p
p
.
3
2
8
7
–
3
2
9
1
,
D
e
c
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
TC
S
I
I
.
2
0
2
0
.
2
9
8
8
1
5
5
.
[
1
4
]
S
.
D
h
a
r
a
a
n
d
V
.
T.
S
o
mase
k
h
a
r
,
“
A
n
i
n
e
-
l
e
v
e
l
t
r
a
n
sf
o
r
merl
e
ss
b
o
o
s
t
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
w
i
t
h
l
e
a
k
a
g
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
r
e
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
f
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
d
i
r
e
c
t
p
o
w
e
r
t
r
a
n
sf
e
r
c
a
p
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
f
o
r
P
V
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s,
”
I
EE
E
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Em
e
rg
i
n
g
a
n
d
S
e
l
e
c
t
e
d
T
o
p
i
c
s
i
n
P
o
w
e
r
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
0
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
7
9
3
8
–
7
9
4
9
,
D
e
c
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
JES
TPE.
2
0
2
1
.
3
0
7
4
7
0
1
.
[
1
5
]
A
.
I
q
b
a
l
,
M
.
D
.
S
i
d
d
i
q
u
e
,
B
.
P
.
R
e
d
d
y
,
a
n
d
P
.
K
.
M
a
r
o
t
i
,
“
Q
u
a
d
r
u
p
l
e
b
o
o
s
t
m
u
l
t
i
l
e
v
e
l
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
(
Q
B
-
M
L
I
)
t
o
p
o
l
o
g
y
w
i
t
h
r
e
d
u
c
e
d
s
w
i
t
c
h
c
o
u
n
t
,
”
I
E
E
E
T
r
a
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
P
o
w
e
r
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
3
6
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
p
.
7
3
7
2
–
7
3
7
7
,
J
u
l
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
T
P
E
L
.
2
0
2
0
.
3
0
4
4
6
2
8
.
[
1
6
]
A
.
S
r
i
v
a
s
t
a
v
a
a
n
d
J.
S
e
s
h
a
d
r
i
n
a
t
h
,
“
A
n
e
w
n
i
n
e
-
l
e
v
e
l
h
i
g
h
l
y
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
b
o
o
s
t
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
f
o
r
t
r
a
n
sf
o
r
merl
e
ss
g
r
i
d
-
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
P
V
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
I
E
EE
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Em
e
r
g
i
n
g
a
n
d
S
e
l
e
c
t
e
d
T
o
p
i
c
s
i
n
P
o
w
e
r
El
e
c
t
ro
n
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
1
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
2
7
3
0
–
2
7
4
1
,
J
u
n
.
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
JES
TP
E.
2
0
2
2
.
3
2
1
0
5
1
2
.
[
1
7
]
M
.
A
l
i
,
M
.
Ta
r
i
q
,
A
.
S
a
r
w
a
r
,
a
n
d
B
.
A
l
a
mr
i
,
“
A
1
3
-
,
1
1
-
,
a
n
d
9
-
l
e
v
e
l
b
o
o
s
t
e
d
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
a
si
n
g
l
e
-
s
o
u
r
c
e
a
sy
m
met
r
i
c
a
l
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
w
i
t
h
h
y
b
r
i
d
P
W
M
s
c
h
e
me
,
”
I
EEE
T
ra
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
I
n
d
u
s
t
ri
a
l
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
6
9
,
n
o
.
1
2
,
p
p
.
1
2
8
1
7
–
1
2
8
2
8
,
D
e
c
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
TI
E.
2
0
2
2
.
3
1
4
4
5
7
6
.
[
1
8
]
B
.
S
.
N
a
i
k
,
Y
.
S
u
r
e
s
h
,
J
.
V
e
n
k
a
t
a
r
a
m
a
n
a
i
a
h
,
a
n
d
A
.
K
.
P
a
n
d
a
,
“
A
h
y
b
r
i
d
n
i
n
e
-
l
e
v
e
l
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
t
o
p
o
l
o
g
y
w
i
t
h
b
o
o
st
i
n
g
c
a
p
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
a
n
d
r
e
d
u
c
e
d
c
o
mp
o
n
e
n
t
c
o
u
n
t
,
”
I
E
EE
T
r
a
n
sa
c
t
i
o
n
s o
n
C
i
rc
u
i
t
s a
n
d
S
y
st
e
m
s
I
I
:
Ex
p
r
e
ss
B
ri
e
f
s
,
v
o
l
.
6
8
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
3
1
6
–
3
2
0
,
J
a
n
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
TC
S
I
I
.
2
0
2
0
.
2
9
9
8
4
9
6
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
2
6
:
1
3
2
-
1
40
140
[
1
9
]
M
.
C
h
e
n
,
Y
.
Y
a
n
g
,
P
.
C
.
Lo
h
,
a
n
d
F
.
B
l
a
a
b
j
e
r
g
,
“
A
si
n
g
l
e
-
s
o
u
r
c
e
n
i
n
e
-
l
e
v
e
l
b
o
o
s
t
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
w
i
t
h
a
l
o
w
sw
i
t
c
h
c
o
u
n
t
,
”
I
EE
E
T
ra
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
I
n
d
u
st
r
i
a
l
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
6
9
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
2
6
4
4
–
2
6
5
8
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
TI
E.
2
0
2
1
.
3
0
6
5
6
0
9
.
[
2
0
]
V
.
A
r
u
n
,
A
.
A
.
S
t
o
n
i
e
r
,
G
.
P
e
t
e
r
,
a
n
d
V
.
G
a
n
j
i
,
“
E
n
h
a
n
c
e
d
sw
i
t
c
h
e
d
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
n
i
n
e
-
l
e
v
e
l
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
(
ESC
9
LI
)
f
e
a
t
u
r
i
n
g
b
o
o
st
c
a
p
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
a
n
d
st
r
e
a
m
l
i
n
e
d
c
o
mp
o
n
e
n
t
c
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
I
EEE
Ac
c
e
ss
,
v
o
l
.
1
2
,
p
p
.
1
0
9
5
1
3
–
1
0
9
5
2
5
,
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
A
C
C
ESS
.
2
0
2
4
.
3
4
3
9
6
0
1
.
[
2
1
]
R
.
B
a
r
z
e
g
a
r
k
h
o
o
,
M
.
F
a
r
h
a
n
g
i
,
S
.
S
.
Le
e
,
R
.
P
.
A
g
u
i
l
e
r
a
,
Y
.
P
.
S
i
w
a
k
o
t
i
,
a
n
d
J.
P
o
u
,
“
N
i
n
e
-
l
e
v
e
l
n
i
n
e
-
sw
i
t
c
h
c
o
mm
o
n
-
g
r
o
u
n
d
sw
i
t
c
h
e
d
-
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
s
u
i
t
a
b
l
e
f
o
r
h
i
g
h
-
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
A
C
-
m
i
c
r
o
g
r
i
d
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s,
”
I
E
EE
T
r
a
n
sa
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
P
o
w
e
r
El
e
c
t
ro
n
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
3
7
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
6
1
3
2
–
6
1
4
3
,
M
a
y
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
TP
EL.
2
0
2
1
.
3
1
3
1
8
4
7
.
[
2
2
]
V
.
A
r
u
n
,
A
.
A
.
S
t
o
n
i
e
r
,
G
.
P
e
t
e
r
,
K
.
E.
V
i
g
n
e
s
h
,
a
n
d
D
.
F
.
D
.
S
h
a
h
i
l
a
,
“
9
–
l
e
v
e
l
sw
i
t
c
h
e
d
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
–
h
i
g
h
-
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
g
a
i
n
b
o
o
s
t
i
n
g
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
(
S
C
-
H
V
G
B
I
)
t
o
p
o
l
o
g
y
w
i
t
h
r
e
d
u
c
e
d
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
s
t
r
e
ss,
”
El
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
ri
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
1
0
6
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
7
9
8
5
–
8
0
0
1
,
D
e
c
.
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
s
0
0
2
0
2
-
024
-
0
2
4
9
1
-
9.
[
2
3
]
Z.
X
u
n
,
H
.
D
i
n
g
,
Z
.
H
e
,
W
.
Z
h
o
u
,
a
n
d
Y
.
Zh
e
n
g
,
“
A
s
i
n
g
l
e
-
p
h
a
s
e
sw
i
t
c
h
e
d
-
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
n
i
n
e
-
l
e
v
e
l
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
w
i
t
h
r
e
d
u
c
e
d
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
a
n
c
e
,
”
I
EE
E
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Em
e
rg
i
n
g
a
n
d
S
e
l
e
c
t
e
d
T
o
p
i
c
s i
n
Po
w
e
r
El
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
0
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
7
4
1
0
–
7
4
2
1
,
D
e
c
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
JES
TP
E.
2
0
2
2
.
3
1
8
6
9
2
6
.
[
2
4
]
A
.
H
a
ssa
n
,
X
.
Y
a
n
g
,
a
n
d
W
.
C
h
e
n
,
“
S
i
n
g
l
e
a
n
d
d
o
u
b
l
e
i
n
p
u
t
D
C
so
u
r
c
e
s
mu
l
t
i
l
e
v
e
l
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
t
o
p
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
w
i
t
h
r
e
d
u
c
e
d
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
c
o
u
n
t
s
a
n
d
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
b
o
o
s
t
i
n
g
p
r
o
p
e
r
t
y
f
o
r
g
r
i
d
-
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
s,”
I
EEE
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Em
e
rg
i
n
g
a
n
d
S
e
l
e
c
t
e
d
T
o
p
i
c
s
i
n
Po
w
e
r
El
e
c
t
ro
n
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
0
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
7
7
0
4
–
7
7
2
0
,
D
e
c
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
JES
TPE.
2
0
2
2
.
3
1
7
6
8
1
0
.
[
2
5
]
M
.
D
.
S
i
d
d
i
q
u
e
,
M
.
A
.
H
u
sa
i
n
,
A
.
I
q
b
a
l
,
S
.
M
e
k
h
i
l
e
f
,
a
n
d
A
.
R
i
y
a
z
,
“
S
i
n
g
l
e
-
p
h
a
se
9
L
sw
i
t
c
h
e
d
-
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
b
o
o
st
m
u
l
t
i
l
e
v
e
l
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
(
9
L
-
SC
-
B
M
LI
)
t
o
p
o
l
o
g
y
,
”
I
E
EE
T
ra
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
I
n
d
u
st
r
y
A
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
v
o
l
.
5
9
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
9
9
4
–
1
0
0
1
,
Jan
.
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
TI
A
.
2
0
2
2
.
3
2
0
8
8
9
3
.
[
2
6
]
V
.
A
r
u
n
,
T
.
N
.
P
r
a
sa
d
,
S
.
P
r
a
b
h
u
,
a
n
d
N
.
A
s
h
o
k
k
u
mar,
“
N
i
n
e
l
e
v
e
l
sw
i
t
c
h
e
d
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
w
i
t
h
l
e
v
e
l
s
h
i
f
t
e
d
p
u
l
se
w
i
d
t
h
mo
d
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ap
p
l
i
e
d
Po
w
e
r
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
(
I
J
A
PE)
,
v
o
l
.
1
3
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
3
0
–
1
3
7
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
i
j
a
p
e
.
v
1
3
.
i
1
.
p
p
1
3
0
-
1
3
7
.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S O
F
AUTH
O
RS
N.
S
u
b
h
a
s
h
c
h
a
n
d
r
a
b
o
se
is
a
se
n
i
o
r
lec
tu
re
r
i
n
th
e
De
p
a
rt
m
e
n
t
o
f
Tec
h
n
ica
l
Ed
u
c
a
taio
n
,
A
n
d
h
ra
P
ra
d
e
sh
,
I
n
d
ia,
wh
e
re
h
e
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
a
fa
c
u
lt
y
m
e
m
b
e
r
sin
c
e
2
0
1
3
.
He
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
is
Ba
c
h
e
lo
r
o
f
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
d
e
g
re
e
in
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
e
lec
t
ro
n
ics
e
n
g
in
e
e
ri
n
g
in
S
re
e
Vid
y
a
n
i
k
e
th
a
n
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
Co
l
l
e
g
e
,
Ti
r
u
p
a
ti
,
In
d
ia.
He
e
a
rn
e
d
h
is
M
a
ste
r
o
f
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
d
e
g
re
e
in
p
o
we
r
e
lec
tro
n
ics
in
S
S
ITS
,
Ra
y
a
c
h
o
ti
,
a
ffil
iate
d
wi
t
h
JN
TU,
An
a
n
tap
u
r
,
In
d
ia.
Cu
rre
n
tl
y
,
He
is
p
u
rs
u
in
g
h
is
P
h
.
D.
in
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
e
lec
tro
n
ics
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
t
M
o
h
a
n
Ba
b
u
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
Ti
ru
p
a
ti
,
I
n
d
ia.
His re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts li
e
in
p
o
we
r
e
lec
tro
n
ics
,
p
a
rti
c
u
larly
i
n
m
u
lt
i
-
lev
e
l
in
v
e
rters
fo
r
re
n
e
wa
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
so
u
rc
e
s.
As
a
re
s
e
a
rc
h
sc
h
o
lar
a
n
d
with
o
v
e
r
1
0
y
e
a
rs
o
f
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
in
tea
c
h
in
g
,
h
e
is
c
o
m
m
it
ted
to
c
o
n
tri
b
u
t
in
g
t
o
th
e
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
k
n
o
wle
d
g
e
i
n
th
e
fiel
d
o
f
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
e
l
e
c
tro
n
ics
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
n
.
su
b
h
a
sh
c
h
a
n
d
ra
b
o
se
.
p
h
d
@g
m
a
i
l.
c
o
m
.
Dr
.
I.
K
u
m
a
r
a
sw
a
m
y
is
a
n
a
ss
o
c
iate
p
ro
fe
ss
o
r
a
t
th
e
De
p
a
rt
m
e
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
M
o
h
a
n
Ba
b
u
Un
i
v
e
rsity
,
Ti
ru
p
a
ti
,
An
d
h
ra
P
ra
d
e
sh
,
I
n
d
ia.
He
h
a
s
m
o
re
th
a
n
1
3
y
e
a
rs
o
f
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
in
tea
c
h
in
g
a
n
d
re
se
a
rc
h
.
H
e
p
u
rsu
e
d
h
is
B
a
c
h
e
lo
r
o
f
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
d
e
g
re
e
i
n
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
e
lec
tro
n
ics
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
M
a
ste
r
o
f
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
i
n
e
lec
tri
c
p
o
we
r
s
y
ste
m
s
in
S
re
e
Vi
d
y
a
n
ik
e
th
a
n
En
g
in
e
e
ri
n
g
Co
l
leg
e
,
Ti
ru
p
a
ti
,
I
n
d
ia
,
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
lete
d
h
is
P
h
.
D.
in
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
e
lec
tro
n
ic
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
fro
m
t
h
e
Ja
wa
h
a
rlal
Ne
h
ru
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
ica
l
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
Hy
d
e
ra
b
a
d
,
In
d
ia.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
a
r
e
p
rima
ril
y
in
t
h
e
a
re
a
o
f
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
p
o
we
r
sy
ste
m
s
,
p
a
rti
c
u
larly
in
p
o
we
r
e
lec
tro
n
ics
,
wh
e
re
h
e
is
th
e
a
u
th
o
r
/co
-
a
u
t
h
o
r
o
f
o
v
e
r
4
0
re
se
a
rc
h
p
u
b
l
ica
ti
o
n
s
in
p
e
e
r
re
v
i
e
we
d
in
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
a
n
d
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
j
o
u
r
n
a
ls/co
n
fe
re
n
c
e
s
.
H
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
k
u
m
a
ra
sw
a
m
y
.
in
a
m
a
n
a
m
e
ll
u
ri@m
b
u
.
a
sia
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.