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:
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ar
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@
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o
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
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o
w
-
p
o
w
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V
L
SI
d
e
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ices
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tr
o
n
ics
t
h
at
co
n
s
u
m
e
p
o
w
er
at
lo
w
r
ate
s
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
T
h
e
m
aj
o
r
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b
j
ec
tiv
e
o
f
lo
w
-
p
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L
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ed
u
ce
p
o
w
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u
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o
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t
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f
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ti
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ig
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ig
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c
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ar
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t
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s
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o
l
lo
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ed
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n
lo
w
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p
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V
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ical
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v
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alter
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s
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d
cir
cu
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-
le
v
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c
h
an
g
es.
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n
cir
cu
it
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lev
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o
d
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f
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,
th
e
v
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u
s
cir
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t
s
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ar
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ed
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k
n
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cir
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ate
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ate
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f
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s
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tech
n
iq
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te
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m
p
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ar
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u
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p
p
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x
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ate
co
m
p
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ti
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g
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ti
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f
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er
n
co
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p
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g
s
y
s
te
m
s
[
3
]
.
T
h
is
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p
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ac
h
ac
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co
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s
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ab
le
p
o
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n
d
ar
ea
ef
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c
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b
y
i
n
tr
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d
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g
ac
ce
p
tab
le
er
r
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s
.
T
h
e
ac
ce
p
tab
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er
r
o
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in
co
m
p
u
ta
tio
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s
y
s
te
m
s
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s
to
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lo
s
s
in
ac
c
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at
d
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p
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g
ap
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s
[
4
]
.
Hig
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cu
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ac
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p
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if
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e
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p
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s
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p
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an
d
lar
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e
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ar
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q
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m
en
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Data
p
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cir
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m
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l
y
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f
f
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ted
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cr
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p
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co
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to
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A
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p
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s
o
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A
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h
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ad
d
er
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t J
R
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f
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g
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ab
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&
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2089
-
4864
Desig
n
a
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d
imp
leme
n
ta
tio
n
o
f
a
n
o
ve
l
a
p
p
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o
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te
c
a
r
r
y
lo
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k
-
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a
d
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er
…
(
B
a
d
ig
a
n
c
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S
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K
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)
249
u
n
i
t
is
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o
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s
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am
co
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ter
s
[
5
]
.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
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m
a
n
ce
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f
th
e
ad
d
er
d
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th
e
h
ig
h
s
p
ee
d
is
ac
h
iev
ed
w
it
h
th
e
p
en
alt
y
o
f
in
cr
ea
s
ed
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
an
d
co
m
p
le
x
it
y
.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
ese
ch
alle
n
g
e
s
,
w
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
an
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
b
y
in
tr
o
d
u
ci
n
g
a
n
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
ate
C
L
A
b
ased
o
n
g
ate
-
le
v
el
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
esig
n
ac
h
ie
v
es
t
h
e
b
alan
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
s
p
ee
d
,
p
o
w
er
ef
f
ic
ien
c
y
,
an
d
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
a
l
ac
cu
r
ac
y
.
2.
RE
L
AT
E
D
WO
RK
Fan
et
a
l.
[
6
]
p
r
esen
ted
an
ad
d
er
u
s
in
g
m
u
l
ti
lev
el
cir
c
u
it
i
n
t
eg
r
atio
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
es.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ad
d
er
u
s
e
s
t
w
o
tr
a
n
s
i
s
to
r
s
as
a
s
w
i
tch
to
v
ar
y
t
h
e
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
atio
n
lev
el.
T
h
e
en
er
g
y
e
f
f
ic
ien
c
y
o
f
th
e
ad
d
er
is
an
al
y
s
ed
b
y
ap
p
l
y
i
n
g
a
n
eu
r
al
n
et
w
o
r
k
i
n
i
m
ag
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
n
g
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
.
Stef
a
n
id
is
et
a
l.
[
7
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
a
s
y
n
t
h
esizer
-
b
ased
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
ate
p
ar
allel
-
p
r
ef
i
x
ad
d
er
s
f
o
r
s
ig
n
a
l
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
W
h
e
n
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
ex
is
ti
n
g
a
d
d
er
s
,
th
e
s
y
n
t
h
es
ized
ad
d
er
s
ac
h
iev
e
an
a
v
er
ag
e
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
in
er
r
o
r
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
o
f
2
7
%
to
3
6
%
f
o
r
r
an
d
o
m
in
p
u
ts
a
n
d
en
h
a
n
ce
i
m
ag
e
q
u
alit
y
m
etr
ic
s
b
y
8
%
to
4
2
%
in
im
a
g
e
f
il
ter
in
g
task
s
.
Kav
a
n
d
et
a
l.
[
8
]
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
a
n
e
w
t
y
p
e
o
f
4
:2
co
m
p
r
ess
o
r
u
s
in
g
r
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ab
le
f
ield
-
ef
f
ec
t
tr
an
s
i
s
to
r
s
.
U
n
li
k
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
C
MO
S
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
,
r
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ab
le
f
ield
-
ef
f
ec
t
tr
an
s
i
s
to
r
s
ca
n
b
e
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
ed
t
o
o
p
er
ate
as
eith
er
an
n
-
t
y
p
e
o
r
p
-
t
y
p
e
tr
an
s
is
to
r
b
ased
o
n
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
a
g
ate
ter
m
i
n
al.
T
h
is
r
ec
o
n
f
ig
u
r
ab
ili
t
y
p
r
o
v
id
es
s
i
g
n
i
f
ican
t
ad
v
a
n
tag
es
i
n
ter
m
s
o
f
cir
cu
i
t
d
esi
g
n
f
le
x
ib
ilit
y
,
ar
ea
ef
f
icien
c
y
,
an
d
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
I
n
th
eir
p
ap
er
,
Seo
an
d
Ki
m
[
9
]
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
a
n
o
v
el
d
u
al
s
u
b
-
ad
d
er
-
b
ased
ap
p
r
o
x
im
a
te
ad
d
er
to
r
ed
u
ce
o
v
er
all
laten
c
y
.
T
h
e
d
u
al
s
u
b
-
ad
d
er
d
iv
id
es
ac
cu
r
ate
ad
d
er
p
o
r
tio
n
s
in
to
t
w
o
s
u
b
-
ad
d
er
s
w
ith
er
r
o
r
co
m
p
e
n
s
atio
n
b
lo
ck
s
.
T
h
is
co
m
p
en
s
a
tio
n
b
lo
ck
r
ed
u
ce
s
t
h
e
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
atio
n
er
r
o
r
f
r
o
m
th
e
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
ate
ad
d
er
p
ar
t.
T
h
e
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ate
ad
d
er
w
it
h
th
e
f
ea
t
u
r
es
o
f
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
s
w
itc
h
b
et
w
ee
n
ac
cu
r
ate
a
n
d
in
ac
cu
r
at
e
o
p
er
atio
n
m
o
d
es
i
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
J
h
a
et
a
l
.
[
1
0
]
.
A
ls
o
,
th
e
d
u
a
l
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
ate
s
tr
ate
g
y
is
estab
lis
h
ed
to
f
in
e
-
t
u
n
e
th
e
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
a
te
m
o
d
es.
E
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
r
es
u
lt
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
ca
d
en
ce
to
o
ls
s
h
o
w
th
a
t t
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
ad
d
er
u
s
es 3
9
%
an
d
5
2
%
less
en
er
g
y
th
a
n
t
h
e
ex
ac
t
m
ir
r
o
r
ad
d
er
.
Z
h
a
n
g
et
a
l.
[
1
1
]
p
r
esen
ted
a
d
esig
n
o
f
an
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
at
e
co
m
p
r
es
s
o
r
-
b
ased
m
u
ltip
lier
f
o
r
n
o
is
y
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
.
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
u
m
s
o
f
p
r
o
d
u
ct
ter
m
s
i
n
th
e
co
m
p
r
ess
o
r
is
r
ed
u
ce
d
u
s
in
g
lo
g
ic
le
v
el
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
s
.
I
m
p
le
m
e
n
tat
io
n
r
esu
lt
s
o
f
i
m
a
g
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
n
g
b
en
ch
m
ar
k
s
s
h
o
w
th
a
t
th
e
co
m
p
r
ess
o
r
-
b
a
s
ed
m
u
ltip
li
er
r
ed
u
ce
s
ar
ea
r
e
q
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
b
y
5
4
%
w
it
h
an
er
r
o
r
r
ate
o
f
1
.
8
%
in
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
w
it
h
t
h
e
ac
cu
r
ate
m
u
ltip
lier
.
C
h
e
n
et
a
l.
[
1
2
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
n
e
w
d
esi
g
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
f
o
r
s
q
u
ar
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
.
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
ar
tial
p
r
o
d
u
cts
n
e
ed
ed
in
th
e
s
q
u
ar
er
m
o
d
u
le
i
s
r
ed
u
ce
d
b
y
ap
p
l
y
in
g
t
h
e
B
o
o
th
f
o
ld
in
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
e.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
q
u
ar
er
is
ap
p
l
ied
in
s
i
g
n
a
l
p
r
o
c
ess
in
g
an
d
clu
s
ter
i
n
g
alg
o
r
it
h
m
s
f
o
r
v
ali
d
atio
n
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
at
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
q
u
ar
er
ac
h
iev
e
s
a
s
i
g
n
al
-
to
-
n
o
i
s
e
r
atio
clo
s
e
to
3
0
d
B
w
i
th
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
-
d
ela
y
p
r
o
d
u
ct
r
ed
u
ce
d
b
y
u
p
to
5
1
%.
T
h
e
m
o
d
if
ied
p
ar
allel
p
r
ef
ix
a
d
d
er
is
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
R
o
s
a
et
a
l
.
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
d
d
er
c
o
n
s
is
ts
o
f
ap
p
r
o
x
im
a
te
p
r
ef
ix
o
p
er
ato
r
s
to
r
ed
u
ce
ar
ea
an
d
d
elay
in
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ad
d
er
s
h
o
w
s
b
etter
r
esu
lt
s
w
it
h
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
b
it
w
id
t
h
s
.
C
h
u
et
a
l.
[
1
4
]
p
r
esen
ted
an
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
ate
cir
c
u
it
d
esi
g
n
u
s
in
g
m
aj
o
r
ity
lo
g
ic
g
ate
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
.
F
u
r
th
er
,
t
h
e
n
e
w
t
y
p
e
o
f
er
r
o
r
co
m
p
e
n
s
atio
n
b
lo
ck
is
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
to
av
o
i
d
th
e
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
o
f
in
ac
cu
r
ate
ca
r
r
y
-
o
u
t
s
i
g
n
a
ls
to
h
ig
h
er
-
o
r
d
er
b
lo
ck
s
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
p
r
ec
is
io
n
lev
el.
T
h
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
“L
o
g
ic
-
In
-
Me
m
o
r
y
"
is
a
d
esig
n
ap
p
r
o
a
ch
th
at
i
n
te
g
r
ate
s
lo
g
ic
an
d
m
e
m
o
r
y
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
w
it
h
i
n
th
e
s
a
m
e
ar
ch
i
tectu
r
e.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
en
er
g
y
i
s
w
as
ted
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
w
r
iti
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
B
ar
la
et
a
l.
[
1
5
]
in
teg
r
ated
an
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
ate
s
elf
-
w
r
ite
-
ter
m
i
n
atio
n
lo
g
ic
in
to
th
e
ad
d
e
r
d
esig
n
.
I
m
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
r
esu
l
ts
o
n
a
1
6
-
b
it
ad
d
er
s
h
o
w
t
h
at
w
r
iti
n
g
an
d
r
ea
d
in
g
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
ti
o
n
is
r
ed
u
ce
d
b
y
9
0
.
5
6
%.
Z
h
a
n
g
et
a
l.
[
1
6
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
r
ad
ix
-
4
B
o
o
th
m
u
l
tip
lier
b
ased
o
n
in
ac
cu
r
ate
m
aj
o
r
ity
lo
g
ic.
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
ar
tial
p
r
o
d
u
ct
ter
m
s
in
m
u
lt
ip
licati
o
n
s
is
r
ed
u
ce
d
b
y
co
m
p
r
es
s
ed
f
u
ll
ad
d
e
r
s
w
i
th
m
aj
o
r
ity
lo
g
ic.
L
ik
e
w
i
s
e,
A
iz
az
an
d
Kh
ar
e
[
1
7
]
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
a
tr
u
n
ca
tio
n
-
b
a
s
ed
B
o
o
th
m
u
l
tip
lier
w
it
h
an
er
r
o
r
co
m
p
en
s
atio
n
b
lo
ck
.
T
h
e
er
r
o
r
co
m
p
en
s
atio
n
ele
m
en
t
i
s
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
elec
ti
v
e
alter
atio
n
s
in
t
h
e
K
-
m
ap
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
ca
r
r
y
is
s
u
e
ar
is
in
g
f
r
o
m
th
e
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
ate
d
p
o
r
tio
n
.
E
x
ec
u
tio
n
r
esu
lt
s
o
n
n
e
u
r
al
n
et
w
o
r
k
ap
p
licatio
n
s
h
o
w
t
h
at
th
e
B
o
o
th
m
u
ltip
lier
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
e
s
a
0
.
0
2
%
m
ea
n
r
elati
v
e
er
r
o
r
d
ev
iatio
n
an
d
a
1
2
% r
ed
u
ctio
n
i
n
t
h
e
ar
ea
-
p
o
w
er
p
r
o
d
u
ct
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
ac
cu
r
ate
o
n
e.
A
la
n
an
d
Hen
k
el
[
1
8
]
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
an
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ate
ad
d
er
u
s
i
n
g
p
r
o
b
a
b
il
it
y
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ca
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ain
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.
T
s
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et
a
l.
[
1
9
]
p
r
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p
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s
ed
an
ac
cu
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ac
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co
n
f
ig
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tim
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t
in
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w
it
h
m
in
i
m
u
m
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ates.
I
n
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
w
a
y
,
Am
i
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an
y
et
a
l.
[
2
0
]
p
r
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p
o
s
ed
an
ac
cu
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ac
y
ad
ap
ti
v
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p
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if
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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202
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R
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[
2
1
]
p
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p
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s
ed
an
ad
d
er
n
am
ed
an
ap
p
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x
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m
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least
s
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L
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ah
i
m
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-
Aza
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l.
[
2
2
]
,
a
lo
w
-
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
t
io
n
b
lo
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.
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o
p
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ates
b
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t
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ca
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elec
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p
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ag
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h
e
ca
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o
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tio
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s
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u
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Fu
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A
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b
it
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u
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ca
tio
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s
tr
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is
Fru
s
taci
et
a
l
.
[
2
3
]
f
o
r
in
ac
cu
r
ate
cir
cu
it
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esi
g
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s
.
T
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d
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P
ash
ae
if
ar
et
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l.
[
2
4
]
estab
lis
h
a
r
e
v
er
s
e
ca
r
r
y
p
r
o
p
ag
ate
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it
h
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i
g
h
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ac
cu
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v
els.
X
u
et
a
l.
[
2
5
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
d
elay
-
ad
ap
tiv
e
s
el
f
-
co
n
f
ig
u
r
ab
le
ad
d
er
f
o
r
lo
w
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p
o
w
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p
licatio
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s
.
T
h
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m
a
x
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m
u
m
lev
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l
o
f
ac
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ac
y
is
ac
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w
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o
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r
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
b
lo
ck
s
.
Ak
b
ar
i
et
a
l.
[2
6
]
p
r
esen
ted
a
s
w
i
tch
ab
le
C
L
A
ad
d
er
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s
ed
f
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to
ler
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t
ap
p
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p
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ter
m
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s
in
g
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m
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er
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v
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co
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p
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tatio
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er
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r
esp
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y
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Sch
lac
h
ter
et
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l.
[2
7
]
in
tr
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a
m
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ca
lled
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ate
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le
v
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in
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p
o
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er
,
an
d
d
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n
d
ig
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tal
cir
cu
it
s
.
T
h
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m
eth
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d
s
ele
ctiv
el
y
r
e
m
o
v
es
o
r
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ts
t
h
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ele
m
e
n
t
s
to
tr
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o
f
f
ac
cu
r
ac
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.
E
x
p
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m
e
n
tal
r
es
u
l
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o
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ap
p
ly
in
g
th
e
d
is
cr
ete
co
s
in
e
tr
a
n
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f
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m
in
a
v
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p
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s
s
in
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licatio
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t
th
e
p
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p
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ap
p
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es
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2
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q
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d
e
g
r
ad
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n
o
f
2
4
d
B
.
L
iu
et
a
l.
[2
8
]
p
r
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p
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s
ed
an
in
ex
ac
t
B
o
o
th
m
u
ltip
lier
b
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m
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d
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f
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co
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f
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alg
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m
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s
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e
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m
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m
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p
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tial p
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3.
P
RO
P
O
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D
M
O
DIFIE
D
A
P
P
RO
XIM
AT
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CL
A
I
n
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ap
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C
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d
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p
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s
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p
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T
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p
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ca
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p
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g
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id
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to
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co
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C
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in
Fig
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1
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ca
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p
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W
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I
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A
s
)
ca
n
co
n
s
u
m
e
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
ar
ea
an
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
T
h
is
co
m
p
le
x
it
y
o
f
te
n
r
esu
l
ts
in
h
i
g
h
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
tatio
n
co
s
ts
.
Mu
ltip
licat
io
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d
ad
d
itio
n
ar
e
a
cr
itical
o
p
e
r
atio
n
in
FI
R
f
i
lter
s
w
h
ich
d
ir
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tl
y
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
s
t
h
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o
v
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all
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f
o
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an
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a
n
d
s
p
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d
o
f
th
e
f
ilter
.
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f
f
icie
n
t
ad
d
er
d
esig
n
is
ess
e
n
tial
f
o
r
ac
h
iev
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g
h
ig
h
-
s
p
ee
d
FIR
f
ilte
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ar
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lar
l
y
in
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icr
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p
r
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s
s
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r
s
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d
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ig
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s
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p
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s
s
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r
it
h
m
s
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m
er
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u
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s
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a
v
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b
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d
ev
elo
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tim
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p
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o
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m
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ce
.
I
n
t
h
i
s
w
o
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k
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s
o
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p
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ilter
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s
in
g
p
r
o
p
o
s
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ap
p
r
o
x
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m
ate
ad
d
er
.
4.
RE
SU
L
T
AND
DI
SCUS
SI
O
N
Fo
r
ev
alu
atio
n
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ad
d
er
is
im
p
le
m
e
n
ted
u
s
in
g
Xilin
x
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
i
s
co
d
ed
in
Ver
ilo
g
HD
L
.
T
o
an
al
y
ze
s
li
ce
an
d
lo
o
k
-
u
p
tab
le
(
L
UT
)
,
th
e
d
esi
g
n
is
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ted
o
n
Sp
ar
tan
3
E
FP
GA
XC
3
S1
0
0
E
d
ev
ice.
T
h
e
p
o
w
er
an
al
y
s
is
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
Xili
n
x
XP
o
w
er
an
al
y
ze
r
.
T
h
e
g
en
er
ated
r
eg
is
ter
tr
a
n
s
f
er
lo
g
ic
(
R
T
L
)
v
ie
w
a
n
d
g
a
te
-
lev
el
n
et
lis
t
ar
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g
i
v
en
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
w
a
v
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
t
h
e
ad
d
er
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
ig
u
r
e
4
.
F
o
r
f
air
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ad
d
er
is
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
ith
p
r
ev
io
u
s
l
y
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
R
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ab
le
&
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2089
-
4864
Desig
n
a
n
d
imp
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n
ta
tio
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o
f
a
n
o
ve
l
a
p
p
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y
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…
(
B
a
d
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a
n
c
h
ela
S
h
iv
a
K
u
ma
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)
253
ad
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er
s
lik
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r
ec
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n
f
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g
u
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ab
le
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y
lo
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k
-
a
h
ea
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ad
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er
(
R
A
P
-
C
L
A
)
[
2
6
]
,
a
lo
w
laten
c
y
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
ate
ad
d
er
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ased
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29
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,
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d
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[
30
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T
h
e
m
ea
s
u
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v
al
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f
t
h
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d
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2
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I
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2
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I
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
R
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ab
le
&
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2089
-
4864
Desig
n
a
n
d
imp
leme
n
ta
tio
n
o
f
a
n
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a
p
p
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r
r
y
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k
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a
d
a
d
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…
(
B
a
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a
n
c
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S
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a
K
u
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255
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ased
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ased
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