I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
Adv
a
nces in Applie
d Science
s
(
I
J
AAS)
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
2
6
,
p
p
.
77
~
85
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
,
DOI
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/ijaas
.
v
1
5
.
i
1
.
pp
77
-
85
77
J
o
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na
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m
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e
:
h
ttp
:
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a
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&
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n
d
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rti
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icia
l
n
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ra
l
n
e
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r
k
s
(AN
N).
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ti
m
izin
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p
o
we
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ti
o
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P
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sy
ste
m
s
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rio
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s
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ircu
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e
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in
g
o
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l
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f
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e
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M
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P
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a
l
g
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th
m
s.
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it
s wid
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f
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ro
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LC
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K
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s
:
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ap
tiv
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n
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r
o
-
f
u
zz
y
in
te
r
f
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e
s
y
s
tem
s
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tific
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n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
MA
T
L
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im
u
lin
k
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x
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m
p
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t tr
ac
k
in
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Per
tu
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an
d
o
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Ph
o
to
v
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ltaic
s
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tem
T
h
is i
s
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p
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n
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c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
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se
.
C
o
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s
p
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A
uth
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:
Ma
d
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u
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a
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T
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Dep
ar
tm
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t o
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an
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lectr
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g
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T
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g
ala
Kr
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a
R
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d
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g
in
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r
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C
o
lleg
e
Me
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p
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Me
d
b
o
wli,
Hy
d
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ab
ad
,
T
elan
g
a
n
a
5
0
0
0
9
7
,
I
n
d
ia
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m
ail:
m
ad
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u
m
k
4
4
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@
g
m
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co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
a
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
PV
)
s
y
s
tem
,
wh
ich
u
s
es
s
o
lar
to
g
en
e
r
ate
elec
tr
icity
,
is
m
o
s
tly
r
elian
t o
n
en
v
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o
n
m
en
tal
f
ac
to
r
s
,
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d
in
g
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
an
d
s
u
n
s
h
in
e
in
ten
s
ity
.
Op
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th
e
PV sy
s
tem
at
its
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
(
MPP)
,
wh
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f
lu
ct
u
ates
with
s
h
if
tin
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
v
a
r
iab
les,
i
s
ess
en
tial
to
m
ax
im
izin
g
en
e
r
g
y
o
u
tp
u
t
[
1
]
.
T
ec
h
n
iq
u
es
f
r
o
m
m
a
x
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
i
n
t
tr
ac
k
in
g
(
MPPT)
ar
e
u
s
ef
u
l
in
th
is
s
itu
atio
n
.
T
h
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
'
s
o
p
er
atin
g
p
o
i
n
t
is
d
y
n
am
ically
m
o
d
if
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s
in
g
MPPT
alg
o
r
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th
m
s
to
h
ar
v
est
th
e
m
o
s
t
elec
tr
icity
f
ea
s
ib
le
[
2
]
.
Usi
n
g
a
b
u
ck
-
b
o
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s
t
co
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v
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r
t
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tu
d
y
in
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g
ates
a
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u
m
b
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o
f
MPPT
s
tr
at
eg
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s
u
ch
as
p
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tu
r
b
an
d
o
b
s
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v
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(
P&
O)
,
f
u
zz
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co
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tr
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(
FLC)
,
ad
ap
tiv
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n
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r
o
-
f
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zz
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n
f
er
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s
y
s
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(
ANFI
S)
,
an
d
ar
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al
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r
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
(
ANN)
.
T
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th
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PV
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ay
f
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ates.
R
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f
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tiv
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r
esp
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tim
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an
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,
ea
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MPPT
tech
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h
as
ad
v
an
tag
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an
d
d
is
ad
v
an
tag
es
o
f
its
o
wn
[
3
]
.
T
h
e
o
b
jectiv
e
is
to
ass
ess
h
o
w
well
th
ese
m
eth
o
d
s
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
m
ax
im
izin
g
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J
Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
2
0
2
6
:
77
-
85
78
PV
s
y
s
tem
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f
icien
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a
n
d
g
u
a
r
an
teein
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tech
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O
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e
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ain
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t
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io
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s
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tech
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es,
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as
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ar
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co
n
v
er
ter
.
T
o
m
atc
h
th
e
MP
P
estab
lis
h
ed
b
y
th
e
MPPT
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
t
h
is
co
n
v
er
ter
s
tep
s
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
u
p
o
r
d
o
wn
.
A
s
tead
y
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
ca
n
b
e
s
u
p
p
lied
b
y
th
e
b
u
c
k
-
boos
t
co
n
v
er
ter
t
o
p
o
wer
a
D
C
lo
ad
,
r
ec
h
ar
g
e
a
b
atter
y
,
o
r
s
u
p
p
l
y
elec
tr
icity
t
o
th
e
g
r
id
.
T
h
e
MPPT
tech
n
iq
u
e
is
co
n
tin
u
ally
ad
ju
s
ted
b
ase
d
o
n
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
f
r
o
m
th
e
PV
ar
r
ay
'
s
cu
r
r
en
t
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
s
en
s
o
r
s
as
well
as
th
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
o
f
th
e
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
,
g
u
ar
an
te
ein
g
th
at
th
e
s
y
s
tem
r
u
n
s
at
th
e
b
est
p
o
s
s
ib
le
p
o
in
t
f
o
r
h
ig
h
est
p
o
wer
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
.
Ov
er
all,
th
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
with
MPPT
tech
n
iq
u
es
an
d
a
b
u
c
k
-
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
te
r
en
s
u
r
es
ef
f
icien
t
o
p
er
atio
n
b
y
d
y
n
am
ically
a
d
ju
s
tin
g
to
t
h
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
o
p
tim
izin
g
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
,
an
d
d
eliv
er
i
n
g
r
el
iab
le
p
o
wer
t
o
th
e
lo
ad
,
b
atter
y
,
o
r
g
r
i
d
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
d
ep
icts
a
g
r
id
-
tied
PV sy
s
tem
b
lo
ck
d
ia
g
r
am
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Gr
id
-
tied
PV sy
s
tem
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Haq
et
a
l.
[
4
]
,
a
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
g
e
n
er
alize
d
Gau
s
s
ian
s
lid
i
n
g
m
o
d
e
co
n
tr
o
l
(
G
GSMC
)
i
s
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
to
u
s
e
a
DC
-
DC
b
u
ck
-
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
to
m
ax
im
ize
p
o
wer
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
f
r
o
m
a
PV
ar
r
ay
.
R
esear
ch
b
y
C
ar
m
o
n
a
et
a
l.
[
5
]
d
escr
ib
es
a
co
n
tr
o
ller
f
o
r
h
y
p
er
twis
tin
g
s
lid
in
g
m
o
d
es
-
b
ased
MPPT
tech
n
iq
u
e.
T
h
e
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tal
co
n
ce
p
t
is
r
eso
lv
in
g
th
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
tr
ajec
to
r
y
t
r
ac
k
in
g
co
n
tr
o
l
p
r
o
b
lem
,
in
w
h
ich
th
e
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
r
o
u
te
is
d
ef
in
e
d
b
y
th
e
MPP
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Me
tr
y
et
a
l.
[
6
]
,
a
m
o
d
el
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
co
n
tr
o
l
(
MPC
)
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
s
en
s
o
r
less
cu
r
r
en
t
(
SC
)
MP
P
T
is
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
'
s
m
ain
o
b
jectiv
e
is
th
e
elim
in
atio
n
o
f
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
s
en
s
o
r
,
wh
ich
is
o
f
ten
n
ee
d
e
d
f
o
r
p
o
p
u
lar
MPPT
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
e
s
lik
e
P&
O,
b
y
u
s
in
g
th
e
m
o
d
el
-
b
ased
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
co
n
tr
o
l
co
n
ce
p
t.
Fo
r
v
ar
i
o
u
s
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
to
p
o
lo
g
ies,
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
o
p
e
r
atio
n
al
p
o
i
n
t
(
ch
o
o
s
in
g
a
lo
a
d
lin
e)
o
n
MPPT
o
p
e
r
atio
n
h
as
b
ee
n
in
v
esti
g
ated
an
d
em
p
ir
ically
v
er
if
ied
[
7
]
–
[
1
1
]
.
Usi
n
g
an
ev
o
lu
tio
n
ar
y
g
en
etic
alg
o
r
ith
m
(
GA)
,
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
an
MPPT
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
b
ased
o
n
in
tellig
en
t
FLC
h
as
b
ee
n
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
ass
es
s
th
e
v
iab
ilit
y
o
f
MPPT
tech
n
iq
u
es
f
o
r
m
itig
atin
g
th
e
ad
v
er
s
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
p
ar
tial
s
h
ad
e,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
th
eir
ab
ilit
y
to
ac
cu
r
ately
an
d
q
u
ick
ly
d
etec
t
th
e
p
a
n
el
s
'
M
PP
[
1
3
]
–
[
1
7
]
.
T
wo
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
MPPT
tech
n
iq
u
es
,
FLC
an
d
P&
O
,
h
av
e
b
ee
n
alter
ed
to
g
et
o
v
e
r
d
r
awb
ac
k
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
o
s
cillatio
n
s
in
s
tead
y
-
s
tate
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
en
h
an
ce
tr
a
n
s
ien
t
r
esp
o
n
s
e
[
1
8
]
,
[
1
9
]
c
o
m
p
ar
es
two
p
o
p
u
lar
MPPT
tech
n
iq
u
es
f
o
r
a
PV
s
y
s
tem
w
ith
a
r
esis
tiv
e
lo
ad
a
n
d
a
s
tep
-
u
p
co
n
v
e
r
ter
:
in
cr
em
en
tal
co
n
d
u
ctan
ce
(
I
NC
)
an
d
P&
O.
ANFI
S
is
u
s
ed
to
o
p
tim
ize
th
e
g
r
id
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
win
d
an
d
PV
en
er
g
y
in
h
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
tem
s
u
s
in
g
in
tellig
en
t
co
n
tr
o
l
tactics.
T
h
e
ANFI
S
co
n
tr
o
l
s
ee
k
s
to
o
p
ti
m
ize
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
r
en
ewa
b
le
e
n
er
g
y
(
R
E
)
,
im
p
r
o
v
e
p
o
wer
m
an
a
g
em
en
t,
a
n
d
in
c
r
e
ase
g
r
id
s
tab
ilit
y
[
2
0
]
.
P&
O
MPPT
tech
n
iq
u
e
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
[
2
1
]
f
o
r
a
PV
s
y
s
tem
l
in
k
ed
to
th
e
g
r
id
at
3
-
ɸ.
T
h
is
i
d
ea
m
ak
es
u
s
e
o
f
an
M
PP
T
ap
p
licatio
n
t
o
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
PV
ar
r
ay
'
s
ef
f
icien
cy
in
th
e
ev
e
n
t
o
f
u
n
s
tab
le
wea
th
er
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
B
ec
au
s
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
an
d
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
co
n
d
itio
n
s
ar
e
s
to
ch
asti
c,
it
is
cr
u
cial
to
in
clu
d
e
an
MPPT
alg
o
r
ith
m
in
to
a
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
to
o
p
tim
ize
th
e
p
o
wer
o
u
t
p
u
t
o
f
a
s
o
lar
s
y
s
tem
[
2
2
]
.
W
aiju
n
g
b
lo
ck
s
ets
ar
e
u
s
ed
in
em
b
ed
d
e
d
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
i
n
g
f
o
r
a
3
2
-
b
it
AR
M
C
o
r
tex
m
ic
r
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
-
b
ased
m
o
d
if
ied
DC
-
P&
O
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
(
STM
3
2
F4
0
7
VGT
6
)
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
v
id
es
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
'
s
h
ig
h
ly
an
ticip
ated
r
esu
lts
in
o
r
d
er
to
m
ak
e
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
P
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
en
h
a
n
ce
me
n
t o
f
p
h
o
to
v
o
lta
ic
s
ystem
in
teg
r
a
ted
w
ith
a
s
in
g
le
-
…
(
Ma
d
h
u
b
a
b
u
Th
ir
u
ve
ed
u
la
)
79
s
tan
d
alo
n
e
s
y
s
tem
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
with
f
ast
-
tr
ac
k
in
g
[
2
4
]
,
o
u
tli
n
in
g
a
cu
ttin
g
-
e
d
g
e
s
tr
ateg
y
f
o
r
o
p
tim
izin
g
PV
m
o
d
u
le
p
o
wer
g
e
n
er
atio
n
an
d
co
n
n
ec
tin
g
it
with
th
e
elec
tr
i
ca
l
n
etwo
r
k
in
a
s
m
o
o
th
m
an
n
er
.
T
h
e
in
v
en
tio
n
is
a
clam
p
ed
Z
-
s
o
u
r
ce
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
th
at
in
cr
ea
s
es
PV
v
o
lta
g
e
to
e
n
ab
le
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
p
o
wer
t
r
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
to
th
e
g
r
id
.
L
u
o
co
n
v
er
ter
an
d
ca
s
ca
d
ed
ANN,
a
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
-
MPPT
tech
n
iq
u
e,
ar
e
u
s
ed
u
n
d
er
p
ar
tial
s
h
ad
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
(
PS
C
)
[
2
5
]
f
o
r
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
th
e
PV sy
s
tem
'
s
id
ea
l p
o
wer
.
2.
M
O
DE
L
I
NG
O
F
P
V
SY
ST
E
M
A
PV
s
y
s
tem
's
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
a
n
d
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
ar
e
m
o
d
ele
d
i
n
o
r
d
er
t
o
f
o
r
ec
ast
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
u
n
d
er
v
ar
io
u
s
cir
c
u
m
s
tan
ce
s
.
Usu
ally
,
s
in
g
le
-
o
r
d
o
u
b
le
-
d
io
d
e
m
o
d
els
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
d
ep
ict
t
h
e
s
o
lar
p
a
n
els,
an
d
MPPT
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
cu
r
v
es
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
m
o
d
el
t
h
e
in
v
e
r
ter
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
th
e
p
an
el
is
af
f
ec
te
d
b
y
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
elem
en
ts
s
u
ch
as
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
an
d
s
u
n
r
ad
iat
io
n
.
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
o
f
twar
e
o
r
MA
T
L
AB
/S
im
u
lin
k
ar
e
ex
am
p
les
o
f
to
o
ls
th
at
aid
in
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
m
o
d
elin
g
,
s
y
s
tem
ef
f
icien
c
y
ev
alu
at
io
n
,
en
e
r
g
y
o
u
tp
u
t
p
r
ed
ic
tio
n
,
an
d
d
esig
n
o
p
tim
izatio
n
u
n
d
er
a
r
an
g
e
o
f
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
d
e
p
icts
an
eq
u
iv
alen
t
s
o
lar
ce
ll c
ir
cu
it.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
An
eq
u
iv
ale
n
t so
lar
ce
ll c
ir
cu
it
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
is
g
iv
en
b
y
th
e
e
q
u
iv
alen
t c
ir
c
u
it
(
1
)
.
ℎ
=
+
+
(
1
)
T
h
e
d
io
d
e'
s
cu
r
r
en
t,
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
u
s
in
g
b
y
(
2
)
.
=
0
[
e
xp
(
+
2
)
−
1
]
(
2
)
T
h
e
f
lo
w
o
f
cu
r
r
en
t in
th
e
d
io
d
e
is
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
y
(
3
)
.
=
(
+
)
(
3
)
In
(
1
)
g
iv
es u
s
th
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
I
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
as in
(
4
)
.
=
−
+
ℎ
−
(
4
)
In
(
2
)
an
d
(
3
)
,
s
u
b
s
titu
tin
g
(
4
)
,
th
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
f
o
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m
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es in
to
(
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.
=
ℎ
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0
[
〈
+
∝
〉
−
1
]
−
〈
+
〉
(
5
)
W
h
er
e
V
is
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
th
e
ce
ll
;
is
t
h
e
s
er
ies ce
l
l o
f
r
esis
t
an
ce
[
Ω
]
;
is
s
tan
d
s
f
o
r
p
ar
allel
r
esis
tan
ce
;
is
c
u
r
r
en
t
o
f
s
atu
r
atio
n
(
A)
;
is
th
e
m
o
d
u
le'
s
th
er
m
al
v
o
ltag
e
.
W
ith
b
ein
g
th
e
q
u
an
tity
o
f
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
te
d
ce
lls
in
s
er
ie
s
=
/
;
T
is
t
h
e
ce
ll's
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
[
°K]
;
q
is
ch
ar
g
e
o
f
an
elec
tr
o
n
=
1
.
6
×
10
−
19
;
k
is
a
co
n
s
tan
t
o
f
th
e
d
io
d
e
is
th
e
B
o
ltzm
an
n
co
n
s
tan
t
(
1
.
3854
×
10
−
23
°
−
1
)
;
an
d
a
is
t
h
e
d
io
d
e'
s
co
n
s
tan
t
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J
Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
2
0
2
6
:
77
-
85
80
3.
M
AXI
M
U
M
P
O
WE
R
P
O
I
N
T
T
RA
CK
I
NG
CO
NT
RO
L
L
E
R
S
B
y
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
th
e
MPP
an
d
em
p
lo
y
in
g
tech
n
i
q
u
es
lik
e
FLC,
ANFI
S,
P&
O
,
an
d
ANN,
MPP
T
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
m
a
x
im
ize
th
e
p
o
w
er
o
f
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
P&
O
is
s
tr
aig
h
tf
o
r
war
d
,
o
s
cillatio
n
s
co
u
ld
o
cc
u
r
.
I
n
d
y
n
am
ic
s
itu
atio
n
s
,
FLC
o
f
f
er
s
m
o
r
e
s
tab
le
a
n
d
f
lu
id
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
Fu
zz
y
lo
g
ic
an
d
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
ar
e
co
m
b
in
ed
in
ANFI
S to
p
r
o
v
id
e
ef
f
icien
t tr
ac
k
in
g
with
f
ewe
r
o
s
cillatio
n
s
an
d
lo
wer
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
d
em
a
n
d
s
.
3
.
1
.
P
er
t
urb a
nd
o
bs
er
v
e
co
ntr
o
ller
T
h
e
P&
O
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
a
m
o
s
tly
u
s
ed
MPPT
tech
n
iq
u
e
in
s
o
lar
s
y
s
tem
s
.
I
t
wo
r
k
s
b
y
m
ak
in
g
litt
le
ad
ju
s
tm
en
ts
to
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
a
l
v
o
ltag
e
o
r
cu
r
r
en
t
o
f
th
e
s
o
l
ar
p
an
el
an
d
t
h
en
tr
ac
k
i
n
g
th
e
ch
an
g
e
in
p
o
wer
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
th
at
r
esu
lts
.
I
f
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
r
is
es
af
ter
a
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
,
th
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
co
n
tin
u
es
to
ad
ju
s
t
in
th
at
d
ir
ec
tio
n
;
wh
en
ev
e
r
th
e
p
o
wer
d
ec
r
ea
s
es,
th
e
ad
ju
s
tm
en
t
d
ir
ec
tio
n
is
r
ev
er
s
ed
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
ca
n
tr
ac
k
th
e
MPP,
wh
er
e
th
e
s
o
lar
p
an
el
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
th
e
g
r
ea
test
en
er
g
y
,
th
an
k
s
to
th
e
co
n
tin
u
al
r
e
p
etitio
n
o
f
th
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
3
.
2
.
F
uzzy
lo
g
ic
co
ntr
o
l
co
nt
ro
ller
Fu
zz
y
lo
g
ic
p
r
i
n
cip
les
ar
e
u
s
e
d
b
y
a
n
FLC
to
m
ak
e
d
ec
is
io
n
s
b
ased
o
n
im
p
r
ec
is
e
o
r
u
n
ce
r
tain
in
p
u
t
d
ata.
FLCs
ca
n
h
an
d
le
am
b
i
g
u
ity
in
th
e
r
ea
l
wo
r
ld
b
ec
a
u
s
e
th
ey
o
p
er
ate
with
v
alu
es
b
etwe
en
0
an
d
1
,
u
n
lik
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
s
th
at
em
p
lo
y
b
in
ar
y
lo
g
ic.
FLCs
em
p
lo
y
f
u
zz
y
r
u
les
t
h
at
ar
e
c
r
ea
ted
b
y
ex
p
er
ts
,
lik
e
"I
F
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
is
h
ig
h
,
th
en
f
an
s
p
ee
d
is
h
ig
h
.
"
Fu
zz
if
icatio
n
(
tu
r
n
in
g
in
p
u
ts
in
to
f
u
zz
y
s
ets),
in
f
er
en
ce
(
u
s
in
g
f
u
zz
y
r
u
les)
,
an
d
d
ef
u
zz
if
icatio
n
(
tu
r
n
in
g
f
u
zz
y
o
u
tp
u
t
in
to
ex
ac
t
ac
tio
n
s
)
ar
e
th
e
th
r
ee
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es in
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
3
.
3
.
Art
if
ici
a
l neura
l net
wo
rk
s
co
ntr
o
ller
A
n
A
N
N
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
le
r
i
s
p
er
f
ec
t
f
o
r
co
m
p
l
e
x
,
n
o
n
l
in
e
ar
,
a
n
d
u
n
p
r
ed
i
c
t
a
b
le
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
s
i
n
c
e
i
t
m
o
d
el
s
a
n
d
co
n
tr
o
l
s
d
y
n
am
i
c
s
y
s
t
em
s
u
s
in
g
n
e
u
r
a
l
n
e
t
wo
r
k
s
.
A
N
N
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
s
l
e
ar
n
an
d
a
d
a
p
t
f
r
o
m
d
a
t
a,
e
n
h
an
c
in
g
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
tr
a
i
n
i
n
g
,
i
n
co
n
tr
a
s
t
t
o
m
o
r
e
co
n
v
en
t
i
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
s
l
i
k
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
t
io
n
al
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
l
d
e
r
i
v
a
t
i
v
e
(
P
I
D
)
.
T
h
ey
a
r
e
m
a
d
e
u
p
o
f
l
a
y
e
r
s
o
f
l
i
n
k
e
d
n
e
u
r
o
n
s
t
h
a
t
u
s
e
w
e
ig
h
t
ed
c
o
n
n
ec
t
i
o
n
s
a
n
d
a
c
t
i
v
a
t
io
n
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
s
to
p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
n
p
u
t
s
.
T
h
e
y
a
r
e
u
s
e
f
u
l
in
d
y
n
a
m
ic
co
n
t
ex
t
s
b
e
c
a
u
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
ir
ca
p
a
c
i
ty
to
m
a
n
ag
e
u
n
an
t
i
c
ip
a
t
e
d
a
c
t
io
n
s
.
3
.
4
.
Ada
ptiv
e
neuro
-
f
uzzy
i
nfe
re
nce
s
y
s
t
em
s
co
ntr
o
ller
An
ANFI
S
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
a
h
y
b
r
id
in
tellig
en
t
s
y
s
tem
th
at
m
o
d
els
co
m
p
licated
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
ca
r
r
ies
o
u
t
co
n
tr
o
l
task
s
b
y
c
o
m
b
in
i
n
g
t
h
e
b
en
ef
its
o
f
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
an
d
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic.
I
t
c
o
m
b
in
es
t
h
e
lear
n
in
g
p
o
wer
s
o
f
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
with
f
u
z
zy
in
f
er
e
n
ce
s
y
s
tem
s
,
wh
ich
ar
e
p
r
e
d
icate
d
o
n
h
u
m
a
n
-
li
k
e
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
u
s
in
g
lin
g
u
is
tic
f
ac
to
r
s
.
T
h
e
en
d
r
esu
lt
is
a
s
tr
o
n
g
co
n
tr
o
ller
t
h
at
ca
n
m
an
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
u
n
c
er
tain
t
ies,
ad
ju
s
t
to
ch
an
g
es,
a
n
d
lear
n
f
r
o
m
d
ata.
B
y
lear
n
in
g
f
r
o
m
t
r
ain
in
g
d
ata
,
ANFI
S
em
p
lo
y
s
a
n
eu
r
al
n
et
wo
r
k
to
m
o
d
if
y
th
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
o
f
m
em
b
e
r
s
h
ip
.
‒
L
ay
er
1
:
d
ef
in
es
th
e
in
p
u
t v
ar
i
ab
les an
d
th
eir
m
e
m
b
er
s
h
ip
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
(
e.
g
.
,
lo
w,
m
e
d
iu
m
,
a
n
d
h
ig
h
)
.
‒
L
ay
er
2
:
ca
lcu
lates
th
e
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
m
em
b
e
r
s
h
ip
o
f
ea
ch
in
p
u
t
with
r
esp
ec
t to
th
e
f
u
zz
y
s
ets.
‒
L
ay
er
3
:
a
p
p
lies
a
r
u
le
-
b
ased
m
ec
h
an
is
m
to
ca
lcu
late
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t o
f
ea
c
h
r
u
le.
‒
L
ay
er
4
:
c
o
m
p
u
tes
th
e
weig
h
ted
s
u
m
o
f
o
u
tp
u
ts
,
u
s
in
g
th
e
r
u
le
s
tr
en
g
th
s
.
‒
L
ay
er
5
:
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
th
e
f
in
al
o
u
tp
u
t b
y
c
o
m
b
in
i
n
g
th
e
r
esu
lts
f
r
o
m
all
r
u
les.
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
ab
le
1
s
h
o
ws
s
im
u
latio
n
s
o
f
a
s
o
lar
s
y
s
tem
with
a
b
u
c
k
-
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
a
n
d
MPPT
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
(
P&
O,
FLC,
AN
N,
an
d
AN
FIS)
,
s
h
o
win
g
th
at
P&
O
ac
h
iev
ed
9
5
-
9
8
%
ef
f
icien
cy
with
o
s
cillatio
n
s
.
FLC
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
ef
f
icien
cy
to
9
6
-
9
9
%,
wh
ile
ANN
r
ea
ch
ed
9
8
-
9
9
%
with
m
in
im
al
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
an
d
h
ig
h
ac
cu
r
ac
y
.
ANFI
S
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
all,
with
9
9
-
1
0
0
%
ef
f
icien
cy
,
f
ast
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
en
ess
,
an
d
n
o
o
s
cillatio
n
s
,
m
ak
in
g
it
id
ea
l
f
o
r
f
lu
ct
u
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Per
f
o
r
m
an
ce
co
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
MPPT
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
M
P
P
T
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
s
O
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
vo
l
t
s)
S
e
t
t
l
i
n
g
t
i
me
(
t
s)
To
t
a
l
h
a
r
mo
n
i
c
d
i
s
t
o
r
t
i
o
n
(
TH
D
)
%
P
&O
2
2
1
.
5
0
.
1
5
5
7
.
7
5
F
LC
2
2
4
.
8
0
.
6
5
5
5
.
7
8
ANN
2
2
7
.
8
0
.
0
2
3
.
8
3
A
N
F
I
S
2
3
0
.
1
0
.
0
1
1
.
9
0
Fig
u
r
es
3
an
d
4
d
escr
ib
e
u
s
in
g
P&
O,
FLC,
AN
N,
an
d
ANFI
S
tech
n
iq
u
es,
th
e
s
im
u
lated
g
r
ap
h
o
f
PV
p
o
wer
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
u
n
d
er
s
tea
d
y
-
s
tate
cir
cu
m
s
tan
ce
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
d
if
f
er
in
g
tr
ac
k
in
g
e
f
f
ic
ien
cy
o
f
th
e
MPP.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
P
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
en
h
a
n
ce
me
n
t o
f
p
h
o
to
v
o
lta
ic
s
ystem
in
teg
r
a
ted
w
ith
a
s
in
g
le
-
…
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d
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o
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t
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y
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o
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e
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r
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5
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ig
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u
r
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3
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n
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er
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u
r
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
2
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:
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ax
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m
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ict
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6
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r
e
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e
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r
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tp
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t v
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I
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Ap
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N:
2252
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ased
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ased
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I
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2
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I
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Ad
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Ap
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l.
1
5
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No
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1
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Ma
r
c
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2
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2
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84
DATA AV
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AB
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RE
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s
o
f
in
tere
st
in
c
l
u
d
e
r
e
n
e
wa
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
s
o
u
rc
e
s,
se
m
ico
n
d
u
c
t
o
rs
,
p
o
we
r
e
lec
tro
n
ics
,
a
n
d
p
o
we
r
q
u
a
li
ty
.
S
h
e
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
e
d
a
so
lar
d
r
o
n
e
a
t
Tee
g
a
la
Krish
n
a
Re
d
d
y
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
Co
l
leg
e
,
Hy
d
e
ra
b
a
d
.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
t
ed
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
th
iram
d
a
su
c
h
a
n
d
a
n
a
@g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
Meg
h
a
v
a
th
Ma
h
e
sh
is
p
re
se
n
tl
y
a
UG
stu
d
e
n
t
in
E
lec
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
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e
c
tro
n
ics
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
at
Tee
g
a
la
K
rish
n
a
Re
d
d
y
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
Co
l
leg
e
,
H
y
d
e
ra
b
a
d
,
I
n
d
ia.
He
h
a
s
p
u
rs
u
e
d
h
is
d
i
p
lo
m
a
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
t
G
o
v
e
rn
m
e
n
t
P
o
l
y
tec
h
n
ic
,
M
a
h
a
b
u
b
n
a
g
a
r.
He
h
a
s
p
re
se
n
ted
tec
h
n
ica
l
p
a
p
e
rs
a
t
v
a
ri
o
u
s
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
a
n
d
i
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
fe
re
n
c
e
s.
His
a
re
a
s
o
f
in
tere
s
t
in
c
lu
d
e
re
n
e
wa
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
,
p
o
w
e
r
e
lec
tro
n
ics
,
p
o
we
r
q
u
a
li
ty
,
a
n
d
re
n
e
wa
b
le en
e
rg
y
s
o
u
rc
e
s.
H
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
t
ed
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
m
a
h
e
sh
n
a
y
a
k
2
3
1
9
@
g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
Av
in
a
sh
Uda
l
a
is
p
re
se
n
tl
y
a
UG
stu
d
e
n
t
in
E
lec
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
at
Tee
g
a
la
K
rish
n
a
Re
d
d
y
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
Co
ll
e
g
e
,
H
y
d
e
ra
b
a
d
,
I
n
d
ia.
He
h
a
s
p
u
rs
u
e
d
h
is
d
ip
l
o
m
a
in
E
lec
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
t
G
o
v
e
rn
m
e
n
t
P
o
ly
tec
h
n
ic
,
Ko
s
g
i.
He
h
a
s
p
re
se
n
ted
tec
h
n
ica
l
p
a
p
e
rs
a
t
v
a
rio
u
s
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
a
n
d
in
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
fe
re
n
c
e
s.
His
a
re
a
s
o
f
in
tere
st
in
c
lu
d
e
re
n
e
wa
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
,
p
o
we
r
e
lec
tro
n
ics
,
p
o
we
r
q
u
a
li
t
y
,
a
n
d
P
V
s
y
st
e
m
s.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
ta
ct
ed
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
u
a
v
in
a
sh
5
6
7
@g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
Ye
r
r
a
Pra
v
e
e
n
is
p
re
se
n
tl
y
a
UG
stu
d
e
n
t
in
E
lec
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
at
Tee
g
a
la
K
rish
n
a
Re
d
d
y
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
Co
ll
e
g
e
,
H
y
d
e
ra
b
a
d
,
I
n
d
i
a
.
He
h
a
s
p
re
se
n
ted
tec
h
n
ica
l
p
a
p
e
rs
a
t
v
a
rio
u
s
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
a
n
d
i
n
t
e
rn
a
ti
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
fe
re
n
c
e
s.
His
a
re
a
s
o
f
in
tere
st
in
c
l
u
d
e
re
n
e
wa
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
,
p
o
we
r
e
lec
tro
n
ics
,
a
n
d
p
o
we
r
q
u
a
li
t
y
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
t
ed
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
p
ra
v
e
e
n
y
e
rra
1
1
@g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
Mo
h
a
m
m
e
d
As
a
d
u
z
z
a
m
a
is
p
re
se
n
tl
y
a
UG
stu
d
e
n
t
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
at
Tee
g
a
la
Krish
n
a
Re
d
d
y
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
Co
l
leg
e
,
Hy
d
e
ra
b
a
d
,
In
d
ia.
He
h
a
s
p
re
se
n
ted
tec
h
n
ica
l
p
a
p
e
rs
a
t
v
a
rio
u
s
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
a
n
d
in
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
fe
re
n
c
e
s.
His
a
re
a
s
o
f
in
tere
s
t
in
c
lu
d
e
re
n
e
wa
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
,
p
o
we
r
e
lec
tro
n
ics
,
p
o
we
r
q
u
a
li
t
y
,
a
n
d
m
u
lt
il
e
v
e
l
in
v
e
rters
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
t
ed
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
m
o
h
a
m
m
e
d
a
sa
d
u
z
z
a
m
a
@g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
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