I
nte
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t
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l J
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l o
f
Adv
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s
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I
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AAS)
Vo
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Ma
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I
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N:
2252
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pp
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168
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d
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p
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rm
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lat
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K
ey
w
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r
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s
:
C
lim
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m
o
d
elin
g
C
o
u
p
led
m
o
d
el
in
ter
co
m
p
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p
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o
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E
co
cr
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an
aly
s
is
E
n
v
ir
o
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m
en
tal
in
s
ig
h
ts
Swar
m
in
tellig
en
ce
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
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r th
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CC B
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li
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C
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r
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s
p
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A
uth
o
r
:
Pav
ith
r
a
R
.
Dep
ar
tm
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L
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C
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s
titu
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T
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h
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lo
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Kattan
k
u
lath
u
r
,
T
am
il
Nad
u
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I
n
d
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E
m
ail:
p
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1
0
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9
@
s
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m
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t.e
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u
.
in
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
C
lim
ate
m
o
d
elin
g
h
as b
ee
n
ess
en
tial to
co
m
p
r
eh
en
d
in
g
E
ar
t
h
'
s
co
m
p
lex
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
p
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ce
s
s
es f
o
r
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d
ec
ad
e.
T
h
e
co
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p
led
m
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d
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in
ter
co
m
p
ar
is
o
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p
r
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(
C
MI
P)
,
s
p
ec
if
ically
C
MI
P
p
h
ase
6
(
C
MI
P6
)
,
h
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d
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ce
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clim
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esp
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tan
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ar
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m
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lti
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m
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atasets
.
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ea
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th
s
y
s
tem
g
r
id
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(
E
SGF)
d
atasets
s
im
u
late
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
an
o
m
alies,
s
ea
-
lev
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p
r
ess
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r
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(
p
s
l)
,
p
r
ec
ip
itatio
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(
p
r
)
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
,
an
d
r
ad
iatio
n
f
lu
x
es
r
o
b
u
s
tly
.
At
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e,
ar
tific
ial
in
tellig
en
ce
(
AI
)
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
s
war
m
in
tellig
en
ce
,
h
as
em
er
g
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as
a
f
r
esh
way
to
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tim
ize
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d
n
av
ig
ate
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ig
h
-
d
im
en
s
io
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al
in
f
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r
m
atio
n
.
Swar
m
in
tellig
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ce
,
in
s
p
ir
ed
b
y
b
io
lo
g
ical
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
,
lets
d
ec
en
tr
alize
d
ag
e
n
ts
ad
ap
tiv
ely
ex
p
lo
r
e
d
ata
la
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d
s
ca
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im
p
r
o
v
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n
g
en
v
ir
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n
m
en
ta
l
p
r
ed
ictio
n
,
p
atter
n
id
en
tific
at
io
n
,
an
d
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
lo
o
p
d
is
co
v
er
y
.
I
n
teg
r
ate
d
m
e
th
o
d
s
th
at
co
m
b
in
e
clim
ate
s
im
u
latio
n
s
'
in
ter
p
r
etativ
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
with
ad
ap
tiv
e
AI
m
o
d
els'
p
atter
n
-
r
eso
lv
in
g
p
o
wer
ar
e
lack
in
g
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
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8
8
1
4
I
n
teg
r
a
tin
g
s
w
a
r
m
in
tellig
en
ce
w
ith
C
MIP
clima
te
mo
d
els f
o
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ec
o
crit
ica
l e
n
viro
n
men
ta
l
…
(
R
a
vi
P
a
vith
r
a
)
169
Desp
ite
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
s
im
u
latio
n
d
ata
f
r
o
m
C
MI
P6
m
o
d
els,
ty
p
ical
clim
ate
a
n
aly
s
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tly
u
s
e
d
eter
m
in
is
tic
o
r
s
tatis
t
ical
m
o
d
elin
g
,
wh
ich
m
ay
n
o
t
ca
p
tu
r
e
em
er
g
en
t
o
r
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
b
i
o
lo
g
ical
p
h
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o
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en
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d
f
ix
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d
r
eg
r
ess
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f
r
am
e
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k
s
f
ail
to
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v
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ate
m
o
d
el
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iases
,
en
s
em
b
le
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
,
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d
lo
ca
lized
a
n
o
m
aly
tr
an
s
itio
n
s
.
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n
tellig
en
t
s
y
s
tem
s
th
at
r
ea
d
m
u
lti
-
s
ce
n
ar
io
C
MI
P
r
esu
lts
an
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ad
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s
t
to
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n
ce
r
tain
ty
an
d
tr
an
s
itio
n
s
ar
e
ess
en
tia
l.
E
x
is
ti
n
g
wo
r
k
m
o
s
tly
u
s
es
C
MI
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d
atas
ets
f
o
r
d
o
wn
s
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lin
g
o
r
f
o
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asti
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g
,
with
litt
le
s
wa
r
m
-
b
ased
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tellig
en
ce
t
o
s
tu
d
y
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ter
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m
o
d
el
s
p
atial
en
tr
o
p
y
,
s
ig
n
al
th
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esh
o
ld
s
,
an
d
ec
o
lo
g
ical
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
ar
ea
s
.
T
h
is
g
ap
h
in
d
e
r
s
ec
o
cr
itical
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
,
wh
ic
h
ex
am
in
es
h
o
w
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
d
ata
tell th
e
s
to
r
y
o
f
p
lan
etar
y
ch
an
g
e,
r
is
k
,
a
n
d
r
esil
ien
ce
.
T
h
e
n
ee
d
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
clim
ate
s
im
u
latio
n
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
i
n
ter
p
r
etatio
n
an
d
ec
o
lo
g
ical
awa
r
en
ess
v
ia
ad
ap
tiv
e
m
o
d
elin
g
m
o
tiv
ates
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
.
C
MI
P6
p
r
o
v
id
es
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
,
s
ce
n
ar
io
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ased
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te
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o
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ec
asts
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u
t
n
o
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y
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am
ic
ex
p
l
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ato
r
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m
et
h
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d
t
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n
co
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e
r
n
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n
lin
ea
r
s
p
atial
-
te
m
p
o
r
al
clim
ate
s
ig
n
al
ch
an
g
es.
Dec
en
tr
alize
d
an
d
iter
ativ
e
co
n
v
e
r
g
en
ce
b
eh
a
v
i
o
r
s
o
f
s
war
m
in
tellig
en
ce
m
ay
h
elp
ex
tr
ac
t
s
u
b
tle
b
u
t
cr
itical
p
atter
n
s
o
f
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
in
s
tab
il
ity
,
esp
ec
ially
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
iab
les
lik
e
n
ea
r
-
s
u
r
f
ac
e
air
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
(
t
as),
p
r
,
p
s
l,
s
u
r
f
ac
e
s
h
o
r
twav
e
r
ad
iatio
n
(
r
s
d
s
)
,
an
d
lo
n
g
wav
e
f
lu
x
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
co
m
b
in
es
C
MI
P
clim
ate
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
with
s
war
m
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
to
cr
e
ate
an
in
ter
p
r
etativ
e,
ad
ap
tiv
e,
a
n
d
ec
o
lo
g
ically
g
r
o
u
n
d
ed
an
aly
tical
m
o
d
el.
E
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
an
d
ec
o
cr
itical
co
n
ce
r
n
s
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
u
n
ce
r
tain
ty
,
n
a
r
r
ativ
e
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
e,
an
d
e
m
er
g
e
n
t
s
y
s
tem
b
eh
av
io
r
a
r
ea
s
s
tan
d
ar
d
m
o
d
elin
g
tech
n
i
q
u
es f
ail
to
r
ep
r
esen
t a
r
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
s
u
c
h
in
teg
r
atio
n
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
cr
ea
te
a
h
y
b
r
id
ec
o
cr
itical
m
o
d
elin
g
s
y
s
tem
th
at
u
s
es
s
war
m
in
telli
g
en
ce
an
d
C
MI
P6
clim
ate
s
im
u
latio
n
r
e
s
u
lts
to
d
is
co
v
er
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
al
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
lo
o
p
s
,
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ical
tr
an
s
itio
n
zo
n
es,
an
d
h
ig
h
-
r
is
k
a
n
o
m
aly
clu
s
ter
s
.
Par
am
eter
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
ag
en
ts
in
v
esti
g
ate
m
o
d
el
o
u
tp
u
t
s
p
ac
es
ac
r
o
s
s
s
h
ar
ed
s
o
cio
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
p
ath
way
s
(
SSP
)
s
itu
atio
n
s
.
W
e
f
o
cu
s
o
n
ec
o
lo
g
ical
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
r
ep
r
esen
t
clim
ate
s
en
s
itiv
ity
an
d
atm
o
s
p
h
er
ic
in
s
tab
ilit
y
.
T
h
is
in
teg
r
atio
n
h
el
p
s
ac
ad
e
m
ics,
p
o
licy
m
a
k
er
s
,
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
an
al
y
s
ts
d
er
iv
e
r
elev
a
n
t
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
f
r
o
m
co
m
p
licated
m
o
d
el
e
n
s
em
b
les
b
y
en
ab
lin
g
d
y
n
am
ic
an
d
co
n
te
x
t
-
awa
r
e
clim
ate
r
is
k
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
m
ain
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
o
f
th
is
wo
r
k
ar
e
as f
o
llo
ws:
i)
A
n
o
v
e
l
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
ti
o
n
o
f
s
wa
r
m
i
n
t
e
l
li
g
e
n
c
e
wi
t
h
E
SG
F
-
h
o
s
t
e
d
C
M
I
P
6
d
at
as
e
ts
t
o
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
e
c
o
c
r
i
t
i
c
al
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
ac
r
o
s
s
m
u
l
t
i
-
m
o
d
e
l
o
u
t
p
u
t
s
.
ii)
E
x
t
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
m
o
d
e
l
i
n
g
o
f
k
ey
p
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
,
i
n
cl
u
d
i
n
g
t
as
,
p
s
l,
p
r
,
r
s
d
s
,
a
n
d
l
o
n
g
w
a
v
e
r
a
d
ia
t
io
n
(
r
l
d
s
)
,
wi
t
h
a
c
t
u
a
l
s
c
e
n
a
r
i
o
-
b
a
s
e
d
r
a
n
g
e
s
an
d
a
n
o
m
a
l
y
t
h
r
e
s
h
o
l
d
s
.
iii)
I
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
s
w
a
r
m
-
b
a
s
e
d
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
s
f
o
r
o
p
t
i
m
iz
i
n
g
s
p
a
t
i
al
e
n
t
r
o
p
y
,
s
i
g
n
al
t
h
r
e
s
h
o
l
d
d
i
v
e
r
g
e
n
c
e
,
a
n
d
a
n
o
m
a
l
y
t
r
a
j
e
c
t
o
r
y
d
e
t
ec
t
io
n
a
c
r
o
s
s
h
is
t
o
r
i
c
al
a
n
d
h
i
g
h
-
e
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
(
S
SP
5
-
8
.
5
)
c
l
i
m
at
e
p
a
th
w
a
y
s
.
i
v
)
D
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
a
ti
o
n
o
f
h
o
w
d
e
c
e
n
t
r
a
l
i
z
e
d
a
d
a
p
ti
v
e
m
o
d
e
l
i
n
g
e
n
a
b
le
s
r
e
a
l
-
t
i
m
e
i
d
e
n
t
i
f
ic
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
e
co
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
s
t
r
es
s
p
a
t
t
e
r
n
s
i
n
C
M
I
P
o
u
t
p
u
t
s
w
i
t
h
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
d
i
n
t
e
r
p
r
e
t
a
b
i
l
it
y
.
T
h
e
r
em
ain
in
g
s
tr
ateg
y
is
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
as
f
o
llo
ws.
Sectio
n
2
r
ev
iews
C
MI
P
-
b
ased
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
m
o
d
elin
g
a
n
d
s
war
m
in
tellig
en
ce
liter
atu
r
e.
Me
th
o
d
o
lo
g
y
,
d
ata
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
,
s
war
m
a
g
e
n
t
m
o
d
elin
g
,
an
d
s
im
u
latio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ar
e
co
v
er
e
d
in
se
ctio
n
3
.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
ate
d
s
y
s
tem
's
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
f
in
d
in
g
s
an
d
ec
o
lo
g
ical
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
s
ar
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
i
n
s
ec
t
io
n
4
.
Sectio
n
5
s
u
m
m
ar
izes
r
esu
lts
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
es
ec
o
cr
itical
m
o
d
elin
g
an
d
clim
ate
-
a
war
e
AI
s
y
s
tem
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
.
A
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
ex
am
i
n
atio
n
o
f
C
MI
P
clim
ate
m
o
d
el
en
s
em
b
le
s
tack
les
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
an
d
d
etec
ts
o
u
tlier
s
,
u
s
in
g
s
o
p
h
is
ticated
s
tati
s
tical
m
eth
o
d
s
.
T
h
e
en
h
an
ce
d
p
r
e
d
ictio
n
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
ess
en
tial
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
r
eg
io
n
al
clim
ate
p
atter
n
s
,
allo
win
g
p
o
licy
m
ak
er
s
a
n
d
r
esear
ch
er
s
to
m
a
k
e
e
d
u
ca
ted
ch
o
ices
ab
o
u
t
v
ar
ia
b
ilit
y
m
an
ag
em
en
t
an
d
th
e
m
itig
atio
n
o
f
ca
tast
r
o
p
h
ic
clim
atic
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
s
.
T
h
e
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
em
p
h
asizes
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
o
n
g
o
in
g
en
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t
o
f
e
n
s
em
b
le
m
eth
o
d
s
to
m
o
r
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
ely
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
in
tr
i
ca
cies
o
f
clim
ate
s
y
s
te
m
s
[
1
]
.
T
h
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
o
f
C
MI
P6
m
o
d
els
f
o
r
p
r
p
a
tter
n
s
in
I
n
d
ia
r
ev
ea
ls
n
o
tab
l
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
in
s
p
atial
an
d
tem
p
o
r
al
r
eso
lu
tio
n
r
elativ
e
to
p
r
ev
io
u
s
m
o
d
els.
Mu
lti
-
cr
iter
ia
r
an
k
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
ev
alu
ate
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
o
n
g
o
in
g
is
s
u
es,
esp
ec
ially
in
d
o
cu
m
en
tin
g
s
ev
er
e
pr
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
s
.
T
h
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
o
f
f
er
s
p
r
a
ctica
l
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
at
io
n
s
f
o
r
en
h
a
n
cin
g
wate
r
r
e
s
o
u
r
ce
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
an
d
ag
r
i
cu
ltu
r
al
r
esil
ien
ce
ag
ain
s
t
ev
o
lv
in
g
clim
atic
ci
r
cu
m
s
tan
ce
s
[
2
]
.
T
h
e
i
n
v
esti
g
atio
n
f
o
c
u
s
es
o
n
tr
e
n
d
m
i
s
tak
es
in
s
ea
s
o
n
al
p
r
ed
ictio
n
s
with
s
h
o
r
t
lead
p
e
r
io
d
s
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
b
iases
b
o
t
h
f
r
o
m
b
aselin
e
cir
c
u
m
s
tan
ce
s
an
d
m
o
d
el
p
h
y
s
ics.
T
h
ese
m
is
tak
es
u
n
d
er
m
in
e
th
e
cr
ed
ib
ilit
y
o
f
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
a
n
d
pr
f
o
r
ec
asts
,
p
a
r
ticu
la
r
ly
in
ar
ea
s
with
in
tr
icate
to
p
o
g
r
a
p
h
ical
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
n
ee
d
o
f
o
n
g
o
in
g
m
o
d
el
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
t
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
clim
ate
p
r
ed
icti
o
n
s
[
3
]
.
Do
wn
s
ca
led
clim
at
e
m
o
d
els
p
r
o
v
id
e
h
ig
h
-
r
eso
l
u
tio
n
f
o
r
ec
asts
o
f
er
o
s
iv
ity
in
d
iv
e
r
s
e
lo
ca
tio
n
s
,
em
p
h
asizin
g
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
p
r
in
ten
s
ity
an
d
ch
an
g
es
in
lan
d
u
s
e.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
em
p
h
asizes
th
e
n
ee
d
o
f
c
u
s
to
m
izin
g
clim
ate
f
o
r
ec
asts
to
r
eg
io
n
al
r
e
q
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
to
m
ain
tain
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
in
teg
r
ity
[
4
]
.
Fu
tu
r
e
d
r
o
u
g
h
t
p
atter
n
s
ar
e
f
o
r
ec
asted
u
s
in
g
s
ev
e
r
al
in
d
i
ca
t
o
r
s
in
c
o
n
ju
n
ctio
n
with
C
MI
P6
m
o
d
els,
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
o
n
v
ar
ia
b
ilit
y
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
ter
r
ain
a
n
d
h
y
d
r
o
l
o
g
y
.
T
h
e
am
alg
am
atio
n
o
f
m
an
y
in
d
icato
r
s
en
h
an
ce
s
th
e
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
o
f
d
r
o
u
g
h
t
d
y
n
am
ics,
u
n
d
e
r
s
co
r
in
g
th
e
n
ec
ess
ity
f
o
r
m
u
ltifa
ce
ted
s
tr
ateg
ies
in
tack
lin
g
wate
r
s
h
o
r
tag
e
ch
allen
g
es
[
5
]
.
I
m
p
r
o
v
ed
m
o
d
ellin
g
o
f
f
r
esh
wate
r
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
p
r
o
v
id
es
cr
itical
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
t
o
g
lo
b
al
h
ea
t
d
is
tr
ib
u
ti
o
n
a
n
d
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
clim
ate
p
atter
n
s
,
em
p
h
asizin
g
th
e
n
ee
d
to
r
ec
tify
th
ese
b
iases
in
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
m
o
d
el
v
er
s
io
n
s
[
6
]
.
B
iases
in
lo
w
-
clo
u
d
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
wi
th
in
C
MI
P
m
o
d
els
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
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I
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Ad
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Ap
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,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
1
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Ma
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h
2
0
2
6
:
168
-
1
7
7
170
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
u
n
ce
r
tain
ty
in
clim
ate
s
en
s
itiv
ity
ass
ess
m
en
ts
.
I
m
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
in
clo
u
d
d
y
n
am
ics
m
o
d
ellin
g
en
h
a
n
ce
th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
clo
u
d
-
clim
ate
in
ter
ac
tio
n
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
,
wh
ich
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
f
u
tu
r
e
clim
ate
s
ce
n
a
r
io
s
an
d
th
eir
p
o
s
s
ib
le
ef
f
ec
ts
[
7
]
.
Pro
b
ab
ilis
tic
ev
alu
atio
n
s
o
f
p
r
s
im
u
latio
n
s
in
th
e
W
ester
n
Him
alay
as
co
n
ce
n
tr
ate
o
n
m
o
n
s
o
o
n
d
y
n
am
ic
s
an
d
th
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
elev
atio
n
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
o
f
f
er
s
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
m
o
n
s
o
o
n
b
eh
av
i
o
r
,
h
e
n
ce
ass
is
tin
g
in
th
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
h
az
a
r
d
s
lin
k
ed
to
clim
atic
ex
tr
em
es,
in
clu
d
in
g
f
lo
o
d
s
an
d
d
r
o
u
g
h
ts
[
8
]
.
An
an
aly
s
is
o
f
tr
o
p
ical
p
r
b
iases
in
co
u
p
le
d
clim
a
te
m
o
d
els
r
ev
ea
ls
th
at
m
is
tak
es
s
tem
f
r
o
m
d
is
cr
ep
an
cies
in
o
ce
a
n
-
atm
o
s
p
h
er
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
a
n
d
c
o
n
v
ec
tiv
e
p
ar
am
eter
izatio
n
s
.
S
u
ch
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
ts
ar
e
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
ar
ea
s
d
e
p
e
n
d
en
t
o
n
co
n
s
is
ten
t
r
ain
f
all
p
atter
n
s
f
o
r
ag
r
ic
u
ltu
r
al
a
n
d
wate
r
r
eso
u
r
ce
m
an
ag
em
en
t
[
9
]
.
C
lo
u
d
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es in
C
MI
P m
o
d
els ex
h
ib
it si
g
n
if
ican
t v
ar
iab
ilit
y
,
af
f
ec
tin
g
r
ad
iativ
e
f
o
r
cin
g
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
clim
at
ic
s
en
s
itiv
ities
.
T
h
is
em
p
h
asis
o
n
cl
o
u
d
d
y
n
am
ics
g
u
ar
an
tees
m
o
r
e
r
eliab
le
clim
ate
s
en
s
it
iv
ity
esti
m
atio
n
s
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
m
ac
h
in
e
l
ea
r
n
in
g
in
clim
ate
m
o
d
ellin
g
m
itig
ates
en
d
u
r
in
g
b
iases
an
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
d
if
f
icu
lties
,
f
ac
ilit
at
in
g
th
e
cr
ea
tio
n
o
f
ad
ap
tiv
e
m
o
d
els
th
at
ca
n
r
ep
r
esen
t
in
tr
icate
p
h
en
o
m
en
a.
Utilizin
g
m
a
ch
in
e
lear
n
in
g
,
r
esear
ch
er
s
m
a
y
e
n
h
an
ce
c
o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
clim
ate
m
o
d
ellin
g
a
n
d
g
et
a
d
ee
p
er
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
clim
ate
d
y
n
am
ics
an
d
f
u
tu
r
e
f
o
r
ec
a
s
ts
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
e
s
p
h
er
ical
co
n
v
o
l
u
tio
n
al
W
ass
er
s
tein
d
is
tan
ce
is
p
r
esen
ted
as a
n
o
v
e
l m
ea
s
u
r
e
f
o
r
ass
ess
in
g
clim
at
e
m
o
d
els
[1
2]
.
AI
-
b
a
s
ed
cl
im
a
te
m
o
d
el
s
h
a
v
e
th
e
ca
p
ac
ity
t
o
m
o
r
e
ac
c
u
r
at
ely
r
ep
r
e
s
en
t
n
o
n
-
l
in
e
ar
p
h
en
o
m
en
a
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
co
n
v
en
t
io
n
a
l
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ie
s
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
s
i
g
n
if
i
e
s
a
n
o
tab
le
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
in
th
e
r
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
ac
c
es
s
ib
le
f
o
r
t
ac
k
lin
g
c
o
m
p
l
ex
cl
im
a
te
i
s
s
u
e
s
[
1
3
]
.
Hu
m
i
d
ity
ch
an
g
e
s
i
n
d
r
y
ar
e
as
o
f
te
n
co
n
tr
a
d
i
ct
C
MI
P
m
o
d
el
es
t
im
a
te
s
,
h
ig
h
l
ig
h
tin
g
in
ad
eq
u
ac
ie
s
i
n
r
eg
io
n
a
l
-
s
ca
l
e
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
e
s
.
P
r
ec
i
s
e
f
o
r
e
ca
s
t
s
o
f
h
u
m
id
i
ty
p
at
ter
n
s
ar
e
e
s
s
en
t
ia
l
f
o
r
co
m
p
r
eh
en
d
in
g
wa
te
r
r
e
s
o
u
r
ce
av
a
il
ab
i
li
ty
a
n
d
en
h
an
c
in
g
r
e
s
i
li
en
c
e
ag
ain
s
t
cl
im
a
te
-
in
d
u
ce
d
v
u
ln
er
ab
i
l
it
i
es
in
th
e
s
e
ar
ea
s
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
e
in
te
g
r
a
tio
n
o
f
o
b
s
e
r
v
at
io
n
a
l
d
ata
wi
th
c
li
m
a
te
m
o
d
el
s
a
llo
w
s
p
r
e
ci
s
e
c
al
cu
la
tio
n
o
f
th
e
t
im
e
u
n
ti
l
r
eg
io
n
a
l
w
ar
m
in
g
th
r
es
h
o
ld
s
ar
e
r
ea
c
h
ed
.
T
h
e
t
ec
h
n
iq
u
e
em
p
h
a
s
ize
s
th
e
n
ee
d
t
o
u
s
e
v
ar
i
ed
d
a
ta
s
o
u
r
ce
s
f
o
r
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
c
lim
at
e
m
o
d
el
lin
g
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
e
u
n
d
er
ap
p
r
ec
ia
ted
ter
r
e
s
t
r
ia
l
h
ea
t
ab
s
o
r
p
t
io
n
in
C
MI
P6
m
o
d
el
s
in
f
lu
en
c
e
s
g
lo
b
al
e
n
er
g
y
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
t
io
n
,
r
ev
ea
l
in
g
a
s
u
b
s
tan
ti
al
b
ia
s
in
cli
m
a
te
f
o
r
ec
a
s
t
s
.
I
t
i
s
ad
v
i
s
a
b
le
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
m
o
d
e
ll
in
g
o
f
lan
d
-
a
tm
o
s
p
h
er
e
en
er
g
y
ex
ch
a
n
g
e
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
to
ad
d
r
e
s
s
th
e
s
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
,
th
er
eb
y
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
m
o
r
e
a
cc
u
r
at
e
p
r
ed
i
ct
io
n
s
o
f
g
lo
b
a
l
war
m
in
g
ef
f
ec
ts
[
1
6
]
.
E
v
alu
atin
g
an
d
r
atin
g
C
MI
P6
m
o
d
els
f
o
r
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
f
o
r
ec
asts
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
I
n
d
ian
s
u
b
co
n
t
in
en
t
u
s
e
s
s
tatis
t
ical
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
to
ass
ess
m
o
d
el
p
r
ec
is
io
n
.
T
h
is
r
an
k
in
g
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
o
f
f
er
s
p
r
a
ctica
l
in
s
ig
h
ts
f
o
r
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
o
v
er
s
ee
in
g
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
-
s
en
s
itiv
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
th
e
f
o
r
m
u
latio
n
o
f
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
clim
ate
m
itig
atio
n
an
d
ad
a
p
tatio
n
s
tr
a
teg
ies
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
e
ex
am
in
atio
n
o
f
p
l
u
r
alis
tic
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ies
i
n
clim
ate
m
o
d
ellin
g
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
ad
v
an
tag
es
o
f
i
n
clu
d
in
g
m
a
n
y
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
.
T
h
i
s
m
eth
o
d
im
p
r
o
v
es
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
f
o
r
ec
ast
clim
ate
p
atter
n
s
ac
r
o
s
s
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
tim
ef
r
am
es
an
d
lo
ca
tio
n
s
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
p
o
licy
m
ak
er
s
with
a
wid
er
r
an
g
e
o
f
d
ep
en
d
ab
le
d
ata
f
o
r
in
f
o
r
m
ed
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
e
in
f
l
u
e
n
ce
o
f
clim
ate
c
h
an
g
e
o
n
ir
r
ig
ati
o
n
an
d
cr
o
p
wate
r
d
em
an
d
s
is
e
v
alu
ated
v
ia
C
MI
P6
m
o
d
els
a
n
d
s
p
ec
ialized
ag
r
ic
u
ltu
r
al
s
im
u
latio
n
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
e
m
ain
ten
a
n
ce
o
f
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
al
o
u
tp
u
t
u
n
d
er
f
lu
c
tu
atin
g
wea
th
er
cir
cu
m
s
tan
ce
s
[
1
9
]
.
C
o
m
m
u
n
ity
ea
r
th
s
y
s
tem
m
o
d
els
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
f
o
r
cin
g
u
n
ce
r
tain
ty
a
n
d
m
o
d
el
ar
c
h
itectu
r
e
o
n
s
im
u
lated
clim
ates
o
v
er
C
MI
P
g
en
er
ati
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
em
p
h
asizes
th
e
n
ee
d
o
f
r
ec
tify
in
g
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
d
is
cr
ep
an
cies
to
en
h
an
ce
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
in
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
clim
ate
p
r
ed
ictio
n
s
[
2
0
]
.
C
MI
P6
r
ain
f
all
esti
m
ates
f
o
r
I
n
d
o
n
esia
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
p
ast
an
d
p
r
o
s
p
ec
tiv
e
p
r
p
atter
n
s
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
ex
am
in
es
r
eg
io
n
al
r
ain
f
all
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
an
d
its
co
n
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
s
f
o
r
wate
r
r
eso
u
r
ce
m
a
n
ag
em
e
n
t.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
ar
e
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
ar
ea
s
s
u
s
ce
p
tib
le
to
s
ev
er
e
p
r
ev
e
n
ts
an
d
s
ea
s
o
n
al
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
,
en
ab
lin
g
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
p
r
e
p
ar
atio
n
an
d
ad
ap
tatio
n
m
eth
o
d
s
[
2
1
]
.
Fu
tu
r
e
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
r
ain
f
all
an
d
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
ex
tr
em
es
i
n
I
n
d
o
n
esia'
s
m
o
s
t
p
o
p
u
lated
ar
ea
s
is
an
ticip
ated
u
s
in
g
h
ig
h
-
r
eso
lu
tio
n
m
o
d
els
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
e
s
s
en
tial
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
lo
ca
lized
clim
ate
m
o
d
ellin
g
i
n
allev
iatin
g
n
e
g
ativ
e
im
p
ac
t
s
o
n
d
en
s
ely
in
h
ab
ited
ar
ea
s
r
eg
io
n
s
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
e
u
n
ce
r
tain
ty
in
C
MI
P6
f
o
r
ec
a
s
ts
f
o
r
I
n
d
o
n
esia'
s
m
ar
in
e
ar
ea
s
is
ex
am
in
ed
u
s
in
g
s
o
p
h
is
ticated
s
tatis
tical
m
eth
o
d
s
.
T
h
is
ass
ess
m
en
t
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
cu
s
to
m
ized
m
o
d
ellin
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
to
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
tack
le
r
eg
io
n
al
co
m
p
lex
ities
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
e
h
is
to
r
ical
an
d
p
r
o
s
p
ec
t
iv
e
r
ain
f
all
clim
ato
lo
g
y
o
f
Su
m
atr
a
is
ex
am
in
ed
v
ia
C
MI
P6
m
o
d
els.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
em
p
h
asizes
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
tr
en
d
s
,
th
er
ef
o
r
e
allo
win
g
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
s
tr
ateg
ies
to
ad
ju
s
t
to
ev
o
lv
in
g
r
ain
f
all
p
atter
n
s
in
f
u
tu
r
e
clim
atic
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
e
id
en
tific
atio
n
o
f
o
p
tim
u
m
C
MI
P6
m
o
d
els
f
o
r
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
I
n
d
o
n
esian
cities
u
s
e
s
m
u
lti
-
cr
iter
ia
d
ec
is
io
n
an
aly
s
is
to
p
ick
d
e
p
en
d
ab
le
m
o
d
els.
T
h
e
tech
n
iq
u
e
em
p
h
asizes
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
i
n
clim
ate
m
o
d
ellin
g
f
o
r
u
r
b
a
n
p
o
licy
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
[
2
5
]
.
2.
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
M
E
T
H
O
D
Usi
n
g
s
war
m
in
tellig
en
ce
an
d
C
MI
P
clim
ate
d
ata,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
im
p
r
o
v
es
ec
o
c
r
itical
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
tal
an
aly
s
is
.
I
t
u
s
es
ad
a
p
tiv
e
s
w
ar
m
-
b
ased
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
to
s
im
u
late
ec
o
lo
g
ical
b
eh
a
v
io
r
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
ac
tio
n
ab
le
p
r
ed
ictio
n
s
t
o
a
n
aly
ze
m
ass
iv
e,
m
u
lti
-
s
ce
n
ar
io
clim
ate
d
ata
.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
co
n
n
ec
ts
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
co
m
p
u
ter
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
teg
r
a
tin
g
s
w
a
r
m
in
tellig
en
ce
w
ith
C
MIP
clima
te
mo
d
els f
o
r
ec
o
crit
ica
l e
n
viro
n
men
ta
l
…
(
R
a
vi
P
a
vith
r
a
)
171
m
o
d
ellin
g
with
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
p
o
licy
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
ec
o
lo
g
is
ts
an
d
clim
ate
s
cien
tis
ts
with
s
ca
lab
le
an
d
in
tellig
en
t
d
ec
is
io
n
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
to
o
ls
b
y
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
f
le
x
ib
ilit
y
,
p
atter
n
d
etec
tio
n
ac
r
o
s
s
d
y
n
am
ic
d
ata
s
ets,
an
d
in
ter
p
r
etab
ilit
y
.
A
s
y
s
te
m
u
s
in
g
m
o
d
u
lar
s
war
m
in
tellig
en
ce
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
an
aly
z
es
C
MI
P6
-
b
ased
m
u
lti
-
d
im
en
s
io
n
al
clim
ate
d
ata
to
id
en
tify
s
p
atio
tem
p
o
r
al
p
atter
n
s
in
v
ar
iab
les
lik
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e,
h
u
m
id
ity
,
win
d
s
p
ee
d
,
an
d
C
O
2
lev
els.
R
ea
l
-
tim
e
m
o
d
ellin
g
a
n
d
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
ad
ap
ta
tio
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
eg
io
n
al
o
r
g
l
o
b
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
p
r
ed
ictio
n
s
f
o
r
d
ec
i
s
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
.
Mo
d
u
lar
f
lex
i
b
ilit
y
,
b
io
-
in
s
p
ir
e
d
o
p
tim
izatio
n
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ies,
a
n
d
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
tal
in
p
u
t
f
o
r
c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
lear
n
in
g
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
wh
o
le
d
ata
f
lo
w
f
o
r
s
war
m
-
b
ased
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
an
aly
s
is
u
s
in
g
C
MI
P
d
ata.
I
n
itial
d
ata
co
m
es
f
r
o
m
clim
ate
m
o
d
els
an
d
s
atellites.
Pre
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
r
aw
d
atasets
en
s
u
r
es
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
b
y
clea
n
in
g
an
d
n
o
r
m
alizin
g
.
As
h
ea
tm
ap
s
an
d
t
em
p
o
r
al
g
r
ap
h
s
,
th
e
f
in
al
d
ata
aid
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
.
Mo
d
u
la
r
ity
lets
e
ac
h
p
h
ase
wo
r
k
in
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
tly
wh
ile
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
to
a
u
n
if
ied
f
lo
w,
as
s
ee
n
in
th
e
f
ig
u
r
e.
C
o
lo
r
-
c
o
d
ed
lin
k
s
h
elp
cu
s
to
m
er
s
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
p
h
ase
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
ws
h
o
w
C
MI
P
d
ata
an
d
s
war
m
in
tellig
en
ce
m
ay
g
iv
e
v
alu
ab
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
f
o
r
a
d
d
r
ess
in
g
co
m
p
lex
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
co
n
ce
r
n
s
an
d
aid
in
g
ec
o
cr
itical
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
a
k
in
g
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Data
f
l
o
w
in
C
MI
P f
o
r
s
war
m
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
an
aly
s
is
T
h
e
ar
c
h
i
t
ec
t
u
r
e
s
t
a
r
t
s
w
i
t
h
th
e
a
s
s
i
m
i
l
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
C
M
I
P
6
d
at
a
s
e
t
s
,
f
o
l
lo
w
e
d
b
y
d
a
t
a
c
l
e
an
s
i
n
g
an
d
p
r
ep
a
r
a
t
io
n
u
s
i
n
g
g
e
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
i
n
t
e
r
p
o
la
t
i
o
n
,
n
o
r
m
a
l
i
z
a
t
io
n
,
a
n
d
i
m
p
u
t
a
t
io
n
o
f
m
i
s
s
i
n
g
v
a
l
u
e
s
.
P
r
o
c
e
s
s
e
d
i
n
p
u
t
s
a
r
e
in
p
u
t
i
n
to
d
i
s
t
r
ib
u
t
e
d
s
w
a
r
m
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
i
c
l
ay
e
r
s
,
w
i
t
h
e
a
ch
a
g
e
n
t
s
e
r
v
i
n
g
as
a
c
o
m
p
u
t
a
t
io
n
a
l
e
n
t
i
t
y
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
i
b
l
e
f
o
r
m
o
d
e
l
l
in
g
l
o
c
a
l
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
ta
l
c
h
o
i
ce
s
.
T
h
e
s
e
ag
e
n
t
s
en
g
ag
e
a
c
co
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
a
s
p
e
c
i
f
ie
d
p
o
l
i
cy
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
r
e
i
n
f
o
r
c
e
m
en
t
l
e
ar
n
in
g
a
n
d
en
e
r
g
y
e
f
f
i
ci
e
n
c
y
h
eu
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
.
E
a
ch
m
o
d
u
l
e
i
s
d
e
s
ig
n
ed
to
o
p
er
a
t
e
a
u
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
l
y
i
n
s
id
e
a
p
ip
e
l
in
e
a
r
ch
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
.
T
h
e
s
w
a
r
m
m
o
d
e
l
l
i
n
g
p
h
a
s
e
en
c
o
m
p
a
s
s
e
s
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
a
l
s
i
m
u
la
t
i
o
n
,
b
e
h
a
v
io
r
a
l
f
e
ed
b
ac
k
an
a
l
y
s
i
s
,
a
n
d
ad
a
p
t
iv
e
ca
l
i
b
r
a
t
i
o
n
u
s
i
n
g
h
i
s
to
r
i
ca
l
a
n
d
f
o
r
ec
a
s
t
C
M
I
P
d
a
t
a
.
F
ig
u
r
e
2
s
t
r
e
s
s
e
s
u
s
i
n
g
s
w
a
r
m
in
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
c
e
a
lg
o
r
i
t
h
m
s
w
i
th
C
M
I
P
m
o
d
e
l
s
t
o
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
a
l
r
e
s
e
a
r
ch
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Swar
m
alg
o
r
ith
m
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
with
C
MI
P
m
o
d
els
Swar
m
tech
n
iq
u
es
u
s
e
C
MI
P
d
ata,
in
clu
d
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
s
im
u
latio
n
s
.
T
h
ese
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
u
s
e
b
eh
av
io
r
m
o
d
ellin
g
m
o
d
u
les
t
o
s
im
u
late
ag
en
t
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
an
d
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
s
y
s
tem
s
f
o
r
iter
ativ
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t.
T
h
e
ad
a
p
tiv
e
lea
r
n
in
g
lay
er
a
llo
ws
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
p
r
e
d
ictio
n
ch
an
g
es,
en
s
u
r
in
g
ad
ap
ta
b
le
r
es
p
o
n
s
es
to
ch
an
g
in
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J
Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
2
0
2
6
:
168
-
1
7
7
172
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
d
ata.
Pre
cisi
o
n
an
d
m
o
d
el
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
ar
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
b
y
th
is
co
m
b
in
atio
n
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
its
co
r
e
o
p
er
atio
n
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
ix
s
tag
es:
i)
Data
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
:
r
etr
ie
v
es
h
ig
h
-
r
eso
lu
tio
n
C
MI
P6
d
atase
ts
f
r
o
m
E
SGF
(
e.
g
.
,
h
is
to
r
ical
an
d
SS
P
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
)
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
b
eg
i
n
s
with
a
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
d
ata
c
o
llecti
on
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
u
s
in
g
th
e
lar
g
e
d
atasets
f
r
o
m
C
MI
P6
,
o
b
tain
ed
v
ia
th
e
E
SGF.
T
h
is
in
clu
d
es
h
is
to
r
ical
clim
ate
d
ata
an
d
s
ce
n
ar
io
-
b
ased
f
o
r
ec
asts
,
in
clu
d
in
g
SS
P1
-
2
.
6
an
d
SS
P5
-
8
.
5
.
ii)
Pre
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
:
ap
p
lies
n
o
is
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
,
alig
n
m
e
n
t,
a
n
d
n
o
r
m
aliza
tio
n
o
n
v
a
r
iab
les
ac
r
o
s
s
m
u
lti
-
m
o
d
e
l
clim
ate
d
ata.
Af
te
r
co
llectin
g
,
th
e
u
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
clim
atic
d
at
asets
u
n
d
er
g
o
a
s
tr
in
g
en
t
p
r
e
p
ar
atio
n
p
h
ase.
Data
clea
n
s
in
g
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
r
ec
tify
ab
s
en
t
o
r
ir
r
eg
u
lar
e
n
tr
ies,
wh
ile
s
p
atial
in
ter
p
o
latio
n
s
tan
d
ar
d
izes
th
e
g
r
id
to
a
u
n
if
o
r
m
r
eso
lu
tio
n
.
iii)
Swar
m
m
o
d
el
s
im
u
latio
n
:
im
p
lem
en
ts
b
eh
av
io
r
m
o
d
els
(
b
a
s
ed
o
n
an
ts
an
d
b
ir
d
s
)
with
in
ag
en
t
clu
s
ter
s
;
ag
en
ts
in
ter
ac
t b
ased
o
n
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
s
ig
n
als an
d
g
lo
b
al
o
p
tim
izatio
n
r
u
les.
Up
o
n
d
ata
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
,
th
e
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tal
s
war
m
s
im
u
latio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
b
eg
in
s
.
T
h
is
s
im
u
latio
n
u
s
es
d
ec
en
tr
alize
d
ag
en
ts
in
s
p
ir
ed
b
y
r
ea
l e
v
en
ts
,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
an
t
f
o
r
a
g
in
g
an
d
s
war
m
in
g
b
eh
av
i
o
r
.
iv
)
L
ea
r
n
in
g
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
:
em
p
lo
y
s
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
m
en
t
lear
n
in
g
w
h
er
e
ag
e
n
ts
ad
ap
t
in
r
ea
l
-
ti
m
e
to
u
p
d
ate
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
d
ata.
A
r
ei
n
f
o
r
ce
m
en
t
lear
n
in
g
m
ec
h
an
is
m
i
s
in
clu
d
ed
in
th
e
s
war
m
s
y
s
te
m
to
en
h
a
n
ce
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
an
d
p
r
ec
is
io
n
o
v
er
tim
e.
Utilizin
g
th
is
lear
n
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
e,
ea
ch
a
g
en
t
f
o
r
m
u
lates
a
p
o
licy
g
r
o
u
n
d
ed
o
n
its
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
in
s
id
e
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t.
Actio
n
s
th
at
f
ac
ilit
ate
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
id
en
tific
atio
n
o
f
s
ig
n
if
ican
t a
r
ea
s
m
ar
k
ed
b
y
f
a
s
t c
lim
atic
ch
an
g
es o
r
h
ig
h
en
t
r
o
p
y
a
r
e
i
n
ce
n
tiv
ize
d
.
v)
An
aly
s
is
:
ex
tr
ac
ts
in
s
ig
h
ts
v
ia
h
ea
tm
ap
s
,
tem
p
o
r
al
tr
e
n
d
p
lo
ts
,
an
d
f
ea
t
u
r
e
clu
s
ter
in
g
’
s
.
Up
o
n
co
m
p
letio
n
o
f
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
s
h
if
ts
in
to
a
n
a
n
aly
tical
m
o
d
e
f
o
r
t
h
e
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
a
n
d
s
y
n
th
esis
o
f
em
er
g
in
g
p
atter
n
s
.
v
i)
R
ep
o
r
tin
g
in
ter
f
a
ce
:
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
with
d
ash
b
o
a
r
d
s
s
h
o
win
g
p
r
e
d
ictiv
e
m
etr
ics,
r
eso
u
r
c
e
s
tr
ess
o
r
s
,
an
d
ec
o
lo
g
ical
tr
ig
g
er
s
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
co
n
clu
d
es
wi
th
an
ex
ten
s
iv
e
r
ep
o
r
tin
g
an
d
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
in
ter
f
ac
e.
T
h
is
d
ash
b
o
ar
d
d
is
p
lay
s
th
e
d
ata
in
an
en
g
ag
in
g
an
d
d
y
n
am
ic
f
o
r
m
at,
allo
win
g
u
s
er
s
to
ex
am
in
e
o
u
tco
m
es v
ia
m
a
p
s
,
ch
ar
ts
,
an
d
d
o
wn
lo
ad
a
b
le
r
ep
o
r
ts
.
T
h
e
ex
p
lan
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
is
s
tu
d
ied
in
d
etail.
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
ws
ec
o
cr
itical
an
aly
s
is
u
s
in
g
C
MI
P
m
o
d
els
an
d
s
war
m
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ies.
Data
f
r
o
m
clim
ate
m
o
d
e
ls
an
d
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
ar
e
c
o
llected
f
ir
s
t.
San
itizin
g
an
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
izin
g
d
atasets
en
s
u
r
es
ac
cu
r
ac
y
an
d
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
d
ata
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
.
Swar
m
m
o
d
el
s
im
u
latio
n
s
ass
es
s
an
d
p
r
e
d
ict
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
c
h
an
g
es u
s
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
d
ata.
Hea
tm
ap
s
an
d
clu
s
ter
in
g
d
ata
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
ec
o
lo
g
ical
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
an
aly
s
is
.
T
h
e
o
u
tco
m
es
ar
e
d
is
p
lay
ed
an
d
d
o
cu
m
en
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
r
ep
o
r
tin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
to
en
s
u
r
e
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
W
o
r
k
f
lo
w
f
o
r
ec
o
cr
i
tical
an
aly
s
is
u
s
in
g
C
MI
P
m
o
d
els
T
h
e
b
e
h
av
io
r
o
f
s
war
m
ag
en
ts
is
m
o
d
eled
u
s
in
g
en
e
r
g
y
c
o
s
t
m
in
im
izatio
n
f
u
n
c
tio
n
s
an
d
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilis
tic
s
tate
tr
an
s
itio
n
s
.
L
et
th
e
m
o
v
em
e
n
t c
o
s
t f
u
n
ctio
n
b
e
as in
(
1
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.
=
∝
.
+
.
+
.
(
1
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W
h
er
e
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co
s
t
o
f
ag
e
n
t
m
o
v
in
g
f
r
o
m
s
tate
to
,
is
s
p
atial
d
is
tan
ce
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etwe
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ate
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ata
p
o
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ts
,
i
s
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
r
esis
tan
ce
(
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r
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2
lev
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is
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p
o
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,
,
is
tu
n
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e
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war
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b
eh
av
io
r
weig
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ts
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Sw
a
r
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g
u
lated
u
s
in
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Q
-
lear
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w
h
er
e
is
cu
r
r
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t
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tate,
is
ac
tio
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r
d
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is
lear
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g
r
ate,
is
d
is
co
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n
t f
ac
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r
.
(
,
)
←
(
,
)
+
[
+
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`
m
ax
(
`
,
`
)
−
(
,
)
]
(
2
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T
ec
h
n
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lo
g
ies an
d
to
o
ls
u
s
ed
:
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I
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t J Ad
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Ap
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l Sci
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8
8
1
4
I
n
teg
r
a
tin
g
s
w
a
r
m
in
tellig
en
ce
w
ith
C
MIP
clima
te
mo
d
els f
o
r
ec
o
crit
ica
l e
n
viro
n
men
ta
l
…
(
R
a
vi
P
a
vith
r
a
)
173
i)
Data
s
o
u
r
c
es: E
SGF
–
C
MI
P6
e
x
p
er
im
en
ts
,
m
o
d
els,
an
d
s
o
u
r
c
es
.
ii)
L
an
g
u
ag
es/
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
s
:
Py
th
o
n
(
Nu
m
Py
,
SciPy
,
a
n
d
M
atp
lo
tlib
)
,
T
en
s
o
r
Flo
w
f
o
r
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
m
e
n
t
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
u
les
.
iii)
Simu
latio
n
en
g
in
e:
clo
u
d
-
b
ased
s
war
m
b
eh
av
i
o
r
m
o
d
elin
g
u
s
in
g
GPU
-
ac
ce
ler
ated
clu
s
ter
s
.
iv
)
Vis
u
aliza
tio
n
:
p
o
wer
B
I
,
D3
.
js
f
o
r
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
d
ash
b
o
ar
d
s
.
v)
Sto
r
ag
e:
az
u
r
e
d
ata
lak
e
f
o
r
la
r
g
e
-
s
ca
le
m
o
d
el
r
esu
lt r
eten
tio
n
.
So
m
e
m
o
d
els
p
r
ed
ict
s
lig
h
t
t
em
p
er
atu
r
e
v
ar
iatio
n
s
,
b
u
t
m
o
s
t
s
h
o
w
war
m
in
g
.
T
r
en
d
s
in
p
r
s
h
o
w
s
ea
s
o
n
al
ch
an
g
es,
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
,
o
r
d
ec
r
ea
s
es.
C
o
astal
p
lace
s
h
av
e
m
o
r
e
h
u
m
id
ity
t
h
an
d
e
s
er
t
r
eg
io
n
s
.
W
in
d
s
p
ee
d
f
lu
ctu
ates
in
s
to
r
m
-
p
r
o
n
e
ar
ea
s
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u
t
s
tay
s
s
tead
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er
tain
m
o
d
els.
C
O
2
lev
els
ar
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
in
al
l
m
o
d
els
;
s
o
m
e
lo
ca
tio
n
s
h
a
v
e
s
tab
ilized
.
E
co
cr
itical
s
war
m
r
esear
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u
s
es
th
is
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
al
d
ata
to
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
ad
ap
tiv
e
an
d
r
esil
ien
t
s
war
m
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
ab
le
1
q
u
alitativ
e
d
ep
ictio
n
,
h
elp
s
r
esear
ch
er
s
id
en
tify
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
is
s
u
es a
n
d
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
th
em
in
to
s
war
m
d
y
n
am
ics to
im
p
r
o
v
e
o
p
er
atio
n
al
e
f
f
icien
cy
in
v
ar
i
ed
ec
o
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
ab
le
1
.
C
lim
ate
v
ar
iab
le
tr
e
n
d
s
ac
r
o
s
s
C
MI
P
m
o
d
els
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l
i
ma
t
e
v
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
C
M
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P
mo
d
e
l
1
d
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r
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p
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i
o
n
C
M
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mo
d
e
l
2
d
e
s
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p
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3
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RE
SU
L
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S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
Un
d
er
th
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SSP5
-
8
.
5
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ig
h
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s
io
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s
ce
n
ar
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a
1
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2
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r
is
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tas
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u
b
s
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tially
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r
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elate
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th
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s
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r
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ld
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at
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h
is
s
tu
d
y
'
s
s
tr
ateg
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p
r
o
d
u
c
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s
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ig
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f
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g
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t
co
n
v
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g
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ce
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lace
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etwe
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d
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h
Pa,
s
u
g
g
es
tin
g
ec
o
lo
g
ical
f
r
ag
ilit
y
.
R
eg
io
n
al
in
s
tab
ilit
y
was in
d
icate
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b
y
p
r
an
o
m
alies o
f
±
1
.
3
m
m
/d
ay
,
m
atch
in
g
in
t
en
s
e
s
war
m
ac
tiv
ity
in
eq
u
ato
r
ial
an
d
s
u
b
tr
o
p
ical
r
eg
io
n
s
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
r
e
g
u
lar
ly
f
o
u
n
d
ec
o
lo
g
ical
s
tr
ess
zo
n
es
with
r
s
d
s
ch
an
g
es
b
etwe
en
1
4
0
an
d
2
8
0
W
/m
².
T
h
e
C
MI
P6
s
im
u
latio
n
o
u
tp
u
ts
f
r
o
m
E
SGF
p
r
o
v
id
ed
es
s
en
tial
m
u
lti
-
m
o
d
el
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
tal
v
ar
iab
les
f
o
r
s
war
m
in
tellig
en
ce
-
b
ased
ec
o
lo
g
ical
r
is
k
d
etec
tio
n
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
.
Hig
h
e
r
r
ld
s
le
v
els,
esp
ec
ially
o
v
er
3
3
0
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/m
²,
d
o
n
o
t
r
eliab
ly
im
p
air
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o
lo
g
ical
p
r
ed
ictab
ilit
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,
co
n
tr
a
r
y
to
tr
ad
itio
n
al
clim
ate
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im
p
ac
t
m
o
d
els
th
at
f
o
cu
s
o
n
ly
o
n
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
th
r
esh
o
ld
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
war
m
-
b
ased
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
m
a
y
id
en
tify
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o
lo
g
ic
al
tr
an
s
itio
n
zo
n
es
with
o
u
t
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
m
o
d
el
co
m
p
lex
ity
o
r
d
ata
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
s
p
atial
an
o
m
al
y
d
etec
tio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
b
ased
o
n
s
tatis
tica
l
tr
en
d
m
ap
p
in
g
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
co
r
r
elatio
n
-
b
ased
o
r
p
r
in
cip
al
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
an
aly
s
is
s
tu
d
ies
h
ad
tr
o
u
b
le
f
i
n
d
in
g
r
eg
io
n
al
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ter
-
v
ar
iab
le
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
.
L
ev
er
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in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
in
d
icato
r
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
tas,
p
s
l,
p
r
,
an
d
r
ad
iativ
e
f
lu
x
es
(
r
s
d
s
an
d
r
ld
s
)
,
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
s
y
s
tem
lev
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ag
in
g
s
war
m
in
tellig
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ce
an
d
C
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ate
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ata
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etec
ted
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o
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i
ca
l
s
tr
ess
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atter
n
s
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
an
aly
ze
d
h
i
g
h
-
r
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s
o
lu
tio
n
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o
u
tp
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ts
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ia
th
e
E
SGF
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d
f
o
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n
d
co
n
s
id
er
ab
le
g
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g
r
ap
h
ica
l
ass
o
ciatio
n
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etwe
en
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eig
h
t
e
n
e
d
clim
atic
v
ar
iab
les
an
d
s
war
m
ag
en
t
c
o
n
v
er
g
en
ce
z
o
n
es.
S
u
r
f
ac
e
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
an
o
m
alies
o
f
1
.
7
2
°C
an
d
r
ld
s
v
alu
es
o
v
er
3
3
0
W
/m
²
ar
e
o
f
ten
lin
k
ed
to
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ig
h
-
d
en
s
ity
s
war
m
ac
tiv
ity
,
esp
ec
ially
in
SS
P5
-
8
.
5
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
an
o
m
alies
o
f
±
1
.
3
m
m
/d
a
y
wer
e
lin
k
ed
t
o
en
h
an
ce
d
s
war
m
co
n
v
er
g
en
ce
in
eq
u
at
o
r
ial
lo
ca
tio
n
s
,
in
d
icatin
g
ec
o
lo
g
ical
tip
p
in
g
p
o
in
ts
.
T
h
e
p
s
l
d
ata
b
etwe
en
9
8
0
an
d
9
9
0
h
Pa
also
i
n
d
icate
d
t
r
an
s
itio
n
zo
n
es
d
is
co
v
er
ed
b
y
s
war
m
-
b
ased
en
tr
o
p
y
d
etec
ti
o
n
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Data
in
teg
r
atio
n
in
cl
u
d
e
s
g
eo
-
r
ef
er
en
ci
n
g
m
eth
o
d
s
,
en
a
b
lin
g
r
e
g
io
n
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
a
n
aly
tics
.
T
h
is
g
u
ar
an
tees
th
at
th
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
ca
n
ad
ju
s
t
to
ce
r
t
ain
ec
o
lo
g
ical
cir
cu
m
s
tan
ce
s
,
h
en
ce
au
g
m
e
n
tin
g
its
ap
p
lic
ab
ilit
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ac
r
o
s
s
m
an
y
ec
o
s
y
s
tem
s
.
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h
ese
p
r
elim
in
ar
y
m
ea
s
u
r
es
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
s
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lid
b
asis
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o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
alg
o
r
i
th
m
ic
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
ts
an
d
s
im
u
latio
n
s
.
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h
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
C
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ex
p
er
im
en
ts
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d
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
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ased
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e
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e
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en
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ltiv
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r
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ter
ac
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ical
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ier
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ased
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r
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p
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ased
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u
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8
1
4
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ly
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rk
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s
a
n
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ro
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ss
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r
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p
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rtme
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g
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re
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n
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lt
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tt
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d
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h
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in
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h
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rica
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ls.
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c
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:
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.
in
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