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:
Har
m
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is
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r
tio
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Hig
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MLI
T
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Var
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1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Mu
ltil
ev
el
in
v
er
ter
s
(
ML
I
s
)
p
r
o
d
u
ce
h
ig
h
-
q
u
ality
o
u
tp
u
t
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es
with
lo
w
to
tal
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
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tio
n
(
T
HD)
,
en
h
an
ce
d
ef
f
icien
cy
,
an
d
s
ca
lab
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y
to
r
en
ewa
b
le
an
d
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
m
a
k
in
g
th
em
ess
en
tial
in
cu
r
r
en
t
p
o
we
r
elec
tr
o
n
ics.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
co
m
m
u
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ity
h
as
im
p
r
o
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d
ML
I
to
p
o
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m
o
d
u
latio
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m
eth
o
d
s
,
an
d
h
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wa
r
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
f
o
r
h
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h
-
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
d
ev
ices.
T
h
is
p
ag
e
d
is
cu
s
s
es
cu
r
r
en
t
ML
I
d
esig
n
,
p
u
ls
e
wid
th
m
o
d
u
latio
n
(
PW
M
)
,
an
d
ap
p
licatio
n
ad
v
an
ce
s
f
r
o
m
s
ev
er
al
r
esear
ch
.
New
in
v
er
ter
to
p
o
lo
g
ies h
av
e
en
ab
le
d
g
r
ea
t
er
v
o
ltag
es
with
f
ewe
r
s
witch
e
s
an
d
s
im
p
lifie
d
cir
c
u
its
.
I
n
[
1
]
,
a
lo
w
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t
co
u
n
t
g
en
er
ates
AC
v
o
ltag
es
ef
f
icien
tly
,
s
tr
ea
m
lin
in
g
ar
c
h
itectu
r
e
an
d
b
o
o
s
tin
g
d
e
p
en
d
ab
ilit
y
.
E
f
f
ec
tiv
ely
in
co
r
p
o
r
ates
1
:2
:4
b
i
n
ar
y
r
ati
o
s
to
r
ed
u
ce
cir
cu
it
co
m
p
lex
ity
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
e
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
[
2
]
.
A
d
d
itio
n
al
ad
v
an
ce
m
e
n
ts
in
h
ig
h
-
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
u
t
p
u
t
u
s
in
g
b
in
a
r
y
in
p
u
t
co
m
b
in
atio
n
s
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
[
3
]
.
T
r
in
ar
y
s
o
u
r
ce
-
b
ased
in
v
er
ter
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
m
o
d
u
l
ar
ity
,
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
,
an
d
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t
r
ed
u
ctio
n
[
4
]
,
[
5
]
.
Op
tim
iz
ed
in
v
er
ter
d
esig
n
s
f
o
r
h
ig
h
-
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
m
o
to
r
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
ar
e
also
s
tr
ess
ed
in
[
6
]
,
[
7
]
.
ML
I
s
ar
e
also
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
an
d
m
o
to
r
d
r
iv
e
s
y
s
tem
s
s
in
ce
t
r
i
n
ar
y
DC
s
o
u
r
ce
asy
m
m
etr
ical
in
v
er
ter
s
ca
n
p
o
we
r
in
d
u
ctio
n
m
o
to
r
d
r
iv
es
[
8
]
.
ML
I
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
h
as
im
p
r
o
v
ed
b
ec
a
u
s
e
to
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
PW
M
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
I
n
b
o
o
s
tin
g
in
v
e
r
ter
s
etu
p
s
,
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
s
u
p
p
r
ess
io
n
an
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
u
tili
za
tio
n
ar
e
b
en
ef
icial
[
9
]
,
[
1
0
]
.
Mo
d
u
lar
ity
an
d
wav
e
f
o
r
m
en
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t
ar
e
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
b
y
th
e
m
o
d
u
l
ar
s
ev
en
-
lev
el
in
v
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te
r
(
M7
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with
lev
el
-
s
h
if
te
d
v
a
r
iab
le
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
co
n
tr
o
l
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
e
im
p
r
o
v
ed
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
in
v
e
r
ter
r
ed
u
ce
s
o
n
-
s
tate
s
witch
es
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
es
[
1
3
]
-
[
1
5
]
.
L
o
w
T
HD
an
d
b
ett
er
s
witch
in
g
l
o
s
s
co
n
tr
o
l
m
a
k
e
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
PW
M
s
ch
em
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
f
o
r
h
ig
h
-
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
1
6
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
r
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
in
g
i
n
v
er
ter
s
u
s
in
g
tr
ap
ez
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i
d
al
PW
M
im
p
r
o
v
es
s
o
lar
wav
ef
o
r
m
q
u
ality
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
e
a
n
aly
s
is
o
f
s
y
m
m
etr
ic
m
u
ltil
ev
el
in
v
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ter
s
u
s
in
g
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n
ip
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lar
PW
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s
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at
ML
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s
m
ay
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ce
T
HD
an
d
b
o
o
s
t
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
ef
f
icien
c
y
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
e
d
u
al
s
o
u
r
ce
in
v
er
te
r
g
en
er
ates
p
o
lar
ity
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
s
d
ev
ice
c
o
u
n
t,
m
ak
in
g
it
ef
f
icie
n
t
f
o
r
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
an
d
m
o
to
r
d
r
i
v
in
g
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
1
9
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2252
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8
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s
tem
.
ii
)
Simp
lifie
d
co
n
tr
o
l
lo
g
ic
:
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
lo
g
ic
is
s
tr
ea
m
lin
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
co
m
p
lem
e
n
tar
y
s
witch
in
g
p
air
s
(
Si,
Si'
)
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
1
t
o
4
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
a
NOT
g
ate
t
o
d
er
iv
e
s
ig
n
als
f
o
r
o
n
e
s
witch
in
g
p
air
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
’
s
r
e
q
u
ir
em
e
n
t
to
f
o
u
r
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
c
o
n
tr
o
l
s
ig
n
als.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
en
h
a
n
ce
s
t
h
e
s
im
p
licity
o
f
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l l
o
g
ic.
iii
)
Natu
r
al
ca
p
ac
ito
r
b
ala
n
ce
:
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
ac
h
iev
es
in
h
e
r
en
t
v
o
ltag
e
b
alan
ce
am
o
n
g
s
u
p
e
r
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
C
1
an
d
C
2
,
alig
n
in
g
with
th
e
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
o
f
Vin
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
ac
r
o
s
s
f
lo
atin
g
ca
p
ac
it
o
r
C
3
n
atu
r
ally
m
ain
tain
s
a
lev
el
o
f
0
.
5
Vin
.
T
h
is
s
elf
-
r
eg
u
latin
g
v
o
ltag
e
b
alan
ce
elim
in
ates
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
s
en
s
o
r
s
o
r
au
x
iliar
y
co
n
tr
o
l a
lg
o
r
ith
m
s
,
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
to
a
f
u
r
th
e
r
s
im
p
lif
icatio
n
o
f
th
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l p
r
o
c
ess
.
iv
)
I
m
p
r
o
v
ed
o
u
tp
u
t
ca
p
a
b
ilit
ies:
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
ex
h
ib
its
a
t
w
o
f
o
ld
v
o
ltag
e
g
ain
,
en
a
b
lin
g
t
h
e
attain
m
en
t
o
f
a
n
in
e
-
lev
el
o
u
tp
u
t.
T
h
is
s
h
o
wca
s
es
en
h
an
ce
d
b
o
o
s
t
an
d
m
u
lt
ilev
el
o
u
tp
u
t
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies,
u
ltima
tely
elev
atin
g
th
e
o
v
er
all
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
o
p
o
lo
g
y
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
HVG9
L
I
c
ir
cu
it
2
.
2
.
H
VG
9
L
I
wo
rk
ing
mo
de
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
p
o
lo
g
y
'
s
o
p
er
atio
n
al
s
tates
f
o
r
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
an
d
n
e
g
ativ
e
h
alf
c
y
cles
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
.
T
ab
le
1
lis
ts
th
e
f
o
u
r
tr
an
s
is
t
o
r
s
'
s
witch
in
g
s
tate
s
wh
ile
ta
k
in
g
s
witch
in
g
p
air
s
'
co
m
p
lem
en
tar
y
ac
tio
n
s
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t.
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
d
ea
ls
th
e
th
r
ee
-
b
r
id
g
e
s
witch
ed
-
ca
p
ac
ito
r
in
v
er
ter
(
T
B
SC
I
)
o
p
er
atio
n
s
,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
t
h
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
h
alf
cy
cle
an
d
ass
u
m
in
g
a
p
u
r
e
r
esis
tiv
e
cu
r
r
en
t
c
o
n
d
itio
n
.
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
ac
r
o
s
s
C
1
/C
2
s
tay
s
at
Vin
wh
er
ea
s
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
ac
r
o
s
s
C
3
s
tay
s
at
0
.
5
Vin
u
n
d
er
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
cir
cu
m
s
tan
ce
s
.
W
h
en
L
ev
el
0
.
5
is
attain
ed
,
S2
’
is
ac
tiv
ated
,
wh
ich
ca
u
s
es
d
io
d
e
D
1
to
c
o
n
d
u
ct
f
o
r
war
d
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
a
cr
o
s
s
ca
p
ac
ito
r
C
1
(
SC
C
1
)
is
p
ar
allel
to
th
e
DC
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
co
n
s
tr
ain
e
d
to
th
e
am
p
litu
d
e
o
f
Vin
.
S1
,
S3
,
a
n
d
S4
ar
e
e
n
g
ag
e
d
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
wh
en
th
e
f
l
o
a
tin
g
ca
p
ac
ito
r
C
3
in
th
e
l
o
ad
cu
r
r
en
t
c
h
an
n
el
is
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
d
an
d
p
lace
d
in
to
f
o
r
war
d
s
er
ies,
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
an
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
0
.
5
Vin
.
L
e
v
el
1
elim
in
ates
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
th
e
f
lo
atin
g
ca
p
ac
ito
r
C
3
b
y
alter
n
atin
g
b
etwe
en
tu
r
n
in
g
S3
o
n
an
d
o
f
f
.
Vin
is
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
th
at
is
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
wh
en
th
e
lo
a
d
-
cu
r
r
en
t
p
ath
in
clu
d
es
th
e
DC
s
o
u
r
ce
in
th
is
s
etu
p
b
y
tu
r
n
o
n
S1
’
,
S2
’
,
S3
’
,
an
d
S4
’
.
Up
o
n
r
ea
ch
in
g
L
e
v
el
1
.
5
,
D2
co
n
d
u
cts
ah
ea
d
d
u
e
t
o
S2
ac
tiv
atio
n
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
SC
C
2
'
s
am
p
litu
d
e
is
clam
p
ed
to
Vin
an
d
lin
k
ed
in
p
ar
allel
to
th
e
DC
s
o
u
r
ce
.
I
n
th
e
m
ea
n
tim
e,
th
e
ON
s
tates
o
f
S1
’
,
S3
’
,
an
d
S4
’
r
esu
lt
in
a
n
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
1
.
5
Vin
.
Fu
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e
,
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
C
1
an
d
C
3
a
r
e
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
b
ec
a
u
s
e
th
ey
ar
e
p
o
s
itio
n
ed
in
f
o
r
war
d
s
er
ies
with
in
th
e
lo
ad
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
p
ath
.
L
ev
el
2
is
wh
er
e
S3
is
tu
r
n
ed
o
n
an
d
t
h
en
tu
r
n
ed
o
f
f
.
A
to
tal
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
2
Vin
is
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
co
n
n
ec
tin
g
C
1
d
ir
ec
tly
in
s
er
ies
with
th
e
DC
s
u
p
p
ly
b
y
tu
r
n
o
n
S1
’
,
S2
’
,
S3
’
,
an
d
S4
’
.
S2
’
is
ac
tiv
ated
,
an
d
D2
is
f
o
r
w
ar
d
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
at
L
ev
el
−0
.
5
.
W
h
en
its
am
p
litu
d
e
is
lim
ited
to
Vin
,
s
witch
ca
p
ac
ito
r
C
2
is
p
lace
d
in
p
ar
a
llel
with
th
e
DC
s
o
u
r
ce
.
I
n
th
i
s
m
o
d
e,
th
e
DC
s
o
u
r
ce
a
p
p
ea
r
s
in
r
ev
e
r
s
e
s
er
ies
wh
ile
th
e
f
lo
atin
g
ca
p
ac
ito
r
C
3
is
in
f
o
r
war
d
s
er
ies
alo
n
g
th
e
lo
ad
cu
r
r
e
n
t
p
ath
,
with
S1
’
,
S3
’
,
an
d
S4
’
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
2
6
:
9
0
-
9
7
92
s
witch
ed
o
n
.
C
3
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
,
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
c
u
r
r
en
t
is
in
v
e
r
ted
,
an
d
th
e
o
v
er
all
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
is
-
0
.
5
Vin
.
T
h
e
r
em
ain
in
g
lev
els
in
th
e
n
eg
ati
v
e
h
alf
cy
cle
ar
e
s
u
b
ject
to
th
e
s
am
e
r
u
les.
T
h
e
o
p
er
ati
o
n
m
ain
tain
s
s
y
m
m
etr
y
in
th
e
n
e
g
ativ
e
h
alf
cy
cle
s
in
ce
C
1
an
d
C
2
a
r
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
s
er
ies
with
th
e
DC
s
o
u
r
ce
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
a
cy
cle.
T
h
e
s
u
g
g
ested
T
B
SC
I
ar
ch
it
ec
tu
r
e
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
two
f
o
ld
v
o
ltag
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
ter
m
s
o
f
b
o
o
s
t
an
d
m
u
ltil
ev
el
o
u
tp
u
t,
an
d
it
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
a
n
in
e
-
lev
el
o
u
tp
u
t.
T
h
is
f
ea
tu
r
e
in
c
r
ea
s
es
th
e
in
v
e
r
ter
'
s
v
er
s
atilit
y
an
d
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
wh
ile
also
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
its
o
v
er
all
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
T
B
SC
I
ci
r
cu
it
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
h
as
s
ev
er
al
b
en
ef
its
,
s
u
ch
as
r
ed
u
ce
d
ac
tiv
e
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
,
s
im
p
lifie
d
co
n
tr
o
l
lo
g
ic,
in
teg
r
ated
ca
p
ac
ito
r
v
o
ltag
e
b
alan
c
e,
an
d
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
a
m
u
ltil
ev
el
o
u
tp
u
t
i
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
b
o
o
s
t.
W
h
en
co
m
b
in
ed
,
th
ese
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
r
aise
th
e
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
in
v
er
ter
d
esig
n
.
T
ab
le
1
.
HVG9
L
I
o
n
a
n
d
o
f
f
s
tate
co
n
d
itio
n
Le
v
e
l
2
1
.
5
1
0
.
5
0
-
0
.
5
-
1
-
1
.
5
-
2
S1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
S
1
’
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
S2
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
S
2
’
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
S3
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
S
3
’
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
S4
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
S
4
’
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
3.
TM
-
VF
C
P
W
M
T
E
CH
NIQ
UE
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
v
o
lv
es
th
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
a
r
ec
tifie
d
t
r
ap
ez
o
id
al
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
a
n
d
a
tr
ian
g
le
ca
r
r
ier
t
o
in
itiate
an
m
-
lev
el
in
v
er
ter
.
F
ig
u
r
e
s
2
(
a)
to
2
(
d
)
s
h
o
w
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
en
tails
em
p
lo
y
in
g
ca
r
r
ier
s
with
m
atch
in
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cies
an
d
id
en
tical
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
ca
r
r
ier
s
,
wh
er
ei
n
th
e
m
o
d
u
latin
g
wav
e
f
o
r
m
u
n
d
er
g
o
es
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
with
th
e
r
ef
e
r
en
c
e
wav
e.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
lo
g
ic
cir
c
u
its
,
b
asic
d
r
iv
in
g
p
u
ls
es
ar
e
d
er
iv
ed
,
lead
in
g
to
th
e
g
en
er
atio
n
o
f
c
o
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
s
witch
in
g
p
u
ls
es.
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
(
d
)
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Use o
f
th
e
tr
ap
ez
o
id
al
-
b
ased
PW
M
tech
n
iq
u
e
:
(
a)
PD
,
(
b
)
APOD
,
(
c)
C
O
m
u
lticar
r
ier
wav
ef
o
r
m
,
an
d
(
d
)
p
u
ls
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
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I
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DATA AV
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Data
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[
1
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in
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