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20
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384
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8814
,
D
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:
10.11591/
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Th
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BY
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license
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21]
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ge
t
a
t
i
v
e
gr
ow
t
h,
r
e
s
pi
r
a
t
i
on,
f
l
ow
e
r
i
ng,
a
nd
yi
e
l
d
[
8]
,
[
23]
w
hi
l
e
l
i
gh
t
pl
a
ys
a
vi
t
a
l
r
o
l
e
i
n
pho
t
os
ynt
he
s
i
s
a
nd
s
uga
r
pr
oduc
t
i
on
[
24]
–
[
26]
.
W
i
t
hout
c
ont
i
nuous
m
oni
t
or
i
ng
of
t
h
e
s
e
pa
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
,
f
a
r
m
e
r
s
f
a
c
e
d
i
f
f
i
c
ul
t
i
e
s
i
n
m
a
i
n
t
a
i
n
i
ng
opt
i
m
a
l
gr
ow
t
h
c
ondi
t
i
on
s
, l
e
a
d
i
ng t
o
r
e
duc
e
d pr
oduc
t
i
v
i
t
y.
M
oni
t
or
i
ng e
nvi
r
onm
e
n
t
a
l
c
ond
i
t
i
on
s
i
s
t
h
e
r
e
f
o
r
e
e
s
s
e
n
t
i
a
l
t
o e
ns
u
r
e
vi
gor
ous
a
nd he
a
l
t
hy s
uga
r
c
a
ne
gr
ow
t
h.
A
n
e
nvi
r
onm
e
nt
a
l
m
oni
t
or
i
ng
s
ys
t
e
m
t
ha
t
m
e
a
s
ur
e
s
s
oi
l
m
o
i
s
t
ur
e
,
pH
,
t
e
m
pe
r
a
t
ur
e
,
a
nd
l
i
ght
,
i
nt
e
gr
a
t
e
d w
i
t
h i
nf
o
r
m
a
t
i
on t
e
c
hnol
ogy, c
a
n s
i
m
p
l
i
f
y t
he
pr
oc
e
s
s
a
nd m
e
e
t
f
a
r
m
e
r
s
’
ne
e
ds
. T
he
i
nt
e
gr
a
t
i
on of
i
nt
e
r
ne
t
of
t
h
i
ngs
(
I
oT
)
a
nd m
a
c
hi
ne
l
e
a
r
n
i
ng (
M
L
)
t
e
c
hno
l
ogi
e
s
of
f
e
r
s
gr
e
a
t
po
t
e
nt
i
a
l
f
o
r
de
ve
l
op
i
ng opt
i
m
a
l
m
oni
t
o
r
i
ng
s
ys
t
e
m
s
[
27]
,
[
28
]
.
I
oT
e
na
bl
e
s
r
e
a
l
-
t
i
m
e
a
c
qui
s
i
t
i
on
of
e
nv
i
r
onm
e
n
t
a
l
da
t
a
t
o
s
uppo
r
t
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
nt
f
a
r
m
i
ng
ope
r
a
t
i
ons
,
w
hi
l
e
M
L
a
na
l
yz
e
s
pa
t
t
e
r
ns
i
n
pl
a
n
t
c
ondi
t
i
ons
ba
s
e
d
on
s
e
ns
or
i
nput
s
[
29
]
–
[
32]
.
P
r
e
vi
ous
s
t
ud
i
e
s
ha
ve
de
m
ons
t
r
a
t
e
d
I
oT
a
ppl
i
c
a
t
i
on
s
i
n
a
gr
i
c
u
l
t
ur
e
,
i
nc
l
ud
i
ng
hydr
oponi
c
m
on
i
t
or
i
ng
[
33]
,
or
na
m
e
nt
a
l
p
l
a
nt
i
r
r
i
ga
t
i
on
[
34]
,
g
r
e
e
nhous
e
i
r
r
i
ga
t
i
on
[
35
]
,
s
o
i
l
m
oi
s
t
ur
e
m
oni
t
or
i
ng
i
n
gr
e
e
n
be
a
ns
[
36]
,
[
37]
,
pH
a
nd
m
o
i
s
t
u
r
e
m
on
i
t
or
i
ng
i
n
pe
a
nut
s
[
38]
,
c
h
i
l
i
g
r
ow
t
h
m
on
i
t
o
r
i
ng
[
39
]
,
t
o
m
a
t
o
he
i
ght
de
t
e
c
t
i
on
[
40
]
,
c
or
n
i
r
r
i
ga
t
i
on
[
41]
,
r
i
c
e
c
ond
i
t
i
on
m
on
i
t
or
i
ng
[
42]
,
c
o
r
n
pr
o
t
e
c
t
i
on
f
r
om
a
ni
m
a
l
di
s
t
ur
b
a
nc
e
s
[
43]
,
w
a
r
e
hou
s
e
e
nv
i
r
onm
e
nt
a
l
m
on
i
t
o
r
i
ng
[
44]
, [
45]
pe
s
t
p
r
e
di
c
t
i
on
i
n s
uga
r
c
a
ne
[
19]
,
a
nd
s
o
i
l
m
oi
s
t
ur
e
m
oni
t
or
i
ng
i
n
s
uga
r
c
a
ne
[
19
]
,
[
20]
.
H
ow
e
ve
r
,
m
os
t
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
nt
a
t
i
ons
r
e
m
a
i
n
l
i
m
i
t
e
d
t
o
s
i
ngl
e
-
pa
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
e
ns
i
ng
or
s
pe
c
i
f
i
c
c
r
op
c
ont
e
xt
s
,
a
nd
f
e
w
ha
ve
de
ve
l
ope
d
m
ul
t
i
-
s
e
ns
or
I
oT
s
ys
t
e
m
s
w
i
t
h
hybr
i
d
pow
e
r
s
uppl
y
a
nd
dua
l
da
t
a
s
t
o
r
a
ge
,
va
l
i
da
t
e
d
di
r
e
c
t
l
y
i
n
s
uga
r
c
a
ne
f
i
e
l
d
s
,
a
nd
i
n
t
e
gr
a
t
e
d
w
i
t
h
a
da
pt
i
ve
ML
f
or
he
a
l
t
h c
l
a
s
s
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
on.
T
hi
s
s
t
udy pr
opos
e
s
a
hybr
i
d
-
pow
e
r
e
d I
oT
m
ul
t
i
-
s
e
ns
o
r
s
ys
t
e
m
i
nt
e
gr
a
t
i
ng s
o
i
l
m
oi
s
t
ur
e
, pH
, L
M
35
t
e
m
pe
r
a
t
ur
e
,
a
nd
l
i
ght
de
pe
nde
n
t
r
e
s
i
s
t
or
(
L
D
R
)
l
i
ght
s
e
n
s
or
s
w
i
t
h
a
n
A
r
dui
no
U
N
O
R
4
Wi
-
Fi
m
i
c
r
oc
on
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
.
T
o
e
n
s
ur
e
r
e
s
i
l
i
e
nc
e
i
n
f
i
e
l
d
c
ond
i
t
i
ons
,
t
he
s
ys
t
e
m
e
m
pl
oy
s
a
hybr
i
d
pow
e
r
s
uppl
y
(
m
a
i
ns
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
a
nd
s
ol
a
r
pa
ne
l
s
)
a
nd
dua
l
d
a
t
a
s
t
or
a
ge
(
r
e
a
l
-
t
i
m
e
t
r
a
ns
m
i
s
s
i
on t
o
G
oogl
e
S
he
e
t
s
a
nd
l
oc
a
l
ba
c
kup
on
S
D
c
a
r
d)
.
S
e
ns
or
da
t
a
a
r
e
pr
e
p
r
oc
e
s
s
e
d
a
nd
a
na
l
yz
e
d
us
i
ng
k
-
m
e
a
n
s
c
l
us
t
e
r
i
ng
t
o
m
a
p
e
nvi
r
onm
e
n
t
a
l
c
ondi
t
i
on
s
a
nd
a
r
a
ndom
f
or
e
s
t
(
R
F
)
c
l
a
s
s
i
f
i
e
r
t
o
c
l
a
s
s
i
f
y
s
ug
a
r
c
a
ne
he
a
l
t
h
s
t
a
t
u
s
i
nt
o
he
a
l
t
hy
a
nd
unhe
a
l
t
hy
c
a
t
e
gor
i
e
s
. F
i
e
l
d va
l
i
da
t
i
on i
n M
oj
oke
r
t
o de
m
ons
t
r
a
t
e
s
t
he
s
ys
t
e
m
’
s
a
bi
l
i
t
y t
o c
a
pt
u
r
e
dyna
m
i
c
e
nvi
r
onm
e
n
t
a
l
va
r
i
a
t
i
ons
a
nd pr
ovi
de
a
c
c
ur
a
t
e
he
a
l
t
h pr
e
d
i
c
t
i
ons
.
B
y c
om
bi
n
i
ng hybr
i
d pow
e
r
, m
ul
t
i
-
s
e
ns
or
I
oT
i
nt
e
gr
a
t
i
on,
a
nd
a
da
pt
i
ve
ML
,
t
hi
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
de
l
i
ve
r
s
a
r
e
s
i
l
i
e
nt
m
oni
t
or
i
ng
s
ol
u
t
i
on
t
a
i
l
or
e
d
t
o
l
oc
a
l
f
a
r
m
i
ng
c
ondi
t
i
ons
.
T
he
s
ys
t
e
m
e
n
a
bl
e
s
f
a
r
m
e
r
s
t
o m
a
ke
t
i
m
e
l
y
de
c
i
s
i
ons
on i
r
r
i
ga
t
i
on
a
nd
c
r
op
m
a
na
g
e
m
e
n
t
,
t
h
e
r
e
by
i
m
p
r
ovi
ng
pr
oduc
t
i
v
i
t
y,
s
uppor
t
i
ng
f
ood
s
e
c
ur
i
t
y,
a
nd
e
nha
nc
i
ng
f
a
r
m
e
r
w
e
l
f
a
r
e
i
n
M
oj
oke
r
t
o
a
nd
pot
e
n
t
i
a
l
l
y
o
t
he
r
s
uga
r
c
a
ne
-
p
r
oduc
i
ng
r
e
gi
ons
i
n I
ndone
s
i
a
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
he
pr
opos
e
d
s
ug
a
r
c
a
ne
m
on
i
t
or
i
ng
s
y
s
t
e
m
i
n
t
e
gr
a
t
e
s
I
oT
s
e
ns
o
r
s
w
i
t
h
ML
t
o
p
r
ovi
de
a
da
pt
i
ve
a
nd
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
nt
s
uppor
t
f
or
s
ug
a
r
c
a
ne
f
a
r
m
i
ng.
A
ut
om
a
t
i
c
m
oni
t
or
i
ng
of
ke
y
e
nv
i
r
on
m
e
nt
a
l
pa
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
—
s
o
i
l
m
oi
s
t
ur
e
,
pH
,
t
e
m
pe
r
a
t
u
r
e
,
a
nd
l
i
gh
t
i
nt
e
n
s
i
t
y
—
e
na
bl
e
s
f
a
r
m
e
r
s
t
o
t
r
a
c
k
c
r
op
c
ond
i
t
i
on
s
c
on
t
i
nuous
l
y
a
nd
m
a
ke
t
i
m
e
l
y
de
c
i
s
i
ons
t
o
i
m
p
r
ove
pr
oduc
t
i
v
i
t
y.
T
he
m
e
t
hodo
l
ogi
c
a
l
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
k
of
t
hi
s
s
t
udy i
s
i
l
l
us
t
r
a
t
e
d
i
n
F
i
gur
e
1,
w
hi
c
h
out
l
i
ne
s
t
he
s
e
qu
e
nt
i
a
l
s
t
a
ge
s
:
l
i
t
e
r
a
t
ur
e
r
e
vi
e
w
a
nd
ne
e
d
s
a
na
l
ys
i
s
,
s
y
s
t
e
m
de
s
i
gn, r
e
a
l
-
t
i
m
e
s
e
ns
or
da
t
a
c
ol
l
e
c
t
i
on,
da
t
a
c
onve
r
s
i
on
a
nd
pr
e
pr
o
c
e
s
s
i
ng,
ML
a
na
l
ys
i
s
,
a
nd
e
va
l
u
a
t
i
on.
T
hi
s
s
t
r
uc
t
ur
e
d
a
ppr
oa
c
h e
ns
ur
e
s
t
ha
t
bot
h
t
e
c
hni
c
a
l
a
nd a
g
r
i
c
u
l
t
ur
a
l
a
s
pe
c
t
s
a
r
e
a
ddr
e
s
s
e
d c
om
p
r
e
he
ns
i
ve
l
y.
F
i
gur
e
1. R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
m
e
t
hod f
l
ow
c
ha
r
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t
s
—
A
r
dui
no
U
N
O
R
4
Wi
-
Fi
m
i
c
r
oc
on
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
,
s
oi
l
m
o
i
s
t
u
r
e
s
e
ns
or
,
pH
s
e
ns
or
,
L
M
35
t
e
m
pe
r
a
t
ur
e
s
e
ns
or
,
L
D
R
s
e
ns
or
,
hybr
i
d
pow
e
r
s
uppl
y,
a
nd
dua
l
s
t
o
r
a
ge
m
e
c
ha
n
i
s
m
—
w
e
r
e
s
e
l
e
c
t
e
d
t
o
e
ns
ur
e
r
e
s
i
l
i
e
nc
e
,
a
c
c
u
r
a
c
y,
a
nd
a
ppl
i
c
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
i
n
r
e
a
l
f
i
e
l
d c
ond
i
t
i
ons
.
2
.1. S
ys
t
e
m
d
e
s
i
gn
T
he
s
uga
r
c
a
ne
m
oni
t
or
i
ng
s
ys
t
e
m
w
a
s
de
s
i
gne
d
a
s
a
hybr
i
d
-
pow
e
r
e
d
I
oT
a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
ur
e
t
o
e
ns
ur
e
r
e
s
i
l
i
e
nc
e
a
nd
r
e
l
i
a
bi
l
i
t
y
i
n
f
i
e
l
d
c
ondi
t
i
ons
.
F
our
p
r
i
m
a
r
y
s
e
ns
or
s
—
s
oi
l
m
o
i
s
t
u
r
e
,
pH
,
L
M
35
t
e
m
pe
r
a
t
ur
e
,
a
nd
L
D
R
l
i
ght
i
nt
e
n
s
i
t
y
—
a
r
e
i
n
t
e
gr
a
t
e
d
w
i
t
h
a
n
A
r
dui
no
U
N
O
R
4
Wi
-
Fi
m
i
c
r
oc
on
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
.
T
he
m
i
c
r
oc
on
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
f
unc
t
i
ons
a
s
t
he
c
e
n
t
r
a
l
uni
t
,
a
c
qu
i
r
i
ng
s
e
ns
or
da
t
a
,
t
r
a
n
s
m
i
t
t
i
ng
i
t
w
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
l
y
t
o
G
oogl
e
S
he
e
t
s
f
or
r
e
a
l
-
t
i
m
e
m
oni
t
o
r
i
ng,
a
nd
s
t
o
r
i
ng
ba
c
kup
da
t
a
l
oc
a
l
l
y
on
a
n
S
D
c
a
r
d.
T
he
a
na
l
ys
i
s
of
c
om
pone
nt
r
e
qui
r
e
m
e
nt
s
i
n
t
hi
s
s
t
udy
i
s
s
how
n
i
n
T
a
bl
e
1.
T
hi
s
dua
l
s
t
or
a
ge
m
e
c
ha
n
i
s
m
gua
r
a
n
t
e
e
s
da
t
a
a
va
i
l
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
e
ve
n dur
i
ng c
onne
c
t
i
v
i
t
y d
i
s
r
up
t
i
ons
,
t
he
r
e
by
s
uppor
t
i
ng c
ont
i
nuous
m
on
i
t
o
r
i
ng
i
n a
gr
i
c
ul
t
u
r
a
l
e
nv
i
r
on
m
e
nt
s
.
T
a
bl
e
1. R
e
qui
r
e
m
e
nt
s
f
or
s
uga
r
c
a
ne
m
oni
t
o
r
i
ng s
y
s
t
e
m
c
om
pone
n
t
s
C
om
pone
nt
s
F
unc
t
i
on
A
r
d
ui
no U
N
O
R
4 W
i
-
Fi
R
e
a
d
a
n
d
r
e
c
e
i
ve
d
a
t
a
f
r
om
s
e
n
s
or
s
,
s
e
nd
d
a
t
a
t
o
G
oogl
e
S
he
e
t
s
,
s
a
ve
d
a
t
a
t
o
S
D
c
a
r
d
s
,
pr
oc
e
s
s
d
a
t
a
,
pe
r
f
or
m
c
om
put
a
t
i
ons
,
a
nd
c
onne
c
t
t
o
t
he
i
nt
e
r
ne
t
S
oi
l
m
o
i
s
t
ur
e
s
e
ns
o
r
M
e
a
s
ur
e
s
o
i
l
m
oi
s
t
ur
e
L
M
35 s
e
ns
or
M
e
a
s
ur
e
a
m
bi
e
nt
t
e
m
pe
r
a
t
ur
e
pH
m
e
t
e
r
s
e
ns
or
M
e
a
s
ur
e
s
o
i
l
pH
L
D
R
s
e
ns
or
M
e
a
s
ur
e
l
i
ght
i
nt
e
ns
i
t
y
P
ow
e
r
s
uppl
y
C
onve
r
t
A
C
po
w
e
r
t
o
D
C
po
w
e
r
r
e
qui
r
e
d
by
t
he
A
r
d
ui
no
a
n
d
s
e
ns
or
s
.
P
r
ovi
d
e
s
pow
e
r
a
s
ne
e
d
e
d
a
n
d
s
t
a
bi
l
i
z
e
s
vo
l
t
a
ge
S
t
e
p
d
ow
n 12
t
o 5 V
R
e
d
uc
e
vol
t
a
ge
f
r
om
12V
t
o 5V
S
ol
a
r
pa
ne
l
, b
a
t
t
e
r
y, a
nd
s
ol
a
r
c
ha
r
ge
c
ont
r
ol
l
e
r
(
S
C
C
)
S
uppl
y e
ne
r
gy t
o t
he
m
oni
t
or
i
ng s
ys
t
e
m
S
D
c
a
r
d
S
t
or
e
d
a
t
a
f
r
om
s
e
ns
or
r
e
a
d
i
ngs
a
nd
a
s
a
d
a
t
a
ba
c
kup m
e
d
i
um
G
oogl
e
S
he
e
t
s
U
s
e
d
a
s
c
l
oud
-
ba
s
e
d
d
a
t
a
s
t
or
a
ge
a
s
a
n
onl
i
ne
d
a
t
a
ba
s
e
f
or
s
e
ns
or
r
e
a
d
i
ngs
T
he
s
ys
t
e
m
’
s
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
pow
e
r
i
s
s
upp
l
i
e
d
f
r
om
t
w
o
s
our
c
e
s
:
m
a
i
n
s
vol
t
a
ge
(
S
t
a
t
e
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
C
om
pa
ny
(
P
L
N
)
)
a
nd
s
ol
a
r
pa
ne
l
s
.
T
he
vol
t
a
ge
f
r
o
m
P
L
N
i
s
s
t
e
ppe
d
dow
n
t
o
12
V
t
hr
ough
a
r
e
gu
l
a
t
e
d
pow
e
r
s
uppl
y c
i
r
c
ui
t
, w
hi
l
e
t
he
s
ol
a
r
pa
ne
l
out
pu
t
i
s
m
a
na
ge
d by a
s
ol
a
r
c
ha
r
g
e
c
ont
r
ol
l
e
r
t
o pr
oduc
e
a
s
t
a
bl
e
12
V
.
A
s
t
e
p
-
dow
n
c
onve
r
t
e
r
t
he
n
e
ns
u
r
e
s
a
c
ons
i
s
t
e
n
t
5
V
s
uppl
y
f
or
t
h
e
m
i
c
r
oc
ont
r
ol
l
e
r
a
nd
s
e
ns
o
r
s
.
T
hi
s
hybr
i
d c
onf
i
gu
r
a
t
i
on e
nha
nc
e
s
s
us
t
a
i
na
b
i
l
i
t
y a
nd r
e
l
i
a
bi
l
i
t
y, a
l
l
ow
i
ng
t
he
s
ys
t
e
m
t
o ope
r
a
t
e
s
e
a
m
l
e
s
s
l
y dur
i
ng
gr
i
d
i
nt
e
r
r
up
t
i
ons
a
nd
s
uppor
t
i
ng
de
pl
oy
m
e
nt
i
n
r
u
r
a
l
a
r
e
a
s
.
T
he
ove
r
a
l
l
de
s
i
gn
e
m
pha
s
i
z
e
s
m
odu
l
a
r
i
t
y,
e
na
bl
i
ng f
u
t
ur
e
s
c
a
l
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
t
hr
ough t
h
e
i
nt
e
gr
a
t
i
on of
a
dd
i
t
i
ona
l
s
e
ns
or
s
o
r
c
om
pone
n
t
s
.
T
he
de
s
i
gn
of
t
he
s
uga
r
c
a
ne
m
oni
t
or
i
ng
s
ys
t
e
m
i
s
s
how
n
i
n
F
i
gur
e
2.
T
he
s
ys
t
e
m
i
s
de
s
i
gne
d
w
i
t
h
f
our
m
a
i
n
s
e
ns
or
s
,
na
m
e
l
y
s
o
i
l
m
oi
s
t
ur
e
s
e
ns
or
,
pH
s
e
ns
or
,
L
M
35
,
a
nd
L
D
R
,
w
hi
c
h
a
r
e
c
onne
c
t
e
d
t
o
t
he
A
r
dui
no
U
N
O
R
4
Wi
-
Fi
m
i
c
r
oc
on
t
r
ol
l
e
r
.
T
he
m
i
c
r
o
c
ont
r
o
l
l
e
r
f
unc
t
i
ons
t
o
a
c
qui
r
e
da
t
a
,
s
e
nd
i
t
t
o
G
oogl
e
S
he
e
t
s
vi
a
a
Wi
-
Fi
ne
t
w
or
k,
a
nd
s
t
or
e
ba
c
kup
da
t
a
on
a
n
S
D
c
a
r
d.
T
he
e
ne
r
gy
s
our
c
e
i
s
s
uppl
i
e
d
t
h
r
ough
a
hybr
i
d
s
y
s
t
e
m
(
P
L
N
a
nd
s
o
l
a
r
pa
ne
l
s
w
i
t
h
a
s
o
l
a
r
c
ha
r
ge
c
ont
r
o
l
l
e
r
)
s
o
t
ha
t
t
he
s
y
s
t
e
m
c
ont
i
nue
s
t
o r
un
e
ve
n
i
n t
he
e
ve
n
t
of
a
pow
e
r
s
upp
l
y di
s
r
upt
i
on.
2.2. R
e
al
-
t
i
m
e
s
e
n
s
or
d
at
a
c
ol
l
e
c
t
i
on
R
e
a
l
-
t
i
m
e
d
a
t
a
c
ol
l
e
c
t
i
on
i
s
a
c
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
pr
o
c
e
s
s
t
o
e
ns
u
r
e
t
ha
t
va
r
i
a
t
i
on
s
i
n
e
nvi
r
onm
e
n
t
a
l
c
ondi
t
i
ons
c
a
n
be
de
t
e
c
t
e
d
p
r
om
pt
l
y
a
nd
a
c
c
ur
a
t
e
l
y.
I
n
t
hi
s
s
t
udy,
f
ou
r
pa
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
—
s
oi
l
m
oi
s
t
ur
e
,
s
oi
l
pH
,
a
m
b
i
e
nt
t
e
m
pe
r
a
t
ur
e
,
a
nd
l
i
ght
i
n
t
e
ns
i
t
y
—
w
e
r
e
c
on
t
i
nuous
l
y
m
oni
t
o
r
e
d
us
i
ng
i
nt
e
gr
a
t
e
d
s
e
ns
or
s
c
onne
c
t
e
d
t
o
t
he
A
r
dui
no
U
N
O
R
4
Wi
-
Fi
m
i
c
r
oc
on
t
r
ol
l
e
r
.
T
he
m
i
c
r
oc
ont
r
ol
l
e
r
w
a
s
pr
ogr
a
m
m
e
d
t
o
a
c
qu
i
r
e
s
e
ns
or
r
e
a
d
i
ngs
a
t
f
i
xe
d
i
n
t
e
r
va
l
s
,
t
he
r
e
by
e
na
b
l
i
ng
c
on
t
i
nuous
obs
e
r
va
t
i
on
of
s
uga
r
c
a
ne
f
i
e
l
d
c
ond
i
t
i
ons
i
n
M
o
j
oke
r
t
o.
T
hi
s
a
ppr
oa
c
h
e
ns
ur
e
s
t
ha
t
dyna
m
i
c
c
ha
nge
s
i
n
s
oi
l
a
nd
c
l
i
m
a
t
e
f
a
c
t
o
r
s
a
r
e
c
a
pt
ur
e
d
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
l
y
t
o
s
uppo
r
t
a
da
pt
i
ve
c
r
op m
a
na
g
e
m
e
n
t
.
T
o
gua
r
a
nt
e
e
da
t
a
r
e
l
i
a
b
i
l
i
t
y, t
he
s
y
s
t
e
m
i
m
pl
e
m
e
nt
s
a
du
a
l
s
t
or
a
g
e
m
e
c
ha
ni
s
m
.
S
e
ns
o
r
r
e
a
di
ngs
a
r
e
t
r
a
ns
m
i
t
t
e
d
w
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
l
y
t
o
G
oogl
e
S
he
e
t
s
f
or
c
l
oud
-
ba
s
e
d
m
on
i
t
o
r
i
ng
a
nd
f
ur
t
h
e
r
a
na
l
ys
i
s
,
w
hi
l
e
s
i
m
u
l
t
a
ne
ous
l
y
s
t
or
e
d
l
oc
a
l
l
y
on
a
n
S
D
c
a
r
d
a
s
a
ba
c
kup.
T
hi
s
r
e
dunda
n
c
y
pr
ov
i
de
s
r
e
s
i
l
i
e
nc
e
a
ga
i
ns
t
c
onne
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
di
s
r
upt
i
on
s
a
nd
s
a
f
e
gu
a
r
ds
d
a
t
a
i
nt
e
gr
i
t
y
i
n
f
i
e
l
d
c
ondi
t
i
ons
.
T
he
c
o
m
bi
na
t
i
on
of
r
e
a
l
-
t
i
m
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
A
dv A
ppl
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I
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:
2252
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8814
A
dapt
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m
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or
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M
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y
br
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pow
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r
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d I
oT
…
(
Se
k
ar
Sar
i
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387
a
c
qui
s
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c
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r
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s
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on
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m
a
ki
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ML
a
na
l
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s
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F
i
gur
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2. S
uga
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c
a
ne
m
oni
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or
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ys
t
e
m
de
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2
.
2
.
1.
A
n
al
og
-
to
-
d
i
g
i
t
al
c
on
ve
r
t
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r
t
o vol
t
ag
e
c
on
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s
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on
A
l
l
a
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r
om
a
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l
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to
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l
c
onve
r
t
e
r
(
ADC
)
va
l
ue
s
t
o
vo
l
t
a
ge
[
46]
–
[
48]
w
i
t
h (
1)
.
=
4
0
9
5
×
,
≈
5
,
0
(
1)
2
.
2
.
2.
S
oi
l
m
o
i
s
t
u
r
e
s
e
n
s
or
T
he
s
oi
l
m
oi
s
t
ur
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o
r
w
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ks
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t
he
pr
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nc
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p
l
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o
f
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t
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t
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w
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c
h
m
e
a
s
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s
s
o
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l
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s
i
s
t
a
nc
e
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ha
t
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s
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nve
r
s
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l
y
pr
opor
t
i
ona
l
t
o
w
a
t
e
r
c
on
t
e
nt
.
T
he
s
e
ns
o
r
i
s
us
ua
l
l
y
w
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r
e
d
a
s
a
vol
t
a
ge
di
v
i
de
r
,
pr
oduc
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a
n
A
D
C
va
l
ue
t
ha
t
c
a
n
be
c
onv
e
r
t
e
d
i
n
t
o
a
vol
t
a
ge
.
T
he
A
D
C
va
l
ue
i
s
m
a
ppe
d
l
i
n
e
a
r
l
y
be
t
w
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n
t
w
o
c
a
l
i
b
r
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t
i
on
poi
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s
,
na
m
e
l
y
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t
a
nd
dr
y.
A
D
C
_w
e
t
i
s
t
h
e
r
e
a
d
i
ng
w
he
n
t
he
m
e
di
u
m
i
s
ve
r
y
w
e
t
(
va
l
ue
=
900)
,
A
D
C
_dr
y
i
s
t
he
r
e
a
d
i
ng w
he
n t
he
m
e
d
i
um
i
s
ve
r
y dr
y (
va
l
ue
=
3000)
[
49
]
–
[
51]
w
i
t
h (
2)
[
52]
.
(
%
)
=
(
−
_
−
_
100
,
0
,
100
)
(
2
)
2
.
2
.
3.
p
H
se
n
s
or
T
he
pH
s
e
ns
or
ha
s
a
vol
t
a
ge
of
2.5
V
a
t
pH
7
w
i
t
h
a
s
l
ope
of
a
pp
r
oxi
m
a
t
e
l
y
0.18
V
/
pH
a
t
25°
[
53]
us
i
ng (
3)
.
=
7
.
0
+
7
−
,
7
≈
2
,
5
,
≈
0
,
18
/
(
3
)
2
.
2
.
4.
L
M
35
t
e
m
p
e
r
at
u
r
e
s
e
n
s
o
r
T
he
L
M
35
s
e
ns
or
ha
s
a
l
i
ne
a
r
s
e
ns
i
t
i
vi
t
y
of
10
m
V
/
°C
,
s
o
t
he
t
e
m
pe
r
a
t
ur
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i
s
c
a
l
c
ul
a
t
e
d
f
r
om
t
he
r
e
a
di
ng vol
t
a
ge
[
54]
us
i
ng (
4)
.
_
°
=
×
100
(
4
)
P
LN
(
P
o
we
r
Sup
pl
y
)
/S
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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:
2252
-
8814
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J
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dv A
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a
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h 2026
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384
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395
388
2
.
2
.
5.
L
i
gh
t
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
t
r
e
s
i
s
t
or
s
e
n
s
o
r
T
he
L
D
R
s
e
ns
or
w
or
ks
ba
s
e
d
on
t
he
pr
i
nc
i
pl
e
of
r
e
s
i
s
t
a
nc
e
c
ha
nge
i
n
r
e
s
pons
e
t
o
l
i
ght
i
nt
e
ns
i
t
y.
T
he
br
i
ght
e
r
t
he
l
i
ght
hi
t
t
i
ng
t
he
L
D
R
s
ur
f
a
c
e
,
t
he
l
ow
e
r
t
h
e
r
e
s
i
s
t
a
nc
e
va
l
ue
,
w
hi
l
e
i
n
da
r
k
c
ondi
t
i
ons
,
t
he
r
e
s
i
s
t
a
nc
e
be
c
om
e
s
ve
r
y hi
gh. T
o r
e
a
d t
hi
s
c
ha
nge
i
n r
e
s
i
s
t
a
nc
e
, a
vol
t
a
ge
di
vi
d
e
r
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
w
i
t
h a
f
i
x
e
d r
e
s
i
s
t
or
i
s
us
e
d, s
o t
ha
t
t
he
out
pu
t
vol
t
a
g
e
can
be
c
a
l
c
ul
a
t
e
d us
i
ng t
he
vol
t
a
ge
di
v
i
de
r
l
a
w
,
a
nd
i
s
t
he
s
our
c
e
vol
t
a
ge
. T
he
L
D
R
r
e
s
i
s
t
a
nc
e
a
s
(
5)
.
_
=
−
(
5
)
T
he
r
e
l
a
t
i
ons
hi
p
be
t
w
e
e
n
L
D
R
r
e
s
i
s
t
a
nc
e
a
nd
l
i
ght
i
n
t
e
ns
i
t
y
i
s
non
-
l
i
n
e
a
r
,
w
i
t
h
a
nd
be
i
ng
c
a
l
i
br
a
t
i
on
c
ons
t
a
n
t
s
.
T
hi
s
e
qu
a
t
i
on
s
how
s
t
ha
t
l
i
gh
t
i
nt
e
n
s
i
t
y
(
l
ux
)
i
s
i
nve
r
s
e
l
y
pr
opor
t
i
ona
l
t
o
L
D
R
r
e
s
i
s
t
a
nc
e
i
n t
he
f
or
m
o
f
a
pow
e
r
. T
he
l
ux va
l
ue
e
qua
t
i
on i
s
w
r
i
t
t
e
n a
s
(
6)
[
55
]
.
≈
(
)
1
(
6
)
2.3. D
at
a
c
on
ve
r
s
i
on
an
d
p
r
e
p
r
oc
e
s
s
i
n
g
S
e
ns
or
out
put
s
w
e
r
e
i
ni
t
i
a
l
l
y
ob
t
a
i
ne
d
a
s
a
n
a
l
og
s
i
gna
l
s
a
nd
c
onv
e
r
t
e
d
i
nt
o
d
i
gi
t
a
l
va
l
u
e
s
by
t
he
A
r
dui
no U
N
O
R
4
Wi
-
Fi
m
i
c
r
oc
ont
r
ol
l
e
r
. E
a
c
h s
e
n
s
or
r
e
a
d
i
ng w
a
s
t
he
n t
r
a
ns
f
o
r
m
e
d
i
nt
o m
e
a
ni
ng
f
ul
phys
i
c
a
l
uni
t
s
t
hr
ough
c
a
l
i
br
a
t
i
on
e
qua
t
i
ons
.
S
oi
l
m
oi
s
t
ur
e
va
l
ue
s
w
e
r
e
m
a
ppe
d
l
i
ne
a
r
l
y
be
t
w
e
e
n
w
e
t
a
nd
dr
y
c
a
l
i
br
a
t
i
on
po
i
nt
s
[
49]
–
[
52
]
,
w
hi
l
e
s
o
i
l
pH
w
a
s
c
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
e
d
ba
s
e
d
on
vol
t
a
ge
s
l
op
e
a
nd
r
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
c
a
l
i
br
a
t
i
on
[
53]
.
T
he
L
M
35
s
e
ns
or
pr
ov
i
de
d
t
e
m
pe
r
a
t
ur
e
r
e
a
di
ngs
i
n
de
g
r
e
e
s
C
e
l
s
i
us
[
54]
,
a
nd
L
D
R
r
e
s
i
s
t
a
nc
e
va
l
ue
s
w
e
r
e
t
r
a
ns
l
a
t
e
d
i
nt
o
l
i
ght
i
nt
e
n
s
i
t
y
(
l
ux)
u
s
i
ng
c
a
l
i
br
a
t
i
on
c
ons
t
a
n
t
s
[
55
]
.
T
hi
s
c
onve
r
s
i
on
pr
oc
e
s
s
e
ns
u
r
e
d t
ha
t
r
a
w
s
e
ns
o
r
da
t
a
c
oul
d be
i
nt
e
r
p
r
e
t
e
d c
ons
i
s
t
e
n
t
l
y a
nd a
c
c
u
r
a
t
e
l
y f
o
r
s
ubs
e
que
n
t
a
na
l
y
s
i
s
.
T
o
i
m
pr
ove
da
t
a
qua
l
i
t
y,
s
e
ve
r
a
l
pr
e
p
r
oc
e
s
s
i
ng
t
e
c
hn
i
que
s
w
e
r
e
a
ppl
i
e
d
be
f
o
r
e
ML
a
na
l
ys
i
s
.
A
l
l
s
e
ns
or
r
e
a
d
i
ngs
w
e
r
e
nor
m
a
l
i
z
e
d
t
o
a
uni
f
o
r
m
s
c
a
l
e
t
o
e
l
i
m
i
na
t
e
bi
a
s
c
a
us
e
d
by
di
f
f
e
r
i
ng
m
e
a
s
ur
e
m
e
nt
r
a
nge
s
.
N
oi
s
e
r
e
duc
t
i
on
w
a
s
pe
r
f
or
m
e
d
us
i
ng
t
he
e
xpone
n
t
i
a
l
m
ovi
ng
a
ve
r
a
g
e
(
E
M
A
)
m
e
t
hod
[
56]
,
w
hi
c
h
s
m
oot
hs
f
l
u
c
t
ua
t
i
ons
w
hi
l
e
p
r
e
s
e
r
vi
ng
und
e
r
l
y
i
ng
t
r
e
nds
.
M
i
s
s
i
ng
o
r
e
r
r
one
ous
da
t
a
poi
nt
s
w
e
r
e
ha
ndl
e
d
t
hr
ough
e
r
r
or
de
t
e
c
t
i
on
a
nd
c
o
r
r
e
c
t
i
on
pr
oc
e
du
r
e
s
t
o m
a
i
n
t
a
i
n
da
t
a
s
e
t
i
nt
e
g
r
i
t
y.
T
he
E
M
A
s
m
oot
h
i
ng
p
r
oc
e
s
s
i
s
e
xpr
e
s
s
e
d m
a
t
he
m
a
t
i
c
a
l
l
y a
s
(
7
)
.
[
]
=
[
]
+
(
1
−
)
[
−
1
]
,
0
<
<
1
(
7)
W
he
r
e
[
]
r
e
pr
e
s
e
n
t
s
t
he
c
ur
r
e
nt
s
e
ns
o
r
r
e
a
d
i
ng,
_
[
]
i
s
t
he
s
m
oo
t
he
d
va
l
ue
a
t
t
i
m
e
s
t
e
p
k
,
a
nd
α
i
s
t
he
s
m
oo
t
hi
ng
f
a
c
t
o
r
.
T
he
s
e
p
r
e
pr
oc
e
s
s
i
ng
s
t
e
ps
e
ns
ur
e
d
t
ha
t
t
he
i
nput
da
t
a
s
e
t
w
a
s
r
e
l
i
a
b
l
e
,
c
ons
i
s
t
e
nt
,
a
nd
s
ui
t
a
b
l
e
f
or
c
l
us
t
e
r
i
ng a
nd c
l
a
s
s
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
on
t
a
s
ks
i
n s
ubs
e
que
n
t
s
t
a
ge
s
.
2.4. M
ac
h
i
n
e
l
e
ar
n
i
n
g an
al
ys
i
s
ML
w
a
s
e
m
pl
oye
d
t
o
a
na
l
y
z
e
s
e
ns
or
da
t
a
a
nd
pr
ov
i
de
a
da
pt
i
ve
i
ns
i
ght
s
i
nt
o
s
uga
r
c
a
ne
gr
ow
t
h
c
ondi
t
i
on
s
.
T
w
o
a
l
go
r
i
t
hm
s
w
e
r
e
s
e
l
e
c
t
e
d:
k
-
m
e
a
ns
c
l
us
t
e
r
i
ng
a
nd
RF
c
l
a
s
s
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
on.
K
-
m
e
a
ns
c
l
u
s
t
e
r
i
ng
w
a
s
us
e
d
t
o
gr
oup
s
e
ns
or
r
e
a
d
i
ngs
i
nt
o
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t
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h
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l
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r
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pe
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t
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nd
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gh
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n
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t
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t
hout
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or
l
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l
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he
r
e
by
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uppo
r
t
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e
xpl
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r
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t
o
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nvi
r
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v
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l
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l
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f
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pp
l
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l
l
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s
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t
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l
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duc
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ove
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f
i
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t
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t
h
r
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m
bl
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l
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l
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por
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pe
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a
t
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t
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hi
s
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om
bi
n
a
t
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on
of
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l
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t
e
r
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ng
a
nd
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l
a
s
s
i
f
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c
a
t
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on
pr
ovi
d
e
d
a
c
om
pr
e
he
ns
i
ve
f
r
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m
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k
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or
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da
pt
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ve
m
oni
t
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n
a
bl
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a
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m
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t
o r
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a
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t
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ona
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on ba
s
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d on r
e
a
l
-
t
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o
r
da
t
a
.
2.5. E
val
u
at
i
on
T
he
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
o
f
t
he
p
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opos
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d
m
oni
t
or
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ys
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ona
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l
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a
s
s
e
s
s
m
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nt
.
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unc
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va
l
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da
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ur
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d
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ha
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m
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oogl
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he
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t
s
a
nd s
t
or
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d
l
oc
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l
l
y on t
he
S
D
c
a
r
d. T
he
hybr
i
d
pow
e
r
s
uppl
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w
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s
t
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s
t
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unde
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gh
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hi
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on c
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d t
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t
t
he
s
ys
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e
m
n
ot
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l
y
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unc
t
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ons
r
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i
a
b
l
y i
n r
e
a
l
-
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t
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3.
R
E
S
U
L
T
S
A
N
D
D
I
S
C
U
S
S
I
O
N
3.1. S
ys
t
e
m
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
at
i
on
ou
t
c
om
e
s
T
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hybr
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d
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m
w
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pl
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m
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nt
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n
s
uga
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c
a
ne
f
i
e
l
d
s
i
n
M
oj
oke
r
t
o.
A
l
l
f
our
s
e
ns
or
s
—
s
oi
l
m
o
i
s
t
u
r
e
,
pH
,
L
M
35
t
e
m
pe
r
a
t
ur
e
,
a
nd
L
D
R
l
i
ght
i
nt
e
ns
i
t
y
—
ope
r
a
t
e
d
r
e
l
i
a
b
l
y
unde
r
r
e
a
l
f
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e
l
d
c
ondi
t
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on
s
.
D
a
t
a
a
c
qui
s
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t
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on
w
a
s
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onduc
t
e
d
a
t
f
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va
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w
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s
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a
di
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s
s
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G
oogl
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S
he
e
t
s
a
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s
i
m
ul
t
a
ne
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l
y
s
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d
on a
n
S
D
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a
r
d.
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s
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e
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u
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t
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o
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m
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s
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por
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t
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v
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t
y
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s
r
up
t
i
ons
.
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hyb
r
i
d
pow
e
r
s
upp
l
y,
c
o
m
bi
ni
ng
m
a
i
n
s
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
a
nd
s
o
l
a
r
pa
ne
l
s
,
e
na
b
l
e
d
c
ont
i
nuous
ope
r
a
t
i
on
e
ve
n
du
r
i
ng
g
r
i
d
out
a
g
e
s
,
va
l
i
da
t
i
ng
t
he
s
y
s
t
e
m
’
s
r
e
s
i
l
i
e
nc
e
i
n
r
u
r
a
l
a
gr
i
c
ul
t
ur
a
l
e
nvi
r
onm
e
n
t
s
.
3.2. S
e
n
s
or
d
at
a b
e
h
avi
or
T
r
e
nd
gr
a
ph
of
s
oi
l
,
pH
,
t
e
m
pe
r
a
t
ur
e
,
a
nd l
i
gh
t
s
e
n
s
or
da
t
a
i
s
s
how
n
i
n
F
i
gur
e
3.
T
he
c
ol
l
e
c
t
e
d
d
a
t
a
r
e
ve
a
l
e
d
c
l
e
a
r
va
r
i
a
t
i
ons
i
n
e
nvi
r
on
m
e
nt
a
l
pa
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
a
c
r
o
s
s
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
nt
t
i
m
e
s
of
da
y
a
nd
w
e
a
t
he
r
c
ondi
t
i
ons
.
S
oi
l
m
oi
s
t
ur
e
l
e
ve
l
s
f
l
uc
t
ua
t
e
d
s
i
gn
i
f
i
c
a
nt
l
y
de
pe
ndi
ng
on
i
r
r
i
ga
t
i
on
s
c
he
dul
e
s
a
nd
r
a
i
nf
a
l
l
,
w
hi
l
e
pH
va
l
ue
s
r
e
m
a
i
n
e
d
r
e
l
a
t
i
ve
l
y
s
t
a
b
l
e
w
i
t
hi
n
t
he
opt
i
m
a
l
r
a
nge
f
o
r
s
uga
r
c
a
ne
g
r
ow
t
h.
T
e
m
pe
r
a
t
ur
e
r
e
a
d
i
ngs
s
how
e
d
di
ur
na
l
pa
t
t
e
r
ns
,
w
i
t
h
p
e
a
ks
du
r
i
ng
m
i
dda
y
a
nd
de
c
l
i
ne
s
a
t
ni
gh
t
.
L
i
gh
t
i
n
t
e
ns
i
t
y
d
a
t
a
c
a
pt
u
r
e
d
by
t
he
L
D
R
s
e
ns
or
c
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
s
t
r
ongl
y
w
i
t
h
s
un
l
i
gh
t
e
xpos
u
r
e
,
c
on
f
i
r
m
i
ng
t
he
s
e
ns
or
’
s
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
ve
n
e
s
s
i
n
m
oni
t
o
r
i
ng
phot
os
ynt
he
t
i
c
c
ondi
t
i
ons
.
T
he
s
e
r
e
s
ul
t
s
hi
gh
l
i
gh
t
t
he
i
m
por
t
a
n
c
e
of
c
ont
i
nuous
m
on
i
t
o
r
i
ng
t
o
c
a
p
t
ur
e
dyna
m
i
c
e
nv
i
r
onm
e
nt
a
l
c
ha
nge
s
t
ha
t
d
i
r
e
c
t
l
y a
f
f
e
c
t
s
uga
r
c
a
ne
pr
oduc
t
i
vi
t
y.
F
i
gur
e
3. T
r
e
nd gr
a
ph
o
f
s
oi
l
, pH
, t
e
m
pe
r
a
t
ur
e
,
a
nd
l
i
ght
s
e
ns
or
da
t
a
3.3.
D
at
a
p
r
e
p
r
oc
e
s
s
i
n
g r
e
s
u
l
t
s
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t
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f
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t
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A
,
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r
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or
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m
pr
ove
d
da
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t
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4
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or
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s
ul
t
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hod
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duc
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ur
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ha
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t
he
da
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t
w
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ons
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nt
a
nd
r
e
l
i
a
bl
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f
or
ML
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na
l
ys
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s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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dv A
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390
F
i
gur
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4. S
e
ns
or
da
t
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nor
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a
l
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z
a
t
i
on gr
a
ph
F
i
gur
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T
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gr
a
ph f
or
s
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oot
h
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ng s
e
ns
o
r
da
t
a
3.4.
M
ac
h
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l
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ar
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g an
al
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s
T
he
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d
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t
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t
w
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l
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s
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c
l
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gr
oup
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d
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ond
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pe
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m
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p
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c
l
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r
s
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s
t
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bl
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,
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s
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pe
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p
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t
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r
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. T
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ode
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pe
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pe
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s
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ng t
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pe
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ound
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xi
s
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d
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t
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a
r
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s
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n
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gu
r
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r
e
di
c
t
i
on
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
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ond
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t
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l
t
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d
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l
t
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a
s
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d
on
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d
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t
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r
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t
hr
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ondi
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s
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t
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t
e
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o
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t
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gh
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t
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s
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dom
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ur
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pe
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h
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pe
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t
ur
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ng
e
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s
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y
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gni
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c
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n
t
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s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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f
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c
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t
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on
3.5.
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at
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pe
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[
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–
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38]
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39]
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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J
A
dv A
ppl
S
c
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I
S
S
N
:
2252
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8814
A
dapt
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ove
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he
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ut
hor
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ns
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i
t
ut
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nd
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hi
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udy
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l
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r
om
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he
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or
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pond
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ng
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ut
ho
r
,
[
SS
]
,
upon r
e
a
s
ona
bl
e
r
e
que
s
t
.
R
E
F
E
R
E
N
C
E
S
[
1]
F
.
D
a
hm
i
r
e
t
al
.
,
“
5G
ut
i
l
i
z
a
t
i
on
f
or
s
m
a
r
t
f
a
r
m
i
ng
t
o
e
nha
nc
e
pr
od
uc
t
i
vi
t
y
of
s
uga
r
c
a
ne
pl
a
nt
a
t
i
ons
i
n
I
n
d
one
s
i
a
,”
D
i
s
c
ov
e
r
Sus
t
ai
nab
i
l
i
t
y
, vol
. 7, no. 1, D
e
c
. 2025, d
oi
:
10.1007
/
s
43621
-
025
-
02073
-
0.
[
2]
Y
.
C
.
Y
a
ng
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
T
he
s
pa
t
i
ot
e
m
por
a
l
e
vol
ut
i
on
of
s
uga
r
c
a
ne
gr
ow
t
h
ba
s
e
d
on
r
e
m
ot
e
s
e
ns
i
ng
m
oni
t
or
i
ng
a
nd
i
t
s
i
nf
l
ue
nc
e
f
a
c
t
or
s
d
e
t
e
c
t
i
on r
e
gr
e
s
s
i
on a
na
l
ys
i
s
i
n G
ua
ngxi
, C
hi
na
,”
Suga
r
T
e
c
h
, A
pr
. 2025, d
oi
:
10.1007/
s
12355
-
025
-
01582
-
6.
[
3]
G
.
N
ugr
oho
e
t
al
.
,
“
E
m
pi
r
i
c
a
l
m
od
e
l
s
f
or
e
s
t
i
m
a
t
i
ng
t
ot
a
l
c
hl
or
ophyl
l
c
ont
e
nt
i
n
s
uga
r
c
a
ne
us
i
ng
hype
r
s
pe
c
t
r
a
l
r
e
f
l
e
c
t
a
nc
e
a
nd
S
e
nt
i
ne
l
-
2 i
m
a
ge
r
y,”
M
ode
l
i
ng E
ar
t
h Sy
s
t
e
m
s
and E
nv
i
r
onm
e
nt
, vo
l
. 11, no. 6, D
e
c
. 2025, d
oi
:
10.1007/
s
40808
-
025
-
02598
-
3.
[
4]
M
.
E
.
A
l
a
oui
,
K
.
E
.
A
m
r
a
oui
,
L
.
M
a
s
m
oud
i
,
A
.
E
t
t
ouha
m
i
,
a
nd
M
.
R
ouc
hd
i
,
“
U
nl
e
a
s
hi
ng
t
he
pot
e
nt
i
a
l
of
I
oT
,
a
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
i
nt
e
l
l
i
ge
n
c
e
,
a
nd
U
A
V
s
i
n
c
ont
e
m
por
a
r
y
a
gr
i
c
ul
t
ur
e
:
a
c
o
m
pr
e
he
n
s
i
ve
r
e
vi
e
w
,”
J
our
na
l
of
T
e
r
r
am
e
c
han
i
c
s
,
vol
.
115,
O
c
t
.
2024,
d
oi
:
10.1016/
j
.j
t
e
r
r
a
.2024.100986.
[
5]
F
.
D.
S
i
l
ve
i
r
a
,
S
.
L
.
C
.
D.
S
i
l
va
,
F
.
M
.
M
a
c
ha
d
o,
J
.
G
.
A
.
B
a
r
be
d
o,
a
nd
F
.
G
.
A
m
a
r
a
l
,
“
F
a
r
m
e
r
s
’
pe
r
c
e
pt
i
on
of
ba
r
r
i
e
r
s
t
ha
t
d
i
f
f
i
c
ul
t
t
he
i
m
pl
e
m
e
nt
a
t
i
on of
a
gr
i
c
ul
t
ur
e
4.0,”
A
gr
i
c
ul
t
ur
al
Sy
s
t
e
m
s
, vol
. 208,
M
a
y 2023, d
oi
:
10.1016/
j
.a
gs
y.2023.103656.
[
6]
A
.
Z
um
r
oh,
S
.
B
ud
i
,
a
n
d
W
.
N
.
L
a
i
l
i
ya
h,
“
G
e
ne
t
i
c
d
i
ve
r
s
i
t
y,
he
r
i
t
a
bi
l
i
t
y,
a
nd
pr
od
uc
t
i
vi
t
y
o
f
ne
w
s
uga
r
c
a
ne
(
Sac
c
har
um
of
f
i
c
i
nar
um
L
.)
c
l
one
s
on
pa
d
d
y
f
i
e
l
d
s
f
or
e
nha
nc
e
d
s
uga
r
pr
od
uc
t
i
on
i
n
I
nd
one
s
i
a
,”
J
ur
nal
I
l
m
i
ah
P
e
r
t
ani
an
,
vol
.
20,
no.
2,
M
a
y 2023, d
oi
:
10.31849/
j
i
p.v20i
2.12533.
[
7]
P
.
D
.
R
i
a
j
a
ya
e
t
al
.
,
“
G
r
ow
t
h
a
nd
yi
e
l
d
pot
e
nt
i
a
l
of
ne
w
s
uga
r
c
a
ne
va
r
i
e
t
i
e
s
d
ur
i
ng
p
l
a
nt
a
nd
f
i
r
s
t
r
a
t
oon
c
r
ops
,”
Sus
t
ai
nab
i
l
i
t
y
,
vol
. 14, no. 21, N
ov. 2022, d
oi
:
10.3390/
s
u142114396.
[
8]
F
.
M
e
hd
i
e
t
al
.
,
“
F
a
c
t
or
s
a
f
f
e
c
t
i
ng
t
he
pr
o
d
uc
t
i
on
of
s
uga
r
c
a
ne
yi
e
l
d
a
nd
s
uc
r
os
e
a
c
c
um
ul
a
t
i
on:
s
ugg
e
s
t
e
d
pot
e
n
t
i
a
l
bi
ol
og
i
c
a
l
s
ol
ut
i
ons
,”
F
r
ont
i
e
r
s
i
n P
l
ant
S
c
i
e
nc
e
, vo
l
. 15, pp. 1
–
21, 2024, d
oi
:
10.3389/
f
pl
s
.2024.1374228.
[
9]
A
.
D
e
ngi
a
,
N
.
D
e
c
ha
s
s
a
,
L
.
W
ogi
,
a
nd
B
.
A
m
s
a
l
u,
“
A
s
i
m
p
l
i
f
i
e
d
a
ppr
oa
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h
t
o
s
a
t
e
l
l
i
t
e
-
ba
s
e
d
m
oni
t
or
i
ng
s
ys
t
e
m
of
s
uga
r
c
a
ne
pl
a
nt
a
t
i
on
t
o
m
a
na
ge
yi
e
l
d
d
e
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l
i
ne
a
t
W
onj
i
-
S
hoa
S
uga
r
E
s
t
a
t
e
,
c
e
nt
r
a
l
E
t
hi
opi
a
,”
H
e
l
i
y
on
,
vol
.
9,
no.
8,
A
ug.
2023,
d
oi
:
10.1016/
j
.he
l
i
yon.2023.e
18982.
[
10]
J
.
C
.
S
.
V
a
s
c
onc
e
l
os
,
C
.
S
.
A
r
a
nt
e
s
,
E
.
A
.
S
pe
r
a
nz
a
,
J
.
F
.
G
.
A
nt
une
s
,
L
.
A
.
F
.
B
a
r
bos
a
,
a
nd
G
.
M
.
D.
A
.
C
a
nç
a
d
o,
“
P
r
e
d
i
c
t
i
ng
s
uga
r
c
a
ne
yi
e
l
d
t
hr
ough
t
e
m
por
a
l
a
na
l
ys
i
s
of
s
a
t
e
l
l
i
t
e
i
m
a
ge
r
y
d
ur
i
ng
t
he
gr
ow
t
h
ph
a
s
e
,”
A
gr
onom
y
,
vol
.
15,
no.
4,
pp.
1
–
24,
2025, d
oi
:
10.3390/
a
gr
onom
y15040793.
[
11]
X
.
K
ou,
W
. H
a
n,
a
nd
J
. K
a
ng,
“
R
e
s
pons
e
s
of
r
oot
s
ys
t
e
m
a
r
c
hi
t
e
c
t
ur
e
t
o w
a
t
e
r
s
t
r
e
s
s
a
t
m
ul
t
i
pl
e
l
e
ve
l
s
:
a
m
e
t
a
-
a
na
l
ys
i
s
of
t
r
i
a
l
s
und
e
r
c
ont
r
ol
l
e
d
c
on
d
i
t
i
ons
,”
F
r
ont
i
e
r
s
i
n P
l
an
t
Sc
i
e
nc
e
, vo
l
. 13, pp. 1
–
16, 2022, d
oi
:
10.3389/
f
pl
s
.2022.1085409.
[
12]
A
.
K
a
l
r
a
,
S
.
G
oe
l
,
a
n
d
A
.
A
.
E
l
i
a
s
,
“
U
n
d
e
r
s
t
a
n
d
i
ng
r
ol
e
of
r
oo
t
s
i
n
pl
a
nt
r
e
s
pons
e
t
o
d
r
ought
:
w
a
y
f
or
w
a
r
d
t
o
c
l
i
m
a
t
e
-
r
e
s
i
l
i
e
nt
c
r
ops
,”
P
l
ant
G
e
nom
e
, vol
. 17, no. 1, pp. 1
–
31, 2024, d
oi
:
10.1002
/
t
pg2.20395.
[
13]
X
.
L
i
e
t
al
.
,
“
M
or
e
t
h
a
n
i
s
o/
a
ni
s
ohyd
r
y:
hyd
r
os
c
a
pe
s
i
nt
e
gr
a
t
e
pl
a
nt
w
a
t
e
r
us
e
a
nd d
r
ought
t
ol
e
r
a
nc
e
t
r
a
i
t
s
i
n
10
e
uc
a
l
ypt
s
pe
c
i
e
s
f
r
om
c
ont
r
a
s
t
i
ng c
l
i
m
a
t
e
s
,”
F
unc
t
i
ona
l
E
c
ol
ogy
, vo
l
. 33, no. 6, pp. 1035
–
1049, 2019, d
oi
:
10.1111/
1365
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2435.13320.
[
14]
X
.
X
.
Z
ha
ng
e
t
al
.
,
“
A
c
om
pa
r
i
s
on
be
t
w
e
e
n
w
a
t
e
r
upt
a
ke
a
nd
r
oo
t
l
e
ngt
h
d
e
ns
i
t
y
i
n
w
i
nt
e
r
w
he
a
t
:
e
f
f
e
c
t
s
o
f
r
oot
d
e
ns
i
t
y
a
n
d
r
hi
z
os
phe
r
e
pr
ope
r
t
i
e
s
,”
P
l
ant
and So
i
l
, vo
l
. 451, no. 1
–
2, pp. 345
–
356, 2020, d
oi
:
10.1007/
s
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020
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04530
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3.
[
15]
A
.
W
a
s
a
ya
,
X
.
Z
ha
ng,
Q
.
F
a
ng,
a
nd
Z
.
Y
a
n,
“
R
oot
phe
not
ypi
ng
f
or
d
r
ought
t
ol
e
r
a
nc
e
:
a
r
e
vi
e
w
,”
A
gr
onom
y
,
vol
.
8,
no.
11,
pp. 1
–
19, 2018, d
oi
:
10.3390/
a
gr
onom
y8110241.
[
16]
L
.
R
e
i
ne
l
t
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
D
r
ought
e
f
f
e
c
t
s
on
r
oot
a
nd
s
hoot
t
r
a
i
t
s
a
nd
t
he
i
r
d
e
c
om
pos
a
bi
l
i
t
y,”
F
unc
t
i
onal
E
c
o
l
ogy
,
vo
l
.
37,
no.
4,
pp. 1044
–
1054, 2023, d
oi
:
10.1111/
1365
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2435.14261.
[
17]
Y
.
F
a
n,
G
.
M
.
-
M
a
c
ho,
E
.
G
.
J
obbá
gy,
R
.
B
.
J
a
c
ks
on,
a
n
d
C
.
O
.
-
C
a
s
a
l
,
“
H
y
d
r
ol
ogi
c
r
e
gul
a
t
i
on
of
pl
a
nt
r
oot
i
ng
d
e
p
t
h,”
P
r
oc
e
e
di
ngs
o
f
t
he
N
a
t
i
onal
A
c
ade
m
y
of
Sc
i
e
nc
e
s
o
f
t
he
U
ni
t
e
d
S
t
at
e
s
of
A
m
e
r
i
c
a
,
vol
.
114,
no.
40,
pp.
10572
–
10577,
2017,
d
oi
:
10.1073/
pna
s
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[
18]
X
.
W
a
ng
e
t
al
.
,
“
I
nhi
bi
t
i
on
of
c
o
-
oc
c
ur
r
i
ng
w
e
e
d
s
a
nd
young
s
uga
r
c
a
ne
s
e
e
d
l
i
ng
gr
ow
t
h
by
pe
r
e
nni
a
l
s
uga
r
c
a
ne
r
oot
e
xt
r
a
c
t
,”
Sc
i
e
nt
i
f
i
c
R
e
por
t
s
, vo
l
. 14, no. 1, A
pr
. 2024, d
oi
:
10.1038/
s
41598
-
024
-
58082
-
y.
[
19]
M
. A
bi
na
ya
a
nd
J
. A
. D
a
ni
e
l
, “
D
e
pl
oy
i
ng Y
O
L
O
v8m
a
nd
d
e
e
p
Q
-
ne
t
w
or
k f
or
i
nt
e
l
l
i
ge
nt
pr
e
d
i
c
t
i
on of
pe
s
t
s
a
nd
s
oi
l
-
bor
ne
i
l
l
ne
s
s
i
n
s
uga
r
c
a
ne
f
i
e
l
d
s
,”
I
nt
e
r
nat
i
ona
l
J
ou
r
nal
of
C
om
put
at
i
ona
l
I
n
t
e
l
l
i
ge
nc
e
Sy
s
t
e
m
s
,
vo
l
.
19,
no.
1,
J
a
n.
2026,
d
oi
:
10.1007/
s
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025
-
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n,
A
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R
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d
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,
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C
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A
ppunu,
“
I
ns
i
ght
s
i
nt
o
t
he
r
ol
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of
c
l
i
m
a
t
e
c
ha
nge
on
m
a
j
or
s
uga
r
c
a
ne
d
i
s
e
a
s
e
s
a
nd
t
he
i
r
m
i
t
i
ga
t
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a
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r
s
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t
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ol
e
of
s
oi
l
m
i
c
r
oo
r
ga
ni
s
m
s
i
n
a
l
l
e
vi
a
t
i
ng
hyd
r
i
c
a
nd
e
d
a
phi
c
s
t
r
e
s
s
t
ow
a
r
d
s
s
us
t
a
i
na
bl
e
a
gr
i
c
ul
t
ur
e
,”
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r
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S
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l
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c
i
d
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
on r
e
d
uc
e
s
f
l
a
vonoi
d
s
a
nd
ke
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e
t
a
bol
i
t
e
s
i
n s
ug
a
r
c
a
ne
r
oot
s
a
nd
r
hi
z
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phe
r
e
l
e
a
d
i
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l
d
d
e
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e
c
ha
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m
pa
c
t
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uga
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c
a
ne
a
g
r
i
c
u
l
t
ur
e
a
nd
m
i
t
i
ga
t
i
on s
t
r
a
t
e
gi
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s
,”
J
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nv
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r
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f
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he
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i
c
l
i
ght
r
e
s
pons
e
s
a
nd
t
he
i
r
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
nc
e
be
t
w
e
e
n
va
r
i
e
t
i
e
s
und
e
r
hi
gh
t
e
m
pe
r
a
t
ur
e
s
t
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s
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al
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he
t
i
c
c
ha
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
a
nd
s
c
r
e
e
ni
ng
hi
gh
l
i
ght
-
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
nc
y
ge
r
m
pl
a
s
m
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s
u
ga
r
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a
t
i
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pl
a
nt
gr
ow
t
h,
d
e
ve
l
opm
e
nt
a
nd
s
uga
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m
e
t
a
bol
i
s
m
:
a
r
e
v
i
e
w
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s
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