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Na
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se
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n
d
m
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teria
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tri
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s
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C
d
S NPs
DT
A
an
d
T
GA
Ph
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to
lu
m
in
escen
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ca
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n
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tr
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s
co
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Vis
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s
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s
co
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s
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rticle
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d
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e
CC B
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SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
R
.
K.
N.
R
.
Ma
n
ep
alli
L
C
NC
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ab
o
r
ato
r
y
,
Dep
ar
tm
e
n
t o
f
Ph
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s
ics,
An
d
h
r
a
Un
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r
s
ity
Vis
ak
h
ap
atn
am
,
I
n
d
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E
m
ail:
p
r
o
f
.
m
r
n
r
a
o
@
an
d
h
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au
n
iv
er
s
ity
.
ed
u
.
i
n
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Nan
o
s
cien
ce
an
d
n
an
o
tech
n
o
lo
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y
p
lay
a
v
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r
o
le
ac
r
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s
s
v
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s
s
cien
tific
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d
tech
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o
lo
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o
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ain
s
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
ca
d
m
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m
s
u
lf
id
e
-
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o
p
ar
ticles
(
C
d
S
-
NPs
)
ar
e
w
id
ely
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s
ed
in
m
ed
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ag
r
icu
ltu
r
al,
a
n
d
m
ater
ials
s
cien
ce
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
1
]
.
Me
tal
su
lp
h
id
e
n
an
o
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
ar
e
c
o
m
m
o
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ly
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p
lo
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as
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f
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p
h
o
to
ca
tal
y
s
ts
in
s
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n
d
u
cto
r
n
an
o
s
tr
u
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d
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to
t
h
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ab
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to
a
b
s
o
r
b
a
b
r
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r
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/o
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h
t,
as
w
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as
th
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f
av
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r
ab
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elec
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s
tr
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an
d
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g
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tr
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
p
r
o
p
e
r
ties
an
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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E
n
g
I
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N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
Hyd
r
o
th
erma
l syn
th
esis
a
n
d
d
efec
t
-
d
r
iven
o
p
tica
l c
h
a
r
a
cteriz
a
tio
n
o
f
…
(
Dee
p
ti B
h
a
r
g
a
va
)
441
th
ese
NPs
h
av
e
also
co
n
tr
i
b
u
ted
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
t
o
a
d
v
an
ce
m
en
ts
in
s
o
lar
en
e
r
g
y
te
ch
n
o
lo
g
ies,
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
er
v
atio
n
,
an
d
wate
r
tr
ea
t
m
en
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es.
Am
o
n
g
th
e
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
ty
p
es
o
f
NPs
,
m
etal
an
d
m
etal
s
u
lf
id
e
NPs
ar
e
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
n
o
tewo
r
t
h
y
d
u
e
to
th
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r
b
r
o
ad
ap
p
licab
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in
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d
r
ess
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g
en
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o
n
m
e
n
tal
ch
allen
g
es
an
d
en
h
an
cin
g
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
[
2
]
.
Gr
o
u
p
I
I
–
VI
s
em
ico
n
d
u
c
to
r
NPs
,
s
u
ch
as
C
d
S,
ar
e
esp
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ially
p
r
ef
er
r
e
d
b
ec
au
s
e
th
ey
ca
n
b
e
s
y
n
t
h
esized
ea
s
ily
with
in
a
co
n
tr
o
lled
s
ize
r
an
g
e.
C
d
S
NPs
,
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
a
wid
e
b
an
d
g
ap
o
f
2
.
4
eV,
h
a
v
e
a
b
r
o
ad
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
ap
p
licatio
n
s
ac
r
o
s
s
m
u
ltip
le
s
cien
tific
an
d
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ical
d
o
m
ai
n
s
.
T
h
e
y
a
r
e
ex
ten
s
iv
ely
em
p
lo
y
ed
in
th
e
f
ab
r
icatio
n
o
f
p
h
o
to
d
etec
to
r
s
[
3
]
,
[
4
]
,
s
o
lar
c
ells
[
5
]
,
p
h
o
t
o
ca
taly
s
ts
[
6
]
,
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
o
p
tical
m
ater
ials
[
7
]
,
a
n
d
in
an
tim
icr
o
b
ial
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
8
]
,
[
9
]
.
C
d
S
NPs
o
r
q
u
an
tu
m
d
o
ts
ar
e
wid
ely
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
am
o
n
g
r
ep
o
r
te
d
m
ater
ials
f
o
r
t
h
eir
ex
ce
p
tio
n
al
o
p
tical
a
n
d
elec
tr
ical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
,
en
ab
lin
g
th
ei
r
u
s
e
in
d
iv
er
s
e
f
ield
s
s
u
ch
a
s
b
io
-
s
en
s
in
g
,
b
io
-
im
ag
in
g
,
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
ltaic
ce
lls
,
n
an
o
-
m
e
d
icin
e,
m
o
lecu
lar
p
at
h
o
lo
g
y
,
an
d
d
r
u
g
d
eliv
er
y
[
1
0
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
u
n
iq
u
e
o
p
tical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
C
d
S NPs
,
o
f
ten
r
ef
er
r
ed
to
as q
u
an
tu
m
d
o
ts
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
t th
eir
u
s
e
in
a
wid
e
v
ar
iety
o
f
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
b
io
i
m
ag
in
g
,
b
io
s
en
s
in
g
,
n
an
o
m
ed
icin
e,
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
d
ev
ices,
an
d
tar
g
eted
d
r
u
g
d
eliv
er
y
s
y
s
tem
s
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
.
Var
io
u
s
o
x
id
e
-
b
ased
n
a
n
o
m
ater
ials
ca
n
b
e
s
y
n
th
esized
u
s
in
g
a
r
an
g
e
o
f
m
eth
o
d
s
th
at
o
f
f
er
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
,
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
,
ea
s
e
o
f
h
an
d
lin
g
,
an
d
co
n
s
is
ten
t
q
u
ality
[
1
3
]
-
[
1
6
]
.
Am
o
n
g
th
ese,
g
r
ee
n
s
y
n
th
esis
u
s
in
g
p
lan
t
ex
tr
ac
ts
h
as
attr
ac
ted
co
n
s
id
er
ab
le
atte
n
tio
n
d
u
e
to
its
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
ly
f
r
ien
d
ly
n
atu
r
e
.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
I
xo
r
a
co
cc
in
ea
ex
tr
ac
t
in
th
e
b
io
s
y
n
th
esis
o
f
titan
iu
m
d
io
x
id
e
(
T
iO
2
)
NPs
r
ep
r
esen
ts
a
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
m
ater
ials
with
p
o
ten
tial
ap
p
licatio
n
s
in
o
r
g
an
ic
el
ec
tr
o
n
ics,
m
er
g
i
n
g
ec
o
lo
g
ical
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
with
ad
v
an
ce
d
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
e
h
y
d
r
o
th
er
m
al
m
eth
o
d
is
an
o
th
er
wid
ely
em
p
lo
y
e
d
tech
n
iq
u
e,
o
f
f
er
in
g
s
ev
e
r
al
ad
v
an
ta
g
es
s
u
ch
as
co
n
tr
o
lled
p
ar
ticle
s
ize,
en
h
an
ce
d
s
tab
ilit
y
,
an
d
h
i
g
h
p
u
r
ity
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
ty
p
ically
o
p
e
r
ates
at
tem
p
er
atu
r
es
b
el
o
w
4
5
0
°C
,
m
in
im
izin
g
elec
tr
o
n
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
lo
s
s
es
an
d
th
er
e
b
y
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
d
ev
ices
an
d
s
o
lar
e
n
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
.
E
x
ten
s
iv
e
r
esear
ch
h
as
b
ee
n
co
n
d
u
cted
o
n
C
d
S
NPs
,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
th
eir
s
y
n
th
esis
tech
n
iq
u
es
an
d
d
etailed
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
s
o
f
th
eir
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
an
d
o
p
tical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
.
T
h
ese
s
tu
d
ies
f
r
eq
u
en
tly
u
tili
ze
ch
ar
ac
ter
izatio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
s
u
ch
as
X
-
r
ay
d
if
f
r
ac
tio
n
(
XR
D)
,
s
ca
n
n
in
g
elec
tr
o
n
m
icr
o
s
co
p
y
(
SEM
)
,
an
d
p
h
o
to
lu
m
in
escen
ce
(
PL)
s
p
ec
tr
o
s
co
p
y
to
g
ain
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
t
o
th
eir
m
o
r
p
h
o
lo
g
y
,
cr
y
s
tallin
ity
,
an
d
e
m
is
s
io
n
b
eh
av
io
r
[
1
8
]
-
[
2
0
]
.
2.
E
XP
E
R
I
M
E
N
T
A
L
RE
SUL
T
S
2
.
1
.
Sy
nthesis
o
f
CdS
-
NP
s
I
n
itially
,
0
.
7
5
M
o
f
ca
d
m
iu
m
ac
etate
d
ih
y
d
r
ate
(
C
d
(
CH
3
C
O
O)
2
•2
H
2
O)
,
u
s
ed
as
th
e
ca
d
m
iu
m
s
o
u
r
ce
,
was
d
is
s
o
lv
ed
in
5
0
m
L
o
f
d
is
till
ed
wate
r
an
d
s
tirr
ed
at
6
0
°C
f
o
r
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
2
h
o
u
r
s
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
d
is
s
o
ciatio
n
in
to
C
d
2+
io
n
s
.
I
n
a
s
ep
ar
ate
b
ea
k
er
,
2
.
5
6
M
o
f
s
o
d
iu
m
s
u
lf
id
e
(
Na
2
S)
was
d
is
s
o
lv
ed
in
5
0
m
L
o
f
d
is
till
ed
wate
r
an
d
s
tirr
ed
at
6
0
°C
f
o
r
1
.
5
h
o
u
r
s
to
g
en
er
ate
s
u
lf
id
e
io
n
s
(
S²
-
)
.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
e
two
p
r
ec
u
r
s
o
r
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
wer
e
s
lo
w
ly
co
m
b
in
ed
at
6
0
°C
an
d
b
r
i
ef
ly
s
tirr
ed
to
en
s
u
r
e
h
o
m
o
g
e
n
eity
.
T
h
e
r
esu
ltin
g
m
ix
tu
r
e
was
th
en
tr
an
s
f
er
r
ed
in
to
a
t
ef
lo
n
-
lin
e
d
s
tain
less
-
s
teel
au
to
clav
e
an
d
s
ea
led
.
T
h
e
h
y
d
r
o
th
er
m
al
r
ea
ctio
n
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
at
1
7
0
°C
f
o
r
2
4
h
o
u
r
s
,
d
u
r
in
g
wh
ich
th
e
p
r
ec
u
r
s
o
r
s
u
n
d
er
w
en
t
n
u
clea
tio
n
an
d
g
r
o
wth
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es lea
d
in
g
to
th
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
C
d
S
-
NPs
.
T
h
e
elev
ated
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
an
d
p
r
ess
u
r
e
with
in
th
e
au
to
cla
v
e
f
ac
ilit
ated
th
e
co
n
tr
o
lled
s
y
n
th
esis
o
f
C
d
S
-
NPs
.
Af
ter
th
e
r
ea
ctio
n
,
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
was
r
ep
ea
ted
ly
wash
ed
with
d
is
till
ed
wate
r
u
s
in
g
an
u
ltra
s
o
n
ic
clea
n
er
to
elim
in
ate
im
p
u
r
itie
s
an
d
an
y
u
n
r
ea
cted
p
r
ec
u
r
s
o
r
s
.
T
h
e
p
u
r
if
ied
m
ate
r
ial
was
th
en
d
r
ied
o
v
er
n
ig
h
t
at
5
0
–
6
0
°C
to
r
e
m
o
v
e
r
esid
u
al
m
o
is
tu
r
e.
T
h
e
f
in
al
p
r
o
d
u
ct,
a
y
ello
w
p
o
wd
er
,
wa
s
id
en
tifie
d
as
th
e
s
y
n
th
esized
C
d
S
-
NPs
.
2
.
2
.
Cha
ra
c
t
er
iza
t
io
n
Ad
v
an
ce
d
tech
n
iq
u
es
h
a
v
e
b
e
en
d
ev
elo
p
ed
to
a
n
aly
ze
v
a
r
io
u
s
p
r
o
p
e
r
ties
o
f
NPs
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
C
d
S
NPs
ch
ar
ac
ter
izatio
n
was
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
u
s
in
g
s
ix
p
r
im
a
r
y
m
eth
o
d
s
:
X
-
r
ay
d
if
f
r
ac
tio
n
(
XR
D)
,
s
ca
n
n
in
g
elec
tr
o
n
m
icr
o
s
co
p
y
(
SEM
)
,
d
if
f
er
en
tial
th
er
m
al
an
aly
s
is
(
DT
A)
,
th
er
m
o
s
-
g
r
a
v
im
etr
i
c
an
aly
s
is
(
T
GA)
(
Mo
d
el
-
STA7
3
0
0
-
Hitach
i,
J
ap
an
)
,
UV
-
v
is
ib
le
s
p
ec
tr
o
s
co
p
y
(
Mo
d
el
UV
-
2
4
5
0
Sh
im
ad
zu
J
ap
a
n
)
,
an
d
p
h
o
to
lu
m
in
escen
ce
(
PL)
s
p
ec
tr
o
s
co
p
y
.
T
h
ese
tech
n
i
q
u
es
c
o
n
f
ir
m
e
d
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
th
e
NPs
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
ed
v
alu
ab
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
th
eir
s
ize,
s
h
ap
e,
an
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
p
r
o
p
e
r
ties
.
XR
D
p
atter
n
s
wer
e
o
b
tain
ed
u
s
in
g
a
B
r
u
k
er
AXS
D8
ad
v
an
ce
d
if
f
r
ac
to
m
eter
in
th
e
B
r
ag
g
–
B
r
en
tan
o
f
o
cu
s
in
g
g
eo
m
et
r
y
,
em
p
lo
y
in
g
C
u
-
Kα
r
ad
iatio
n
(
λ
=
1
.
5
4
0
6
0
Å)
as
th
e
X
-
r
ay
s
o
u
r
c
e.
T
h
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
o
p
er
ated
at
4
0
k
V
an
d
3
0
m
A,
with
d
if
f
r
ac
tio
n
p
atter
n
s
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
at
a
s
ca
n
n
in
g
r
ate
o
f
5
.
0
0
°/
m
in
u
te
o
v
e
r
a
2
θ
r
an
g
e
o
f
1
0
°
–
80
°C
.
T
h
e
SEM
(
Mo
d
el
m
ak
e
is
Z
eiss
s
p
ec
ial
ad
d
itio
n
-
1
8
m
a
k
e)
w
as
u
s
ed
f
o
r
in
s
itu
an
aly
s
is
o
f
m
icr
o
ar
ea
s
.
T
h
e
DT
A
(
Mo
d
el:
STA7
3
0
0
Ma
k
e:
Hitach
i,
J
ap
an
)
was
u
s
ed
to
m
o
n
ito
r
an
d
r
ec
o
r
d
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
th
e
f
u
r
n
a
ce
,
an
d
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
in
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
b
etwe
en
th
e
s
am
p
le
an
d
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
2
6
:
440
-
4
4
8
442
Op
tical
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
was
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
with
t
h
e
h
el
p
o
f
UV
-
VI
S
8
4
0
0
S
s
p
ec
tr
o
m
eter
.
PL
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
th
e
C
d
S
NPs
wer
e
s
tu
d
ied
u
s
in
g
a
Sh
im
ad
zu
R
F
-
5
3
0
1
PC
Sp
ec
tr
o
f
lu
o
r
o
p
h
o
to
m
ete
r
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
AND
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
X
-
r
a
y
diff
r
a
ct
io
n studies
T
h
e
m
eth
o
d
is
b
ased
o
n
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ctiv
e
i
n
ter
f
er
en
c
e
o
f
i
n
cid
en
t
X
-
r
ay
s
o
n
a
s
am
p
le,
s
atis
f
y
in
g
B
r
ag
g
'
s
law
(
2
d
s
in
θ
=
n
λ
)
.
T
h
is
tech
n
iq
u
e
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
v
alu
ab
le
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
th
e
p
h
as
e
id
en
tific
atio
n
an
d
u
n
it
ce
ll
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
th
e
m
ater
ial.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
id
es
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
n
cr
y
s
tallin
e
p
h
ases
o
f
NPs
with
n
ar
r
o
w
p
ea
k
s
in
th
e
d
if
f
r
ac
tio
n
p
atter
n
.
T
h
e
s
y
n
t
h
esized
C
d
S
NPs
wer
e
an
aly
ze
d
u
s
in
g
C
u
-
Kα
r
ad
iatio
n
(
λ
=
1
.
5
4
0
6
0
Å)
,
a
n
d
th
e
r
esu
lts
m
atch
ed
th
e
J
C
PDS
C
ar
d
No
.
4
1
-
1
0
4
9
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
XR
D
p
atter
n
o
f
th
e
s
y
n
th
esized
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
w
ith
s
p
ec
if
ic
Miller
in
d
ices
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
i
n
g
to
m
ax
im
u
m
in
t
en
s
ity
an
d
an
g
le
o
f
d
if
f
r
ac
tio
n
.
T
h
e
s
am
p
le
is
in
d
ex
ed
with
a
h
ex
ag
o
n
al
w
u
r
tzite
cr
y
s
tal
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
with
a
m
a
x
im
u
m
p
ea
k
at
an
an
g
le
o
f
2
6
.
6
°
h
av
in
g
Miller
i
n
d
ices
(
0
0
2
)
.
T
h
e
Sch
er
r
e
r
f
o
r
m
u
la
was
u
s
ed
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d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
cr
y
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tallite
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ize,
g
iv
en
b
y
(
1
)
.
=
0
.
9
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
(
1
)
T
h
e
s
y
m
b
o
l
β
d
en
o
tes
th
e
f
u
ll
wid
th
h
alf
m
ax
im
u
m
,
λ
is
th
e
wav
elen
g
th
o
f
th
e
X
-
r
ay
d
if
f
r
ac
tio
n
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o
u
r
ce
,
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d
θ
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th
e
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g
le
o
f
d
if
f
r
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tio
n
.
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h
e
av
er
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g
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alu
e
o
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ize
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o
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n
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to
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e
1
0
.
2
6
n
m
.
T
h
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
s
ize
o
f
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n
ar
r
o
w
p
ea
k
s
is
d
u
e
to
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u
an
tu
m
co
n
f
in
e
m
en
t
an
d
r
ed
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ce
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s
ca
tter
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ap
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licab
le
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o
r
elec
tr
o
n
i
c
p
r
o
p
er
ties
.
T
h
e
(
h
k
l)
v
alu
es,
f
u
ll
wid
th
at
h
alf
m
a
x
im
u
m
(
FW
HM
)
,
d
-
s
p
ac
in
g
,
an
d
r
elat
iv
e
in
ten
s
ity
o
f
th
e
co
n
ce
r
n
e
d
J
C
PDS ca
r
d
ar
e
g
iv
en
in
T
ab
le
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
XR
D
p
atter
n
o
f
s
y
n
t
h
esized
C
d
S NPs
T
ab
le
1
.
XR
D
d
ata
illu
s
tr
atin
g
p
o
s
itio
n
,
(
h
k
l)
v
al
u
es,
FW
H
M,
r
elativ
e
in
ten
s
ity
,
an
d
d
-
s
p
ac
in
g
2θ
h
k
l
C
o
u
n
t
s
P
e
a
k
h
e
i
g
h
t
F
W
H
M
R
e
l
a
t
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v
e
i
n
t
e
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si
t
y
d
-
sp
a
c
i
n
g
2
5
.
0
5
1
0
1
6
4
1
3
3
5
.
3
0
.
4
8
4
4
.
7
6
3
.
1
6
3
2
2
6
.
6
2
0
0
2
1
4
3
2
1
0
0
0
0
.
4
8
1
0
0
3
.
3
7
4
5
4
3
.
9
4
1
1
0
1
0
4
1
.
7
6
7
4
6
.
2
0
.
6
4
7
2
.
6
9
2
.
0
6
7
4
5
2
.
0
6
1
1
2
9
5
0
.
1
1
6
5
3
.
2
0
.
6
4
6
6
.
3
4
1
.
7
6
2
9
7
0
.
8
7
2
1
1
3
3
7
.
7
4
87
0
.
4
8
2
3
.
5
1
.
3
2
7
0
7
2
.
5
1
1
1
4
3
1
1
82
0
.
8
2
1
,
7
1
1
.
3
0
7
2
3
.
2
.
Su
rf
a
ce
m
o
rpho
lo
g
y
SEM
o
f
f
er
s
d
etailed
in
s
ig
h
ts
an
d
d
eliv
er
s
h
ig
h
-
r
eso
lu
tio
n
im
ag
es
o
f
th
e
s
am
p
le
at
s
i
g
n
if
ican
t
m
ag
n
if
icatio
n
lev
els
o
n
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e,
w
h
ile
en
er
g
y
-
d
is
p
er
s
iv
e
s
p
ec
tr
o
s
co
p
y
(
E
DS)
g
iv
es
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
a
b
o
u
t
ch
em
ical
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
a
n
d
wei
g
h
t
p
e
r
ce
n
tag
es o
f
elem
e
n
ts
p
r
esen
t
in
th
e
s
am
p
le.
I
t
r
elate
s
t
o
th
e
to
p
o
g
r
ap
h
y
o
n
th
e
n
a
n
o
s
ca
le
th
at
in
f
lu
e
n
c
es
p
h
y
s
ical
an
d
c
h
em
ical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
an
d
i
n
ter
ac
tio
n
s
b
etwe
en
th
em
.
T
h
e
im
a
g
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
Hyd
r
o
th
erma
l syn
th
esis
a
n
d
d
efec
t
-
d
r
iven
o
p
tica
l c
h
a
r
a
cteriz
a
tio
n
o
f
…
(
Dee
p
ti B
h
a
r
g
a
va
)
443
o
f
C
d
S
NPs
with
a
d
en
s
e
m
o
r
p
h
o
lo
g
y
ca
p
tu
r
ed
at
o
n
e
µm
s
ize
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
a
)
,
an
d
th
e
elem
en
tal
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
th
e
s
am
e
is
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
b
)
,
as
id
en
tifie
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
E
DS
an
aly
s
is
.
T
h
e
E
DS
d
ata
co
n
f
ir
m
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
ch
e
m
ical
elem
en
ts
s
u
ch
as
s
u
lf
u
r
(
S)
an
d
ca
d
m
iu
m
(
C
d
)
,
wh
ich
a
r
e
k
ey
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
th
e
s
y
n
th
esized
NPs
.
3
.
3
.
DT
A
a
nd
T
G
A
Dif
f
er
en
tial
th
er
m
al
an
al
y
s
is
is
a
th
er
m
al
an
aly
s
is
tech
n
iq
u
e
u
s
ed
to
c
h
ar
ac
ter
ize
m
ater
ials
b
y
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
th
eir
th
er
m
al
b
e
h
av
io
r
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
v
o
lv
es
h
ea
tin
g
o
r
co
o
lin
g
b
o
th
a
s
am
p
le
an
d
a
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
m
ater
ial
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
at
a
li
n
ea
r
h
ea
tin
g
r
ate,
w
h
ile
r
ec
o
r
d
in
g
th
e
f
u
r
n
ac
e
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
an
d
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
s
am
p
le
an
d
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
.
As
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
,
d
eso
r
p
tio
n
i
s
o
b
s
er
v
ed
as
an
en
d
o
th
er
m
ic
s
h
if
t
at
2
5
8
.
8
°C
with
a
h
ea
t
f
lo
w
o
f
2
3
.
9
8
0
μ
V,
as
d
eter
m
in
e
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
DT
A.
T
h
er
m
o
-
g
r
av
im
etr
ic
an
aly
s
is
in
v
o
lv
es m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
weig
h
t
o
f
a
s
a
m
p
le
as
it
eith
er
lo
s
es
o
r
g
ain
s
m
ass
u
n
d
er
s
p
ec
if
ic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
with
th
e
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
b
ein
g
in
cr
ea
s
ed
at
a
p
r
e
d
eter
m
in
ed
r
ate.
I
n
th
e
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
9
0
.
1
°C
t
o
5
0
3
.
6
°
C
(
a
t
h
e
r
m
a
l
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
4
1
3
.
5
°
C
)
,
t
h
e
C
d
S
NP
s
e
x
h
ib
i
t
a
n
o
t
ic
e
a
b
l
e
r
es
p
o
n
s
e
w
it
h
a
m
a
s
s
l
o
s
s
o
f
0
.
9
9
7
m
g
,
d
ec
r
ea
s
in
g
f
r
o
m
1
.
9
6
6
m
g
to
0
.
9
6
9
m
g
.
B
etwe
en
5
0
3
.
6
°C
an
d
7
1
3
.
4
°C
,
th
e
s
am
p
le
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
a
s
m
all
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
m
ass
o
f
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
1
2
3
µg
,
lik
ely
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
b
u
o
y
an
cy
ef
f
ec
t.
B
ey
o
n
d
th
is
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
r
a
n
g
e,
n
o
f
u
r
th
er
c
h
an
g
e
i
n
th
e
weig
h
t o
f
th
e
C
d
S NPs
was o
b
s
er
v
ed
,
in
d
icatin
g
a
lin
ea
r
s
tab
ilit
y
i
n
th
e
m
ater
ial.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Mo
r
p
h
o
lo
g
ical
an
d
c
o
m
p
o
s
itio
n
al
ch
a
r
ac
ter
izatio
n
o
f
C
d
S n
an
o
p
ar
ticles
:
(
a)
SEM
i
m
ag
e
o
f
C
d
S
n
an
o
p
a
r
ticles an
d
(
b
)
E
DS
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
s
h
o
win
g
c
h
em
ical
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
an
d
weig
h
t p
er
ce
n
tag
es
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
DT
A/T
GA
s
p
ec
tr
a
o
f
C
d
S NPs
3
.
4
.
O
ptic
a
l
a
bs
o
rpt
io
n stud
ies
An
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
m
eth
o
d
d
eter
m
i
n
es
s
ize
an
d
o
p
tical
p
r
o
p
e
r
ties
in
th
e
r
an
g
e
2
0
0
-
6
0
0
n
m
at
r
o
o
m
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
with
s
tab
le
d
is
p
er
s
io
n
s
af
ter
u
ltra
s
o
n
icatio
n
.
I
n
th
is
tech
n
iq
u
e,
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
lig
h
t
ab
s
o
r
b
ed
b
y
a
s
am
p
le
is
d
ir
ec
tly
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
a
l
to
th
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
a
b
s
o
r
b
in
g
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
.
I
t
is
wid
ely
u
s
ed
to
an
aly
ze
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
2
6
:
440
-
4
4
8
444
th
e
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
o
f
lig
h
t
b
y
s
u
b
s
tan
ce
s
o
v
er
a
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
wav
el
en
g
th
s
in
th
e
UV
an
d
v
is
ib
le
r
eg
io
n
s
.
C
d
S
NPs
ex
h
ib
it
a
s
h
ar
p
a
b
s
o
r
p
tio
n
p
e
ak
b
etwe
en
3
5
0
an
d
4
5
0
n
m
in
th
e
UV
-
v
is
ib
le
d
if
f
u
s
e
r
e
f
lecta
n
ce
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
,
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
ac
r
o
s
s
a
wav
elen
g
th
r
an
g
e
f
r
o
m
1
0
0
to
1
2
0
0
n
m
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
a)
.
T
h
i
s
p
ea
k
in
d
icate
s
an
en
h
an
ce
d
UV
lig
h
t
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
ca
p
ac
ity
.
Pan
d
ian
et
a
l.
[
2
1
]
in
v
esti
g
ated
th
e
ab
s
o
r
b
an
ce
s
p
ec
tr
a
o
f
C
d
S
NPs
an
d
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
th
eir
o
p
tical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
with
in
th
e
wav
elen
g
th
r
an
g
e
3
7
1
-
3
9
6
n
m
,
s
h
o
win
g
a
r
ed
s
h
if
t
in
th
e
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
wa
v
elen
g
th
.
A
s
tr
o
n
g
a
b
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o
r
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tio
n
b
a
n
d
in
t
h
e
UV
r
eg
io
n
was
o
b
s
er
v
ed
a
t
a
wav
elen
g
th
o
f
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
3
4
5
n
m
,
wh
ic
h
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
b
lu
e
-
s
h
if
ted
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
th
e
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
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ed
g
e
o
f
b
u
lk
ca
d
m
iu
m
s
u
lf
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e.
As
th
e
p
ar
ticle
s
ize
d
ec
r
ea
s
es,
th
e
p
ea
k
s
h
if
ts
to
war
d
s
th
e
lo
wer
wav
elen
g
th
s
id
e
with
in
cr
ea
s
ed
b
an
d
g
a
p
d
u
e
to
q
u
a
n
tu
m
s
ize
co
n
f
in
em
en
t.
T
h
e
tr
a
n
s
itio
n
ass
o
ciate
d
with
elec
tr
o
n
s
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
b
an
d
g
ap
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
a
ch
a
n
g
e
in
t
h
e
o
p
tical
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
co
e
f
f
icien
t
with
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elen
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th
.
A
g
r
ap
h
p
lo
tted
b
etwe
en
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h
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to
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en
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g
y
(
h
ν
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a
n
d
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α
h
ν
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2
is
u
s
ed
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
en
er
g
y
b
an
d
g
ap
o
f
th
e
C
d
S NPs
b
y
(
2
)
.
ℎ
=
(
ℎ
−
)
(
2
)
T
h
e
T
au
c
p
lo
t
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
b
)
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
e
n
er
g
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g
ap
o
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d
S
NPs
,
p
r
o
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a
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ir
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t
b
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d
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a
p
e
n
er
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y
o
f
a
p
p
r
o
x
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ately
2
.
2
8
eV.
T
h
is
a
p
p
r
ec
ia
b
le
b
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d
g
ap
en
a
b
les
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to
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s
en
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itiv
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an
d
ap
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licab
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f
o
r
o
p
to
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tr
o
n
ic
ap
p
licatio
n
s
in
v
is
ib
le
an
d
n
ea
r
in
f
r
ar
ed
r
eg
io
n
s
.
T
h
is
ele
ctr
o
n
ic
p
r
o
p
e
r
ty
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
th
e
s
em
ico
n
d
u
ctin
g
b
e
h
av
io
r
o
f
C
d
S
NPs
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
f
lu
e
n
cin
g
th
eir
p
o
te
n
tial
ap
p
licatio
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s
in
elec
tr
o
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ic
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d
o
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tr
o
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ic
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ev
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T
h
e
b
a
n
d
g
a
p
v
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e
also
in
d
icate
s
th
e
s
u
itab
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f
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d
S
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taly
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r
ticu
lar
ly
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n
d
er
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is
ib
le
lig
h
t i
r
r
ad
iatio
n
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Op
tical
ch
a
r
ac
ter
izat
io
n
o
f
C
d
S n
a
n
o
p
a
r
ticles (
C
d
S
NPs
)
:
(
a)
a
b
s
o
r
b
an
ce
c
u
r
v
e
o
f
C
d
S NPs
an
d
(
b
)
e
n
e
r
g
y
g
ap
o
f
C
d
S NPs
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I
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8
7
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t
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h
a
r
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445
3
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5
.
P
ho
t
o
lum
ines
ce
nce
s
t
ud
ies
PL
s
p
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tr
o
s
co
p
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wid
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u
s
ed
tech
n
iq
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esti
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atin
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f
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ater
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b
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aly
zin
g
th
e
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itted
lig
h
t
af
t
er
ex
citatio
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with
p
h
o
to
n
s
.
As
f
ar
as
th
e
im
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
d
ev
ice
in
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r
atio
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d
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ilit
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n
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er
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m
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ar
e
co
n
ce
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n
e
d
,
s
u
lf
u
r
v
ac
a
n
cies
(
V
S
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ef
ec
ts
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h
a
n
ce
s
u
b
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d
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a
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s
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wer
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g
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o
ltag
e
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d
r
esp
o
n
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iv
ity
.
Def
ec
t
em
is
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io
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s
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r
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s
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tr
a
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d
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ed
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ce
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lo
r
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ity
;
p
r
o
lo
n
g
e
d
illu
m
in
atio
n
ac
ce
ler
ates
d
eg
r
a
d
a
tio
n
v
ia
p
h
o
to
-
o
x
id
atio
n
.
M
o
d
er
ate
V
S
im
p
r
o
v
es
v
is
ib
le
-
lig
h
t
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
an
d
ch
ar
g
e
s
ep
ar
atio
n
,
b
u
t
ex
ce
s
s
d
ef
ec
ts
ca
u
s
e
tr
ap
-
ass
is
ted
r
ec
o
m
b
in
atio
n
an
d
in
s
tab
ilit
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
PL
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
o
f
C
d
S
NPs
s
y
n
th
esized
v
ia
th
e
h
y
d
r
o
th
e
r
m
al
m
eth
o
d
.
T
h
is
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
p
r
o
v
id
es
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
th
e
ex
citatio
n
a
n
d
em
is
s
io
n
wav
elen
g
t
h
s
,
as
well
as
t
h
e
in
ten
s
ity
o
f
th
e
em
itted
r
ad
iatio
n
.
T
h
e
i
n
ten
s
ity
is
p
lo
tted
as
a
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
w
av
elen
g
th
o
v
er
th
e
3
0
0
-
6
0
0
n
m
r
an
g
e.
A
d
is
tin
ct
p
ea
k
ap
p
ea
r
s
at
3
6
5
n
m
in
th
e
UV
r
eg
io
n
,
wh
ile
an
o
t
h
er
p
ea
k
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
at
5
0
5
n
m
in
th
e
v
is
ib
le
r
eg
i
o
n
.
A
lip
o
u
r
et
a
l.
[
2
2
]
r
ep
o
r
ted
P
L
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
C
d
S
NP
s
,
id
en
tify
in
g
em
is
s
io
n
p
ea
k
s
at
3
7
0
n
m
an
d
7
0
0
n
m
,
alo
n
g
w
i
t
h
w
e
a
k
e
r
p
e
a
k
s
i
n
t
h
e
4
0
0
–
5
0
0
n
m
r
a
n
g
e
,
w
h
i
c
h
w
e
r
e
a
t
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
d
t
o
b
a
n
d
t
r
a
n
s
i
t
i
o
n
s
i
n
C
d
S
NP
s
.
T
h
e
p
e
a
k
s
ar
o
u
n
d
5
0
0
an
d
7
0
0
n
m
ar
e
as
s
o
ciate
d
with
b
an
d
-
e
d
g
e
em
is
s
io
n
an
d
tr
ap
-
s
tate
em
is
s
io
n
,
r
e
s
p
ec
tiv
ely
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
e
u
n
iq
u
e
n
ess
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
is
th
e
ex
is
ten
ce
o
f
an
ad
d
itio
n
al
p
ea
k
th
at
ad
d
r
ess
es
d
ef
ec
ts
i
n
NPs
th
at
ac
t
as
tr
ap
p
in
g
ce
n
ter
s
f
o
r
c
h
ar
g
e
ca
r
r
ier
s
,
n
o
t
o
n
ly
in
t
h
e
v
is
ib
le
r
eg
i
o
n
at
5
0
5
n
m
,
b
u
t
also
at
3
6
5
n
m
,
o
b
tain
ed
f
o
r
s
y
n
th
esized
NPs
b
y
h
y
d
r
o
th
er
m
al
s
y
n
th
esis
.
T
h
ese
tr
ap
p
ed
ce
n
ter
s
ar
e
lo
c
alize
d
en
er
g
y
s
tates
with
in
th
e
m
ater
ial
th
at
ar
is
e
d
u
e
to
th
e
q
u
an
tu
m
s
ize
ef
f
ec
t
with
a
co
n
tr
o
lled
b
an
d
g
a
p
[
2
4
]
.
Sy
n
th
esis
o
f
NPs
b
y
th
e
h
y
d
r
o
th
e
r
m
al
m
eth
o
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
at
lo
w
tem
p
er
at
u
r
es
(
less
th
an
4
5
0
°C
)
wit
h
r
ed
u
ce
d
elec
tr
o
n
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
s
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
d
ev
ice,
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
s
em
ico
n
d
u
ct
o
r
an
d
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
e
r
ad
iati
v
e
b
an
d
s
at
h
ig
h
er
a
n
d
lo
we
r
wav
elen
g
th
s
ar
is
e
d
u
e
t
o
s
u
lp
h
u
r
v
ac
an
cies
an
d
r
ec
o
m
b
in
atio
n
d
u
e
to
s
u
r
f
ac
e
-
tr
ap
p
ed
s
ites
,
in
ad
d
itio
n
to
r
esid
u
al
im
p
u
r
ities
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Ph
o
to
lu
m
in
escen
ce
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
o
f
C
d
S NPs
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
C
d
S
-
NPs
wer
e
s
u
cc
es
s
f
u
lly
s
y
n
th
esized
v
ia
a
h
y
d
r
o
th
e
r
m
al
m
eth
o
d
with
o
u
t
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
an
y
ca
p
p
in
g
ag
en
ts
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
s
im
p
licity
an
d
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Su
r
f
ac
e
m
o
r
p
h
o
lo
g
y
a
n
aly
s
is
r
ev
ea
led
d
en
s
ely
p
ac
k
ed
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
es,
wh
ile
elem
e
n
tal
an
aly
s
is
co
n
f
ir
m
e
d
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
C
d
S
NPs
.
X
-
r
ay
d
if
f
r
ac
tio
n
p
atter
n
s
ex
h
ib
ited
s
h
ar
p
a
n
d
n
ar
r
o
w
p
ea
k
s
,
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
an
av
er
a
g
e
cr
y
s
tallite
s
ize
o
f
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
1
0
.
2
6
n
m
.
DT
A
s
h
o
wed
a
n
e
n
d
o
th
e
r
m
ic
p
ea
k
at
2
5
8
.
8
°C
with
a
h
ea
t
f
lo
w
o
f
2
3
.
9
8
0
μ
V,
attr
ib
u
ted
to
th
e
d
eso
r
p
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
th
at
f
ac
ilit
ates
th
e
en
h
an
ce
m
en
t
o
f
p
h
o
to
ca
taly
tic
r
ea
ctio
n
s
.
T
h
e
o
p
tical
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
d
is
p
lay
e
d
a
d
is
tin
ct
p
ea
k
at
3
6
5
n
m
,
with
a
ca
lcu
lated
en
er
g
y
b
a
n
d
g
ap
o
f
2
.
2
8
eV,
in
d
icatin
g
th
e
s
em
ico
n
d
u
ctin
g
n
atu
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
ater
ial
an
d
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
s
u
r
f
ac
e
P
lasmo
n
r
eso
n
an
ce
.
Ph
o
to
lu
m
in
escen
ce
s
p
ec
tr
o
s
c
o
p
y
r
ev
ea
led
em
is
s
io
n
p
ea
k
s
at
3
6
5
n
m
in
t
h
e
UV
r
eg
io
n
an
d
5
0
3
n
m
i
n
th
e
v
i
s
i
b
l
e
r
e
g
i
o
n
,
f
u
r
t
h
e
r
c
o
n
f
i
r
m
i
n
g
t
h
e
o
p
t
o
e
l
ec
t
r
o
n
i
c
ac
t
i
v
it
y
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
n
t
h
e
s
iz
e
d
NP
s
.
O
v
e
r
a
l
l
,
t
h
e
s
y
n
t
h
es
i
ze
d
C
d
S
-
NP
s
d
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
a
te
p
r
o
m
i
s
in
g
c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
cs
s
u
it
a
b
l
e
f
o
r
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
i
n
o
p
t
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1
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