I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
Appl
ied P
o
wer
E
ng
i
neer
ing
(
I
J
AP
E
)
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
2
6
,
p
p
.
3
9
3
~
4
0
2
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
,
DOI
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/ijap
e
.
v
1
5
.
i
1
.
pp
393
-
402
393
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//
ija
p
e.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m/
Bla
de number
and a
ng
le effect
t
he
a
rchimedes s
pira
l
wind
turbine
per
forma
nce
Ro
s
a
dil
a
F
ebrit
a
s
a
ri
,
M
uh
a
m
m
a
d Ib
nu
l A
bid
i
n
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
M
e
c
h
a
n
i
c
a
l
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n
g
i
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e
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i
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g
,
F
a
c
u
l
t
y
o
f
I
n
d
u
st
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a
l
T
e
c
h
n
o
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o
g
y
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M
a
l
a
n
g
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a
t
i
o
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a
l
I
n
st
i
t
u
t
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o
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T
e
c
h
n
o
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o
g
y
,
M
a
l
a
n
g
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
si
a
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Ma
y
1
6
,
2
0
2
4
R
ev
is
ed
Dec
4
,
2
0
2
5
Acc
ep
ted
J
an
9
,
2
0
2
6
Th
e
e
fficie
n
c
y
a
n
d
p
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
o
f
Arc
h
ime
d
e
s
s
p
iral
wi
n
d
tu
r
b
in
e
(ASW
T)
a
re
a
ffe
c
ted
b
y
t
h
e
d
e
si
g
n
a
n
d
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
t
u
rb
in
e
b
lad
e
s
w
h
ich
c
a
n
c
o
n
v
e
rt
th
e
k
in
e
ti
c
e
n
e
r
g
y
o
f
th
e
wi
n
d
i
n
to
m
e
c
h
a
n
ica
l
e
n
e
rg
y
t
o
t
u
rn
a
g
e
n
e
ra
to
r
th
a
t
c
a
n
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
e
lec
tri
c
it
y
a
s
m
u
c
h
a
s
p
o
ss
ib
le
in
l
o
w
wi
n
d
s
p
e
e
d
.
T
h
is
stu
d
y
a
ims
to
o
b
tain
th
e
o
p
ti
m
a
l
ASW
T
d
e
si
g
n
in
lo
w
wi
n
d
sp
e
e
d
in
term
s
o
f
a
e
ro
d
y
n
a
m
ic
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
.
T
h
e
m
e
th
o
d
is
c
o
n
d
u
c
ted
b
y
n
u
m
e
rica
ll
y
c
o
m
p
u
tati
o
n
a
l
flu
i
d
d
y
n
a
m
ics
(CF
D)
sim
u
lati
o
n
o
n
t
h
e
fi
x
e
d
-
o
p
e
n
in
g
a
n
g
le
a
n
d
th
e
b
lad
e
s
n
u
m
b
e
r
v
a
riati
o
n
s
.
Th
e
re
su
lt
s
sh
o
w
th
a
t
t
h
e
sm
a
ll
e
st
C
D
v
a
lu
e
is
-
2
.
1
8
a
t
th
e
6
5
°
o
f
o
p
e
n
i
n
g
a
n
g
le,
t
h
e
larg
e
st
C
L
v
a
lu
e
a
t
th
e
4
5
°
o
f
o
p
e
n
i
n
g
a
n
g
le
is
0
.
3
7
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
lar
g
e
st
C
M
v
a
lu
e
is
0
.
6
1
a
t
th
e
6
5
°
o
f
o
p
e
n
in
g
a
n
g
le
a
n
d
4
b
lad
e
s.
T
h
e
re
fo
re
,
it
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
c
lu
d
e
d
th
a
t
th
e
Arc
h
im
e
d
e
s
win
d
tu
rb
i
n
e
with
4
b
lad
e
s a
n
d
6
5
°
p
it
c
h
is t
h
e
o
p
ti
m
a
l.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Ar
ch
im
ed
es win
d
tu
r
b
in
e
C
o
ef
f
icien
t o
f
m
o
m
en
t
C
o
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
f
lu
id
d
y
n
am
ic
Sp
ir
al
b
lad
e
W
in
d
en
er
g
y
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
R
o
s
ad
ila
Feb
r
itas
ar
i
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
Me
ch
an
ical
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
Ma
lan
g
Natio
n
al
I
n
s
titu
te
o
f
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
Kar
an
g
lo
Stre
et
,
Ma
lan
g
,
E
ast J
av
a,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
E
m
ail: r
o
s
ad
ila@
lectu
r
er
.
itn
.
ac
.
id
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
E
n
er
g
y
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
a
wo
r
ld
p
r
o
b
lem
i
n
a
f
ew
y
ea
r
s
,
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
en
e
r
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
th
at
h
av
e
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
s
o
f
ar
,
s
u
ch
as p
etr
o
leu
m
,
n
atu
r
al
g
as,
an
d
co
al
,
ar
e
n
o
n
-
r
en
e
wab
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
an
d
ar
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
s
ca
r
ce
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
b
lem
en
c
o
u
r
a
g
es
m
an
y
tech
n
ician
s
an
d
s
cien
tis
ts
to
u
s
e
n
ew
an
d
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
T
h
is
en
er
g
y
d
o
es
n
o
t
d
ep
en
d
o
n
q
u
a
n
tity
b
ec
au
s
e
it
co
m
es
f
r
o
m
a
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
n
atu
r
e.
W
in
d
en
er
g
y
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
r
en
ewa
b
le
e
n
er
g
ies
th
at
c
an
b
e
u
s
ed
as
an
en
e
r
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
with
th
e
h
elp
o
f
win
d
tu
r
b
in
es
o
r
win
d
m
ills
.
Me
ch
an
ical
en
er
g
y
g
ath
er
e
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
win
d
,
s
u
ch
as
to
r
q
u
e
an
d
s
p
ee
d
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
d
ir
ec
tly
o
r
co
n
v
er
ted
in
t
o
elec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
[
3
]
.
Ma
n
y
k
in
d
s
o
f
win
d
t
u
r
b
in
es
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
d
ev
elo
p
ed
with
d
if
f
er
en
t
ax
is
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
,
d
if
f
er
en
t
air
f
o
il
-
p
r
o
f
ile
b
lad
e
s
,
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
h
ap
es
an
d
s
ize
s
,
an
d
m
an
y
o
th
er
s
th
at
ca
n
ac
h
iev
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
ae
r
o
d
y
n
am
ics
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
en
h
an
ce
th
e
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
[
4
]
,
[
5
]
.
R
ec
en
tly
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
in
v
esti
g
ated
s
ev
er
al
win
d
tu
r
b
i
n
es th
at
ca
n
ac
h
iev
e
h
ig
h
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
in
p
o
wer
g
en
er
ated
at
lo
w
win
d
s
p
ee
d
[
6
]
.
Var
io
u
s
s
cien
tific
r
esear
ch
ab
o
u
t
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e
e
f
f
icien
cy
a
n
d
o
p
tim
izatio
n
h
av
e
b
ee
n
w
o
r
k
ed
.
An
an
aly
s
is
o
f
lift
f
o
r
ce
,
d
r
ag
f
o
r
c
e,
an
d
p
r
ess
u
r
e
co
ef
f
icien
t
f
o
r
th
e
NACA
S8
1
4
b
lad
e
p
r
o
f
ile
u
s
ed
in
h
o
r
izo
n
tal
ax
is
win
d
tu
r
b
in
es
(
HAWT)
was
p
r
esen
ted
in
[
7
]
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
o
f
th
e
NACA
0
0
1
2
air
f
o
il
at
v
ar
io
u
s
an
g
les o
f
attac
k
an
d
its
ev
alu
a
tio
n
at
R
ey
n
o
ld
s
n
u
m
b
er
s
o
f
1
,
0
0
0
a
n
d
5
,
0
0
0
wer
e
r
ep
o
r
ted
i
n
[
8
]
,
s
h
o
win
g
th
at
b
o
th
lift
an
d
d
r
a
g
f
o
r
ce
s
in
cr
e
ase
as
th
e
R
ey
n
o
ld
s
n
u
m
b
er
r
i
s
es.
T
h
e
v
er
tical
ax
is
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e
(
VAWT)
was
an
aly
ze
d
u
s
in
g
c
o
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
f
lu
id
d
y
n
am
ics
(
C
FD)
in
[
9
]
to
o
b
tain
a
n
o
p
tim
ized
t
u
r
b
in
e
d
esig
n
.
Fro
m
th
o
s
e
r
esear
ch
es,
th
e
HAWT
an
d
VAWT
ar
e
k
in
d
o
f
lar
g
e
s
iz
e
tu
r
b
i
n
es
th
at
n
ee
d
h
ea
v
y
m
ac
h
in
er
y
to
in
s
tall.
T
h
e
in
s
tallatio
n
an
d
m
ain
ten
a
n
ce
o
f
th
o
s
e
ar
e
a
d
if
f
icu
lt
p
r
o
ce
s
s
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
tall
to
wer
an
d
h
ea
v
y
tu
r
b
in
e
s
.
S
o
,
th
o
s
e
ar
e
n
o
t su
itab
le
f
o
r
u
r
b
an
u
s
e
[
1
0
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
2
6
:
393
-
4
0
2
394
On
e
o
f
th
e
win
d
tu
r
b
i
n
e
s
th
at
ca
n
b
e
in
s
talled
o
n
h
o
m
es
o
r
cities
is
th
e
ar
ch
im
ed
es
s
p
ir
al
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e
(
ASW
T
)
[
1
1
]
,
wh
ic
h
g
en
er
ates
less
n
o
is
e
th
an
o
th
er
tu
r
b
in
es
d
u
e
to
its
v
er
y
lo
w
r
o
tatio
n
al
s
p
ee
d
in
lo
w
-
s
p
ee
d
win
d
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
f
ile
o
f
th
e
ASW
T
b
l
ad
e
is
s
p
ir
al
lik
e
a
n
at
u
r
al
c
r
ea
tu
r
e,
T
h
atch
er
ia
m
ir
ab
ilis
,
wh
ich
ca
u
s
es
th
e
ASW
T
ca
n
au
to
m
atica
lly
ali
g
n
to
th
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
wi
n
d
with
o
u
t
an
y
y
aw
ap
p
ar
atu
s
[
1
2
]
,
wh
ich
m
ea
n
s
t
h
e
ASW
T
h
as
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
ad
ju
s
t
f
o
r
ch
a
n
g
es
in
win
d
d
ir
ec
t
io
n
.
A
b
io
m
im
etic
d
esig
n
s
tu
d
y
o
f
ASW
T
b
lad
es
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
s
p
an
wis
e
g
r
o
o
v
es
in
s
p
ir
e
d
b
y
th
e
v
en
tr
a
l
p
leats
o
f
r
o
r
q
u
a
l
wh
ales
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
an
8
.
3
%
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
p
o
wer
co
e
f
f
icien
t
at
1
0
m
/s
,
wh
ile
s
u
r
f
ac
e
b
u
m
p
s
led
to
r
ed
u
ce
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
e
ASW
T
is
class
if
ied
in
h
o
r
izo
n
tal
a
x
i
s
an
d
d
esig
n
ed
o
n
Ar
ch
im
ed
e
s
s
p
ir
al
p
r
in
cip
le.
I
t
ca
n
p
r
o
d
u
ce
en
er
g
y
f
r
o
m
th
e
win
d
b
y
r
ed
ir
ec
tin
g
its
f
lo
w
9
0
d
eg
r
ee
s
r
elativ
e
to
th
e
o
r
ig
in
al
d
ir
ec
tio
n
.
R
elate
d
r
esear
ch
es
ab
o
u
t
ASW
T
wer
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
t
h
is
tu
r
b
i
n
e
o
p
e
r
ates
as
a
h
o
r
izo
n
tal
-
ax
is
d
r
ag
-
t
y
p
e
r
o
to
r
o
b
tain
ed
a
m
a
x
im
u
m
p
o
wer
co
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
0
.
2
9
3
at
a
tip
-
s
p
ee
d
r
atio
o
f
2
.
1
9
,
an
d
a
d
d
itio
n
al
g
en
er
ato
r
–
co
n
tr
o
ller
test
in
g
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
th
e
elec
tr
ical
ef
f
icien
cy
n
ee
d
e
d
to
p
r
e
d
ict
th
e
f
u
ll
p
o
wer
cu
r
v
e
[
1
4
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
th
r
ee
-
b
lad
ed
ASW
T
with
o
p
en
in
g
an
g
les
o
f
3
5
°,
4
5
°,
a
n
d
6
5
°
was
p
r
esen
ted
in
[
1
5
]
,
wh
ich
an
aly
ze
d
th
e
lift
(
)
an
d
d
r
a
g
(
)
co
ef
f
icien
ts
an
d
s
h
o
wed
th
at
in
cr
ea
s
ed
with
lar
g
er
o
p
en
in
g
an
g
les
at
a
win
d
s
p
ee
d
o
f
5
.
5
m
/s
.
An
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
b
lad
e
o
p
en
in
g
an
g
le
d
esig
n
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
in
[
1
6
]
,
wh
er
e
n
u
m
e
r
ical
an
d
e
x
p
er
im
en
tal
test
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
t
h
e
v
ar
iab
le
-
a
n
g
le
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
1
4
.
7
%
h
ig
h
er
o
u
tp
u
t
th
a
n
th
e
f
ix
e
d
-
a
n
g
le
d
esig
n
.
T
h
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
b
lad
e
an
g
le
o
n
t
h
e
ae
r
o
d
y
n
am
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
ASW
T
was
ex
am
in
ed
in
[
1
7
]
,
s
h
o
win
g
th
at
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
b
lad
e
an
g
le
r
ed
u
ce
d
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
r
o
tatio
n
al
s
p
ee
d
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
Ar
c
h
im
ed
es
ae
r
o
f
o
il
win
d
tu
r
b
in
es
p
er
f
o
r
m
o
p
tim
all
y
u
n
d
er
m
o
d
er
ate
t
o
lig
h
t
win
d
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
W
ak
e
f
lo
w
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
AS
W
T
wer
e
an
aly
ze
d
in
[
1
8
]
,
s
h
o
wi
n
g
th
at
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
b
etwe
en
d
o
wn
s
tr
ea
m
wak
e
f
lo
w
an
d
ti
p
-
v
o
r
tex
-
in
d
u
ce
d
v
elo
city
wer
e
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
win
d
s
p
ee
d
an
d
b
lad
e
r
o
tatio
n
al
s
p
ee
d
.
A
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
n
u
m
e
r
ical
s
tu
d
y
u
s
in
g
ANSYS
f
lu
en
t
in
[
1
9
]
ex
am
in
ed
s
p
ir
al
win
d
tu
r
b
in
es
with
th
r
ee
d
if
f
er
en
t
b
lad
e
p
r
o
f
iles
,
co
n
clu
d
in
g
th
at
th
e
Ar
ch
im
ed
ea
n
s
p
ir
al
with
a
6
0
°
o
p
en
in
g
an
g
le
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
th
e
b
est ae
r
o
d
y
n
am
i
c
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
e
n
ew
f
in
d
in
g
with
c
o
n
tr
a
s
t
to
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
w
o
r
k
s
is
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
Ar
ch
im
ed
es
s
p
ir
al
b
lad
e
ef
f
ec
ts
.
T
h
e
b
la
d
e
n
u
m
b
er
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
tak
en
ca
r
e
o
f
ca
r
ef
u
lly
in
d
esig
n
in
g
th
e
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e
esp
ec
ially
th
e
ASW
T
b
ec
au
s
e
it c
an
af
f
ec
t th
e
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
th
e
f
ab
r
icate
d
co
s
t a
n
d
th
e
ae
r
o
d
y
n
am
ics wh
ich
m
ea
n
th
e
ef
f
icien
t
b
lad
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
is
a
b
le
to
in
c
r
ea
s
e
th
e
win
d
en
er
g
y
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
e
m
ai
n
th
em
e
o
f
th
i
s
s
tu
d
y
is
th
e
b
la
d
e
d
esig
n
o
f
ASW
T
.
T
h
e
s
p
ec
if
i
c
g
o
al
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
to
o
b
tain
th
e
o
p
tim
u
m
d
esig
n
o
f
A
SW
T
b
y
n
u
m
er
ical
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
in
v
ar
io
u
s
n
u
m
b
er
s
o
f
b
lad
es
in
2
,
3
,
a
n
d
4
b
lad
es
an
d
m
o
d
if
ied
ea
ch
b
lad
e
with
th
e
o
p
en
in
g
an
g
le
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
4
5
°,
5
5
°
,
an
d
6
5
°.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
is
d
ev
elo
p
ed
f
o
llo
win
g
two
s
tep
s
s
u
c
h
as
d
esig
n
in
g
th
e
ASW
T
w
ith
b
o
th
p
ar
am
eter
s
u
s
in
g
C
AD
So
f
twar
e
,
th
en
s
i
m
u
latin
g
th
e
ASW
T
d
esig
n
s
u
s
in
g
C
FD
So
f
twar
e
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
ar
e
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
d
r
ag
c
o
ef
f
icien
t
(
)
,
lift
co
ef
f
icien
t
(
)
an
d
m
o
m
en
t
c
o
ef
f
icien
t
(
)
f
o
r
v
ar
i
o
u
s
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
b
lad
es
a
n
d
th
e
b
lad
e
an
g
les
.
T
h
e
v
alu
es
o
f
,
,
an
d
ar
e
r
elev
an
t
to
ae
r
o
d
y
n
am
ics
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
win
d
tu
r
b
in
es
w
h
ich
in
d
icate
d
th
e
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
th
e
f
lu
id
f
lo
w
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
tu
r
b
in
e.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
is
c
o
n
d
u
cted
b
y
n
u
m
er
ical
s
im
u
latio
n
o
f
ASW
T
b
y
f
o
llo
win
g
th
e
m
eth
o
d
s
as
f
o
llo
ws:
First,
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
s
tu
d
y
is
co
n
d
u
cted
b
y
s
ea
r
ch
in
g
th
e
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
o
f
ASW
T
an
d
f
in
d
in
g
o
u
t
th
e
g
ap
an
aly
s
is
o
f
r
elate
d
r
esear
ch
.
T
h
e
ASW
T
ar
e
c
h
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
its
u
n
i
q
u
e
s
p
ir
al
b
lad
e
d
esig
n
,
w
h
ich
d
if
f
er
e
n
tiates
th
em
f
r
o
m
c
o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
h
o
r
iz
o
n
tal
an
d
v
er
tical
a
x
is
win
d
tu
r
b
in
es.
T
h
e
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
h
ad
an
aly
ze
d
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
ASW
T
th
at
g
en
er
ally
e
v
alu
ated
t
h
e
o
p
en
i
n
g
an
g
le
in
t
h
r
ee
b
lad
es
to
e
n
h
an
ce
t
h
e
en
e
r
g
y
ca
p
tu
r
e
in
lo
w
win
d
s
p
ee
d
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
g
ap
is
th
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
b
la
d
e
n
u
m
b
er
v
ar
iatio
n
an
d
th
e
o
p
en
in
g
an
g
le
to
ca
p
tu
r
e
th
e
co
m
p
lex
air
f
l
o
w
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
ar
o
u
n
d
s
p
ir
a
l
b
lad
es.
B
esid
e
th
at,
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
m
o
d
el
is
in
v
esti
g
ated
esp
ec
ially
f
o
r
s
m
all
-
s
ca
le
o
r
r
esid
en
tial
ap
p
licat
io
n
s
.
Seco
n
d
,
th
e
3
D
m
o
d
elin
g
o
f
ASW
T
’
s
b
lad
e
is
d
esig
n
ed
u
s
in
g
C
AD
So
f
tw
ar
e.
T
h
is
b
lad
e
tu
r
b
in
e
is
d
esig
n
ed
in
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
-
s
ca
led
s
ize
.
T
h
e
b
lad
e
is
o
n
ly
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
b
ec
a
u
s
e
th
is
s
tu
d
y
o
n
ly
in
v
esti
g
ated
th
e
f
lu
id
f
lo
w
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
b
lad
e
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
9
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
b
lad
e
m
o
d
el
s
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
f
ix
ed
-
o
p
en
in
g
an
g
le
(
θ=
4
5
°,
5
5
°,
6
5
°)
an
d
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
b
lad
es
(
n
=
2
,
3,
4
)
.
T
h
ir
d
,
th
e
3
D
m
o
d
el
is
im
p
o
r
ted
in
to
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
s
o
f
twar
e
to
an
aly
ze
th
e
f
lu
id
d
y
n
am
ics
o
cc
u
r
r
i
n
g
in
th
ese
tu
r
b
in
es
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
is
s
im
u
latio
n
is
b
ase
d
o
n
C
FD
th
at
d
etailed
air
f
l
o
w
p
atter
n
s
a
r
o
u
n
d
th
e
b
lad
e
s
with
a
tu
r
b
u
len
ce
m
o
d
el.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
ap
p
r
o
a
ch
ed
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
co
n
d
i
tio
n
s
to
ass
e
s
s
tu
r
b
in
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
win
d
s
p
ee
d
is
at
7
m
/s
,
t
h
e
wi
n
d
d
ir
ec
tio
n
is
f
r
o
m
th
e
in
let
s
ec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
b
o
u
n
d
ar
y
wall,
t
h
e
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
an
d
p
r
ess
u
r
e
ar
e
m
o
d
ele
d
with
s
tan
d
ar
d
atm
o
s
p
h
er
ic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Fo
u
r
th
,
th
e
p
r
ep
r
o
c
ess
in
g
s
tag
e
in
s
im
u
latio
n
is
s
et,
s
u
ch
as
g
en
e
r
atin
g
t
h
e
m
e
s
h
,
s
ettin
g
th
e
b
o
u
n
d
ar
y
co
n
d
i
tio
n
s
an
d
p
ar
am
eter
s
,
d
eter
m
i
n
in
g
th
e
f
lu
id
f
lo
w
m
o
d
el
an
d
m
ater
ial
p
r
o
p
er
tie
s
,
d
eter
m
in
in
g
th
e
s
ch
em
e
an
d
d
is
cr
etiza
tio
n
,
th
en
d
eter
m
i
n
in
g
th
e
g
o
v
e
r
n
in
g
eq
u
atio
n
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
s
tag
e
is
co
n
d
u
cted
b
y
r
u
n
n
in
g
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
.
T
h
e
d
etails
o
f
th
e
p
r
ep
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
s
tag
e
ar
e
ex
p
lain
ed
in
th
e
n
e
x
t
s
ec
tio
n
.
T
h
e
tu
r
b
i
n
e
will
b
e
an
aly
ze
d
b
y
win
d
s
p
ee
d
,
p
r
es
s
u
r
e,
an
d
air
f
lo
w.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
B
la
d
e
n
u
m
b
er a
n
d
a
n
g
le
effec
t
th
e
a
r
ch
imed
es sp
ir
a
l wi
n
d
tu
r
b
in
e
p
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
…
(
R
o
s
a
d
ila
F
eb
r
ita
s
a
r
i
)
395
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
will r
ea
ch
th
e
co
n
v
er
g
en
ce
iter
atio
n
.
T
h
e
r
es
u
lts
p
r
o
v
id
e
q
u
alitativ
e
an
d
q
u
an
titativ
e
d
ata.
T
h
e
q
u
alitativ
e
d
ata
s
h
o
ws
th
e
illu
s
tr
atio
n
o
f
air
f
lo
w
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
ASW
T
to
in
ter
p
r
et
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
tr
e
n
d
s
an
d
id
en
tify
p
o
ten
tial
ar
ea
s
f
o
r
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
,
an
d
th
e
q
u
an
tit
ativ
e
d
ata
p
r
o
v
id
es
th
e
co
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
d
r
ag
(
)
,
co
ef
f
icien
t o
f
lift
(
)
,
an
d
c
o
ef
f
i
cien
t o
f
m
o
m
en
ts
(
)
to
ass
ess
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
an
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
r
esu
lts
.
2
.
1
.
ASWT
des
ig
n
T
h
e
ASW
T
is
a
s
o
r
t
o
f
HAWT.
T
h
is
tu
r
b
in
e
h
as
s
o
m
e
b
lad
es
with
s
p
ir
al
s
h
ap
e
th
at
ad
o
p
t
Ar
ch
im
ed
es
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
is
u
n
iq
u
e
b
lad
e
s
h
a
p
e
ca
n
u
s
e
d
r
ag
f
o
r
ce
to
ca
p
tu
r
e
win
d
en
er
g
y
in
s
tead
o
f
u
s
in
g
lift
f
o
r
ce
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
a
ir
p
u
s
h
ed
d
o
wn
b
y
an
ae
r
o
d
y
n
am
ic
s
h
ap
e
(
air
f
o
il)
lik
e
a
c
o
n
v
en
tio
n
al
HAWT
d
o
es.
T
h
e
f
o
cu
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
AS
W
T
th
at
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
p
ar
am
eter
u
s
ed
i
n
ASW
T
s
u
ch
as
r
in
d
icate
s
th
e
tu
r
b
in
e
r
ad
iu
s
m
ea
n
s
th
e
r
ad
i
al
d
is
tan
ce
b
etwe
en
t
h
e
b
lad
e
tip
at
th
e
ex
it
an
d
th
e
ax
is
o
f
r
o
tatio
n
,
θ
i
n
d
icat
es
th
e
o
p
en
in
g
an
g
le
b
lad
e
m
ea
n
s
th
e
an
g
le
b
etwe
en
th
e
a
x
is
r
o
tatio
n
an
d
th
e
b
lad
e
tip
at
th
e
o
u
tlet,
L
i
n
d
icate
s
th
e
len
g
th
o
f
tu
r
b
i
n
e
m
ea
n
s
th
e
d
is
tan
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
b
lad
e
tip
at
th
e
b
eg
in
n
in
g
an
d
th
e
en
d
,
an
d
n
i
n
d
icate
s
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
b
lad
es.
I
n
th
e
p
r
esen
ted
s
tu
d
y
,
t
h
e
ASW
T
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
is
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
th
e
f
ix
ed
-
o
p
en
in
g
an
g
le
an
d
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
b
lad
es.
T
ab
le
1
p
r
esen
ts
d
if
f
er
en
t
ASW
T
d
esig
n
with
v
ar
iatio
n
in
th
e
f
ix
ed
-
o
p
en
in
g
an
g
le
(
=
45°
,
55°
,
65°
)
an
d
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
b
la
d
es
(
=
2
,
3
,
4
)
.
T
h
o
s
e
d
esig
n
s
will
ca
u
s
e
ae
r
o
d
y
n
a
m
ic
in
ter
ac
tio
n
b
etwe
en
s
p
ir
al
b
la
d
e
d
esig
n
a
n
d
win
d
f
lo
w.
T
h
e
d
iam
eter
o
f
th
e
ASW
T
is
1
5
0
m
m
an
d
th
e
m
o
to
r
s
tr
ea
m
wis
e
len
g
th
is
3
0
5
m
m
al
o
n
g
th
e
r
o
tatio
n
al
ax
is
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
o
n
ly
f
o
c
u
s
ed
o
n
b
lad
e
tu
r
b
in
e
s
,
th
e
b
o
lt
an
d
n
u
t
g
eo
m
etr
y
h
ad
b
ee
n
s
im
p
lifie
d
,
an
d
also
th
e
g
en
e
r
ato
r
s
an
d
o
th
er
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
h
a
d
b
ee
n
r
em
o
v
ed
.
T
h
e
b
lad
e
m
ater
ial
is
ig
n
o
r
ed
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
b
lad
e
m
ater
ial
is
n
o
t e
f
f
ec
te
d
b
y
th
e
C
FD simu
latio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Def
in
itio
n
o
f
th
e
p
a
r
am
eter
s
u
s
ed
in
th
e
ASW
T
d
e
s
ig
n
f
o
r
m
s
id
e
a
n
d
is
o
m
etr
ic
v
iew
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
t d
esig
n
o
f
ASW
T
b
ased
o
n
th
e
o
p
en
i
n
g
an
g
le
a
n
d
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
b
la
d
es
B
l
a
d
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
=
45°
=
55°
=
65°
=
2
=
3
=
4
2
.
2
.
Num
er
ica
l m
et
ho
do
lo
g
y
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
is
co
n
d
u
cted
n
u
m
er
ically
u
s
in
g
C
FD
wh
ich
u
tili
ze
d
th
e
So
f
twar
e
s
im
u
latio
n
as
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
tal
.
I
t
is
aim
ed
to
o
b
tain
th
e
ASW
T
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
co
ef
f
icie
n
t
o
f
d
r
a
g
(
)
,
C
o
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
L
if
t
(
)
,
an
d
co
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
m
o
m
en
ts
(
)
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
p
r
o
c
ed
u
r
e
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
,
wh
ich
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
r
ee
s
tag
es
o
f
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
f
o
llo
we
d
s
tep
b
y
s
tep
f
r
o
m
p
r
e
-
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
s
tag
e
u
n
til
p
o
s
t
-
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
s
tag
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
2
6
:
393
-
4
0
2
396
Fig
u
r
e
2
ex
p
lain
s
t
h
e
s
im
u
lat
io
n
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
t
h
at
is
s
tar
ted
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
p
r
e
-
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
s
tag
e
u
n
til
th
e
p
o
s
t
-
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
s
tag
e.
T
h
e
m
e
s
h
is
g
en
er
ated
f
o
r
th
e
s
im
u
lat
io
n
.
T
h
e
m
esh
ty
p
e
u
s
ed
is
a
t
etr
ah
ed
r
o
n
with
1
0
m
m
o
f
m
esh
s
ize
.
T
h
e
q
u
ality
o
f
m
esh
g
e
n
er
atio
n
is
ch
ec
k
ed
an
d
th
e
r
esu
lt c
an
b
e
s
ee
n
i
n
T
ab
le
2
.
•
G
e
ne
r
a
t
e
m
e
s
h
•
S
e
t
bounda
r
y c
ondi
t
i
on a
nd
pa
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
•
D
e
t
e
r
m
i
ne
t
he
f
l
ui
d f
l
ow
m
ode
l
a
nd
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
pr
ope
r
t
i
e
s
•
D
e
t
e
r
m
i
ne
t
he
s
c
he
m
e
a
nd
di
s
c
r
e
t
i
z
a
t
i
on
•
D
e
t
e
r
m
i
ne
t
he
gove
r
ni
ng e
qua
t
i
on
P
r
e
-
pr
oc
e
s
s
i
ng s
t
a
ge
•
R
un
t
he
s
i
m
ul
a
t
i
on
•
C
he
c
k
t
he
i
t
e
r
a
t
i
on
S
i
m
ul
a
t
i
on
s
t
a
ge
•
Q
ua
nt
i
t
a
t
i
ve
o
ut
pu
t
c
on
s
i
s
t
o
f
:
-
dr
a
g c
oe
f
f
i
c
i
e
nt
,
-
l
i
f
t
c
oe
f
f
i
c
i
e
nt
, a
nd
-
m
om
e
nt
c
oe
f
f
i
c
i
e
nt
•
Q
ua
l
i
t
a
t
i
ve
o
ut
pu
t
c
on
s
i
s
t
s
o
f
:
-
s
pe
e
d c
ont
our
,
-
s
pe
e
d ve
c
t
or
, a
nd
-
s
pe
e
d pa
t
hl
i
ne
P
os
t
-
pr
oc
e
s
s
i
ng
s
t
a
ge
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
p
r
o
c
ed
u
r
e
T
ab
le
2
.
T
h
e
elem
en
ts
an
d
n
o
d
es o
f
m
esh
co
n
tain
ed
in
ASW
T
m
o
d
els
F
i
x
e
d
-
o
p
e
n
i
n
g
a
n
g
l
e
:
45
°
55
°
65
°
B
l
a
d
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
N
o
d
e
s
El
e
m
e
n
t
s
N
o
d
e
s
El
e
m
e
n
t
s
N
o
d
e
s
El
e
m
e
n
t
s
=
2
1
2
2
,
1
9
3
6
4
4
,
4
3
2
1
1
5
,
0
5
5
6
0
7
,
7
3
8
1
0
8
,
5
1
3
5
7
3
,
6
9
4
=
3
1
4
1
,
6
5
5
7
4
6
,
2
8
1
1
3
2
,
2
7
1
6
9
6
,
3
6
4
1
2
8
,
3
6
4
6
7
5
,
8
9
2
=
4
1
4
1
,
1
0
3
7
3
5
,
6
8
6
1
3
3
,
8
8
2
7
0
0
,
4
9
1
1
5
3
,
3
7
0
7
9
9
,
3
4
1
T
h
e
b
o
u
n
d
a
r
y
co
n
d
itio
n
is
s
e
t
in
cy
lin
d
r
ic
s
h
a
p
e,
th
e
n
th
e
ASW
T
r
o
to
r
’
s
ce
n
ter
is
p
la
ce
d
at
2
D
d
is
tan
ce
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
in
let
an
d
a
8
D
d
is
tan
ce
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
o
u
t
f
lo
w,
a
s
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
e
s
u
r
f
a
ce
s
ec
tio
n
s
ar
e
s
et
as
in
let
v
elo
city
,
wall,
an
d
o
u
tlet
p
r
ess
u
r
e.
T
h
e
f
l
u
id
m
ater
i
al
is
air
o
r
win
d
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
es
th
e
f
lu
id
f
lo
w
m
o
d
el
as
SST
−
m
o
d
el
a
n
d
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
air
f
lo
w
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
ASW
T
,
wh
ich
ad
o
p
t
ed
f
r
o
m
[
2
3
]
,
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
l
atio
n
will
s
h
o
w
th
e
f
o
r
ce
g
en
er
ated
b
y
th
e
r
o
t
o
r
s
u
r
f
ac
e.
I
n
th
e
p
r
e
-
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
s
tag
e,
t
h
e
m
o
d
el
th
at
h
ad
b
ee
n
g
en
er
ated
i
n
C
AD
So
f
twar
e
was im
p
o
r
ted
in
to
s
im
u
latio
n
s
o
f
twar
e.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
B
o
u
n
d
ar
y
co
n
d
itio
n
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
illu
s
tr
atio
n
o
f
ae
r
o
d
y
n
am
ic
f
o
r
ce
an
aly
s
is
o
n
t
h
e
ASW
T
r
o
to
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
B
la
d
e
n
u
m
b
er a
n
d
a
n
g
le
effec
t
th
e
a
r
ch
imed
es sp
ir
a
l wi
n
d
tu
r
b
in
e
p
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
…
(
R
o
s
a
d
ila
F
eb
r
ita
s
a
r
i
)
397
Th
is
s
tu
d
y
was
s
o
lv
ed
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
g
o
v
e
r
n
in
g
eq
u
atio
n
s
s
u
ch
a
s
th
e
tim
e
-
av
er
ag
ed
c
o
n
tin
u
ity
as
s
h
o
wn
in
(
1
)
a
n
d
th
e
m
o
m
e
n
tu
m
eq
u
atio
n
f
o
r
s
tead
y
f
lo
w
as
(
2
)
[
1
0
]
,
[
2
4
]
:
=
0
(
1
)
W
h
er
e
t
h
e
tim
e
-
av
er
a
g
ed
co
n
t
in
u
ity
eq
u
atio
n
as in
(
1
)
u
s
es
to
i
n
d
icate
th
e
av
e
r
ag
e
v
elo
city
v
ec
to
r
i
n
th
r
ee
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
.
̅
(
̅
)
=
̅
+
[
̅
+
̅
]
−
(
′
′
̅
̅
̅
̅
̅
̅
̅
)
(
2
)
T
h
e
to
tal
co
n
v
ec
tiv
e
c
h
an
g
e
a
s
in
(
2
)
i
n
m
ea
n
m
o
m
e
n
tu
m
c
o
n
s
is
ts
o
f
th
e
th
r
ee
te
r
m
s
o
n
th
e
lef
th
an
d
s
id
e.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
ter
m
is
p
r
ess
u
r
e
f
ield
th
at
is
wr
itten
in
̅
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ter
m
is
v
is
co
u
s
ter
m
th
at
is
wr
itten
in
[
̅
+
̅
]
.
T
h
is
v
is
co
u
s
ter
m
ca
n
cr
ea
te
s
tr
ess
.
T
h
e
th
ir
d
ter
m
is
th
e
R
ey
n
o
ld
s
s
tr
ess
th
at
is
in
ter
p
r
eted
b
y
(
′
′
̅
̅
̅
̅
̅
̅
̅
)
in
th
e
m
ea
n
tu
r
b
u
len
t
v
el
o
city
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
.
T
h
e
n
o
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
e
q
u
atio
n
s
s
u
c
h
as
s
h
o
ws
d
en
s
ity
(
k
g
/m
3
)
wh
ich
is
1
.
2
2
5
k
g
/
m
3
,
m
ea
n
s
th
e
f
lu
id
v
is
co
s
ity
(
N.
s
/m
2
)
,
′
̅
̅
̅
̅
an
d
′
̅
̅
̅
̅
in
d
icate
th
e
v
elo
city
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
(
m
/s
)
.
T
h
e
s
u
b
s
cr
ip
ts
an
d
p
r
esen
t
th
e
f
r
ee
in
d
ices
.
T
h
e
an
d
ca
n
b
e
wr
itten
in
1
,
2
,
3
o
f
n
u
m
b
er
to
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
,
a
n
d
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
u
s
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
SST
−
m
o
d
el
w
h
ich
is
ca
lcu
lated
in
two
ad
d
itio
n
al
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
eq
u
a
tio
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as
is
th
e
k
in
etic
t
u
r
b
u
len
t
en
er
g
y
an
d
is
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
tu
r
b
u
len
t
d
is
s
ip
atio
n
r
ate.
T
h
e
SS
T
k
-
ω
tu
r
b
u
len
ce
m
o
d
el
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
s
u
p
er
io
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
b
y
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
th
e
m
o
s
t
ac
cu
r
ate
an
d
co
n
s
is
ten
t
p
r
ed
ictio
n
s
o
f
ae
r
o
d
y
n
am
i
c
to
r
q
u
e,
p
r
ess
u
r
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
,
an
d
f
lap
-
wis
e
b
en
d
in
g
lo
ad
s
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
win
d
s
p
ee
d
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
o
th
er
m
o
d
els
test
ed
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
o
s
e
eq
u
atio
n
is
wr
itten
as in
(
3
)
an
d
(
4
)
.
+
=
−
∗
+
[
(
+
1
)
(
)
]
(
3
)
=
1
(
)
−
1
2
+
[
(
+
1
)
(
)
]
(
4
)
T
h
e
SS
T
−
m
o
d
el
as
in
(
3
)
an
d
(
4
)
c
o
n
s
is
t
o
f
co
n
s
tan
ts
s
u
ch
as
1
=
0
.
85
,
1
=
0
.
5
,
1
=
0
.
075
,
∗
=
0
.
09
,
=
0
.
41
,
an
d
1
=
1
∗
−
1
2
√
∗
.
T
h
e
ter
m
th
at
in
d
icate
s
th
e
tu
r
b
u
len
t
k
i
n
em
atic
ed
d
y
v
is
co
s
ity
ca
n
b
e
r
ep
r
esen
ted
in
(
5
)
.
=
=
=
1
m
ax
(
1
,
Ω
−
)
(
5
)
W
h
er
e
Ω
−
as
wr
itten
in
(
5
)
is
t
h
e
s
h
ea
r
s
tr
ain
r
ate,
1
is
a
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
ality
co
n
s
tan
t
th
at
ca
n
b
e
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
=
1
an
d
is
th
e
tu
r
b
u
len
t k
in
etic
en
e
r
g
y
.
T
he
s
ch
em
e
was
s
et
f
o
r
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
-
o
r
d
er
u
p
win
d
an
d
c
en
tr
al
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
,
th
e
n
th
e
d
i
s
cr
itizatio
n
ad
ju
s
ted
in
t
h
e
k
in
etic
tu
r
b
u
l
en
t
en
er
g
y
an
d
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
t
u
r
b
u
len
t
d
is
s
ip
atio
n
r
ate
.
T
h
e
n
,
th
e
p
r
ess
u
r
e
v
elo
city
c
o
u
p
lin
g
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
s
em
i
-
im
p
licit
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
p
r
ess
u
r
e
-
lin
k
ed
e
q
u
atio
n
s
.
T
h
e
s
o
l
v
er
was
p
r
ess
u
r
e
b
ased
.
T
h
e
b
o
u
n
d
ar
y
co
n
d
itio
n
s
at
in
let
a
n
d
o
u
tlet
b
o
u
n
d
a
r
ies
wer
e
a
d
ju
s
ted
in
1
%
o
f
tu
r
b
u
len
ce
in
ten
s
ity
an
d
1
o
f
tu
r
b
u
len
ce
v
is
co
s
ity
r
atio
.
T
h
e
d
o
m
ain
wall
an
d
th
e
s
o
lid
b
o
u
n
d
a
r
ies
wer
e
s
et
with
n
o
-
s
lip
ad
iab
atic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
I
n
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
s
tag
e,
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
m
ea
s
u
r
es
th
e
co
e
f
f
icien
t
o
f
d
r
a
g
(
)
,
co
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
lift
(
)
,
an
d
co
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
m
o
m
e
n
ts
(
)
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
in
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
v
alu
es
f
o
r
ea
c
h
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
ASW
T
d
esig
n
.
T
h
e
lift
co
ef
f
icien
t
th
at
u
s
ed
to
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
lift
f
o
r
ce
(
)
th
at
is
g
en
e
r
ated
b
y
liftin
g
th
e
b
o
d
y
to
t
h
e
f
l
u
id
d
en
s
ity
,
th
e
f
lu
i
d
v
elo
city
an
d
an
ass
o
ciate
d
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
ar
ea
.
I
n
a
tu
r
b
in
e,
th
e
lift
v
alu
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
es
b
y
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
an
g
le
o
f
attac
k
an
d
tu
r
b
u
l
en
ce
o
n
th
e
ac
tiv
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e.
T
h
e
d
r
ag
co
ef
f
icien
t
th
at
u
s
ed
to
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
d
r
a
g
f
o
r
ce
(
)
o
n
an
ASW
T
th
at
m
o
v
es th
r
o
u
g
h
a
f
lu
id
wh
ic
h
m
ea
n
s
th
e
ASW
T
’
s
ae
r
o
d
y
n
am
ic
o
r
h
y
d
r
o
d
y
n
am
ic.
I
n
a
tu
r
b
in
e,
a
lo
wer
d
r
a
g
co
ef
f
icien
t
in
d
icate
s
th
e
tu
r
b
in
e
will
h
av
e
less
ae
r
o
d
y
n
am
ic
o
r
h
y
d
r
o
d
y
n
am
ic
d
r
ag
.
is
a
co
n
s
tan
t
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
th
e
m
o
m
en
t
o
f
in
er
tia
p
o
s
s
ess
ed
b
y
a
r
ig
id
o
b
ject
wh
o
s
e
v
alu
e
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
th
e
s
h
ap
e
a
n
d
a
x
is
o
f
r
o
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
o
b
ject
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
o
s
e
ar
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
p
a
r
am
eter
s
th
at
af
f
ec
t
th
e
ASW
T
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
o
o
b
tai
n
th
o
s
e
co
ef
f
icien
t
v
al
u
es,
th
e
co
n
v
e
r
g
en
ce
v
al
u
e
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
m
o
n
it
o
r
ed
with
in
1
e
-
3
o
f
r
esid
u
e
with
th
e
tim
e
s
tep
s
ize
is
at
1
e
-
3
an
d
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ti
m
e
s
tep
s
is
at
5
e+
5
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
2
6
:
393
-
4
0
2
398
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
is
p
ap
er
in
v
esti
g
ates
th
e
ch
an
g
es
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
ar
am
eter
s
in
ter
m
s
o
f
th
e
co
e
f
f
icien
t
o
f
d
r
ag
(
)
,
co
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
lift
(
)
,
an
d
co
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
m
o
m
en
ts
(
)
.
T
h
ese
i
n
v
esti
g
atio
n
s
ar
e
co
n
d
u
cte
d
u
s
in
g
C
FD
s
im
u
latio
n
.
C
FD
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
an
d
s
o
lv
es
th
e
f
lo
w
g
o
v
er
n
in
g
eq
u
atio
n
s
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
tu
r
b
in
e
b
lad
e
f
o
r
ea
c
h
n
in
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
ASW
T
’
s
d
esig
n
s
in
7
m
/s
o
f
win
d
s
p
ee
d
.
T
h
en
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
v
ar
iatio
n
s
o
f
th
e
f
ix
ed
-
o
p
en
in
g
an
g
le
(
=
45°
,
55°
,
65°
)
an
d
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
b
lad
es
(
=
2
,
3
,
4
)
ar
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
.
A
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
th
e
f
ix
ed
-
o
p
en
in
g
an
g
le
in
ter
m
s
o
f
an
d
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
An
d
a
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
th
e
9
d
if
f
er
en
t A
SW
T
’
s
d
esig
n
s
in
ter
m
s
o
f
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
s
m
alle
s
t
v
alu
e
is
f
o
r
th
e
s
p
ir
al
b
lad
e
with
an
an
g
le
o
f
6
5
°
an
d
th
e
h
ig
h
est
v
alu
e
is
f
o
r
th
e
s
p
ir
al
b
lad
e
with
an
an
g
le
o
f
4
5
°.
I
n
an
ASW
T
with
a
s
m
all
f
ix
e
d
-
o
p
e
n
in
g
an
g
le,
u
n
d
is
tu
r
b
ed
f
r
ee
f
lo
w
ca
n
p
as
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
b
lad
es
m
o
r
e
ea
s
ily
th
an
with
a
lar
g
e
o
n
e.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
an
ASW
T
with
a
lar
g
e
f
ix
ed
-
o
p
en
in
g
a
n
g
le
h
as
a
s
tr
o
n
g
er
air
b
lo
ck
in
g
ef
f
ec
t
th
an
a
r
o
to
r
with
a
s
m
all
o
n
e,
an
d
a
s
tr
o
n
g
er
b
lo
ck
i
n
g
e
f
f
ec
t
f
o
r
ce
s
m
o
r
e
f
lu
id
to
f
lo
w
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
s
p
ir
al
b
lad
e
r
eg
io
n
o
f
th
e
tu
r
b
in
e.
A
p
o
s
itiv
e
v
alu
e
m
ea
n
s
d
r
ag
,
an
d
a
n
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ativ
e
v
alu
e
m
ea
n
s
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ce
ler
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n
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
co
n
clu
d
ed
t
h
at
th
e
s
p
ir
al
b
lad
e
with
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in
clin
atio
n
o
f
6
5
° h
as
th
e
b
est ac
ce
ler
atio
n
b
ec
a
u
s
e
th
e
v
alu
e
is
th
e
s
m
allest.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
A
c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
th
e
f
ix
ed
-
o
p
en
in
g
an
g
le
in
ter
m
s
o
f
an
d
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
A
c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
th
e
9
d
if
f
e
r
en
t A
SW
T
’
s
d
esig
n
s
in
ter
m
s
o
f
T
h
e
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
o
f
th
e
v
alu
e
t
en
d
s
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
as
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
b
la
d
es
an
d
b
lad
e
o
p
en
in
g
an
g
le
in
cr
ea
s
e.
A
s
m
all
co
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
m
o
m
en
t
(
)
v
alu
e
m
ea
n
s
th
at
th
e
r
o
tar
y
to
r
q
u
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
th
e
tu
r
b
in
e
is
s
m
all,
wh
ile
a
lar
g
e
co
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
m
o
m
en
t
(
)
v
alu
e
m
ea
n
s
th
at
th
e
r
o
tar
y
to
r
q
u
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
th
e
tu
r
b
i
n
e
is
lar
g
e,
s
o
th
e
t
u
r
b
in
e
h
as
g
o
o
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
s
h
o
ws
th
e
s
m
allest
v
alu
e
wh
e
n
v
ar
y
in
g
2
s
p
ir
al
b
lad
es
with
4
5
°
o
f
f
ix
ed
-
o
p
e
n
in
g
a
n
g
le
a
n
d
t
h
e
lar
g
est
v
alu
e
wh
en
v
ar
y
i
n
g
4
s
p
ir
al
b
l
ad
es
with
6
5
°
o
f
f
ix
ed
-
o
p
en
in
g
an
g
le.
T
o
co
m
p
ar
e
t
h
e
s
p
ee
d
p
ath
li
n
e
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
ASW
T
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
C
FD
s
i
m
u
latio
n
s
.
Fig
u
r
es
7
,
8
,
a
n
d
9
s
h
o
w
th
e
r
esu
lts
at
a
co
n
s
tan
t
win
d
s
p
e
ed
o
f
7
m
/s
.
T
h
ese
c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
m
ad
e
u
s
in
g
th
e
p
ath
lin
e
v
iew
in
th
e
C
FD p
o
s
t
-
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
B
la
d
e
n
u
m
b
er a
n
d
a
n
g
le
effec
t
th
e
a
r
ch
imed
es sp
ir
a
l wi
n
d
tu
r
b
in
e
p
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
…
(
R
o
s
a
d
ila
F
eb
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r
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399
Fig
u
r
es
7
,
8
,
an
d
9
s
h
o
w
th
e
illu
s
tr
atio
n
o
f
air
f
lo
w
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
ASW
T
in
ter
m
s
o
f
v
elo
cit
y
p
ath
lin
e.
T
h
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
b
a
r
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
co
lo
r
lin
e
in
v
elo
city
m
a
g
n
it
u
d
e.
T
h
e
r
ed
c
o
lo
r
in
d
icate
s
an
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
air
f
lo
w
v
elo
city
wh
ile
th
e
d
ar
k
b
lu
e
c
o
lo
r
s
h
o
ws
a
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
air
f
l
o
w
v
elo
city
.
T
h
e
v
elo
city
m
a
g
n
itu
d
e
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
in
T
ab
le
3
.
T
h
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
air
f
lo
w
s
p
ee
d
is
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
air
is
ca
p
tu
r
ed
b
y
th
e
tu
r
b
in
e
s
p
ir
al
b
lad
es
s
o
th
at
it
g
ath
er
s
in
th
e
ce
n
ter
o
f
th
e
r
o
to
r
with
a
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
s
p
ee
d
,
wh
ich
is
s
h
o
wn
b
y
th
e
r
e
d
p
ath
lin
e
s
p
ee
d
.
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n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
h
ig
h
est
s
p
ee
d
r
eg
io
n
ap
p
ea
r
s
n
ea
r
th
e
tip
o
f
th
e
tu
r
b
in
e
r
o
to
r
,
wh
il
e
th
e
lo
west
s
p
ee
d
r
eg
io
n
ap
p
ea
r
s
b
eh
in
d
th
e
h
u
b
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
tu
r
b
u
le
n
ce
in
th
is
ar
ea
an
d
r
ev
er
s
e
f
lo
w
s
h
o
wn
in
th
e
v
ec
to
r
d
ir
ec
tio
n
b
ac
k
t
o
th
e
in
let
.
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h
is
is
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
th
e
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
t
h
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
o
f
air
f
lo
w
af
ter
p
ass
in
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
s
p
ir
al
tu
r
b
in
e
b
la
d
e
p
er
io
d
ically
.
T
h
e
s
am
e
th
in
g
also
h
ap
p
en
ed
in
th
e
r
ese
ar
ch
co
n
d
u
cted
b
y
[
1
2
]
,
n
am
ely
t
h
e
ap
p
ea
r
an
ce
o
f
tu
r
b
u
le
n
t f
lo
w
in
t
h
e
ar
ea
b
e
h
in
d
th
e
b
lad
e.
T
ab
le
3
.
T
h
e
v
elo
city
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
Th
e
f
i
x
e
d
-
o
p
e
n
i
n
g
a
n
g
l
e
=
45°
=
55°
=
65°
Th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
b
l
a
d
e
s
=
2
2
0
.
9
2
0
.
2
2
1
.
7
=
3
19
2
3
.
1
2
5
.
1
=
4
1
9
.
4
2
3
.
4
27
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
p
ee
d
p
ath
lin
e
ar
o
u
n
d
t
h
e
ASW
T
with
th
e
4
5
°
o
f
f
ix
ed
-
o
p
en
in
g
a
n
g
le
:
(
a)
2
b
la
d
es,
(
b
)
3
b
la
d
es,
an
d
(
c)
4
b
la
d
es
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
2
6
:
393
-
4
0
2
400
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
p
ee
d
p
ath
lin
e
ar
o
u
n
d
t
h
e
ASW
T
with
th
e
5
5
°
o
f
f
ix
ed
-
o
p
en
in
g
a
n
g
le
:
(
a)
2
b
la
d
es,
(
b
)
3
b
la
d
es,
an
d
(
c)
4
b
la
d
es
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
p
ee
d
p
ath
lin
e
ar
o
u
n
d
t
h
e
ASW
T
with
th
e
6
5
°
o
f
f
ix
ed
-
o
p
en
in
g
a
n
g
le
:
(
a)
2
b
la
d
es,
(
b
)
3
b
la
d
es,
an
d
(
c)
4
b
la
d
es
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
th
e
f
ix
e
d
-
o
p
e
n
in
g
an
g
le
is
ASW
T
’
s
b
lad
e
af
f
ec
ts
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
an
d
,
s
u
ch
as
f
ix
ed
-
o
p
en
in
g
an
g
le
is
s
m
all
m
ea
n
s
th
e
an
d
v
alu
es
in
cr
ea
s
e,
it
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
th
at
th
e
45°
o
f
f
ix
ed
-
o
p
en
in
g
an
g
le
h
as
th
e
lar
g
est
an
d
v
alu
es,
n
am
ely
=
-
1
.
6
9
a
n
d
=
0
.
3
7
.
T
h
e
an
d
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
th
e
=
65°
o
f
f
ix
ed
-
o
p
en
in
g
an
g
le
with
a
v
alu
e
o
f
=
-
2.
1
8
an
d
=
0
.
1
3
.
T
h
e
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
o
f
th
e
co
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
m
o
m
en
t
(
)
is
d
if
f
er
en
t
in
ea
ch
tu
r
b
in
e
v
ar
i
atio
n
.
T
h
e
in
ASW
T
with
45°
of
f
ix
e
d
-
o
p
en
in
g
an
g
le
h
as
a
2
.
4
%
d
ec
lin
e
wh
en
it
ad
d
s
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
b
lad
es
in
4
b
lad
es.
T
h
e
en
h
an
ce
m
en
t
o
cc
u
r
s
in
ASW
T
wi
th
65°
o
f
f
ix
ed
-
o
p
en
i
n
g
an
g
le
wh
e
n
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
b
lad
es
ad
d
,
n
am
ely
2
3
.
5
1
%,
wh
ich
is
th
e
h
ig
h
est
is
in
ASW
T
with
65°
o
f
f
ix
ed
-
o
p
e
n
in
g
a
n
g
le
an
d
4
b
lad
es.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
B
la
d
e
n
u
m
b
er a
n
d
a
n
g
le
effec
t
th
e
a
r
ch
imed
es sp
ir
a
l wi
n
d
tu
r
b
in
e
p
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
…
(
R
o
s
a
d
ila
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eb
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ita
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a
r
i
)
401
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C
o
m
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u
ter
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ab
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in
Me
ch
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T
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RE
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NC
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[
1
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B
.
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B
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