I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
Appl
ied P
o
wer
E
ng
i
neer
ing
(
I
J
AP
E
)
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
2
6
,
p
p
.
2
1
1
~
2
2
7
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
,
DOI
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/ijap
e
.
v
1
5
.
i
1
.
pp
211
-
227
211
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
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g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//
ija
p
e.
ia
esco
r
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co
m/
M
o
deling
H
2
-
en
ri
ched dual
fuel
en
g
ine
performa
nce and
emis
sio
ns
J
a
y
a
g
o
pa
l N
a
ra
y
a
na
n
1
, Y
.
V
.
V
.
Sa
t
y
a
na
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a
y
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na
M
urt
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2
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Sa
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ee
p
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r
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a
la
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Su
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m
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p
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Art
icle
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ticle
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y:
R
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u
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2
0
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5
R
ev
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3
0
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2
0
2
5
Acc
ep
ted
No
v
2
8
,
2
0
2
5
Th
is
stu
d
y
u
ti
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e
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v
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ted
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t
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a
t
e
h
y
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ro
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n
(H
2
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e
n
rich
m
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n
t
e
ffe
c
ts
o
n
th
e
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
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e
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n
d
e
m
issio
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s
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f
a
fo
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r
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c
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li
n
d
e
r,
8
6
k
W
d
u
a
l
-
fu
e
l
d
ies
e
l
e
n
g
in
e
.
T
h
e
p
rima
ry
g
o
a
l
is
id
e
n
ti
f
y
in
g
o
p
e
ra
ti
n
g
stra
teg
ies
t
h
a
t
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
e
fficie
n
c
y
wh
il
e
m
a
in
tain
in
g
n
it
ro
g
e
n
o
x
i
d
e
(NO
x
)
e
m
issio
n
s a
t
o
r
b
e
lo
w
b
a
se
li
n
e
lev
e
ls,
term
e
d
"
NO
x
n
e
u
tral"
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
.
Th
e
m
e
th
o
d
o
lo
g
y
i
n
v
o
lv
e
s
a
d
ju
st
in
g
e
n
g
in
e
lo
a
d
b
e
twe
e
n
2
a
n
d
1
6
b
a
r
b
ra
k
e
m
e
a
n
e
ffe
c
ti
v
e
p
re
ss
u
re
(BM
EP
)
a
n
d
v
a
ry
i
n
g
H
2
e
n
e
rg
y
su
b
stit
u
ti
o
n
fr
o
m
1
0
%
to
7
0
%
a
t
1
5
0
0
rp
m
.
T
o
a
n
a
ly
se
c
o
m
p
lex
n
o
n
-
li
n
e
a
r
re
latio
n
sh
ip
s,
t
h
is
re
se
a
rc
h
e
m
p
lo
y
e
d
re
sp
o
n
se
su
rfa
c
e
m
e
th
o
d
o
lo
g
y
(RS
M
)
a
n
d
a
ra
n
d
o
m
fo
re
st
(RF
)
m
a
c
h
in
e
lea
rn
in
g
a
lg
o
r
it
h
m
.
Re
su
lt
s
in
d
ica
te
o
p
ti
m
a
l
H
2
su
b
sti
tu
ti
o
n
li
e
s
in
th
e
2
0
–
3
0
%
ra
n
g
e
,
y
ield
in
g
a
2
–
3
%
imp
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
in
b
ra
k
e
th
e
rm
a
l
e
fficie
n
c
y
(BTE
)
a
n
d
a
si
g
n
ifi
c
a
n
t
d
e
c
re
a
se
in
b
ra
k
e
sp
e
c
ifi
c
f
u
e
l
c
o
n
su
m
p
ti
o
n
(BS
F
C)
fro
m
2
0
0
–
2
2
0
g
/k
Wh
to
1
6
0
–
1
8
0
g
/
k
W
h
.
W
h
il
e
CO
2
,
HC
,
a
n
d
CO
e
m
issio
n
s
d
e
c
re
a
se
d
,
NO
x
re
m
a
in
e
d
sta
b
le
o
n
l
y
u
p
t
o
2
5
%
su
b
stit
u
t
io
n
,
in
c
re
a
sin
g
sh
a
rp
l
y
th
e
re
a
fter.
Co
n
se
q
u
e
n
tl
y
,
H
2
e
n
e
rg
y
c
o
n
tri
b
u
ti
o
n
sh
o
u
l
d
b
e
li
m
it
e
d
t
o
2
5
%
t
o
e
ffe
c
ti
v
e
ly
c
o
n
tro
l
NO
x
.
Th
e
c
o
m
b
in
e
d
u
se
o
f
sim
u
latio
n
with
RS
M
a
n
d
R
F
m
o
d
e
ls
p
ro
v
e
s
a
n
e
fficie
n
t,
a
c
c
u
ra
te
m
e
th
o
d
f
o
r
e
n
g
in
e
a
n
a
ly
sis,
m
in
imiz
i
n
g
e
x
ten
siv
e
p
h
y
sic
a
l
tes
ti
n
g
re
q
u
irem
e
n
ts
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Du
al
f
u
el
en
g
i
n
e
H
2
en
r
ich
m
en
t
NOx
n
eu
tr
al
Per
f
o
r
m
an
ce
R
an
d
o
m
f
o
r
est
R
esp
o
n
s
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Y
.
V
.
V
.
Saty
an
ar
ay
a
n
a
Mu
r
th
y
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
Ma
r
in
e
E
n
g
in
e
er
in
g
,
Sch
o
o
l o
f
Ma
r
in
e
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
an
d
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
I
n
d
ian
Ma
r
itime
Un
i
v
er
s
ity
C
h
en
n
ai
6
0
0
0
1
9
,
T
am
il Na
d
u
,
I
n
d
ia
E
m
ail:
y
v
v
s
n
m
u
r
th
y
@
im
u
.
ac
.
in
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
is
s
u
e
o
f
g
lo
b
al
war
m
in
g
,
d
r
iv
en
b
y
f
o
s
s
il
f
u
el
em
is
s
io
n
s
,
is
ac
ce
ler
atin
g
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
f
o
r
clea
n
en
er
g
y
alter
n
ativ
es.
Hy
d
r
o
g
e
n
(
H₂)
is
em
er
g
in
g
as
a
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
ca
r
b
o
n
-
f
r
ee
f
u
el
[
1
]
.
Usi
n
g
H₂
in
ex
is
tin
g
in
ter
n
al
co
m
b
u
s
tio
n
en
g
i
n
es
o
f
f
er
s
a
p
r
ac
tical
way
to
d
ec
ar
b
o
n
ize
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
a
n
d
r
e
d
u
ce
its
ca
r
b
o
n
f
o
o
tp
r
in
t
[
2
]
,
[
3
]
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
em
p
lo
y
in
g
p
u
r
e
H₂
in
e
n
g
in
es
p
r
esen
ts
d
if
f
icu
lties
d
u
e
to
c
o
m
p
lex
c
o
m
b
u
s
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
ed
NO
x
em
is
s
io
n
s
[
4
]
.
Mo
d
if
y
in
g
d
iesel
en
g
in
es
to
o
p
e
r
ate
in
a
d
u
al
-
f
u
el
s
etu
p
,
w
h
er
e
H₂
is
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
f
u
el
an
d
d
iesel is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
ig
n
itio
n
,
is
a
cr
u
cial
s
tep
to
war
d
s
lo
wer
in
g
t
h
ese
em
is
s
i
o
n
s
[
5
]
.
T
h
e
m
ain
ch
allen
g
e
in
co
n
v
er
t
in
g
ex
is
tin
g
en
g
in
es
to
H₂
-
d
iesel
d
u
al
-
f
u
el
is
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
NO
x
em
is
s
io
n
s
to
lev
els
co
m
p
ar
ab
le
to
th
o
s
e
o
f
p
u
r
e
d
iesel,
en
s
u
r
in
g
c
o
m
p
lian
ce
with
r
e
g
u
lato
r
y
s
t
an
d
ar
d
s
.
Mo
s
t
in
-
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
en
g
in
es
r
ely
o
n
a
tr
ad
itio
n
al
m
ec
h
an
ical
d
iesel
f
u
el
in
jectio
n
s
y
s
tem
,
wh
ich
h
as
a
f
ix
ed
,
s
in
g
le
-
p
u
ls
e
in
jectio
n
an
d
tim
in
g
.
T
h
is
in
f
le
x
ib
ilit
y
r
estricts
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
o
p
tim
ize
in
jectio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies
o
r
i
n
teg
r
ate
ad
d
itio
n
al
ex
h
au
s
t
g
as
tr
ea
tm
e
n
t
s
y
s
tem
s
(
E
GT
)
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
o
p
e
r
atio
n
al
lim
its
with
H
₂
ar
e
also
a
c
o
n
s
tr
ain
t,
with
o
n
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
2
6
:
21
1
-
2
2
7
212
s
tu
d
y
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
H₂
s
u
b
s
titu
tio
n
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
lim
ited
to
3
5
%
f
o
r
lo
ad
s
b
elo
w
5
0
%
an
d
1
5
%
f
o
r
lo
ad
s
ab
o
v
e
5
0
% to
en
s
u
r
e
s
tab
le
an
d
ef
f
icien
t o
p
e
r
atio
n
[
6
]
.
T
o
o
p
tim
ize
d
u
al
f
u
el
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
v
ar
io
u
s
co
n
tr
o
l stra
teg
ies
ar
e
em
p
lo
y
ed
.
I
n
jectio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies
o
f
b
o
th
H
2
an
d
d
iesel
ar
e
tai
lo
r
ed
to
in
f
lu
en
ce
co
m
b
u
s
tio
n
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
[
7
]
,
[
8
]
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
r
esear
c
h
o
n
H₂
-
d
iesel
d
u
al
-
f
u
el
en
g
in
es
is
ex
p
an
d
i
n
g
,
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
g
ap
r
em
ain
s
in
ac
h
iev
in
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
em
is
s
io
n
ad
v
an
tag
es,
esp
ec
ially
wh
ile
k
ee
p
in
g
NO
x
em
is
s
io
n
s
n
eu
tr
al.
T
h
is
ch
allen
g
e
i
s
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
r
ele
v
an
t
f
o
r
in
-
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
e
n
g
in
es,
wh
ich
lack
t
h
e
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
o
f
p
ilo
t
f
u
el
in
je
ctio
n
an
d
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
E
GT
.
T
h
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
r
esear
ch
h
as
f
o
c
u
s
ed
o
n
s
in
g
le
-
cy
lin
d
er
e
n
g
in
es
o
p
er
atin
g
at
lo
w
lo
ad
s
(
b
r
ak
e
m
ea
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
p
r
ess
u
r
e
(
B
ME
P
)
u
n
d
er
1
0
b
a
r
)
[
9
]
,
[
1
0
]
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
er
e
is
a
co
n
s
id
er
ab
le
s
h
o
r
tag
e
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
n
ac
h
iev
in
g
NO
x
n
eu
tr
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
i
n
m
u
l
ti
-
cy
lin
d
er
,
tu
r
b
o
ch
a
r
g
ed
i
n
-
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
en
g
in
es,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
at
h
ig
h
lo
ad
s
an
d
with
in
cr
ea
s
ed
H₂
en
er
g
y
s
u
b
s
titu
tio
n
r
ates
wh
er
e
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
NO
x
p
o
s
es
th
e
g
r
ea
test
ch
allen
g
e
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
is
g
ap
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
u
tili
ze
s
a
v
alid
ated
s
i
m
u
latio
n
m
o
d
el
cr
ea
ted
wit
h
Gam
m
a
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
(
GT
-
Po
wer
)
.
T
o
m
an
ag
e
th
e
in
tr
icate
,
n
o
n
-
lin
ea
r
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
b
etwe
en
en
g
in
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
an
d
o
u
tp
u
ts
,
th
is
r
esear
ch
ap
p
lies
two
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
tech
n
i
q
u
es:
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
(
R
SM)
f
o
r
en
g
in
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
[
1
3
]
-
[
1
5
]
,
an
d
t
h
e
r
a
n
d
o
m
f
o
r
est
(
R
F)
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
al
g
o
r
ith
m
f
o
r
r
e
liab
le
d
ata
-
d
r
iv
en
p
r
ed
ictio
n
s
[
1
6
]
-
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
e
R
F
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
ac
ts
as
a
"v
ir
tu
al
en
g
in
e,
"
allo
win
g
f
o
r
a
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
t
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
o
f
co
m
p
lex
tr
ad
e
-
o
f
f
s
an
d
p
r
ec
is
e
id
e
n
tific
atio
n
o
f
o
p
tim
al
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
th
an
tr
ad
itio
n
al
p
h
y
s
ical
ex
p
e
r
im
en
ts
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ass
ess
es
en
g
in
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
v
er
a
b
r
o
ad
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
o
f
lo
a
d
s
,
f
r
o
m
2
to
1
6
b
ar
B
ME
P,
with
H₂
en
er
g
y
s
u
b
s
titu
tio
n
r
an
g
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
1
0
%
to
7
0
%.
T
h
e
g
o
al
is
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
b
est
o
p
er
atin
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
th
at
en
h
a
n
ce
ef
f
icien
c
y
wh
ile
co
m
p
ly
in
g
with
em
is
s
io
n
r
eg
u
latio
n
s
.
F
o
r
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
H
₂
is
in
d
u
cted
in
to
th
e
in
tak
e
s
y
s
te
m
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
p
o
r
t
f
u
el
in
jectio
n
(
PF
I
)
tech
n
iq
u
e
at
v
ar
y
i
n
g
f
l
o
w
r
ates
to
en
s
u
r
e
a
h
o
m
o
g
en
eo
u
s
air
-
f
u
el
m
i
x
tu
r
e
.
T
h
e
n
o
v
elty
o
f
th
is
wo
r
k
is
a
two
-
f
o
ld
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
:
A
s
tatis
t
ical
an
d
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
was
ap
p
lied
to
v
alid
ated
s
im
u
latio
n
d
ata
to
cr
e
ate
a
"v
ir
tu
al
en
g
in
e.
"
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
was
e
x
ten
d
ed
t
o
a
b
r
o
ad
r
an
g
e
o
f
B
ME
P
f
o
r
d
u
al
-
f
u
el
en
g
in
es,
u
p
to
1
6
b
ar
s
,
a
n
d
en
ab
led
a
s
tr
ateg
y
th
at
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
H₂
s
u
b
s
titu
tio
n
with
o
u
t
alter
in
g
th
e
en
g
i
n
e'
s
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
(
s
p
ec
if
ically
,
th
e
m
ec
h
an
ical
s
in
g
le
-
p
u
ls
e
d
i
esel
f
u
el
in
jectio
n
s
y
s
tem
)
.
T
h
is
wo
r
k
also
r
esu
lt
ed
in
a
d
u
al
-
f
u
el
s
y
s
tem
ca
lib
r
atio
n
s
tr
ateg
y
th
at
m
ain
tain
ed
th
e
en
g
in
e
-
o
u
t
NO
x
lev
el
wh
ile
r
ed
u
cin
g
all
ca
r
b
o
n
-
b
ased
em
is
s
io
n
s
(
C
O,
C
O₂,
an
d
HC
)
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
r
m
al
ef
f
icien
cy
b
y
2
.
5
%.
T
h
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
s
ec
tio
n
s
o
f
th
is
p
ap
er
d
etail
th
e
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
s
o
f
twar
e
an
d
s
u
b
-
m
o
d
els
u
s
ed
,
th
e
v
alid
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
m
a
ch
in
e
lear
n
in
g
,
an
d
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
o
p
tim
izin
g
H₂
s
u
b
s
titu
tio
n
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
B
ME
P lev
els.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
In
o
r
d
er
d
er
iv
e
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
H
2
s
u
b
s
titu
tio
n
an
d
e
x
ten
d
th
e
B
ME
P
r
an
g
e
o
f
th
e
e
n
g
in
e
en
tire
ly
th
r
o
u
g
h
ex
p
er
im
en
t
is
tim
e
c
o
n
s
u
m
in
g
a
n
d
in
v
o
lv
e
l
o
t
o
f
co
s
t.
Simu
latio
n
m
o
d
els
v
alid
ated
u
s
in
g
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
d
ata
ar
e
th
er
ef
o
r
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
e
n
g
in
e
ca
lib
r
atio
n
o
p
tim
is
atio
n
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
tim
e
an
d
m
o
n
ey
in
v
o
lv
e
d
in
th
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Ma
ch
in
e
lea
r
n
in
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
ar
e
ab
le
to
cr
ea
te
v
ir
t
u
al
en
g
in
e
m
o
d
els
wh
ich
ca
n
b
e
f
u
r
th
er
r
eu
s
ed
f
o
r
o
p
tim
is
atio
n
(
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
er
m
al
ef
f
icien
cy
a
n
d
r
e
d
u
ce
em
is
s
io
n
)
.
2
.
1
.
Num
er
ic
a
l a
na
ly
s
is
A
o
n
e
-
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
al
en
g
i
n
e
m
o
d
el
was d
ev
elo
p
e
d
in
GT
-
p
o
w
er
to
r
ep
licate
th
e
co
m
b
u
s
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
a
H
2
-
d
iesel
d
u
al
-
f
u
el
e
n
g
in
e.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
em
p
lo
y
s
an
a
d
v
an
ce
d
ca
lib
r
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
th
at
m
o
d
if
ies
two
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
co
m
b
u
s
tio
n
m
o
d
els
:
DI
-
Pu
ls
e
f
o
r
th
e
d
iesel
p
ilo
t
in
jectio
n
an
d
SIT
u
r
b
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
em
ix
ed
H
2
ch
a
r
g
e.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
s
ch
em
atic
lay
o
u
t
o
f
t
h
e
GT
-
Po
wer
m
o
d
el
s
h
o
wn
in
th
e
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
ca
lib
r
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
itiates
with
th
e
cy
lin
d
er
p
r
ess
u
r
e
o
b
ject
attr
ib
u
te
(
C
POA)
to
o
l
[
1
9
]
,
wh
ich
ev
al
u
ates
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
in
-
cy
lin
d
e
r
p
r
ess
u
r
e
d
ata
to
d
er
iv
e
a
tar
g
et
n
et
h
ea
t
r
elea
s
e
r
ate
(
HR
R
)
cu
r
v
e.
T
h
is
cu
r
v
e
s
ig
n
if
ies
th
e
to
tal
en
er
g
y
r
elea
s
ed
b
y
b
o
th
f
u
els.
T
h
e
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
th
e
ca
lib
r
atio
n
is
to
iter
ativ
ely
ad
ju
s
t
th
e
DI
-
Pu
ls
e
an
d
SIT
u
r
b
m
o
d
els
u
n
til
th
eir
co
m
b
in
ed
HR
R
o
u
tp
u
t
alig
n
s
with
th
is
tar
g
et
cu
r
v
e.
I
n
itially
,
th
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
o
f
th
e
DI
-
Pu
ls
e
m
o
d
el
ar
e
f
in
e
-
tu
n
ed
to
c
o
r
r
esp
o
n
d
with
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
s
h
ar
p
p
ea
k
o
f
th
e
HR
R
cu
r
v
e,
wh
ich
is
in
d
icativ
e
o
f
th
e
co
m
b
u
s
tio
n
o
f
th
e
d
iesel
p
ilo
t.
T
h
is
m
o
d
el
m
o
n
ito
r
s
th
e
co
m
p
lete
life
cy
cle
o
f
th
e
d
iesel
f
u
el,
f
r
o
m
in
jectio
n
to
co
m
b
u
s
tio
n
,
b
y
s
eg
m
en
tin
g
t
h
e
f
u
el
in
t
o
v
ar
i
o
u
s
ax
ial
an
d
r
ad
ial
zo
n
es.
I
t
co
n
s
id
er
s
d
r
o
p
let
b
r
ea
k
u
p
,
a
ir
en
tr
ain
m
en
t,
a
n
d
ev
ap
o
r
atio
n
,
u
tili
zin
g
ca
lib
r
atio
n
f
ac
to
r
s
f
o
r
ig
n
itio
n
d
elay
,
p
r
em
ix
ed
co
m
b
u
s
tio
n
,
an
d
d
if
f
u
s
iv
e
co
m
b
u
s
tio
n
.
On
ce
th
e
DI
-
Pu
ls
e
m
o
d
el
is
ca
lib
r
ated
,
th
e
SIT
u
r
b
m
o
d
el
i
s
m
o
d
if
ied
to
alig
n
wit
h
th
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t,
b
r
o
a
d
er
s
ec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
HR
R
cu
r
v
e,
w
h
ich
is
p
r
im
ar
ily
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
th
e
tu
r
b
u
len
t
c
o
m
b
u
s
tio
n
o
f
H
2
.
T
h
is
m
o
d
el,
g
r
o
u
n
d
ed
in
th
e
B
lizza
r
d
an
d
Kec
k
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
,
s
im
u
lates
th
e
tr
an
s
itio
n
o
f
th
e
f
lam
e
f
r
o
m
a
lam
in
ar
to
a
tu
r
b
u
len
t state.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
Mo
d
elin
g
H
2
-
en
r
ich
ed
d
u
a
l f
u
el
en
g
in
ep
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
a
n
d
emi
s
s
io
n
s
(
Ja
ya
g
o
p
a
l Na
r
a
ya
n
a
n
)
213
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
H
2
-
d
iesel d
u
al
f
u
el:
s
im
u
latio
n
s
ch
em
atic
lay
o
u
t
I
t
c
o
m
p
u
t
es
t
h
e
r
at
e
at
w
h
i
ch
t
h
e
u
n
b
u
r
n
e
d
m
i
x
t
u
r
e
is
d
r
aw
n
in
t
o
t
h
e
f
la
m
e
f
r
o
n
t
an
d
t
h
e
r
a
t
e
at
w
h
ic
h
th
is
m
ass
c
o
m
b
u
s
ts
.
T
h
e
tu
n
i
n
g
p
r
o
c
ess
n
e
ce
s
s
i
tat
es
a
n
i
te
r
at
iv
e
e
x
ch
a
n
g
e
b
e
twe
e
n
t
h
e
t
wo
m
o
d
els
,
as
th
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
c
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
d
i
esel
c
o
m
b
u
s
ti
o
n
h
as
a
d
i
r
e
ct
i
m
p
a
ct
o
n
t
h
e
H
2
c
o
m
b
u
s
ti
o
n
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
is
b
u
r
n
r
ate
is
c
o
m
p
u
te
d
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
co
m
b
u
s
ti
o
n
m
o
d
e
l.
E
n
e
r
g
y
e
q
u
a
ti
o
n
s
o
f
u
n
b
u
r
n
a
n
d
b
u
r
n
e
d
zo
n
e
ar
e
m
e
n
t
io
n
e
d
i
n
(
1
)
a
n
d
(
2
)
.
(
)
=
−
−
−
(
,
ℎ
+
,
ℎ
)
+
,
ℎ
,
(
1
)
(
)
=
−
−
−
(
,
ℎ
+
,
ℎ
)
(
2
)
W
h
er
e
&
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
m
ass
es
o
f
th
e
u
n
b
u
r
n
ed
an
d
b
u
r
n
ed
zo
n
es,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
,
&
d
en
o
te
t
h
e
en
er
g
ies
o
f
th
e
u
n
b
u
r
n
ed
a
n
d
b
u
r
n
e
d
zo
n
es,
&
in
d
icate
th
e
v
o
lu
m
es
o
f
th
e
u
n
b
u
r
n
ed
an
d
b
u
r
n
ed
z
o
n
es,
&
r
ef
er
to
th
e
h
ea
t tr
an
s
f
er
r
ates o
f
th
e
u
n
b
u
r
n
ed
an
d
b
u
r
n
e
d
zo
n
es,
s
ig
n
if
ies th
e
in
-
cy
lin
d
er
p
r
ess
u
r
e,
t
r
ep
r
esen
ts
tim
e,
ℎ
is
th
e
en
th
a
lp
y
o
f
th
e
f
u
el
m
ass
,
ℎ
is
th
e
en
th
alp
y
o
f
th
e
air
m
ass
,
ℎ
,
is
th
e
e
n
th
alp
y
o
f
th
e
in
jecte
d
f
u
el
m
ass
,
,
is
th
e
m
ass
o
f
air
tr
an
s
f
er
r
ed
to
th
e
b
u
r
n
ed
zo
n
e,
,
is
th
e
in
jecte
d
f
u
e
l
m
ass
,
an
d
,
is
th
e
f
u
el
m
ass
tr
an
s
f
er
r
ed
t
o
th
e
b
u
r
n
ed
z
o
n
e.
2
.
1
.
1
.
“
DIPuls
e”
dies
el
co
m
bu
s
t
io
n m
o
del
T
he
co
m
b
u
s
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
g
o
v
er
n
ed
b
y
k
ey
ca
lib
r
atio
n
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
ig
n
itio
n
d
elay
(
)
,
p
r
em
ix
ed
co
m
b
u
s
tio
n
a
n
d
d
if
f
u
s
iv
e
c
o
m
b
u
s
tio
n
.
T
h
e
air
-
e
n
tr
ain
m
en
t
f
ac
to
r
(
)
is
ca
lcu
lated
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
(
3
)
b
ased
o
n
th
e
in
jecto
r
n
o
zz
le
v
el
o
city
(
)
an
d
th
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
f
u
el
s
p
r
ay
b
r
ea
k
u
p
tim
e
(
)
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
th
e
s
p
r
ay
tip
len
g
th
(
S
).
=
−
2
(
3
)
(
)
=
{
16
(
)
0
.
5
≤
1
16
(
)
≥
1
(
)
=
4
.
351
√
2
(
)
=
√
2
=
̇
W
h
er
e,
is
tim
e,
is
s
p
r
ay
tip
le
n
g
th
,
is
b
r
ea
k
u
p
tim
e,
is
d
en
s
ity
o
f
H
2,
is
d
iam
eter
o
f
n
o
zz
le,
is
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
co
e
f
f
icien
t
o
f
n
o
zz
l
e,
is
d
iesel d
en
s
ity
,
is
n
o
zz
le
p
r
ess
u
r
e
d
r
o
p
,
̇
is
i
n
jecto
r
o
u
t
m
ass
f
lo
w
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
2
6
:
21
1
-
2
2
7
214
r
ate,
is
ar
ea
o
f
n
o
zz
le
,
an
d
is
in
jecto
r
n
o
zz
le
v
elo
city
.
T
h
e
ig
n
itio
n
d
elay
f
ac
to
r
(
)
is
ca
lcu
lated
b
ased
in
(
4
)
b
ased
o
n
th
e
i
g
n
it
io
n
d
elay
.
(
)
=
−
1
.
5
(
3500
)
(
2
)
−
0
.
5
(
4
)
∫
1
0
=
1
W
h
er
e,
is
ig
n
itio
n
d
elay
,
(
2
)
is
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
o
x
y
g
e
n
with
i
n
th
e
p
u
ls
e,
T
is
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
with
in
th
e
p
u
ls
e
,
an
d
is
g
as
d
en
s
ity
wit
h
in
th
e
p
u
ls
e.
Fo
llo
win
g
ig
n
it
io
n
,
th
e
m
o
d
el
ca
lc
u
lates
th
e
r
ate
o
f
p
r
em
ix
ed
ch
ar
g
e
m
ass
f
o
r
m
atio
n
(
)
an
d
th
e
r
ate
o
f
en
tr
ain
ed
m
ass
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
o
r
d
if
f
u
s
iv
e
b
u
r
n
in
g
(
)
th
e
th
e
p
r
em
ix
ed
c
o
m
b
u
s
tio
n
f
ac
to
r
a
s
m
en
tio
n
ed
in
(
5
)
a
n
d
d
if
f
u
s
i
v
e
co
m
b
u
s
tio
n
f
ac
to
r
as m
en
ti
o
n
ed
in
(
6
)
.
(
)
=
(
−
)
2
(
(
2
)
)
(
5
)
(
)
=
√
√
3
(
(
2
)
)
(
6
)
W
h
er
e,
is
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
tim
e,
is
ig
n
itio
n
p
h
ase
d
u
r
atio
n
,
is
m
ass
o
f
p
r
em
ix
ed
ch
ar
g
e,
k
is
p
r
em
ix
e
d
s
tag
e
tu
r
b
u
len
t
f
lo
w
en
er
g
y
/en
tr
ain
m
en
t
s
tag
e
tu
r
b
u
len
t
k
i
n
etic
en
er
g
y
,
is
en
tr
ain
m
en
t
s
tag
e
cy
lin
d
er
v
o
lu
m
e
,
an
d
(
2
)
is
e
n
tr
ain
m
en
t
s
tag
e
o
x
y
g
e
n
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
ac
co
u
n
ts
f
o
r
th
e
tr
a
n
s
itio
n
f
r
o
m
a
s
p
r
ay
-
d
o
m
in
ated
c
o
m
b
u
s
tio
n
to
an
estab
lis
h
ed
f
lam
e
f
r
o
n
t.
T
h
is
is
ac
h
iev
ed
b
y
ca
lcu
latin
g
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
f
lam
e
ar
ea
(
)
as sh
o
wn
in
(
7
).
(
)
=
(
1
−
)
+
(
)
(
7
)
W
h
er
e,
is
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
f
lam
e
ar
ea
,
is
th
e
f
lam
e
f
r
o
n
t r
ad
i
u
s
o
r
r
ea
ctio
n
zo
n
e
th
ick
n
ess
,
is
th
e
s
p
r
ay
ti
p
len
g
th
,
is
ar
ea
o
f
th
e
f
u
el
s
p
r
a
y
,
an
d
is
th
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
ar
e
a
o
f
th
e
f
lam
e.
2
.
1
.
2
.
“
SI
T
urb”
-
H
2
co
m
bu
s
t
io
n m
o
del
T
h
e
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tic
b
u
r
n
in
g
tim
e
(
)
is
d
eter
m
in
e
d
b
y
th
e
lam
i
n
ar
f
lam
e
s
p
ee
d
(
)
as
p
er
in
(
8
)
an
d
th
e
tu
r
b
u
le
n
t
b
u
r
n
in
g
v
elo
city
(
)
is
ca
lcu
lated
to
d
escr
ib
e
th
e
f
lam
e
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
as
p
e
r
(
9
)
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
ca
lcu
lates
th
e
r
ate
at
wh
ich
th
e
u
n
b
u
r
n
e
d
m
ix
t
u
r
e
is
en
tr
ai
n
ed
in
to
t
h
e
f
lam
e
f
r
o
n
t
an
d
th
e
r
ate
at
wh
ich
th
is
m
ass
b
u
r
n
s
.
R
ate
o
f
m
ass
en
tr
ain
m
en
t
ca
lcu
lated
as
p
er
in
(
10
)
in
to
th
e
f
lam
e
f
r
o
n
t
(
)
an
d
th
en
d
eter
m
in
es
th
e
f
in
al
r
ate
o
f
b
u
r
n
e
d
m
ass
f
o
r
m
atio
n
(
)
as
p
er
in
(
11
)
b
ase
d
o
n
th
e
en
tr
ai
n
ed
m
ass
(
)
an
d
th
e
b
u
r
n
in
g
tim
e
(
)
.
(
)
=
(
8
)
(
)
=
′
(
1
−
1
1
+
(
)
2
)
(
9
)
(
)
=
(
1
0
)
(
)
=
−
(
1
1
)
W
h
er
e,
is
th
e
b
u
r
n
in
g
tim
e,
is
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
len
g
th
s
ca
l
e,
is
lam
in
ar
f
lam
e
s
p
ee
d
,
′
i
s
tu
r
b
u
len
t
f
lu
ctu
atin
g
v
elo
cit
y
,
is
tu
r
b
u
len
t
f
lam
e
s
p
ee
d
m
u
ltip
lier
,
is
f
lam
e
k
er
n
el
g
r
o
wth
m
u
ltip
l
ier
,
is
f
lam
e
r
ad
iu
s
,
is
in
teg
r
al
len
g
t
h
s
ca
le
o
f
tu
r
b
u
len
ce
,
is
en
tr
ain
ed
m
ass
,
is
en
tr
ain
m
en
t
s
ta
g
e
u
n
b
u
r
n
ed
m
ix
tu
r
e
d
en
s
ity
,
is
ar
ea
o
f
f
la
m
e
f
r
o
n
t
at
e
n
tr
ain
m
en
t
s
tag
e,
is
en
tr
ain
m
en
t
s
tag
e
tu
r
b
u
len
t
v
elo
city
,
is
en
tr
ain
ed
m
ass
,
is
b
u
r
n
e
d
m
ass
,
an
d
is
b
u
r
n
in
g
tim
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
Mo
d
elin
g
H
2
-
en
r
ich
ed
d
u
a
l f
u
el
en
g
in
ep
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
a
n
d
emi
s
s
io
n
s
(
Ja
ya
g
o
p
a
l Na
r
a
ya
n
a
n
)
215
2
.
1
.
3
.
Appa
re
nt
hea
t
re
lea
s
e
ra
t
e
(
AH
RR)
Net
HR
R
ca
lcu
lated
as
p
er
(
12
)
as
a
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
c
r
an
k
an
g
le
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
is
cu
r
v
e
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
co
m
b
in
ed
en
er
g
y
r
elea
s
e
f
r
o
m
b
o
th
t
h
e
d
iesel a
n
d
H
2
co
m
b
u
s
tio
n
p
h
ase
s
.
=
(
−
−
−
(
)
+
̇
ℎ
,
)
(
1
2
)
W
h
er
e
is
th
e
r
ate
o
f
wo
r
k
d
o
n
e
b
y
th
e
s
y
s
tem
,
−
is
th
e
r
ate
o
f
h
ea
t
tr
an
s
f
er
o
u
t
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
,
−
(
)
is
th
e
r
ate
o
f
ch
an
g
e
o
f
s
en
s
ib
le
en
er
g
y
o
f
th
e
m
ass
with
in
t
h
e
s
y
s
tem
,
−
̇
ℎ
,
is
th
e
s
u
m
o
f
th
e
en
th
alp
y
f
lo
ws
ass
o
ciate
d
with
th
e
s
en
s
ib
le
en
er
g
y
o
f
m
ass
cr
o
s
s
in
g
t
h
e
s
y
s
tem
b
o
u
n
d
ar
y
,
̇
is
th
e
m
ass
f
lo
w
r
ate
o
f
s
p
ec
ies ‘
i’
,
an
d
ℎ
,
is
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
s
en
s
ib
le
en
th
alp
y
o
f
s
p
ec
ies ‘
i’
.
2
.
2
.
E
x
perim
ent
a
l set
up
f
o
r
v
a
lid
a
t
ing
co
m
bu
s
t
io
n mo
del
Fo
r
th
e
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
s
tu
d
y
,
a
f
o
u
r
-
cy
lin
d
er
d
iesel
en
g
in
e
was
m
o
d
if
ied
to
o
p
e
r
ate
o
n
a
d
u
al
-
f
u
el
m
ix
tu
r
e
o
f
H
2
-
d
iesel.
T
ab
le
1
an
d
Fig
u
r
e
2
d
ep
ict
th
e
en
g
i
n
e
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
an
d
th
e
s
ch
e
m
atic
lay
o
u
t
o
f
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
s
etu
p
.
H
2
was
in
t
r
o
d
u
ce
d
in
to
th
e
in
tak
e
p
o
r
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
in
jecto
r
s
af
ter
its
p
r
ess
u
r
e
was
r
ed
u
ce
d
f
r
o
m
2
5
0
b
ar
to
a
lev
el
o
f
2
b
ar
.
Die
s
el
ac
ted
as th
e
p
ilo
t
f
u
el,
ig
n
it
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ar
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ile
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u
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iesel d
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To
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T
ab
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4
.
Per
f
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r
m
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ce
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n
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n
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t
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m
a
ss fl
o
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g
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s
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4
×
10
−
5
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2
mass
f
l
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g
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s
±
3
.
3
×
10
−
6
To
t
a
l
f
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e
l
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o
n
s
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m
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t
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o
n
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g
/
s
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×
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5
2
.
3
.
M
o
del v
a
lid
a
t
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A
d
etailed
v
alid
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o
f
co
m
p
u
tatio
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al
m
o
d
els
f
o
r
b
o
th
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ies
el
an
d
d
u
al
-
f
u
el
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in
es
was
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
b
y
co
m
p
a
r
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g
s
im
u
latio
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r
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lts
with
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
d
ata
f
o
r
4
,
8
,
1
2
,
a
n
d
1
6
b
ar
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with
2
5
%
H
2
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er
g
y
s
u
b
s
titu
tio
n
.
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h
e
g
r
ap
h
ical
d
e
p
ictio
n
o
f
in
-
c
y
lin
d
er
p
r
ess
u
r
e
,
h
ea
t
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s
e
r
ate
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R
)
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m
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u
s
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h
ases
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ar
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f
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r
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o
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d
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al
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el
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o
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es
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illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
es
3
(
a)
a
n
d
3
(
b
)
,
Fig
u
r
es
4
(
a)
an
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4
(
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f
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.
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r
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r
e,
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"
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c
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f
ir
m
e
d
th
at
b
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th
m
o
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els
ar
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h
ig
h
ly
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ate,
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o
r
in
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e
with
in
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ase
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tly
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atin
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.
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n
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in
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atch
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e
s
h
ap
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ac
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s
s
all
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s
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n
f
ir
m
s
th
e
m
o
d
els'
r
eliab
ilit
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.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Mo
d
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v
alid
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co
m
p
ar
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g
s
im
u
latio
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d
ex
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m
en
tal
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r
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o
d
e
at
1
2
b
a
r
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,
s
h
o
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a)
i
n
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d
er
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ata
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n
d
(
b
)
co
m
b
u
s
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n
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h
ase
d
etai
ls
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I
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ep
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
a
n
d
emi
s
s
io
n
s
(
Ja
ya
g
o
p
a
l Na
r
a
ya
n
a
n
)
217
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Mo
d
el
v
alid
atio
n
co
m
p
ar
in
g
s
im
u
latio
n
an
d
ex
p
er
i
m
en
tal
r
esu
lts
f
o
r
d
u
al
f
u
el
m
o
d
e
at
1
2
b
ar
B
ME
P
,
s
h
o
win
g
(
a)
in
-
c
y
lin
d
e
r
d
ata
an
d
(
b
)
co
m
b
u
s
tio
n
p
h
a
s
e
d
etails
2
.
4
.
Respo
ns
e
s
urf
a
ce
m
et
ho
do
lo
g
y
(
RSM
)
s
t
a
t
is
t
ica
l a
na
ly
s
is
T
o
o
p
tim
ize
en
g
in
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
em
is
s
io
n
s
,
a
r
esp
o
n
s
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
(
R
SM)
was u
tili
ze
d
with
a
B
o
x
-
B
eh
n
k
en
ex
p
e
r
im
e
n
tal
d
esig
n
[
9
]
,
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
as
p
er
Do
E
m
en
tio
n
e
d
in
T
ab
le
5
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
an
aly
ze
d
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
t
h
r
ee
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
f
ac
to
r
s
u
ch
as
en
g
in
e
l
o
ad
(
B
ME
P)
,
lo
wer
ca
lo
r
if
ic
v
alu
e
o
f
f
u
el
(
L
C
V)
an
d
H
2.
en
er
g
y
s
u
b
s
titu
tio
n
o
n
r
esp
o
n
s
e
f
ac
to
r
s
lik
e
B
T
E
an
d
B
SF
C
,
as
well
as
o
n
th
e
em
is
s
io
n
s
i
n
clu
d
in
g
NO
x
,
HC
,
CO
,
an
d
CO
2
.
Usi
n
g
ANOVA
,
a
q
u
a
d
r
atic
p
o
ly
n
o
m
ial
eq
u
a
tio
n
was
d
ev
elo
p
ed
an
d
v
alid
ated
with
s
tatis
tical
m
etr
ics
lik
e
R²
,
Ad
j
-
R²
,
an
d
Pr
ed
-
R²
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el'
s
s
tr
o
n
g
f
it,
with
an
R
²
v
alu
e
o
v
er
8
0
%
,
c
o
n
f
ir
m
ed
its
ac
cu
r
ac
y
f
o
r
p
r
ed
ictin
g
e
n
g
in
e
b
eh
av
io
r
an
d
id
e
n
tify
in
g
o
p
tim
al
o
p
er
a
tin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
2
.
5
.
Ra
nd
o
m
f
o
re
s
t
m
a
chine le
a
rning
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
u
tili
ze
d
R
F
alg
o
r
ith
m
to
p
r
e
d
ict
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
a
d
u
al
-
f
u
el
en
g
in
e
[
1
6
]
,
[
2
5
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
ws
th
e
m
o
d
el
was
b
u
ilt
u
s
in
g
o
r
an
g
e
d
ata
m
i
n
in
g
(
v
3
.
3
)
a
n
d
tr
ain
ed
o
n
a
n
o
r
m
alize
d
d
ataset
o
f
9
0
u
n
iq
u
e
d
ata
p
o
in
ts
,
wh
ich
wer
e
s
p
lit
in
to
a
7
0
%
tr
ai
n
in
g
s
et
(
6
0
p
o
in
ts
)
a
n
d
a
3
0
%
test
in
g
s
et
(
3
0
p
o
in
ts
)
.
T
h
e
R
F
m
o
d
el
was
d
esig
n
e
d
t
o
p
r
ed
ict
s
ev
en
k
ey
o
u
tp
u
t
s
wh
ic
h
ar
e
B
T
E
,
B
SF
C
,
NO
x
,
HC
,
C
O,
an
d
C
O
2
.
T
h
e
in
p
u
ts
u
s
ed
to
m
ak
e
th
ese
p
r
e
d
ictio
n
s
B
ME
P,
L
C
V,
an
d
H
2
s
u
b
s
titu
tio
n
.
T
h
e
co
r
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
el
is
en
s
em
b
le
lear
n
in
g
an
d
b
a
g
g
in
g
,
wh
ich
i
n
v
o
lv
es b
u
ild
in
g
a
"
f
o
r
est" o
f
m
u
ltip
le
d
ec
is
io
n
tr
ee
s
.
E
ac
h
tr
ee
was
tr
ain
e
d
o
n
a
d
if
f
er
en
t
r
an
d
o
m
s
u
b
s
et
o
f
th
e
tr
ain
in
g
d
ata
cr
ea
ted
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
b
o
o
ts
tr
a
p
s
am
p
lin
g
.
T
o
f
u
r
t
h
er
en
h
a
n
ce
d
iv
er
s
ity
an
d
p
r
e
v
en
t
o
v
er
f
itti
n
g
,
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
m
o
d
el
u
s
ed
th
e
r
an
d
o
m
s
u
b
s
p
ac
e
m
eth
o
d
,
wh
ich
co
n
s
id
er
s
o
n
ly
a
r
an
d
o
m
s
u
b
s
et
o
f
2
f
ea
tu
r
es
at
ea
ch
s
p
li
t
with
in
a
tr
ee
.
T
ab
le
6
s
h
o
ws
th
e
h
y
p
er
p
ar
am
eter
s
f
o
r
th
e
m
o
d
el
wer
e
s
et
as
f
o
llo
ws:
7
0
t
r
ee
s
(
n
_
esti
m
ato
r
s
)
,
m
ax
im
u
m
tr
ee
d
ep
th
o
f
7
(
m
ax
_
d
e
p
th
)
,
a
n
d
a
m
i
n
im
u
m
o
f
3
s
am
p
les
p
e
r
s
p
lit
(
m
in
_
s
am
p
les_
s
p
lit).
T
h
e
m
o
d
el'
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
was
ev
alu
ated
u
s
in
g
1
0
-
f
o
ld
cr
o
s
s
-
v
alid
atio
n
a
n
d
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
m
etr
ics.
Key
m
etr
ics
in
clu
d
e
d
m
ea
n
s
q
u
ar
e
d
er
r
o
r
(
MSE
)
,
r
o
o
t
m
ea
n
s
q
u
ar
e
d
er
r
o
r
(
R
MSE
)
,
an
d
th
e
c
o
ef
f
icie
n
t
o
f
d
eter
m
i
n
atio
n
(
R
2
)
[
2
6
]
,
[
2
7
]
.
A
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
m
o
d
el
was
d
ef
in
ed
as
h
av
in
g
an
R
2
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
9
o
r
g
r
ea
ter
,
in
d
icatin
g
a
s
tr
o
n
g
f
it
with
m
in
im
al
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
tr
ain
in
g
an
d
test
in
g
r
esu
lts
.
T
o
co
m
b
at
o
v
er
f
itti
n
g
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
lev
er
ag
e
d
th
e
R
F
m
o
d
el'
s
in
h
er
en
t
r
an
d
o
m
n
ess
in
b
o
th
d
ata
s
am
p
lin
g
an
d
f
ea
tu
r
e
s
elec
tio
n
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
h
y
p
er
p
ar
am
eter
tu
n
in
g
was
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
b
y
a
d
ju
s
tin
g
th
e
m
ax
_
d
ep
t
h
,
m
in
_
s
am
p
les_
leaf
,
a
n
d
n
_
esti
m
ato
r
s
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
t
h
e
m
o
d
el
w
asn
'
t
o
v
er
ly
co
m
p
le
x
an
d
co
u
ld
g
e
n
er
alize
well
to
n
ew
d
ata.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Or
a
n
g
e
d
ata
m
in
in
g
lay
o
u
t: r
an
d
o
m
f
o
r
est
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
2
6
:
21
1
-
2
2
7
218
T
ab
le
5
.
R
SM
m
o
d
el
-
DOE
B
M
EP (
b
a
r
)
LC
V
(
k
J/
k
g
)
H
2
%
R
e
s
p
o
n
se
Le
v
e
l
0
1
2
4
3
5
0
0
0
B
TE
(
%)
B
S
F
C
(
g
/
k
w
.
h
r
)
NO
x
(
p
p
m)
C
O
(
p
p
m)
H
C
(
p
p
m)
CO
2
(
p
p
m)
Le
v
e
l
0
2
4
4
6
4
6
2
10
Le
v
e
l
0
3
6
4
9
8
5
7
20
Le
v
e
l
0
4
8
5
3
7
8
7
30
Le
v
e
l
0
5
10
5
8
3
8
9
40
Le
v
e
l
0
6
12
6
3
8
5
3
50
Le
v
e
l
0
7
14
7
0
4
4
5
60
Le
v
e
l
0
8
16
7
8
5
5
5
70
T
ab
le
6
.
Hy
p
er
p
a
r
am
eter
s
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
s
S
e
l
e
c
t
e
d
C
r
i
t
e
r
i
o
n
g
i
n
i
n
_
e
st
i
ma
t
o
r
s
70
max
_
d
e
p
t
h
7
mi
n
_
sa
mp
l
e
s
_
s
p
l
i
t
3
mi
n
_
sa
mp
l
e
_
l
e
a
f
1
max
_
f
e
a
t
u
r
e
s
sq
r
t
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
B
ra
k
e
t
herma
l e
f
f
icienc
y
(
B
T
E
,
%)
T
h
e
co
n
to
u
r
p
lo
t
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
e
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
b
etwe
en
B
T
E
(
%),
th
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
H
2
(
H₂
-
%),
u
s
ed
as
s
u
b
s
titu
tio
n
f
u
el
an
d
B
ME
P
(
b
ar
)
.
I
n
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
H
2
s
u
b
s
titu
tio
n
u
p
to
4
0
%
b
o
o
s
ts
B
T
E
b
y
ab
o
u
t
1
%
f
o
r
ev
er
y
1
0
%
o
f
H
2
ad
d
ed
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
est
B
T
E
is
ac
h
iev
ed
wh
e
n
b
o
th
en
g
in
e
lo
ad
(
B
ME
P)
an
d
H
2
s
u
b
s
titu
tio
n
ar
e
h
ig
h
.
A
p
ea
k
e
f
f
icien
cy
o
f
4
1
%
was
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
at
4
0
%
H
2
an
d
1
4
b
a
r
B
ME
P,
a
3
%
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
o
v
er
p
u
r
e
d
iesel.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
a
2
.
5
%
B
T
E
in
cr
ea
s
e
is
p
o
s
s
i
b
le
with
o
u
t
r
aisi
n
g
NO
x
em
is
s
io
n
s
.
T
h
e
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
r
esu
lts
ar
e
s
im
i
lar
to
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
[
2
8
]
,
[
2
9
]
.
B
ey
o
n
d
4
0
%
H
2
s
u
b
s
titu
tio
n
B
T
E
s
tar
ts
d
ec
l
in
es
f
r
o
m
4
1
%
to
3
8
%
s
im
ilar
to
p
r
eiv
o
u
s
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
r
esu
lts
[
3
0
]
.
T
h
e
an
ticip
ated
r
ea
s
o
n
s
f
o
r
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
B
T
E
is
m
ain
ly
d
u
e
to
c
o
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
f
ac
to
r
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
co
m
b
u
s
tio
n
p
h
asin
g
,
r
e
d
u
ce
d
v
o
lu
m
et
r
ic
ef
f
ici
en
cy
,
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
ed
h
ea
t
lo
s
s
.
H
2
d
is
p
lace
s
a
p
o
r
ti
o
n
o
f
th
e
i
n
co
m
in
g
air
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
am
e
v
o
lu
m
e
an
d
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
th
e
to
tal
m
ass
o
f
th
e
ch
ar
g
e
[
3
1
]
.
T
h
is
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
th
e
m
ass
o
f
th
e
ch
a
r
g
e
also
f
u
r
th
er
s
u
p
p
o
r
t a
lo
n
g
to
a
lo
we
r
B
T
E
[
3
2
]
.
R
eg
r
ess
io
n
in
(
1
3
)
is
a
q
u
ad
r
a
tic
m
o
d
el
o
f
R
SM
th
at
p
r
e
d
icts
B
T
E
(
%)
b
ased
o
n
th
r
ee
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
les:
B
ME
P
(
b
ar
)
,
th
e
p
e
r
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
H
2
s
u
b
s
titu
tio
n
(
H
2
-
%),
L
C
V
(
k
J
/Kg
)
.
T
ab
le
7
p
r
o
v
id
es
th
e
m
o
d
el'
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
b
o
th
R
SM
an
d
R
F.
Fig
u
r
e
7
d
e
p
icts
th
e
cr
o
s
s
-
v
alid
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
u
s
ed
to
e
v
a
lu
ate
th
e
m
o
d
el
b
y
tr
ain
in
g
an
d
test
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g
it
o
n
v
ar
i
o
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s
s
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b
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ets
o
f
th
e
d
ata
m
u
ltip
le
tim
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R
F
m
o
d
el
p
r
o
v
id
es
h
ig
h
ly
ac
cu
r
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te
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d
co
n
s
is
ten
t p
r
ed
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n
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,
m
ak
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it a
m
u
ch
m
o
r
e
s
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itab
le
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tr
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s
two
r
th
y
m
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el
th
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m
o
d
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(
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.
7
+
1
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36
+
0
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112
2
−
%
+
0
.
00004
−
0
.
0078
∗
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00037
2
−
%
∗
2
−
%
+
0
.
000000
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+
0
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0129
∗
2
−
%
−
0
.
000019
∗
−
0
.
000004
2
−
%
∗
(
1
3
)
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
C
h
an
g
e
in
B
T
E
(
%)
with
r
esp
ec
t to
H
2
s
u
b
titu
tio
n
(
%)
an
d
B
ME
P (
b
ar
)
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
C
r
o
s
s
-
v
alid
atio
n
:
r
an
d
o
m
f
o
r
est
-
B
T
E
(
%)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
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Mo
d
elin
g
H
2
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en
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ich
ed
d
u
a
l f
u
el
en
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ep
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ma
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io
n
s
(
Ja
ya
g
o
p
a
l Na
r
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ya
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n
)
219
T
ab
le
7
.
Mo
d
el
ac
cu
r
ac
y
-
B
T
E
,
%
M
e
t
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c
R
S
M
m
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² (
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0
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9
9
8
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0
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l
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ra
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pecif
ic
f
uel c
o
ns
um
ptio
n (
B
SFC,
g
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W.
hr)
Fig
u
r
e
8
s
h
o
ws th
e
co
n
to
u
r
p
l
o
t o
n
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
B
S
FC
,
B
ME
P
,
an
d
th
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
H
2
(
H
2
-
%)
.
A
n
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
i
n
H
2
s
u
b
s
t
i
t
u
t
i
o
n
r
e
d
u
c
es
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FC
o
f
a
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m
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t
e
l
y
1
0
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/
k
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.
h
r
f
o
r
e
v
e
r
y
1
0
%
o
f
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2
e
n
e
r
g
y
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b
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t
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n
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S
p
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f
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ll
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s
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it
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e
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f
4
0
%
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2
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e
s
u
l
t
s
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n
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d
e
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e
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n
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y
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o
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o
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r
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h
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i
m
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v
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t
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h
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r
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s
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l
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o
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t
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r
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n
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s
t
e
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t
w
it
h
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
s
f
r
o
m
p
r
e
v
i
o
u
s
s
t
u
d
i
es
[
10
]
,
[
3
3
]
.
R
eg
r
ess
io
n
(
1
4
)
is
a
q
u
ad
r
a
tic
m
o
d
el
o
f
R
SM
th
at
p
r
e
d
icts
B
SF
C
(
g
/k
W
.
h
r
)
b
ased
o
n
th
r
ee
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
v
a
r
iab
les:
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ME
P
(
b
ar
)
,
t
h
e
p
e
r
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
H
2
s
u
b
s
titu
tio
n
(
H
2
-
%),
an
d
L
C
V
(
k
J
/Kg
)
.
T
ab
le
8
p
r
o
v
id
es
t
h
e
m
o
d
el'
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
b
o
th
R
SM
an
d
R
F.
Fig
u
r
e
9
d
ep
icts
th
e
c
r
o
s
s
-
v
alid
at
io
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
u
s
ed
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
m
o
d
el
b
y
tr
ain
in
g
an
d
test
in
g
it
o
n
v
ar
io
u
s
s
u
b
s
ets
o
f
th
e
d
ata
m
u
ltip
le
tim
es.
B
o
th
R
SM
an
d
R
F
m
o
d
el
p
r
o
v
id
es
h
ig
h
ly
ac
cu
r
a
te
an
d
c
o
n
s
is
ten
t
p
r
ed
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n
s
,
m
ak
in
g
it
a
m
u
c
h
m
o
r
e
s
u
itab
le
with
e
x
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e
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n
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t
d
at
a
.
(
/
ℎ
)
=
286
−
4
.
06
−
1
.
52
2
−
%
−
0
.
0
0
0
8
6
+
0
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0380
∗
+
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0115
2
%
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+
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∗
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−
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+
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0
0
0
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2
∗
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0
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0
0
0
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∗
(1
4
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Fig
u
r
e
8
.
C
h
an
g
e
in
B
SF
C
(
g
/k
W
.
h
r
)
with
r
esp
ec
t
to
H
2
s
u
b
titu
tio
n
(
%)
an
d
B
ME
P (
b
ar
)
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
C
r
o
s
s
-
v
alid
atio
n
:
r
an
d
o
m
f
o
r
est
–
B
SF
C
(
g
/k
W
.
h
r
)
T
ab
le
8
.
Mo
d
el
ac
cu
r
ac
y
-
B
SF
C
,
g
/k
W
.
h
r
M
e
t
r
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c
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S
M
mo
d
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l
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F
m
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R
² (t
r
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)
0
.
9
9
0
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9
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R
² (t
e
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9
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9
9
C
r
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ss
-
v
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l
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d
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²
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0
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9
4
3
.
3
.
Nit
r
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g
en
o
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ide (
NO
x
,
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P
M
)
T
h
e
co
n
to
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r
p
lo
t
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
d
ep
icts
th
e
co
r
r
elat
io
n
b
etwe
en
NO
x
(
PP
M)
,
th
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
H
2
s
u
b
s
titu
tio
n
(
H
2
-
%)
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d
B
ME
P
(
b
ar
)
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
u
til
ized
a
c
o
m
p
r
ess
io
n
r
atio
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f
1
5
:1
,
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d
it
was
f
o
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n
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th
at
with
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in
atio
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R
an
d
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2
s
u
b
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5
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icate
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d
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im
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NO
x
em
is
s
io
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s
at
2
0
%
an
d
4
0
%
[
3
4
]
.
An
o
th
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r
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ted
a
m
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r
e
d
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io
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with
s
m
all
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an
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2
ad
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itio
n
[3
5
]
.
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wev
er
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en
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esh
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ig
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h
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er
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e
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ately
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0
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p
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is
in
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em
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e
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ad
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tr
u
m
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f
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f
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el
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s
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
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2
I
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ig
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h
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r
e,
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5
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2
s
u
b
s
titu
tio
n
is
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
as
a
p
r
ac
tical
c
o
m
p
r
o
m
is
e.
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h
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lev
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r
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es
m
o
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t
o
f
th
e
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en
ef
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o
f
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ig
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er
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ates
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ile
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ee
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em
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s
io
n
s
lo
w,
alig
n
in
g
with
t
h
e
g
o
al
o
f
m
ain
tain
in
g
NO
x
lev
els
s
im
ilar
to
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
d
iesel e
n
g
in
es.
NO
x
em
is
s
io
n
p
r
im
ar
ily
d
r
iv
en
b
y
c
o
m
b
u
s
tio
n
p
h
asin
g
an
d
o
x
y
g
en
av
ailab
i
lity
.
B
y
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
th
ese
p
ar
am
eter
s
,
NO
x
lev
els ca
n
b
e
k
e
p
t c
o
m
p
ar
ab
le
to
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
d
iesel e
n
g
in
es
[3
7
]
.
R
eg
r
ess
io
n
(
1
5
)
is
a
q
u
ad
r
atic
m
o
d
el
o
f
R
SM
th
at
p
r
ed
icts
NO
x
(
PP
M)
b
ased
o
n
th
r
ee
in
d
ep
en
d
e
n
t
v
ar
iab
les:
B
ME
P
(
b
ar
)
,
th
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
H
2
s
u
b
s
titu
tio
n
(
H₂
-
%),
an
d
L
C
V
(
k
J
/Kg
)
.
T
a
b
le
9
p
r
o
v
id
es
th
e
m
o
d
el'
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
b
o
t
h
R
SM
an
d
R
F.
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
d
ep
ic
ts
th
e
cr
o
s
s
-
v
alid
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
u
s
ed
to
ev
al
u
ate
th
e
m
o
d
el
b
y
tr
ain
in
g
an
d
test
in
g
it
o
n
v
ar
io
u
s
s
u
b
s
ets
o
f
th
e
d
ata
m
u
ltip
le
tim
es.
B
o
th
R
SM
an
d
R
F
m
o
d
el
p
r
o
v
id
es
h
ig
h
ly
ac
c
u
r
ate
an
d
co
n
s
is
ten
t
p
r
ed
ictio
n
s
,
m
ak
in
g
it
a
m
u
ch
m
o
r
e
s
u
itab
le
with
e
x
c
e
p
t
i
o
n
a
l
p
r
e
d
i
c
t
i
v
e
c
a
p
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
o
n
u
n
s
ee
n
t
e
s
t
d
a
t
a
.
(
)
=
2704
−
180
.
0
+
34
.
9
%
−
0
.
0278
+
9
.
81
∗
+
0
.
697
2
%
∗
2
%
+
0
.
000000
∗
−
0
.
938
∗
2
%
−
0
.
00096
∗
−
0
.
000521
2
%
∗
(1
5
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
C
h
an
g
e
in
NOx
(
P
PM)
with
r
esp
ec
t to
H
2
s
u
b
titu
tio
n
(
%)
an
d
B
ME
P (
b
ar
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
.
C
r
o
s
s
v
alid
atio
n
: r
a
n
d
o
m
f
o
r
est
–
No
x
(
PP
M)
T
ab
le
9
.
Mo
d
el
ac
cu
r
ac
y
-
NO
x
,
PP
M
M
e
t
r
i
c
R
S
M
m
o
d
e
l
R
F
m
o
d
e
l
R
² (
t
r
a
i
n
)
0
.
9
8
0
.
9
8
R
² (
t
e
st
/
p
r
e
d
i
c
t
e
d
)
0
.
9
4
0
.
9
8
C
r
o
ss
-
v
a
l
i
d
a
t
i
o
n
R
²
-
0
.
9
2
3
.
4
.
H
y
dro
ca
rbo
n
(
H
C,
P
P
M
)
T
h
e
co
n
to
u
r
p
l
o
t
p
r
esen
ted
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
2
s
h
o
ws
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
i
p
b
etwe
en
HC
(
PP
M)
,
th
e
p
e
r
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
H
2
s
u
b
s
titu
tio
n
(
H
2
-
%)
an
d
B
ME
P
(
b
ar
)
.
HC
em
is
s
io
n
s
r
em
ain
u
n
ch
a
n
g
ed
wh
en
H
2
s
u
b
s
ti
tu
tio
n
is
at
o
r
b
el
o
w
1
0
%,
ir
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
o
f
th
e
b
r
ak
e
m
ea
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
p
r
ess
u
r
e
(
B
ME
P).
On
ce
t
h
e
H
2
s
u
b
s
titu
tio
n
s
u
r
p
ass
es
th
e
1
0
%
th
r
esh
o
ld
,
a
g
r
a
d
u
al
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
HC
em
is
s
io
n
s
co
m
m
en
ce
s
.
Fo
r
ea
ch
1
%
r
is
e
in
H
2
s
u
b
s
titu
tio
n
b
e
y
o
n
d
1
0
%,
HC
em
is
s
io
n
s
d
im
in
is
h
b
y
1
0
p
p
m
.
T
h
is
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
b
ec
o
m
es
ev
en
m
o
r
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
wh
en
H
2
s
u
b
s
titu
tio
n
g
o
es
b
ey
o
n
d
2
0
%.
T
o
ac
h
iev
e
NO
x
-
n
eu
tr
al
o
p
er
atio
n
,
a
2
0
%
r
e
d
u
ctio
n
i
n
HC
em
is
s
io
n
s
is
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
b
e
n
ef
it
o
b
s
er
v
ed
,
w
h
ich
o
cc
u
r
s
at
a
2
5
%
H
2
s
u
b
s
titu
tio
n
r
ate
.
Ad
d
i
n
g
H
2
to
f
u
el
r
ed
u
ce
s
u
n
b
u
r
n
t
HC
em
is
s
io
n
s
b
y
m
ak
in
g
c
o
m
b
u
s
tio
n
co
m
p
lete
an
d
m
o
r
e
e
f
f
icien
t.
T
h
is
h
ap
p
en
ed
b
ec
a
u
s
e
o
f
h
ig
h
er
c
o
m
b
u
s
tio
n
tem
p
er
atu
r
es
h
elp
ed
t
o
b
u
r
n
u
p
r
esid
u
al
h
y
d
r
o
ca
r
b
o
n
f
u
el
lef
t
o
v
er
f
r
o
m
th
e
in
itial
co
m
b
u
s
tio
n
p
h
ase
.
Fas
ter
f
lam
e
s
p
ee
d
en
s
u
r
ed
th
e
f
u
el
-
air
m
ix
t
u
r
e
is
co
n
s
u
m
ed
r
ap
id
ly
a
n
d
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
ly
,
leav
in
g
less
u
n
b
u
r
n
t
f
u
e
l
to
escap
e
in
to
th
e
ex
h
au
s
t.
E
n
h
an
ce
d
o
x
id
atio
n
h
y
d
r
o
x
y
l
r
ad
icals
(
OH)
m
o
le
cu
les
ac
tiv
ely
b
r
ea
k
d
o
wn
an
d
o
x
i
d
ize
s
tu
b
b
o
r
n
h
y
d
r
o
ca
r
b
o
n
m
o
lecu
les,
en
s
u
r
i
n
g
th
ey
ar
e
f
u
lly
b
u
r
n
e
d
.
W
id
e
r
Flam
m
ab
ilit
y
R
an
g
e
o
f
H
2
b
u
r
n
in
a
wid
er
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
air
-
to
-
f
u
el
r
atio
s
th
an
d
iesel.
T
h
is
allo
ws
it
to
b
u
r
n
in
p
o
ck
ets
o
f
th
e
c
y
lin
d
er
w
h
er
e
th
e
m
ix
tu
r
e
m
ig
h
t
b
e
t
o
o
lean
o
r
to
o
r
ich
f
o
r
d
iesel
to
co
m
b
u
s
t
o
n
its
o
wn
,
th
er
e
b
y
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
p
o
ck
ets
o
f
u
n
b
u
r
n
t
f
u
el.
A
s
im
ilar
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
wa
s
m
ad
e
b
y
a
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
er
wh
o
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
with
an
1
8
%
H
2
m
ass
s
h
ar
e
in
a
co
m
p
r
ess
io
n
-
ig
n
itio
n
(
C
I
)
en
g
in
e
r
u
n
n
in
g
in
d
u
al
-
f
u
el
m
o
d
e,
HC
em
is
s
io
n
s
wer
e
c
o
n
s
id
er
ab
ly
lo
wer
co
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
a
p
u
r
e
d
iesel
m
ass
s
h
ar
e.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
at
f
u
ll
lo
ad
,
HC
em
is
s
io
n
s
d
r
o
p
p
ed
f
r
o
m
1
3
0
p
p
m
to
7
0
p
p
m
,
an
d
at
2
0
%
lo
ad
,
th
ey
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