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e
ar
e
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t
i
n
th
at
m
o
d
el
s
elec
tio
n
,
f
ea
t
u
r
e
en
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
,
an
d
d
ata
-
d
r
iv
en
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
ar
e
h
ig
h
li
g
h
ted
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
m
et
h
o
d
s
f
o
r
p
r
ed
ictin
g
h
ea
r
t d
is
ea
s
e
s
[
5
]
.
Ob
j
ec
tiv
es
:
i)
t
o
e
n
h
a
n
ce
ea
r
l
y
d
iag
n
o
s
i
s
a
n
d
tr
ea
t
m
en
t
p
lan
n
i
n
g
b
y
cr
ea
tin
g
a
r
eliab
le
h
ea
r
t
d
is
ea
s
e
p
r
ed
ictio
n
m
o
d
el
th
at
u
t
ilizes
p
atien
t
d
ata,
s
u
c
h
as
elec
tr
o
ca
r
d
io
g
r
am
(
E
C
G)
i
m
a
g
es
,
ii)
t
o
u
s
e
b
u
tter
w
o
r
t
h
ad
ap
tiv
e
2
D
w
av
ele
t
f
ilter
i
n
g
th
at
w
o
u
ld
b
e
ef
f
ec
t
iv
e
i
n
n
o
is
e
r
em
o
v
al
w
ith
o
u
t
af
f
ec
ti
n
g
es
s
en
tia
l
p
ar
ts
o
f
th
e
i
m
a
g
e
,
iii)
t
o
ac
cu
r
ately
ex
tr
a
ct
h
ea
r
t
ab
n
o
r
m
ali
ties
,
s
p
atial
,
an
d
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
-
b
ased
f
ea
t
u
r
es
ar
e
ex
tr
ac
ted
u
s
in
g
Gab
o
r
w
a
v
elet
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
s
,
a
n
d
iv
)
t
o
d
ev
elo
p
a
h
y
b
r
id
DL
m
o
d
el
t
h
at
i
n
teg
r
ate
s
C
NN
w
i
th
L
ST
M
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
an
in
te
lli
g
en
t
s
y
s
te
m
th
a
t c
an
ac
cu
r
atel
y
id
e
n
ti
f
y
t
h
e
p
r
esen
c
e
o
f
h
ea
r
t ill
n
ess
.
C
o
n
tr
ib
u
t
io
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
w
o
r
k
:
i)
a
n
i
m
a
g
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
n
g
a
n
d
D
L
-
b
ased
h
y
b
r
id
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
i
s
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
to
pr
ed
ict
h
ea
r
t
d
is
ea
s
e
s
,
ii)
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
n
o
is
e
r
e
m
o
v
a
l
a
n
d
d
etail
p
r
eser
v
atio
n
ar
e
ac
h
iev
ed
b
y
t
h
e
b
u
tter
w
o
r
t
h
ad
ap
tiv
e
2
D
w
a
v
elet
f
ilter
,
iii)
Gab
o
r
w
a
v
elet
id
en
t
if
ie
s
ab
u
n
d
an
t
s
p
atial
an
d
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
p
atter
n
id
en
t
if
ica
tio
n
,
an
d
iv
)
C
NN
an
d
L
ST
M
class
i
f
ier
s
e
n
h
a
n
ce
t
h
e
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
o
f
p
r
ed
ictio
n
,
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
d
ata
i
m
b
alan
ce
a
n
d
n
o
n
-
li
n
ea
r
it
y
.
T
h
e
r
em
ain
i
n
g
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
th
e
d
o
cu
m
en
t
is
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
s
ec
tio
n
s
,
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
d
e
s
cr
ib
ed
as
f
o
llo
w
s
:
s
ec
tio
n
2
ex
a
m
i
n
es
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
r
esear
ch
e
f
f
o
r
ts
in
h
ea
r
t
d
is
ea
s
e
p
r
ed
ictio
n
u
s
in
g
h
y
b
r
id
D
L
a
n
d
m
ed
ical
i
m
a
g
i
n
g
w
i
th
w
a
v
el
et
-
b
ased
f
ea
t
u
r
e
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
u
s
ed
b
y
d
if
f
er
en
t
a
u
t
h
o
r
s
.
Sectio
n
3
ex
p
lain
s
t
h
e
w
o
r
k
f
lo
w
o
f
t
h
e
s
u
g
g
es
ted
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
.
Sectio
n
4
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
a
n
al
y
s
is
a
n
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
d
ata.
Sectio
n
5
p
r
esen
ts
t
h
e
co
n
cl
u
s
io
n
.
2.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
R
E
VI
E
W
B
h
att
et
a
l
.
[
6
]
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at
t
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
m
a
y
i
n
v
o
l
v
e
a
s
h
o
w
t
h
at
ca
n
p
r
ec
is
el
y
an
ticip
ate
ca
r
d
io
v
ascu
lar
cl
u
tter
s
to
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
th
e
d
ea
th
s
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
th
e
clu
tter
s
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
u
tili
zi
n
g
a
k
-
m
o
d
e
clu
s
ter
i
n
g
s
tr
ate
g
y
to
en
h
an
ce
class
i
f
icatio
n
ac
cu
r
ac
y
.
Mo
d
els
s
u
ch
a
s
d
ec
is
io
n
tr
ee
(
DT
)
class
i
f
ier
s
,
r
an
d
o
m
f
o
r
ests
(
RF
)
,
m
u
ltil
a
y
er
p
er
ce
p
tr
o
n
s
,
an
d
XGB
o
o
s
t (
XGB
)
a
r
e
em
p
lo
y
ed
.
C
h
a
n
d
r
asek
h
ar
a
n
d
P
ed
d
ak
r
is
h
n
a
[
7
]
s
u
g
g
e
s
ted
a
h
y
b
r
id
d
e
cisi
o
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
y
s
te
m
t
h
at
m
i
g
h
t
b
e
u
s
ed
to
id
en
tify
i
s
s
u
es
ea
r
l
y
o
n
.
M
u
lti
v
ar
iate
i
m
p
u
ta
tio
n
u
s
i
n
g
c
h
ain
ed
eq
u
atio
n
s
h
a
s
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
to
h
ea
r
t
d
is
ea
s
e,
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
t
h
e
p
atie
n
t
'
s
cli
n
ical
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
.
An
al
g
o
r
ith
m
w
il
l
h
a
n
d
le
t
h
e
m
i
s
s
i
n
g
v
al
u
es.
R
ec
u
r
s
i
v
e
f
ea
t
u
r
e
eli
m
i
n
atio
n
is
u
s
ed
to
ch
o
o
s
e
r
elev
a
n
t f
ea
t
u
r
es
f
r
o
m
th
e
g
iv
e
n
d
ataset
o
n
ce
t
h
e
g
en
etic
alg
o
r
ith
m
(
G
A
)
h
as b
ee
n
h
y
b
r
id
ized
w
ith
t
h
e
f
ea
tu
r
e
s
elec
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
[
8
]
.
P
ath
an
et
a
l
.
[
9
]
ass
er
t
th
at
p
r
o
m
p
t
an
d
ac
cu
r
ate
id
en
ti
f
ic
atio
n
o
f
ca
r
d
iac
d
is
ea
s
e
is
ess
en
tia
l
f
o
r
p
r
ev
en
ti
n
g
f
u
r
t
h
er
h
ar
m
to
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
s
.
A
r
ti
f
icial
in
telli
g
en
c
e
-
b
as
ed
m
ed
ical
m
o
d
alitie
s
ar
e
ex
a
m
p
le
s
o
f
n
o
n
-
in
v
a
s
i
v
e
m
ed
ical
tr
ea
t
m
e
n
ts
t
h
at
h
av
e
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
r
ec
en
tl
y
.
I
n
p
ar
ticu
lar
,
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
i
n
g
(
ML
)
h
a
s
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
s
ev
er
al
w
id
el
y
u
s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
a
n
d
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
th
at
ar
e
h
i
g
h
l
y
ad
ap
tab
le
an
d
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tl
y
u
s
ed
to
ac
cu
r
atel
y
id
en
ti
f
y
ca
r
d
iac
ill
n
ess
e
s
in
a
s
h
o
r
t p
er
io
d
.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
th
e
r
ese
ar
ch
o
f
Ah
m
ed
an
d
Hu
s
ei
n
[
1
0
]
is
th
e
cr
itical
an
al
y
s
is
a
n
d
u
s
e
o
f
en
s
e
m
b
le
lear
n
i
n
g
an
d
o
th
e
r
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
m
ac
h
i
n
e
-
lear
n
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
to
f
o
r
ec
ast
ca
r
d
iac
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
E
n
s
e
m
b
le
lear
n
i
n
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
d
ata
s
ets
an
d
f
ac
to
r
s
u
s
ed
in
t
h
e
cle
v
elan
d
an
d
d
ata
p
o
r
t
h
ea
r
t
d
is
ea
s
e
d
ataset
s
w
er
e
ag
e,
b
l
o
o
d
p
r
ess
u
r
e,
b
lo
o
d
g
lu
co
s
e,
r
esti
n
g
E
C
G
,
h
ea
r
t
r
ate,
an
d
f
o
u
r
t
y
p
es
o
f
ch
e
s
t
p
ain
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Di
w
ak
ar
et
a
l
.
[
1
1
]
,
th
e
d
iag
n
o
s
i
s
o
f
i
n
f
ec
t
io
n
s
is
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
cr
u
cial
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
o
f
h
ea
lt
h
ca
r
e.
An
ill
n
es
s
ca
n
s
av
e
liv
es
w
h
e
n
it
is
id
e
n
ti
f
ied
s
o
o
n
er
th
an
a
n
ticip
ated
o
r
w
h
e
n
it
is
m
o
r
e
co
m
m
o
n
.
ML
clas
s
i
f
icatio
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
ca
n
b
en
ef
it
t
h
e
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
s
e
cto
r
b
y
f
ac
il
itati
n
g
ac
c
u
r
ate
an
d
ti
m
el
y
s
ic
k
n
es
s
id
en
ti
f
icatio
n
.
D
u
e
to
its
d
i
f
f
ic
u
lt
y
in
d
ia
g
n
o
s
is
,
h
ea
r
t
d
is
ea
s
e
is
c
u
r
r
en
tl
y
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
d
an
g
e
r
o
u
s
co
n
d
itio
n
s
i
n
t
h
e
w
o
r
ld
.
I
t c
an
th
er
ef
o
r
e
b
e
ad
v
an
ta
g
eo
u
s
to
b
o
th
p
atien
t
s
an
d
s
p
ec
iali
s
ts
.
R
in
d
h
e
et
a
l
.
[
1
2
]
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
at
i
n
r
ec
en
t
d
ec
ad
es,
h
e
ar
t
-
r
elate
d
ill
n
ess
e
s
,
o
f
te
n
k
n
o
w
n
a
s
ca
r
d
io
v
ascu
lar
d
is
ea
s
e
s
(
C
V
Ds
)
,
h
av
e
b
ee
n
t
h
e
lead
in
g
c
au
s
e
o
f
m
o
r
t
ali
t
y
i
n
th
e
m
aj
o
r
ity
o
f
t
h
e
w
o
r
ld
'
s
co
u
n
tr
ies.
T
h
e
y
ar
e
latel
y
co
n
s
id
er
ed
to
b
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
f
a
tal
d
is
ea
s
e
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
i
n
I
n
d
ia
b
u
t
also
o
n
th
is
p
lan
et.
Su
b
s
eq
u
e
n
tl
y
,
a
d
ep
en
d
ab
le,
ac
cu
r
ate,
an
d
p
r
ac
tical
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
id
en
tify
s
u
ch
m
a
lad
ies
in
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
to
r
ec
eiv
e
p
r
o
p
er
tr
ea
tm
e
n
t.
ML
ca
lcu
lat
io
n
s
an
d
s
tr
ateg
ies
h
av
e
b
ee
n
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
ass
o
r
ted
r
esto
r
ativ
e
in
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
to
m
ec
h
an
ize
t
h
e
p
o
n
d
er
o
f
h
u
g
e
a
n
d
co
m
p
le
x
in
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
P
atr
o
et
a
l
.
[
1
3
]
,
th
e
ca
teg
o
r
y
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
in
th
i
s
o
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185
class
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[
1
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Me
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[
1
5
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d
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C
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Help
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El
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o
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1
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1
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1
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
R
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ab
le
&
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2089
-
4864
Hea
r
t d
is
ea
s
e
p
r
ed
ictio
n
u
s
in
g
h
yb
r
id
d
ee
p
lea
r
n
in
g
a
n
d
m
ed
ica
l
ima
g
in
g
…
(
C
h
a
ir
ma
d
u
r
a
i P
a
la
n
is
a
my
)
187
th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
of
p
r
ed
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n
.
T
o
eli
m
i
n
ate
th
i
s
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th
e
b
u
tter
w
o
r
t
h
f
il
ter
,
k
n
o
w
n
f
o
r
its
s
m
o
o
t
h
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
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esp
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n
s
e,
is
ap
p
lied
to
f
ilter
o
u
t
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ig
h
-
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
n
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w
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ile
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etain
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ig
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im
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tr
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ata,
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lized
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o
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e
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i
m
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io
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s
,
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d
T
is
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tal
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m
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er
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ele
m
en
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.
3
.
3
.
G
a
bo
r
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a
v
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f
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t
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ex
t
ra
ct
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Gab
o
r
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av
ele
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f
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x
tr
ac
ti
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is
a
p
r
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ce
s
s
o
f
f
o
r
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asti
n
g
h
ea
r
t
d
is
ea
s
e
b
y
a
n
al
y
z
in
g
m
e
d
ical
d
ata,
p
r
im
ar
il
y
i
n
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
i
m
ag
in
g
o
r
s
ig
n
al
-
b
ased
d
ata,
s
u
c
h
as
E
C
Gs,
to
id
en
ti
f
y
p
atter
n
s
r
elate
d
to
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r
d
io
v
ascu
lar
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
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b
o
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v
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l
f
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t
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r
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ex
tr
ac
to
r
s
b
ec
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s
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y
ca
n
ex
tr
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t
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p
atia
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h
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o
f
s
p
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s
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g
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g
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s
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w
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w
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ld
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elp
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m
p
h
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tex
t
u
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d
if
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er
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ce
s
i
n
b
io
m
ed
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s
i
g
n
als
o
r
i
m
a
g
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s
.
Un
d
er
th
i
s
s
tr
ate
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p
r
ep
r
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ce
s
s
i
n
g
o
f
th
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i
n
p
u
t
d
ata
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n
ec
e
s
s
ar
y
,
f
o
ll
o
w
ed
b
y
t
h
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
Gab
o
r
f
il
ter
s
o
f
v
ar
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s
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r
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tatio
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s
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n
d
s
ca
les
to
o
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tain
m
ea
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in
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f
u
l f
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t
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r
es t
h
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m
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en
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e
u
s
ed
to
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escr
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n
at
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o
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th
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h
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r
t si
g
n
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l o
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,
(
ℎ
)
=
|
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|
2
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|
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2
|
|
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2
2
2
×
[
(
,
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−
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]
(
7
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W
h
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,
(
ℎ
)
is
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to
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f
t
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d
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p
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p
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s
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n
:
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(
)
=
√
(
,
(
)
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2
+
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,
(
)
)
2
(
8
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
9
-
4864
I
n
t J
R
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ab
le
&
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
202
6
:
1
8
3
-
193
188
W
h
er
e
,
(
)
is
th
e
m
a
g
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it
u
d
e
(
am
p
litu
d
e)
o
f
th
e
Gab
o
r
f
ilter
r
esp
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n
s
e
at
p
o
s
itio
n
,
f
o
r
a
g
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s
ca
le
an
d
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r
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tatio
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co
m
p
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x
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tp
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is
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t
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t
h
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co
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p
le
x
r
esp
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n
s
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3
.
4
.
Cla
s
s
if
ica
t
io
n:
c
o
nv
o
lut
io
na
l neura
l net
w
o
rk
a
nd
lo
ng
s
ho
rt
-
t
er
m
m
e
m
o
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Hea
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t
d
is
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s
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m
a
y
b
e
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p
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s
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h
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NN
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L
ST
M
m
o
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el
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co
m
b
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n
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m
p
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eq
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en
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m
o
d
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g
(
L
ST
M)
w
it
h
s
p
atial
p
r
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n
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C
NN)
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as
s
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o
w
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Fi
g
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2
.
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tr
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d
ch
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d
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s
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T
h
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p
o
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lar
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et
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h
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atica
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