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I
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lab
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K
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w
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s
:
E
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p
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Gen
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r
MO
SF
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No
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th
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m
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Pu
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f
ield
T
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s
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rticle
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CC B
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C
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Hea
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p
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d
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g
an
o
lep
tic
q
u
ality
o
f
f
o
o
d
[
1
]
.
Pu
ls
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elec
tr
ic
f
ield
(
PEF)
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
attr
ac
tiv
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non
-
th
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m
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m
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tech
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m
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s
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ac
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f
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p
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cts
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y
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u
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to
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r
ief
b
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r
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o
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.
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d
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n
d
it
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llu
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p
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m
ea
b
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y
[
2
]
-
[
7
]
.
T
h
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u
tco
m
e
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f
elec
tr
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p
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r
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d
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at
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r
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s
ib
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o
r
ir
r
ev
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s
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le
elec
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p
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r
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.
T
h
is
elec
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p
o
ten
tial
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p
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s
o
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th
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wav
ef
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m
s
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ch
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lar
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ex
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tial
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d
s
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in
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s
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d
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ll,
as
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is
cr
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in
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s
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in
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elec
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p
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with
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ca
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s
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x
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s
s
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d
am
ag
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to
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ce
ll
[
8
]
-
[
1
0
]
.
R
esear
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o
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PEF
p
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s
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to
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ac
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p
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r
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m
in
im
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th
e
d
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r
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s
h
ea
t
ef
f
ec
ts
o
n
f
o
o
d
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t J Ap
p
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E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
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8
7
9
2
A
tech
n
ica
l revie
w
o
f imp
leme
n
ted
p
u
ls
ed
elec
tr
ic
field
g
en
e
r
a
to
r
s
… (
K
r
i
s
h
n
a
ve
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i S
u
b
r
a
ma
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)
413
T
h
e
liter
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r
e
r
ev
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t
h
is
m
eth
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clea
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s
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1
3
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[
1
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.
PEF
also
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[
1
5
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[
1
6
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.
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y
s
tem
,
an
d
th
ey
ar
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o
f
m
an
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ty
p
es
[
1
4
]
.
Desp
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f
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v
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PEF
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PEF
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y
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,
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d
v
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with
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T
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[
1
3
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[
1
4
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[
1
7
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.
T
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e
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n
ee
d
f
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a
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ato
r
s
ad
d
r
ess
th
ese
is
s
u
es
b
y
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
en
er
g
y
e
f
f
icien
cy
,
en
h
an
cin
g
co
n
tr
o
l
o
v
er
p
u
ls
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
,
a
n
d
o
f
f
er
in
g
g
r
ea
ter
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
an
d
af
f
o
r
d
ab
ilit
y
.
B
u
t
th
e
PEF
g
en
e
r
ato
r
s
ca
n
co
n
ce
n
tr
ate
o
n
e
o
r
two
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
,
an
d
it
is
n
o
t
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
en
h
an
ce
ea
ch
in
d
iv
id
u
al
p
ar
a
m
eter
.
T
h
u
lasi
d
as
et
a
l.
[
1
8
]
s
u
g
g
ested
a
n
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
s
et
u
p
t
o
o
v
er
co
m
e
th
e
lim
itatio
n
s
o
f
Ma
r
x
g
e
n
er
ato
r
an
d
s
im
ilar
ly
th
e
c
o
m
p
ac
tn
ess
is
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
in
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
0
]
,
a
n
d
p
u
ls
e
wid
th
is
r
ed
u
ce
d
in
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
in
v
esti
g
ates
s
m
al
l
s
ca
le
PEF
g
en
er
ato
r
s
aim
ed
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
co
s
t,
en
h
an
ce
th
e
co
m
p
ac
tn
ess
an
d
elev
ate
v
o
ltag
e
lev
el.
Du
e
to
d
iv
er
s
e
elec
tr
ical
p
ar
am
eter
s
ex
p
ec
ted
to
in
ac
tiv
ate
th
e
m
icr
o
o
r
g
an
is
m
,
th
r
ee
s
u
ch
k
in
d
o
f
PEF
g
en
er
ato
r
s
ar
e
d
etailed
i
n
th
is
a
r
ticle.
T
h
e
b
asic
th
e
o
r
y
an
d
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
PEF
g
e
n
er
ato
r
s
ar
e
e
x
p
lain
ed
in
s
ec
tio
n
2
an
d
th
e
im
p
lem
en
ted
s
m
all
s
ca
le
PEF
g
en
er
at
o
r
s
b
ased
o
n
s
o
lid
s
tate
d
ev
ices a
r
e
d
etailed
in
s
ec
tio
n
3
.
2.
DE
V
E
L
O
P
M
E
N
T
S
I
N
P
E
F
G
E
NE
R
AT
O
R
S
T
r
ad
itio
n
al
f
o
o
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
P
E
F
g
en
er
ato
r
s
g
e
n
er
ate
h
ig
h
i
n
s
tan
tan
eo
u
s
v
o
ltag
e/c
u
r
r
en
t
an
d
h
en
ce
r
eq
u
ir
e
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
to
with
s
ta
n
d
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
h
ig
h
cu
r
r
en
t.
L
ater
,
a
f
ew
m
o
r
e
elec
tr
ic
al
p
ar
am
eter
s
s
u
ch
as
p
u
ls
e
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
,
tr
ea
tm
en
t tim
e,
p
u
ls
e
wid
th
,
an
d
tr
ea
tm
e
n
t
ch
am
b
er
d
esig
n
,
h
av
e
b
ee
n
f
o
u
n
d
u
s
ef
u
l
in
th
e
PEF
f
o
o
d
t
r
ea
tm
en
t.
I
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
ts
in
PEF
g
en
e
r
ato
r
s
to
m
ee
t
s
p
ec
if
ic
d
em
an
d
s
at
an
af
f
o
r
d
ab
le
co
s
t
an
d
s
ize
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
e
v
elo
p
e
d
,
wh
ich
ar
e
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
PEF
f
o
o
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
.
T
h
e
elec
tr
ic
f
iel
d
in
ten
s
ity
ca
n
b
e
in
cr
ea
s
ed
b
y
ad
ju
s
tin
g
t
h
e
d
is
tan
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
f
o
o
d
ch
am
b
er
elec
tr
o
d
es.
T
h
e
c
h
am
b
er
m
u
s
t
b
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cte
d
s
u
ch
th
at
th
e
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
i
n
s
id
e
th
e
ch
am
b
er
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
h
o
m
o
g
e
n
eo
u
s
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
en
tire
ac
tiv
e
r
eg
io
n
.
2
.
1
.
B
a
s
ic
c
o
m
po
nents o
f
P
E
F
g
ener
a
t
o
r
T
h
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
PEF
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
s
y
s
tem
wh
ich
is
s
h
o
wn
in
F
ig
u
r
e
1
,
is
s
im
p
le
h
av
in
g
a
h
i
g
h
v
o
ltag
e
s
u
p
p
ly
,
a
s
to
r
ag
e
d
ev
ice,
s
witch
,
an
d
a
tr
ea
tm
en
t
ch
am
b
e
r
[
9
]
.
PEF
g
en
er
ato
r
s
ar
e
class
if
i
ed
as
ON
s
witch
es
an
d
ON/OFF
s
w
itch
es.
T
h
e
ON
s
witch
es
lik
e
th
y
r
atr
o
n
,
i
g
n
itro
n
,
g
as
s
p
ar
k
g
ap
s
,
an
d
t
r
ig
atr
o
n
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
th
e
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
p
ath
f
o
r
th
e
elec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
f
r
o
m
s
to
r
ag
e
d
ev
ice
to
lo
ad
.
T
h
e
class
ical
ON
s
wit
ch
es
h
av
e
d
em
er
its
lik
e
lim
ited
p
u
ls
e
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
,
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
lex
ity
i
n
th
e
tr
ig
g
er
in
g
cir
c
u
its
,
s
witch
in
g
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
s
witch
es,
an
d
lim
ited
en
er
g
y
p
er
p
u
ls
e.
T
h
e
ON/OFF
s
wi
tc
h
es
d
ev
elo
p
ed
in
r
ec
e
n
t
y
ea
r
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
f
lex
i
b
le
co
n
tr
o
l
o
n
th
e
elec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
d
is
ch
ar
g
e.
I
n
s
u
lated
g
ate
b
ip
o
lar
tr
an
s
is
to
r
(
I
GB
T
)
,
T
h
y
r
i
s
to
r
,
an
d
MO
SF
E
T
ar
e
a
f
ew
ex
am
p
les.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Gen
e
r
al
b
lo
c
k
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
h
i
g
h
v
o
ltag
e
p
u
ls
e
g
en
er
ato
r
2
.
2
.
B
a
s
ic
hig
h v
o
lt
a
g
e
circ
uits
I
n
itially
,
th
e
b
asic
R
C
an
d
R
L
C
c
ir
cu
its
ar
e
ad
o
p
ted
in
th
e
PEF
f
o
o
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
es
2
(
a
)
an
d
2
(
b
)
r
esp
ec
ti
v
ely
.
T
h
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
v
o
ltag
e
ca
n
b
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
u
p
to
6
0
k
V.
T
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
ea
ch
co
m
p
o
n
en
t d
eter
m
in
es th
e
s
h
a
p
e
o
f
th
e
g
en
e
r
ated
p
u
ls
e
an
d
s
o
it is
b
as
ically
ca
lled
a
p
u
ls
e
f
o
r
m
in
g
a
n
etwo
r
k
(
PF
N)
.
T
h
e
s
im
p
lest
PF
N
is
t
h
e
R
C
cir
cu
it
wh
er
e
th
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
is
ch
ar
g
ed
t
o
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
th
e
n
d
eliv
er
e
d
to
th
e
f
o
o
d
ch
am
b
er
.
B
u
t
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
R
L
C
cir
cu
it
is
h
ig
h
er
th
a
n
th
e
R
C
cir
cu
it,
ar
o
u
n
d
4
0
-
5
0
%
wh
il
e
th
e
R
C
cir
cu
it
h
as
o
n
ly
3
8
%
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
o
u
g
h
th
e
cir
cu
it
is
s
im
p
le,
it
h
as
a
f
ew
ch
allen
g
e
s
lik
e
h
ig
h
s
u
p
p
ly
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
th
er
ef
o
r
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
d
esig
n
e
d
to
wit
h
s
tan
d
th
e
h
ig
h
er
v
o
ltag
e
.
T
h
is
m
ak
es
th
e
cir
cu
it
b
u
lk
ier
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
2
6
:
412
-
4
2
0
414
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
y
p
ical
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
p
u
ls
e
g
en
er
at
o
r
:
(
a)
R
C
cir
cu
i
t a
n
d
(
b
)
R
L
C
cir
cu
it
2
.
3
.
H
i
g
h
v
o
lt
a
g
e
pu
ls
e
g
ener
a
t
o
r
ba
s
ed
o
n M
a
rx
c
ells
Ma
r
x
ty
p
e
g
e
n
er
ato
r
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
as
PEF
g
en
e
r
a
to
r
s
wh
er
e
t
h
e
h
ig
h
er
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
is
o
b
tain
ed
with
o
u
t
in
c
r
ea
s
in
g
s
u
p
p
ly
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
th
e
cir
c
u
it
d
iag
r
am
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
ar
e
ch
ar
g
ed
in
p
ar
allel
an
d
th
e
s
am
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
s
er
ies
wh
ile
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
s
witch
es.
Sp
ar
k
g
ap
is
u
s
ed
as
ac
tiv
e
s
witch
es
in
th
e
f
ir
s
t
v
e
r
s
io
n
o
f
Ma
r
x
g
en
e
r
ato
r
s
an
d
t
h
ese
ac
t
as
v
o
ltag
e
lim
itin
g
s
witch
es.
L
ater
,
s
p
ar
k
g
ap
s
ar
e
r
e
p
lace
d
b
y
s
em
ico
n
d
u
ct
o
r
s
witch
es
lik
e
T
h
y
r
is
to
r
,
MO
SF
E
T
,
an
d
I
GB
T
,
d
u
e
to
th
eir
ad
v
a
n
tag
es
[
2
3
]
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
b
asic
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
an
d
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
,
th
e
d
er
iv
ed
s
o
lid
s
tate
PEF g
en
er
ato
r
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
ev
elo
p
ed
an
d
f
ew
o
f
th
em
a
r
e
illu
s
tr
ated
in
th
is
ar
ticle.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Ma
r
x
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
p
u
ls
e
g
en
er
ato
r
3.
H
ARDWA
R
E
I
M
P
L
E
M
E
N
T
AT
I
O
N
O
F
P
E
F
G
E
N
E
RA
T
O
RS
So
lid
-
s
tate
d
ev
ices
lik
e
MO
S
FET
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
h
ig
h
s
p
ee
d
a
n
d
f
ast
s
witch
in
g
o
f
h
ig
h
v
o
lt
ag
es
[
1
0
]
.
MO
SF
E
T
s
ar
e
av
ailab
le
with
h
ig
h
er
s
witch
in
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
with
less
co
m
p
lex
d
r
iv
in
g
cir
cu
its
.
B
u
t
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e/cu
r
r
e
n
t
r
atin
g
o
f
th
e
in
d
iv
id
u
al
MO
SF
E
T
is
lim
ited
to
a
f
ew
1
0
0
V/1
0
A.
So
,
th
is
c
an
b
e
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
b
y
co
n
n
ec
tin
g
MO
SF
E
T
s
in
s
er
ie
s
an
d
p
ar
allel.
3
.
1
.
P
E
F
g
ener
a
t
o
r
ba
s
ed
o
n
s
er
ies
-
co
nn
ec
t
ed
M
O
SF
E
T
s
B
y
u
s
in
g
a
s
er
ies
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
p
o
wer
MO
SF
E
T
s
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
h
i
g
h
er
v
o
ltag
es,
th
e
PEF
g
en
er
ato
r
ca
n
b
e
d
esig
n
ed
to
g
en
er
ate
t
h
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
v
o
ltag
e
at
a
r
ea
s
o
n
ab
le
co
s
t
u
s
in
g
m
ass
-
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
d
ev
ices
[
2
4
]
,
[
25
].
Su
ch
ty
p
e
o
f
PEF
g
en
er
ato
r
is
ec
o
n
o
m
ical
an
d
s
im
u
la
ted
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
s
witch
in
g
lo
s
s
is
r
ed
u
ce
d
f
o
r
s
er
ies
MO
SF
E
T
s
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
s
witch
es
ar
e
s
i
m
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
tu
r
n
ed
ON
an
d
OFF
wi
th
v
o
ltag
e
s
h
ar
ed
ev
e
n
ly
.
Als
o
,
s
in
ce
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
is
s
h
ar
e
d
d
y
n
am
ica
lly
ac
r
o
s
s
ea
ch
d
ev
ice,
t
h
er
m
al
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
is
g
r
ea
tly
h
a
n
d
led
.
R
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
-
lev
el
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
,
th
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
m
u
s
t
b
e
a
b
le
to
with
s
tan
d
h
i
g
h
v
o
ltag
e
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
MO
SF
E
T
,
g
ate
s
o
u
r
ce
v
o
ltag
e
s
h
o
u
ld
n
ev
er
ex
ce
e
d
2
0
V,
a
n
d
ea
c
h
MO
SF
E
T
’
s
v
o
ltag
e
r
atin
g
lim
its
s
tack
in
g
,
an
d
t
h
e
co
llectiv
e
s
tack
ed
d
ev
ices sh
o
u
ld
with
s
tan
d
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
[
2
4
]
.
I
n
th
is
d
esig
n
ed
cir
cu
it,
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
im
p
ed
an
ce
m
ai
n
tain
ed
as
2
0
p
lay
s
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
r
o
le
in
f
ix
in
g
th
e
wav
esh
ap
e
o
f
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e.
I
n
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
cir
cu
i
t,
wh
ich
u
s
es
I
R
F7
4
0
,
4
0
0
V,
an
d
4
0
A
ar
e
p
u
t
in
s
er
ies
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
5
0
0
V
s
q
u
a
r
e
p
u
ls
es.
I
t
is
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
to
l
ea
v
e
a
s
af
ety
b
u
f
f
er
f
o
r
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
b
lo
ck
i
n
g
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
th
e
MO
SF
E
T
s
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
cir
cu
it
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
a
r
e
n
o
t
o
p
tim
al.
T
h
e
h
a
r
d
war
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
is
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
A
tech
n
ica
l revie
w
o
f imp
leme
n
ted
p
u
ls
ed
elec
tr
ic
field
g
en
e
r
a
to
r
s
… (
K
r
i
s
h
n
a
ve
n
i S
u
b
r
a
ma
n
i
)
415
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
with
its
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
e
ci
r
cu
it
is
test
ed
with
1
2
0
V
as
in
p
u
t
an
d
h
a
v
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
1
0
6
V
as
o
u
tp
u
t.
T
o
g
eth
e
r
with
th
e
7
4
AC
1
4
Sch
m
itt
tr
ig
g
er
,
th
e
T
SC
4
2
6
d
r
iv
er
I
C
ac
tiv
ates
th
e
g
ate
o
f
th
e
lo
west
MO
SF
E
T
.
T
h
e
T
SC
4
2
6
co
n
v
er
ts
T
T
L
in
p
u
t
in
to
o
u
tp
u
ts
with
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t.
T
h
e
m
ass
-
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
s
witch
es
ar
e
r
estrict
ed
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
is
o
latio
n
b
etwe
en
g
ates
an
d
th
e
lim
ited
with
s
tan
d
v
o
ltag
e
lev
els
MO
SF
E
T
p
o
w
er
an
d
tr
ig
g
er
cir
cu
it.
T
h
e
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
izatio
n
o
f
g
ate
p
u
ls
es
m
u
s
t
b
e
p
r
o
p
er
ly
m
ain
tain
ed
b
y
ch
o
o
s
in
g
th
e
e
x
ter
n
al
g
ate
s
o
u
r
ce
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
C
ir
cu
it d
iag
r
am
o
f
s
er
ies
MO
SF
E
T
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
E
x
p
er
im
e
n
tal
s
et
u
p
o
f
(
a)
s
er
ies M
OSFET
s
an
d
(
b
)
o
u
tp
u
t v
o
ltag
e
T
h
e
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
v
al
u
es
f
o
r
t
h
e
d
esig
n
e
d
cir
c
u
it
ar
e
9
9
0
p
F,
4
9
5
p
F
,
an
d
3
3
0
p
F
,
r
e
s
p
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
o
u
g
h
th
e
co
m
p
lex
ity
ex
is
ts
in
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
d
r
iv
er
cir
cu
it
in
s
er
ies
co
n
n
ec
ted
MO
SF
E
T
s
,
it
i
s
ec
o
n
o
m
ical.
T
h
e
s
in
g
le
p
o
wer
MO
SF
E
T
co
u
ld
b
e
u
s
ed
to
ac
h
iev
e
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
at
t
h
e
s
am
e
tim
e
,
th
e
d
r
iv
er
cir
cu
it
b
ec
o
m
es
s
im
p
le.
Ho
wev
er
,
it
n
ee
d
s
u
n
iq
u
e
,
s
p
ec
ially
d
esig
n
ed
s
o
lid
-
s
tate
d
ev
ices
wh
er
e
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
m
u
s
t b
e
tak
en
i
n
to
ac
co
u
n
t w
h
en
th
e
d
ev
ices
wer
e
b
ein
g
m
a
n
u
f
ac
tu
r
ed
.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
s
er
ies
MO
SF
E
T
s
ca
n
b
e
ev
id
e
n
t
in
th
e
b
alan
cin
g
o
f
v
o
ltag
e,
h
ig
h
s
p
ee
d
s
witch
in
g
,
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
n
o
ted
u
p
to
1
5
0
0
V
,
an
d
f
in
ally
t
h
e
r
eli
ab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
s
er
ies s
tack
[
2
4
]
.
3
.
2
.
H
i
g
h v
o
lt
a
g
e
pu
ls
e
g
ener
a
t
o
r
us
ing
s
ing
le
M
O
SF
E
T
W
h
en
MO
SF
E
T
s
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
s
er
ies,
tr
ig
g
er
in
g
th
em
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
ca
n
p
r
esen
t
s
ev
er
al
ch
allen
g
es
an
d
d
r
aw
b
ac
k
s
.
I
f
n
o
t
p
r
o
p
er
l
y
d
r
iv
en
,
s
o
m
e
M
OSFET
s
m
ig
h
t
n
o
t
s
witch
f
u
lly
ON
o
r
OFF
at
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e,
ca
u
s
in
g
u
n
eq
u
al
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
,
h
ig
h
e
r
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
es,
o
r
s
lo
w
s
witch
in
g
tr
an
s
itio
n
s
.
I
d
ea
lly
,
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
d
r
o
p
s
ac
r
o
s
s
ea
ch
M
OSFET
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
eq
u
al,
b
u
t
in
p
r
ac
tice,
d
u
e
to
d
e
v
ice
v
ar
iatio
n
s
an
d
th
e
g
ate
d
r
iv
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
,
th
e
v
o
lta
g
e
ca
n
b
e
u
n
ev
en
l
y
d
is
tr
ib
u
te
d
.
I
f
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
s
h
ar
in
g
is
n
o
t
p
r
o
p
e
r
ly
b
alan
ce
d
,
s
o
m
e
MO
SF
E
T
s
m
ig
h
t
ex
p
er
ien
ce
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
v
o
ltag
e
s
tr
es
s
,
wh
ich
co
u
ld
lead
to
b
r
ea
k
d
o
wn
o
r
f
ailu
r
e
o
f
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
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t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
2
6
:
412
-
4
2
0
416
th
o
s
e
d
ev
ices.
So
,
it
wo
u
ld
b
e
p
r
e
f
er
ab
le
to
d
esig
n
a
P
E
F
g
en
er
ato
r
with
s
in
g
le
M
OSFET
.
T
h
e
cir
cu
it
d
iag
r
am
is
g
iv
e
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
,
i
n
wh
ich
a
s
in
g
le
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
MO
SF
E
T
is
s
e
lecte
d
an
d
tr
ig
g
er
ed
p
r
o
p
er
ly
[
2
7
]
.
T
h
is
wo
r
k
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
ates
o
n
th
e
m
ain
s
witch
s
elec
tio
n
to
g
et
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
p
u
ls
es
with
s
u
itab
le
d
r
iv
e
r
b
y
tak
i
n
g
i
n
to
ac
c
o
u
n
t
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
ac
tn
ess
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
an
e
x
tr
em
ely
f
ast
R
F
M
OSFET
MO
SF
E
T
-
I
XZ
R
0
8
N1
2
0
B
b
y
I
XYs
h
as
b
ee
n
ch
o
s
en
an
d
it
h
as
a
wid
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
f
ea
tu
r
es
th
at
h
as
o
v
e
r
-
d
o
m
i
n
ated
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
o
th
e
r
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
MO
SF
E
T
s
.
T
h
e
c
o
o
l
MO
S
TM
is
th
e
id
ea
l
s
o
lu
tio
n
to
m
ee
t
t
o
d
ay
’
s
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
en
er
g
y
d
e
m
an
d
s
wi
th
ap
p
r
ec
iab
le
p
r
ice/p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
r
atio
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
C
ir
cu
it d
iag
r
am
o
f
s
in
g
le
MO
SF
E
T
PEF g
en
er
ato
r
T
h
e
DE
I
C
4
2
0
d
r
iv
e
r
r
u
n
s
o
n
an
1
8
V
s
u
p
p
ly
.
T
h
e
p
u
ls
ar
te
s
ted
at
o
u
r
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
at
1
2
0
V,
th
e
clo
c
k
s
ig
n
al
g
en
er
ated
b
y
MC7
4
I
C
1
4
,
th
e
im
p
lem
e
n
ted
cir
cu
it
,
an
d
th
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
o
f
th
e
c
o
m
p
a
ct
p
u
ls
e
g
en
er
ato
r
cir
cu
it
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
7
[
2
7
]
.
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
o
u
tp
u
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
ab
o
v
e
MO
SF
E
T
,
t
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
wer
e
n
o
ted
–
h
i
g
h
s
witch
in
g
s
p
ee
d
an
d
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
,
cu
r
r
e
n
t
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
h
an
d
lin
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
,
v
er
y
s
h
o
r
t
p
u
ls
e
wid
th
d
u
e
to
f
ast
r
esp
o
n
s
e,
an
d
f
in
ally
a
co
m
p
ac
t
an
d
ef
f
icien
t
o
p
er
atio
n
[
2
7
]
.
As
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
s
in
g
le
MO
SF
E
T
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
as
s
am
e
as
th
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
f
o
r
th
e
P
E
F
ap
p
licatio
n
,
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
s
tr
ess
o
n
th
e
MO
SF
E
T
is
h
ig
h
er
wh
ich
i
n
tu
r
n
r
eq
u
ir
e
s
a
p
r
o
p
er
p
r
o
tectiv
e
s
witch
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
E
x
p
er
im
e
n
tal
s
et
u
p
o
f
(
a)
s
in
g
le
MO
SF
E
T
an
d
(
b
)
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
3
.
3
.
Ca
s
ca
ded M
O
SFET
S
b
a
s
ed
P
E
F
g
ener
a
t
o
r
Po
wer
d
ev
ices
ca
n
b
e
d
r
i
v
en
i
n
s
er
ies
u
s
in
g
g
ate
-
s
id
e
tech
n
iq
u
es
th
at
u
s
e
d
y
n
am
ic
clam
p
i
n
g
[
4
]
,
[
5
]
,
o
r
o
p
tim
ize
th
e
d
r
iv
in
g
cir
cu
it
[
6
]
,
[
2
8
]
,
to
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
ize
th
e
p
u
ls
es
an
d
co
r
r
ec
t
f
o
r
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
in
s
witch
in
g
tim
e.
Gate
s
id
e
v
o
ltag
e
b
ala
n
cin
g
,
wh
ich
in
clu
d
es
d
v
/d
t
an
d
d
i/d
t
co
n
tr
o
l
[
3
]
,
[
2
9
]
,
ac
tiv
e
o
v
er
v
o
ltag
e
p
r
o
tectio
n
b
y
d
y
n
a
m
ic
clam
p
cir
cu
its
[
4
]
,
h
ig
h
p
r
ec
is
io
n
g
ate
d
r
iv
e
tim
in
g
,
ca
s
ca
d
ed
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
izatio
n
[
2
8
]
,
an
d
tim
e
-
d
elay
c
o
m
p
e
n
s
atio
n
[
2
9
]
,
e
n
co
m
p
ass
es
th
e
n
ew
t
ec
h
n
iq
u
e
o
f
co
n
n
ec
tin
g
MO
S
d
ev
ices
in
s
er
ies.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
a
n
d
th
e
cir
c
u
it d
iag
r
am
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
8
[
3
0
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
A
tech
n
ica
l revie
w
o
f imp
leme
n
ted
p
u
ls
ed
elec
tr
ic
field
g
en
e
r
a
to
r
s
… (
K
r
i
s
h
n
a
ve
n
i S
u
b
r
a
ma
n
i
)
417
T
h
e
d
r
ain
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
MO
SF
E
T
M
1
i
s
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
MO
SF
E
T
M
2
.
I
n
g
en
er
al,
th
e
g
ates
o
f
M
1
an
d
M
2
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
,
an
d
th
e
s
am
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
ig
n
al
is
s
h
ar
ed
.
B
u
t,
in
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
PEF
g
en
er
ato
r
,
t
h
e
g
ate
o
f
M
1
is
s
ep
ar
ated
f
r
o
m
th
at
o
f
M
2
an
d
th
e
y
h
a
v
e
th
eir
o
wn
co
n
tr
o
l
s
ig
n
al.
T
h
e
h
ar
d
war
e
cir
cu
it is
d
ev
elo
p
ed
an
d
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
9
[
3
0
]
.
A
2
0
Ω
r
esis
to
r
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
s
er
ies with
a
1
0
µH
f
er
r
ite
co
r
e
i
n
d
u
ct
o
r
as
s
o
u
r
ce
in
d
u
cto
r
L
S
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
p
o
wer
MO
SF
E
T
M
1
'
s
g
ate
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
C
igs
,
1
an
d
in
p
u
t c
ap
ac
itan
ce
o
f
1
0
n
F a
r
e
u
s
ed
in
p
ar
allel.
T
h
e
MO
SF
E
T
s
I
R
FP
1
5
0
an
d
I
R
F5
4
0
ar
e
u
s
ed
as
d
r
iv
i
n
g
M
OSFET
s
an
d
p
o
wer
MO
SF
E
T
s
M
1
,
M
2
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
d
i/
d
t r
a
tin
g
o
f
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
in
d
u
cto
r
a
n
d
h
ig
h
s
witch
in
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
o
f
5
2
k
Hz
en
h
a
n
ce
th
e
p
u
ls
e
v
o
ltag
e
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
g
iv
en
1
2
0
V
DC
.
At
th
is
p
u
ls
e
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
,
th
e
p
u
ls
e
wid
th
an
d
d
u
ty
c
y
cle
ar
e
ad
ju
s
tab
le
an
d
1
.
2
μs
is
u
s
ed
in
o
u
r
ex
p
er
im
en
t
.
B
y
ap
p
ly
in
g
PEF
f
o
r
3
0
s
,
th
e
co
lo
n
y
f
o
r
m
in
g
u
n
its
ar
e
tr
em
en
d
o
u
s
ly
r
ed
u
ce
d
a
n
d
th
e
ce
ll
v
iab
ilit
y
r
ec
ed
ed
f
r
o
m
7
l
o
g
to
1
.
1
lo
g
s
ca
les
[
3
0
]
.
I
t
is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
ch
an
g
e
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
p
u
ls
e
wid
th
an
d
f
r
e
q
u
en
cy
b
y
s
im
p
ly
r
ep
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
in
g
th
e
PIC 1
8
F2
5
5
0
.
I
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
DC
in
p
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
alo
n
g
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
er
s
o
u
r
ce
in
d
u
cto
r
d
esig
n
is
an
alter
n
ativ
e
m
eth
o
d
o
f
r
aisi
n
g
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
th
e
c
o
n
s
tr
u
cted
h
i
g
h
v
o
ltag
e
p
u
ls
e
g
en
er
at
o
r
m
ak
es
it
s
im
p
le
to
m
o
d
u
lar
ize
a
n
d
alter
t
h
e
p
u
ls
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
.
T
h
e
en
er
g
y
d
eliv
er
ed
p
er
s
ec
o
n
d
i
n
cr
ea
s
es
with
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
an
d
th
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t v
o
lta
g
e
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
i
n
d
u
cto
r
v
alu
e
[
3
0
]
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
C
ascad
ed
MO
SF
E
T
b
ased
PEF g
en
er
ato
r
:
(
a)
b
l
o
c
k
d
iag
r
am
an
d
(
b
)
ci
r
cu
it d
iag
r
am
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
Har
d
war
e
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
(
a
)
t
wo
s
tag
e
PEF g
e
n
er
ato
r
a
n
d
(
b
)
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
4.
DIS
CU
SS
I
O
N
Fo
r
b
io
l
o
g
ical
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
r
e
d
u
cin
g
th
e
p
u
ls
e
wid
th
an
d
r
a
is
in
g
th
e
p
u
ls
e
r
e
p
etitio
n
r
ate
co
u
ld
also
b
o
o
s
t
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
.
I
n
t
h
e
im
p
lem
en
ted
s
er
ies
-
co
n
n
ec
t
ed
MO
SF
E
T
cir
cu
it,
th
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
r
esis
to
r
ca
n
b
e
ch
an
g
ed
to
ch
a
n
g
e
th
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
p
u
ls
e
wid
th
.
I
t
is
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
th
e
p
u
ls
e
f
alls
an
d
r
is
e
tim
es
w
i
ll
n
o
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
2
6
:
412
-
4
2
0
418
alter
wh
en
th
e
p
u
ls
e
wid
th
is
ad
ju
s
ted
f
r
o
m
3
8
n
s
to
7
µs.
T
h
e
p
u
ls
e
wid
th
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
i
m
p
ar
ted
p
a
r
am
eter
s
in
PEF
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
d
if
f
er
en
t
f
o
o
d
s
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
u
ls
e
wid
th
s
as
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
So
,
it
wo
u
ld
b
e
b
etter
if
a
s
in
g
le
s
o
u
r
ce
with
v
a
r
iab
le
p
u
ls
e
g
e
n
er
atio
n
an
d
s
in
g
le
MO
SF
E
T
PEF
g
en
er
ato
r
is
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
.
I
n
th
e
ci
r
cu
it,
th
e
DE
I
C
4
2
0
d
r
i
v
er
r
u
n
s
o
n
an
1
8
V
s
u
p
p
ly
,
wh
ile
th
e
MCIC7
4
AC
1
4
r
u
n
s
o
n
a
5
V
s
u
p
p
ly
.
B
y
ch
a
n
g
in
g
th
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
r
esis
to
r
f
r
o
m
5
0
0
Ω
t
o
1
0
0
k
Ω
,
th
e
p
u
ls
e
wid
th
c
o
u
ld
b
e
ch
an
g
ed
t
o
p
r
o
d
u
ce
p
u
ls
es th
at
v
ar
y
f
r
o
m
4
0
n
s
to
7
µs.
Gr
en
ier
'
s
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
p
u
ls
e
g
en
er
ato
r
[
3
1
]
m
a
d
e
u
s
e
o
f
M
OSFET
s
co
u
p
led
in
s
er
ies.
H
o
wev
er
,
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
g
en
er
ate
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
v
o
ltag
e
p
u
ls
es,
a
lar
g
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
is
n
ee
d
ed
.
B
u
t,
wh
e
n
t
h
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
is
b
etwe
en
3
0
an
d
1
2
0
V
DC
,
th
e
im
p
lem
en
ted
ca
s
ca
d
ed
M
OSFET
PEF
g
en
er
ato
r
g
en
e
r
ates
a
h
ig
h
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
b
etwe
en
4
0
0
V
a
n
d
1
.
6
k
V
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
in
d
u
cto
r
p
la
y
s
a
m
ajo
r
r
o
le
to
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
t
h
is
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
b
y
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
p
u
ls
e
len
g
th
an
d
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
,
m
o
r
e
elec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
ca
n
b
e
tr
an
s
f
er
r
ed
to
th
e
f
o
o
d
p
r
o
d
u
ct.
So
lid
-
s
tate
PEF
g
en
er
ato
r
s
h
av
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
ts
o
v
er
class
ical
P
E
F
s
y
s
tem
s
in
ter
m
s
o
f
p
r
ec
is
io
n
,
ef
f
icien
cy
,
an
d
o
p
er
atio
n
al
f
lex
i
b
ilit
y
.
B
y
u
tili
zin
g
ad
v
an
ce
d
s
em
ic
o
n
d
u
ct
o
r
s
witch
in
g
d
ev
ices
s
u
ch
as
I
G
B
T
s
an
d
MO
SF
E
T
s
,
s
o
lid
-
s
tate
d
es
ig
n
s
en
ab
le
p
r
ec
is
e
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
p
u
ls
e
wid
th
,
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
,
an
d
am
p
litu
d
e,
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
h
ig
h
ly
co
n
s
is
ten
t
p
u
ls
e
s
h
ap
es
with
m
in
im
al
jitt
er
.
T
h
is
r
esu
lts
in
g
r
ea
ter
r
ep
r
o
d
u
cib
ilit
y
an
d
m
o
r
e
u
n
if
o
r
m
tr
ea
tm
en
t
o
u
tco
m
es.
I
n
c
o
n
tr
ast,
class
ical
PE
F
g
en
er
ato
r
s
,
wh
ich
o
f
ten
r
ely
o
n
s
p
ar
k
g
ap
s
,
th
y
r
atr
o
n
s
,
o
r
m
ec
h
an
ical
s
witch
es,
ten
d
t
o
ex
h
ib
it
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
in
p
u
ls
e
tim
in
g
an
d
s
h
ap
e,
lim
itin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ac
cu
r
ac
y
.
Fro
m
a
m
ain
ten
an
ce
p
er
s
p
ec
ti
v
e,
s
o
lid
-
s
tate
d
esig
n
s
o
f
f
er
lo
n
g
er
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
life
tim
es a
n
d
lo
wer
s
er
v
icin
g
n
ee
d
s
,
wh
ile
class
ical
s
y
s
tem
s
s
u
f
f
er
f
r
o
m
f
aster
wea
r
o
f
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
s
o
lid
-
s
tate
PEF
g
e
n
er
ato
r
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
ea
s
y
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
ab
ilit
y
f
o
r
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
tr
ea
tm
en
t
r
eg
im
es,
m
a
k
in
g
th
em
h
ig
h
ly
ad
a
p
tab
le
f
o
r
r
esear
ch
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
wh
e
r
ea
s
class
ica
l
s
y
s
tem
s
o
f
ten
r
eq
u
ir
e
h
ar
d
war
e
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
s
to
c
h
an
g
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
.
Ov
er
all,
th
e
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
co
m
p
ac
tn
ess
,
an
d
s
af
ety
f
ea
tu
r
es
o
f
s
o
lid
-
s
tate
PEF
g
en
er
ato
r
s
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
b
etter
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
co
n
tr
o
l
a
n
d
r
ed
u
ce
d
o
p
er
atio
n
al
co
s
ts
,
wh
ile
s
till
ac
h
iev
in
g
e
q
u
al
o
r
s
u
p
er
io
r
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
u
tco
m
es c
o
m
p
a
r
ed
to
t
h
eir
class
ical
co
u
n
ter
p
ar
ts
.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
co
n
clu
s
io
n
,
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
ts
in
PEF
g
en
er
at
o
r
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
h
av
e
a
g
r
o
win
g
d
em
a
n
d
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
in
d
u
s
tr
ies,
in
c
lu
d
in
g
f
o
o
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
,
b
io
m
ed
ical
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
a
n
d
wastewate
r
tr
ea
tm
en
t.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
in
m
o
d
u
lar
d
esig
n
s
an
d
en
er
g
y
r
ec
o
v
er
y
s
y
s
tem
s
h
av
e
m
ad
e
th
ese
g
en
er
ato
r
s
m
o
r
e
ad
ap
tab
le
a
n
d
a
f
f
o
r
d
ab
le,
m
ak
in
g
th
e
m
in
c
r
ea
s
in
g
ly
ac
c
ess
ib
le
f
o
r
b
o
th
r
esear
c
h
a
n
d
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
-
s
ca
le
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
Fu
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e
,
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
ts
in
m
ater
ials
an
d
d
esig
n
h
a
v
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
d
to
s
y
s
tem
s
th
at
ar
e
m
o
r
e
d
u
r
ab
le,
r
eliab
le,
an
d
ea
s
ier
t
o
m
ain
tain
.
As
th
ese
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ical
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
ts
co
n
tin
u
e,
PEF
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
b
ec
o
m
in
g
m
o
r
e
v
iab
le
f
o
r
a
wid
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
o
f
f
er
in
g
a
n
o
n
-
th
er
m
al,
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tally
f
r
ie
n
d
ly
alter
n
ativ
e
to
tr
ad
itio
n
al
p
r
o
c
ess
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
we
h
av
e
ev
alu
ated
th
e
cir
cu
it
to
p
o
l
o
g
ies
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
s
er
ies
co
n
n
ec
ted
MO
SF
E
T
s
,
s
in
g
le
MO
SF
E
T
,
an
d
ca
s
ca
d
ed
MO
SF
E
T
s
.
E
ac
h
o
f
t
h
e
g
en
er
ato
r
s
h
av
e
th
eir
o
wn
ad
v
an
tag
es
an
d
s
er
ies
co
n
n
ec
ted
MO
SF
E
T
s
is
m
o
r
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ical
th
an
o
th
er
two
,
s
in
g
le
MO
SF
E
T
PEF
g
en
er
ato
r
f
in
d
s
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
ac
t
n
ess
an
d
ca
s
ca
d
ed
PEF
g
en
er
ato
r
b
o
o
s
ts
m
in
im
u
m
v
o
ltag
e
to
h
ig
h
er
v
o
ltag
e.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
wo
u
ld
lik
e
to
ap
p
r
ec
iate
Sri
Siv
asu
b
r
am
a
n
iy
a
Nad
ar
T
r
u
s
t,
C
h
en
n
ai
f
o
r
f
u
n
d
in
g
t
h
is
p
r
o
ject
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t p
r
o
v
id
e
d
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t th
e
p
r
o
ject.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
t
r
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
a
x
o
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o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
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)
to
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ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
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s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Na
m
e
o
f
Aut
ho
r
C
M
So
Va
Fo
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Vi
Su
P
Fu
Kr
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h
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S.
J
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Ma
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So
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Va
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Fo
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
A
tech
n
ica
l revie
w
o
f imp
leme
n
ted
p
u
ls
ed
elec
tr
ic
field
g
en
e
r
a
to
r
s
… (
K
r
i
s
h
n
a
ve
n
i S
u
b
r
a
ma
n
i
)
419
CO
NF
L
I
C
T
O
F
I
N
T
E
R
E
S
T
ST
A
T
E
M
E
NT
Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
n
o
co
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f
lict o
f
in
t
er
est.
DATA AV
AI
L
AB
I
L
I
T
Y
Data
a
v
aila
b
i
lit
y
is
n
o
t
a
p
p
li
ca
b
le
t
o
t
h
is
p
ap
er
as
n
o
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e
w
d
a
t
a
w
er
e
cr
ea
te
d
o
r
an
al
y
z
e
d
i
n
t
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
S
.
H
.
Jay
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r
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,
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.
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3
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M
.
B
.
S
a
n
o
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R
.
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N
e
a
l
,
P
.
A
.
G
a
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.
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e
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o
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v
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o
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T.
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.
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Me
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En
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5
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.
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r
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,
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y
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R
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[
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G
.
M
.
W
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.
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,
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.
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Re
v
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.
[
7
]
S
.
K
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8
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.
N
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A
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d
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t
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l
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,
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[
9
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A.
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mer
Ei
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P
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1
0
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.
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h
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1
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1
2
]
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.
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h
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)
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,
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ra
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1
3
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(
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EF)
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4
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.
M
.
N
.
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l
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l
.
,
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4
4
.
[
1
5
]
K
.
H
.
S
c
h
o
e
n
b
a
c
h
,
R
.
P
.
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s
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,
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.
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.
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.
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.
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s
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.
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b
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,
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d
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h
p
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c
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f
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l
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I
EEE
T
r
a
n
s
a
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t
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s
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n
D
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e
l
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c
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9
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4
.
8
7
9
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5
9
.
[
1
6
]
S
.
K
a
t
su
k
i
,
N
.
N
o
mu
r
a
,
H
.
K
o
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,
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.
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k
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b
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,
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d
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d
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c
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c
f
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l
d
s
,
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I
EEE
T
r
a
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
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s
o
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D
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c
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d
E
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,
v
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4
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.
[
1
7
]
X
.
C
h
e
n
g
,
S
.
C
h
e
n
,
Y
.
L
v
,
H
.
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n
,
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n
d
B
.
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.
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c
,
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n
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v
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d
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t
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n
,
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T
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s
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c
t
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n
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d
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st
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v
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8
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.
[
1
8
]
J.
S
.
T
h
u
l
a
si
d
a
s
,
S
.
P
u
r
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s
h
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n
,
S
.
R
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v
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n
k
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,
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.
M
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n
,
a
n
d
A
.
A
n
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l
k
u
m
a
r
,
“
L
o
w
c
o
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p
u
l
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l
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c
t
r
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c
f
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,
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n
t
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n
a
t
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n
a
l
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o
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a
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p
p
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g
(
I
J
AP
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,
v
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l
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,
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4
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p
p
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.
[
1
9
]
N
.
F
.
K
a
sr
i
,
M
.
A
.
M
.
P
i
a
h
,
a
n
d
Z.
A
d
z
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s,
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mp
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c
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f
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t
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s:
l
a
b
-
sca
l
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d
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v
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l
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p
me
n
t
,
”
J
o
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a
l
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f
E
l
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c
t
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a
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En
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g
,
v
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l
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0
2
0
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p
p
.
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–
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,
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.
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0
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d
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:
1
0
.
1
1
5
5
/
2
0
2
0
/
6
5
2
5
4
8
3
.
[
2
0
]
W
.
S
z
l
a
sa
e
t
a
l
.
,
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