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V
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15
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20
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, pp.
86
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2252
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D
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Digital
transformation
opens
opportunities
for
Sharia
pawnshops
to
d
evelop
innovative a
pplication
-
based services following
Sharia
principles. Thi
s study
analyzes
the
perception
and
experience
of
users
of
the
Sharia
pa
wnshop
applicati
on
on
the
Google
Play
Store
using
a
netnography
appro
ach.
It
collects
and
analyzes
395
user
reviews
between
June
and
December
2024,
which
consist
of
219
positive
reviews
and
176
negative
review
s.
The
analysis
shows
that
59.82%
of
users
gave
positi
ve
reviews
reg
arding
satisfaction
with
using
the
application,
especially
regarding
tran
saction
security and e
ase of use. A
s many as 17.35% of
positive reviews e
mph
asized
the benef
its of the a
pplication in
transfor
ming
Islamic
financial
servic
es. The
main
challenges
identified
included
update
system
problems
(35
.23%),
technica
l
and
server
problems
(30.11%),
and
registratio
n
com
plexity
(5.68%).
There
was
also
a
discrepancy
between
numeri
cal
ratin
gs
and
review
content.
Important
concerns
include
service
problems
(9.66
%)
and
limited
choice
of
Islamic
banks
(5.11%).
This
research
provides
im
portant
insigh
ts
for
the
development
of
digital
Islamic
fin
ance
applications
in
the
future,
especially
in
the
aspects
of
improvin
g
technologi
cal
infrastructure,
simplifying
processes,
and
improving
the
quality
of
customer
servic
e.
The
results
of
this
study
contribute
to
a
better
understandi
ng
of
user
needs
in
the
context
of the di
gitizat
ion of
Islamic
financial serv
ices in Indo
nesia.
K
e
y
w
o
r
d
s
:
D
ig
it
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li
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on of
S
ha
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r
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w
s
This is an
open
acce
ss artic
le unde
r the
CC BY
-
SA
license.
C
or
r
e
s
pon
di
n
g A
u
th
or
:
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r
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s
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e
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S
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ua
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it
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p
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c
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m
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ti
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b
r
oa
de
r
f
i
na
n
c
ia
l
in
c
lu
s
io
n
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
T
h
is
d
ig
it
a
l
t
r
a
ns
f
o
r
m
a
t
io
n
a
ls
o
pr
ov
id
e
s
opp
or
tu
ni
t
ie
s
f
or
I
s
l
a
m
ic
f
in
a
nc
i
a
l
i
ns
t
it
ut
io
ns
to
o
f
f
e
r
in
n
ova
ti
ve
p
r
o
duc
ts
a
nd
s
e
r
v
ic
e
s
i
n
a
c
c
o
r
d
a
nc
e
w
it
h
S
ha
r
ia
pr
in
c
ip
le
s
[
3]
.
I
n
I
n
do
ne
s
ia
,
w
i
th
a
m
a
j
or
it
y
M
us
li
m
p
opu
la
ti
on,
th
e
di
gi
ta
l
iz
a
ti
on
of
th
e
I
s
la
m
ic
f
i
na
n
c
ia
l
s
e
c
t
or
ha
s
g
r
e
a
t
p
ot
e
nt
ia
l
to
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
f
i
na
nc
ia
l
i
nc
l
us
i
on
w
hi
le
s
upp
o
r
t
in
g
s
us
t
a
in
a
b
le
na
ti
ona
l
e
c
o
nom
ic
gr
ow
t
h
[
4
]
.
O
ne
pl
a
t
f
o
r
m
s
up
po
r
t
in
g
di
g
it
a
l
t
r
a
ns
f
o
r
m
a
t
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n
in
I
s
la
m
ic
f
in
a
nc
e
is
t
he
G
o
ogl
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P
l
a
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S
t
or
e
.
T
he
G
o
ogl
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P
la
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S
to
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pr
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id
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im
p
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ta
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ne
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ds
[
5
]
,
[
6
]
.
T
he
pl
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t
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m
p
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ov
id
e
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va
r
ie
ty
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f
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nc
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d
in
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p a
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.
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hop
is
on
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of
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non
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nk
S
ha
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s
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in
a
nc
i
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in
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(
L
K
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)
th
a
t
pl
a
ys
a
n
im
por
ta
nt
r
ol
e
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s
uppor
ti
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th
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s
p
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ll
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in
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s
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a
nc
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onomi
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pow
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e
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c
om
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uni
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[
7
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–
[
9]
.
T
hi
s
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ns
ti
tu
ti
on pr
ovi
de
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in
a
nc
in
g s
ol
ut
io
ns
unde
r
S
ha
r
i
a
pr
in
c
ip
le
s
,
s
uc
h
a
s
r
a
hn
a
nd
ij
a
r
a
h
c
ont
r
a
c
ts
,
a
nd
s
e
r
ve
s
th
e
c
o
m
m
uni
ty
'
s
ne
e
ds
w
it
h
s
im
pl
e
pr
oc
e
dur
e
s
a
nd
a
f
f
or
da
bl
e
c
os
ts
[
10]
,
[
11]
.
I
n
a
ddi
ti
on,
S
ha
r
ia
pa
w
ns
hops
s
uppor
t
th
e
gr
ow
th
of
m
ic
r
o,
s
m
a
ll
,
a
nd
m
e
di
um
e
nt
e
r
pr
is
e
s
(
M
S
M
E
s
)
t
hr
ough f
le
xi
bl
e
a
nd e
a
s
il
y a
c
c
e
s
s
ib
le
f
in
a
nc
in
g s
e
r
vi
c
e
s
[
12]
, [
13]
.
S
ha
r
ia
pa
w
ns
hop
ha
s
a
da
pt
e
d
to
te
c
hnol
ogi
c
a
l
de
ve
lo
pm
e
n
ts
by
la
unc
hi
ng
th
e
di
gi
ta
l
S
ha
r
ia
pa
w
ns
hop
(
D
S
P
)
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
on
in
2018
to
m
a
ke
it
e
a
s
i
e
r
f
or
c
us
to
m
e
r
s
to
tr
a
n
s
a
c
t
w
it
hout
vi
s
it
in
g
phys
i
c
a
l
out
le
ts
[
14]
,
[
15]
.
T
hi
s
in
nova
ti
on
a
ll
ow
s
c
us
to
m
e
r
s
to
m
a
k
e
tr
a
ns
a
c
ti
ons
qui
c
kl
y
a
nd
s
e
c
ur
e
ly
w
it
hout
c
om
in
g
di
r
e
c
tl
y
to
th
e
br
a
nc
h
of
f
ic
e
[
16]
.
I
n
a
ddi
ti
on,
th
is
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
on
is
de
s
ig
ne
d
to
r
e
a
c
h
th
e
younge
r
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on,
w
ho
a
r
e
m
or
e
f
a
m
il
ia
r
w
i
th
di
gi
ta
l
te
c
hnol
ogy
[
16]
.
T
hi
s
s
te
p
s
how
s
S
ha
r
ia
pa
w
ns
hop
's
c
om
m
it
m
e
nt
to
s
uppor
ti
ng
I
s
la
m
ic
f
in
a
nc
ia
l
in
c
lu
s
io
n
in
th
e
d
ig
it
a
l
e
r
a
[
17]
,
[
18]
.
I
n
I
ndone
s
ia
,
D
S
P
is
a
n
in
nova
ti
on
th
a
t
a
im
s
to
m
a
ke
it
e
a
s
ie
r
f
or
pe
opl
e
to
a
c
c
e
s
s
S
ha
r
ia
-
ba
s
e
d
pa
w
ns
hop
s
e
r
vi
c
e
s
th
r
ough
m
obi
le
de
vi
c
e
s
[
19]
.
T
hi
s
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
on
pr
ovi
de
s
c
onve
ni
e
nc
e
f
or
c
u
s
to
m
e
r
s
a
c
c
e
s
s
in
g
va
r
io
us
s
e
r
vi
c
e
s
,
s
uc
h
a
s
a
ppl
yi
ng
f
or
a
m
or
tg
a
ge
,
pa
yi
ng
in
s
ta
ll
m
e
nt
s
,
a
nd
ope
ni
ng
a
g
ol
d
s
a
vi
ngs
a
c
c
ount
onl
in
e
,
th
e
r
e
by
in
c
r
e
a
s
in
g
e
f
f
ic
ie
nc
y
a
nd
c
onve
ni
e
nc
e
in
tr
a
ns
a
c
ti
ons
[
16]
,
[
20]
.
H
ow
e
ve
r
,
th
e
s
uc
c
e
s
s
of
a
n
a
pp
is
de
te
r
m
in
e
d
not
onl
y
by
th
e
f
e
a
tu
r
e
s
a
va
il
a
bl
e
but
a
l
s
o
by
th
e
le
ve
l
of
us
e
r
s
a
ti
s
f
a
c
ti
on
a
nd
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
,
w
hi
c
h
is
of
te
n
m
e
a
s
ur
e
d
th
r
ough r
e
vi
e
w
s
a
nd r
a
ti
ngs
on pla
tf
or
m
s
l
ik
e
t
he
G
oogl
e
P
la
y S
to
r
e
[
21]
.
I
n
th
e
c
a
s
e
of
D
S
P
,
us
e
r
r
e
vi
e
w
s
on
th
e
G
oogl
e
P
la
y
S
to
r
e
c
a
n
pr
ovi
de
im
por
ta
nt
in
f
or
m
a
ti
o
n
r
e
ga
r
di
ng
th
e
a
dva
nt
a
g
e
s
a
nd
di
s
a
dva
nt
a
ge
s
of
th
e
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
on,
s
uc
h
a
s
e
a
s
e
of
na
vi
ga
ti
on,
s
ys
te
m
r
e
li
a
bi
li
ty
,
a
nd
th
e
qua
li
ty
of
s
e
r
vi
c
e
p
e
r
c
e
iv
e
d
by
u
s
e
r
s
[
22]
.
I
n
a
ddi
ti
on,
th
is
di
gi
ta
l
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
on
a
ls
o
c
ont
r
ib
ut
e
s
to
in
c
r
e
a
s
in
g
pe
opl
e
'
s
f
in
a
nc
ia
l
li
te
r
a
c
y
to
w
a
r
ds
S
ha
r
ia
-
ba
s
e
d
pr
oduc
ts
by
in
tr
oduc
in
g
th
e
m
to
m
ode
r
n
f
in
a
nc
ia
l
s
e
r
vi
c
e
s
th
a
t
f
ol
lo
w
S
ha
r
ia
pr
in
c
ip
le
s
[
23]
.
R
e
c
e
nt
d
e
ve
lo
pm
e
nt
s
in
I
s
la
m
ic
f
in
te
c
h
ha
ve
pr
ovi
de
d
va
lu
a
bl
e
in
s
ig
ht
s
in
to
u
s
e
r
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
a
c
r
os
s
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
r
e
gi
ons
.
I
nt
e
r
na
ti
ona
l
s
tu
di
e
s
de
m
ons
tr
a
te
th
a
t
u
s
e
r
tr
us
t,
te
c
hnol
ogi
c
a
l
r
e
a
di
ne
s
s
,
a
nd
r
e
li
gi
ous
or
ie
nt
a
ti
on
a
r
e
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
f
a
c
to
r
s
in
f
lu
e
nc
in
g
th
e
a
dopt
io
n
a
nd
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ne
s
s
of
I
s
la
m
ic
f
in
te
c
h
pl
a
tf
or
m
s
in
va
r
io
us
ju
r
is
di
c
ti
ons
—
in
c
lu
di
ng
T
ur
ke
y,
M
a
la
ys
ia
,
a
nd
s
e
v
e
r
a
l
M
id
dl
e
E
a
s
te
r
n
c
ount
r
ie
s
[
24]
,
[
25]
.
M
a
la
ys
ia
,
f
or
in
s
ta
n
c
e
,
ha
s
f
os
te
r
e
d
a
dva
n
c
e
d
di
gi
ta
l
I
s
la
m
ic
f
in
a
nc
e
in
f
r
a
s
tr
uc
tu
r
e
a
nd
c
om
pr
e
he
ns
iv
e
r
e
gul
a
to
r
y
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
ks
,
r
e
s
ul
ti
ng
in
hi
ghe
r
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
a
nd
br
oa
de
r
f
in
a
nc
ia
l
in
c
lu
s
io
n
c
om
pa
r
e
d
to
I
ndone
s
ia
,
w
he
r
e
th
e
r
e
g
ul
a
to
r
y
e
nvi
r
onm
e
nt
is
s
ti
ll
m
a
tu
r
in
g
[
26]
.
C
om
pa
r
a
ti
ve
a
na
ly
s
is
s
how
s
s
im
il
a
r
it
ie
s
a
nd
di
f
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
be
tw
e
e
n
S
ha
r
ia
pa
w
ns
hop
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
ons
in
I
ndone
s
ia
,
M
a
la
ys
ia
,
a
nd
th
e
M
id
dl
e
E
a
s
t,
e
s
pe
c
ia
ll
y
r
e
ga
r
di
ng
r
e
gul
a
to
r
y ha
r
m
oni
z
a
ti
on,
c
ons
um
e
r
pr
ot
e
c
ti
on,
a
nd
u
s
e
r
e
nga
ge
m
e
nt
s
tr
a
te
gi
e
s
[
26]
–
[
28]
.
U
nl
ik
e
pr
io
r
s
tu
di
e
s
f
oc
us
in
g
on
us
e
r
in
te
nt
io
n
or
s
ur
ve
y
-
ba
s
e
d
e
va
lu
a
ti
on
m
e
th
ods
[
28]
–
[
30]
,
th
is
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
a
ppl
ie
s
m
a
nua
l
c
ont
e
nt
a
na
ly
s
is
to
c
a
pt
ur
e
a
ut
he
nt
ic
u
s
e
r
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
s
a
nd
pr
a
c
ti
c
a
l
c
ha
ll
e
ng
e
s
,
of
f
e
r
in
g
nua
n
c
e
d
in
s
ig
ht
s
f
or
de
v
e
lo
pe
r
s
a
nd
pol
ic
ym
a
ke
r
s
.
I
n
a
ddi
ti
on,
th
e
m
a
nus
c
r
ip
t
e
xpl
ic
it
ly
c
ont
r
a
s
ts
it
s
a
ppr
oa
c
h
w
it
h
r
e
c
e
nt
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
us
in
g
s
ur
ve
y
da
ta
a
nd
ne
tn
ogr
a
phy,
c
la
r
if
yi
ng
how
th
e
a
na
ly
s
is
of
uns
ol
ic
it
e
d
a
pp
r
e
vi
e
w
s
e
na
bl
e
s
th
e
id
e
nt
if
ic
a
ti
on
of
e
m
e
r
ge
nt
s
e
r
vi
c
e
is
s
ue
s
a
nd
us
e
r
pe
r
c
e
pt
io
ns
in
a
c
c
e
s
s
ib
le
t
hr
ough c
onve
nt
io
na
l
s
ur
ve
y i
ns
tr
um
e
nt
s
[
24]
, [
30]
.
W
hi
le
pr
e
vi
ous
s
tu
di
e
s
on
di
gi
ta
l
tr
a
ns
f
or
m
a
ti
on
in
I
s
la
m
ic
f
in
a
nc
e
ha
ve
br
oa
dl
y
e
xa
m
in
e
d
th
e
r
ol
e
of
te
c
hnol
ogi
c
a
l
in
nova
ti
on
in
e
nha
nc
in
g
ope
r
a
ti
ona
l
e
f
f
ic
ie
nc
y
a
nd
s
e
r
vi
c
e
qua
li
ty
,
th
e
y
of
te
n
f
oc
us
on
qua
nt
it
a
ti
ve
a
dopt
io
n
r
a
te
s
or
m
a
na
ge
r
ia
l
pe
r
s
pe
c
ti
ve
s
r
a
th
e
r
th
a
n
on
in
-
de
pt
h
us
e
r
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
.
F
or
e
xa
m
pl
e
,
e
a
r
li
e
r
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
in
ve
s
ti
ga
te
d
th
e
im
pl
e
m
e
nt
a
ti
on
a
nd
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ne
s
s
of
D
S
P
a
nd
s
im
il
a
r
f
in
a
nc
ia
l
te
c
hnol
ogi
e
s
.
H
ow
e
ve
r
,
it
di
d
not
e
xpl
ic
it
ly
a
ddr
e
s
s
how
r
e
a
l
us
e
r
s
pe
r
c
e
iv
e
a
nd
in
te
r
a
c
t
w
it
h
th
e
s
e
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
ons
th
r
ough
th
e
ir
r
e
vi
e
w
s
on
onl
in
e
a
pp
pl
a
tf
or
m
s
.
T
hi
s
s
tu
dy
f
il
ls
th
a
t
ga
p
by
s
ys
te
m
a
ti
c
a
ll
y
a
na
ly
z
in
g
us
e
r
r
e
vi
e
w
s
of
S
ha
r
ia
pa
w
ns
hop
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
ons
on
th
e
G
oogl
e
P
la
y
S
to
r
e
,
pr
ovi
di
ng
a
nua
nc
e
d
und
e
r
s
ta
ndi
ng
of
u
s
e
r
s
a
ti
s
f
a
c
ti
on, c
ha
ll
e
ng
e
s
, a
nd
s
ugge
s
ti
on
s
f
or
s
e
r
vi
c
e
i
m
pr
ove
m
e
nt
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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J
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dv A
ppl
S
c
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,
V
ol
. 15, No. 1, M
a
r
c
h 2026
:
86
-
98
88
T
hi
s
s
tu
dy
e
xpl
or
e
s
a
nd
a
na
ly
z
e
s
us
e
r
r
e
vi
e
w
s
on
th
e
G
oogl
e
P
la
y
S
to
r
e
f
or
th
e
D
S
P
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
o
n.
T
hi
s
a
na
ly
s
is
w
il
l
m
a
p
us
e
r
r
e
vi
e
w
s
in
to
pos
it
iv
e
a
nd
ne
ga
ti
ve
de
s
c
r
ip
ti
on
c
a
te
gor
ie
s
,
w
hi
c
h
c
a
n
be
us
e
d a
s
a
r
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
f
or
L
K
S
N
B
m
obi
le
a
pp
de
ve
lo
pe
r
s
to
c
r
e
a
te
in
no
va
ti
ons
or
e
va
lu
a
te
e
xi
s
ti
ng
a
pps
.
T
hus
,
th
is
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
is
e
xpe
c
te
d
to
pr
ovi
de
va
lu
a
bl
e
in
s
ig
ht
s
f
or
L
K
S
N
B
m
a
na
ge
r
s
in
m
a
na
gi
ng
a
nd
im
pr
ovi
ng
th
e
qua
li
ty
of
t
he
ir
di
gi
ta
l
s
e
r
vi
c
e
s
t
o be
tt
e
r
s
ui
t
us
e
r
s
'
ne
e
d
s
a
nd e
x
pe
c
ta
ti
ons
.
2.
L
I
T
E
R
A
T
U
R
E
R
E
V
I
E
W
S
ha
r
ia
pa
w
ns
hops
in
T
r
im
ul
a
to
[
31]
a
r
e
non
-
ba
nk f
in
a
nc
ia
l
in
s
t
it
ut
io
ns
t
ha
t
ope
r
a
te
ba
s
e
d on
I
s
la
m
ic
S
ha
r
ia
pr
in
c
ip
le
s
by
a
voi
di
ng
th
e
e
le
m
e
nt
of
r
ib
a
a
nd
e
m
pha
s
iz
in
g
tr
a
ns
pa
r
e
nc
y
in
th
e
ir
tr
a
ns
a
c
ti
ons
.
S
e
ti
a
w
a
n
e
t
al
.
[
32]
s
ta
te
th
a
t
th
e
pa
w
n
s
ys
t
e
m
ha
s
be
e
n
pr
a
c
ti
c
e
d
s
in
c
e
th
e
ti
m
e
of
th
e
P
r
ophe
t
M
uha
m
m
a
d
(
pe
a
c
e
be
upon
hi
m
(
P
B
U
H
)
)
,
w
hi
c
h
is
ba
s
e
d
on
a
ha
di
th
th
a
t
a
f
f
ir
m
s
th
a
t
th
e
P
r
ophe
t
M
uha
m
m
a
d
P
B
U
H
onc
e
m
a
de
a
pa
w
n
tr
a
ns
a
c
ti
on
by
pa
w
ni
ng
hi
s
a
r
m
or
a
s
c
ol
la
te
r
a
l.
S
ha
r
ia
pa
w
ns
hops
ha
ve
uni
que
c
ha
r
a
c
te
r
is
ti
c
s
th
a
t
di
s
ti
ngui
s
h
th
e
m
f
r
om
c
onve
nt
io
na
l
pa
w
n
s
hops
[
33]
.
S
ha
r
ia
pa
w
ns
hops
do
not
c
ha
r
ge
in
te
r
e
s
t
in
va
r
io
us
f
or
m
s
but
us
e
a
pr
of
it
-
s
ha
r
in
g
s
ys
te
m
or
f
e
e
-
ba
s
e
d
in
c
om
e
.
M
e
a
nw
hi
le
,
F
e
dr
o
e
t
al
.
[
34]
e
xpl
a
in
th
a
t
th
e
pr
oduc
ts
of
f
e
r
e
d
in
c
lu
de
r
a
hn
(
pa
w
n)
,
am
anah
(
f
in
a
nc
in
g)
,
bus
in
e
s
s
f
in
a
nc
in
g,
a
nd
gol
d
in
ve
s
tm
e
nt
, a
ll
of
w
hi
c
h ope
r
a
te
pe
r
S
ha
r
ia
pr
in
c
ip
le
s
.
T
h
e
pr
im
a
r
y
p
ur
p
os
e
of
S
h
a
r
i
a
p
a
w
n
s
h
op
s
,
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
[
35]
,
i
s
to
r
e
a
li
z
e
t
he
b
e
n
e
f
it
s
f
or
th
e
pe
o
pl
e
a
n
d pr
o
vi
d
e
a
l
te
r
na
ti
v
e
f
in
a
n
c
i
ng
f
ol
lo
w
in
g
S
ha
r
ia
f
or
t
he
c
om
m
uni
ty
.
A
c
c
or
di
n
g
t
o
H
a
li
d
in
g
e
t
al
.
[
36]
,
th
e
pr
e
s
e
nc
e
of
S
ha
r
ia
pa
w
ns
hops
a
ls
o
pl
a
ys
a
r
ol
e
in
e
r
a
di
c
a
ti
ng
th
e
pr
a
c
ti
c
e
of
lo
a
n
s
ha
r
ks
a
nd
il
le
ga
l
pa
w
nbr
oke
r
s
th
a
t
bur
de
n
s
m
a
ll
c
om
m
uni
ti
e
s
,
a
s
w
e
ll
a
s
c
ont
r
i
but
in
g
to
in
c
r
e
a
s
in
g
S
ha
r
ia
f
in
a
nc
ia
l
in
c
lu
s
io
n
in
I
ndone
s
ia
.
I
n
it
s
de
v
e
lo
pm
e
nt
,
A
lf
ia
n
a
nd
S
ir
e
ga
r
[
15]
e
xpl
a
in
e
d
th
a
t
S
ha
r
ia
pa
w
n
s
hop
c
a
r
r
ie
s
out
di
gi
ta
l
tr
a
ns
f
or
m
a
ti
on
to
im
pr
ove
s
e
r
vi
c
e
s
a
nd
e
xpa
nd
r
e
a
c
h
to
c
us
to
m
e
r
s
,
one
of
w
hi
c
h
is
th
r
ough
th
e
la
unc
h
of
th
e
D
S
P
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
on
in
O
c
to
be
r
2018.
I
s
m
a
il
a
nd
K
il
ic
y
[
24]
s
ho
w
th
a
t
di
gi
ta
l
te
c
hnol
ogy
ha
s
he
lp
e
d
im
pr
ove
ope
r
a
ti
ona
l
e
f
f
ic
ie
nc
y, s
im
pl
if
y pr
oc
e
dur
e
s
, a
nd r
e
duc
e
r
e
s
our
c
e
us
a
ge
.
I
n a
br
oa
de
r
c
ont
e
xt
, di
gi
ta
l
tr
a
ns
f
or
m
a
ti
on ha
s
be
c
om
e
ne
c
e
s
s
a
r
y f
or
I
s
la
m
ic
f
in
a
nc
ia
l
in
s
ti
tu
ti
ons
t
o
m
a
in
ta
in
th
e
ir
c
om
pe
ti
ti
ve
ne
s
s
.
F
a
uz
i
e
t
al
.
[
37]
e
m
pha
s
iz
e
th
a
t
I
s
la
m
ic
pa
w
n
s
hops
r
is
k
lo
s
in
g
r
e
la
ti
ons
hi
ps
w
it
h
c
us
to
m
e
r
s
a
nd
f
a
c
in
g
in
c
r
e
a
s
in
g
m
a
r
gi
n
pr
e
s
s
ur
e
w
it
ho
ut
a
de
qua
te
te
c
hnol
ogy
a
dopt
io
n.
T
h
e
r
e
f
or
e
,
S
ha
r
ia
pa
w
ns
hops
m
us
t
c
ont
in
ue
im
pr
ovi
ng
th
e
qua
li
ty
of
th
e
ir
di
gi
ta
l
s
e
r
vi
c
e
s
w
hi
le
pa
yi
ng
a
tt
e
nt
io
n
t
o
c
us
to
m
e
r
ne
e
ds
a
nd
pr
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
.
I
n
th
e
c
ont
e
xt
of
I
s
la
m
ic
f
in
a
nc
e
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
ons
,
R
a
nj
it
ha
a
nd
A
ga
r
w
a
l
[
21]
s
how
th
a
t
pe
r
s
ona
li
z
a
ti
on,
us
e
r
e
nga
ge
m
e
nt
,
a
nd
d
a
ta
-
dr
iv
e
n
i
ns
ig
ht
s
a
r
e
th
e
m
a
in
f
a
c
to
r
s
th
a
t
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
a
pp
us
e
r
s
a
ti
s
f
a
c
ti
on.
S
e
ve
r
a
l
s
tu
di
e
s
ha
ve
e
xa
m
in
e
d
th
e
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ne
s
s
a
nd
qu
a
li
ty
of
D
S
P
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
on
s
e
r
vi
c
e
s
.
H
a
li
di
ng
e
t
al
.
[
36]
f
ound
th
a
t
th
e
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
on
ha
s
a
dva
nt
a
ge
s
in
te
r
m
s
of
ti
m
e
,
c
os
t
e
f
f
ic
ie
nc
y,
a
nd
e
a
s
e
of
a
c
c
e
s
s
in
g
in
f
or
m
a
ti
on
in
r
e
a
l
-
ti
m
e
.
T
he
P
e
ga
da
ia
n
D
ig
it
a
l
S
e
r
vi
c
e
(
P
D
S
)
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
on
f
a
c
il
it
a
te
s
c
u
s
to
m
e
r
tr
a
ns
a
c
ti
on
s
e
r
vi
c
e
s
[
38]
.
M
e
a
n
w
hi
le
,
S
a
r
i
a
nd
H
a
r
yono
[
39]
r
e
ve
a
le
d
th
a
t
th
e
di
gi
ta
l
pa
w
ns
hop
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
on
ha
s
va
r
io
us
f
e
a
tu
r
e
s
,
in
c
lu
di
ng
onl
in
e
bus
in
e
s
s
f
in
a
nc
in
g
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
ons
.
T
he
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ne
s
s
of
th
e
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
on
in
in
c
r
e
a
s
in
g
th
e
num
be
r
of
c
us
to
m
e
r
s
i
s
a
l
s
o
th
e
f
oc
u
s
of
th
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
[
15]
.
M
or
e
ove
r
,
B
us
r
ia
di
a
nd
A
r
if
in
[
22]
r
e
ve
a
le
d
th
a
t
S
ha
r
ia
pa
w
ns
hops
'
onl
in
e
s
e
r
vi
c
e
s
pos
it
iv
e
ly
a
tt
r
a
c
t
ne
w
c
us
to
m
e
r
s
.
T
he
a
pp
im
pr
ove
s
us
e
r
s
a
ti
s
f
a
c
ti
on by a
ll
ow
in
g t
he
m
t
o t
r
a
ns
a
c
t
w
it
hout
vi
s
it
in
g a
phy
s
ic
a
l
lo
c
a
ti
on.
G
oogl
e
P
la
y
r
e
vi
e
w
a
na
ly
s
is
c
a
n
pr
ovi
de
v
a
lu
a
bl
e
in
s
ig
ht
s
i
nt
o
us
e
r
pe
r
c
e
pt
io
n
a
nd
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
,
w
hi
c
h c
a
n be
us
e
d t
o i
m
pr
ove
s
e
r
vi
c
e
qu
a
li
ty
a
nd dr
iv
e
br
oa
de
r
a
dopt
io
n a
m
ong
I
s
la
m
ic
pa
w
ns
hop c
us
to
m
e
r
s
in
I
ndone
s
ia
.
T
hi
s
m
e
c
ha
ni
s
m
w
a
s
e
xpl
a
in
e
d
in
a
s
tu
dy
c
on
duc
te
d
by
[
40]
,
[
41]
.
A
na
ly
s
is
c
onduc
t
e
d
by
A
dj
i
a
nd
B
a
s
it
[
42]
r
e
ga
r
di
ng
th
e
us
e
of
th
e
D
S
P
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
on
s
how
th
a
t
th
e
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
on
h
a
s
be
e
n
dow
nl
oa
de
d
m
or
e
th
a
n
100
th
ous
a
nd
ti
m
e
s
a
nd
ha
s
a
r
e
vi
e
w
s
c
or
e
of
2.8
f
r
om
m
or
e
th
a
n
2
,
000
r
e
vi
e
w
s
on
th
e
G
oogl
e
P
la
y
S
to
r
e
.
W
hi
le
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
ons
a
r
e
de
s
ig
ne
d
to
m
a
ke
tr
a
ns
a
c
ti
ons
e
a
s
ie
r
a
nd
of
f
e
r
m
a
ny
be
ne
f
it
s
,
th
e
r
e
is
s
ti
ll
r
oom
f
or
i
m
pr
ove
m
e
nt
i
n
t
e
c
hni
c
a
l
r
e
li
a
bi
li
ty
, s
e
c
ur
it
y, a
nd us
e
r
e
duc
a
ti
on. On the
ot
he
r
ha
nd,
th
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
in
[
17]
,
[
23
]
,
[
29
]
r
e
ve
a
le
d t
ha
t
th
e
r
e
i
s
a
ne
e
d
f
or
i
m
p
r
ove
m
e
nt
s
i
n s
ys
te
m
s
ta
bi
li
ty
a
nd us
e
r
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
, a
s
w
e
ll
a
s
m
a
ny
c
om
pl
a
in
ts
a
bout
s
y
s
te
m
gl
it
c
he
s
.
I
n
a
ddi
ti
on,
s
hor
tc
om
in
gs
s
uc
h
a
s
th
e
ne
e
d
f
or
a
s
tr
ong
in
te
r
ne
t
ne
twor
k
a
nd
c
ybe
r
s
e
c
ur
it
y
r
is
ks
w
e
r
e
f
ound.
M
e
a
nw
hi
le
,
C
a
hya
ti
e
t
al
.
[
43]
a
ls
o
hi
ghl
ig
ht
th
a
t
not
a
ll
c
us
to
m
e
r
s
ha
ve
a
de
qua
te
di
gi
ta
l
li
te
r
a
c
y t
o us
e
t
hi
s
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
on
opt
im
a
ll
y
[
44]
.
R
e
c
e
nt
li
te
r
a
tu
r
e
de
m
on
s
tr
a
te
s
th
a
t
th
e
gl
oba
l
la
nd
s
c
a
pe
of
I
s
la
m
ic
f
in
te
c
h
is
s
h
a
pe
d
by
dyn
a
m
ic
tr
e
nds
a
nd
di
ve
r
s
e
r
e
gul
a
to
r
y
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
ks
,
pa
r
ti
c
ul
a
r
ly
in
le
a
di
ng
m
a
r
ke
ts
s
uc
h
a
s
M
a
la
ys
ia
,
th
e
U
ni
te
d
A
r
a
b
E
m
ir
a
te
s
,
a
nd
S
a
udi
A
r
a
bi
a
[
28]
,
[
45]
,
[
46
]
.
I
n
M
a
la
ys
ia
,
c
ohe
s
iv
e
r
e
gul
a
ti
on,
s
tr
ong
gove
r
nm
e
nt
ba
c
ki
ng,
a
nd
a
n
in
te
gr
a
te
d
S
ha
r
ia
s
upe
r
vi
s
or
y
s
tr
uc
tu
r
e
h
a
ve
s
uppor
te
d
th
e
r
a
pi
d
e
xpa
n
s
io
n
of
di
gi
ta
l
I
s
la
m
ic
f
in
a
nc
e
a
nd
th
e
pr
ol
if
e
r
a
ti
on
o
f
in
nova
ti
ve
S
ha
r
ia
-
c
om
pl
ia
nt
s
ol
ut
io
n
s
[
28]
,
[
46]
.
T
he
U
ni
te
d
A
r
a
b
E
m
i
r
a
te
s
a
nd
S
a
udi
A
r
a
bi
a
ha
ve
a
c
c
e
le
r
a
te
d
di
gi
ta
l
tr
a
ns
f
or
m
a
ti
on
by
a
d
opt
in
g
f
le
xi
bl
e
r
e
gul
a
ti
ons
a
nd
in
ve
s
ti
ng
in
s
ophi
s
ti
c
a
te
d
te
c
hnol
ogi
c
a
l
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
ons
,
s
uc
h
a
s
bl
oc
kc
ha
in
a
n
d
pe
e
r
-
to
-
pe
e
r
le
ndi
ng,
th
a
t
a
li
gn
w
it
h
S
ha
r
ia
pr
in
c
ip
le
s
[
45]
.
C
om
pa
r
a
ti
ve
a
na
ly
s
e
s
a
c
r
os
s
th
e
s
e
r
e
gi
ons
hi
ghl
ig
ht
th
a
t
s
uc
c
e
s
s
f
ul
I
s
la
m
ic
f
in
te
c
h
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[
28]
,
[
47
]
.
D
r
a
w
in
g
on
th
e
s
e
gl
oba
l
tr
e
nds
a
nd
r
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y
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li
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a
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vi
e
w
in
th
is
m
a
nus
c
r
ip
t
s
it
ua
te
s
I
ndone
s
ia
’
s
e
xp
e
r
ie
nc
e
w
it
hi
n
br
oa
d
e
r
pa
tt
e
r
ns
in
i
nt
e
r
na
ti
ona
l
I
s
la
m
ic
f
in
a
nc
ia
l
in
nova
ti
on.
A
lt
hough
m
a
ny
a
c
a
de
m
ic
s
a
nd
pr
a
c
ti
ti
one
r
s
hi
ghl
ig
ht
th
e
im
por
ta
nc
e
of
I
s
la
m
ic
f
in
a
nc
e
te
c
hnol
ogy,
pr
e
vi
ous
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
ha
s
not
e
xpl
ic
it
ly
di
s
c
us
s
e
d
how
us
e
r
s
vi
e
w
non
-
ba
nk
I
s
la
m
ic
f
in
a
nc
e
di
gi
ta
l
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
ons
,
e
s
pe
c
ia
ll
y
S
ha
r
ia
pa
w
ns
hop
s
. M
os
t
e
xi
s
ti
ng r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h f
oc
us
e
s
m
or
e
on t
he
pos
it
iv
e
i
m
pa
c
t
of
us
in
g t
he
s
e
a
pps
,
but
th
e
r
e
ha
s
be
e
n
no
in
-
de
pt
h
s
tu
dy
of
us
e
r
pe
r
c
e
pt
io
ns
of
th
e
s
e
a
pps
.
T
he
r
e
f
or
e
,
th
is
s
tu
dy
a
im
s
to
f
il
l
th
is
ga
p
by
a
na
ly
z
in
g
u
s
e
r
pe
r
c
e
pt
io
ns
th
r
ough
th
e
ir
r
e
vi
e
w
s
of
th
e
S
ha
r
ia
pa
w
ns
hop
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
on
on
G
oogl
e
P
la
y
S
to
r
e
.
T
hi
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
is
e
xpe
c
te
d
to
be
a
n
im
por
ta
nt
r
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
f
or
I
s
la
m
ic
f
in
a
nc
e
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
on
d
e
ve
lo
pe
r
s
a
nd
m
a
na
ge
r
s
of
L
K
S
N
B
i
n i
m
pr
ovi
ng
th
e
qua
li
ty
of
t
he
ir
di
gi
ta
l
s
e
r
vi
c
e
s
.
T
hi
s
s
tu
dy
di
f
f
e
r
s
f
r
om
pr
e
vi
ous
s
tu
di
e
s
th
a
t
f
oc
us
m
or
e
on
f
a
c
to
r
s
th
a
t
a
f
f
e
c
t
th
e
us
e
of
di
gi
ta
l
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
on
s
e
r
vi
c
e
s
by
non
-
ba
nk
I
s
la
m
ic
f
in
a
nc
i
a
l
in
s
ti
tu
ti
on
s
.
T
hi
s
s
tu
dy
th
or
oughly
a
na
ly
s
e
s
r
e
vi
e
w
s
of
va
r
io
us
s
e
r
vi
c
e
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
ons
a
va
il
a
bl
e
on
th
e
G
oogl
e
P
la
y
S
to
r
e
.
T
hi
s
s
tu
dy
in
vol
ve
d
a
r
e
vi
e
w
of
2
S
ha
r
ia
pa
w
ns
hop
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
on
s
.
T
he
pur
pos
e
of
th
is
s
tu
dy
i
s
to
e
va
lu
a
te
th
e
r
e
s
ul
ts
of
th
e
r
e
vi
e
w
of
th
e
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
on
of
S
ha
r
ia
pa
w
ns
hop
s
e
r
vi
c
e
s
a
s
a
ba
s
is
f
or
pr
ovi
di
ng
r
e
c
om
m
e
nda
ti
ons
a
nd
s
ugg
e
s
ti
ons
f
or
th
e
de
ve
lo
pm
e
nt
of
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
ons
i
n t
he
f
ut
ur
e
.
3.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
hi
s
s
tu
dy
a
im
s
to
a
na
ly
z
e
us
e
r
r
e
vi
e
w
s
of
th
e
S
ha
r
ia
pa
w
ns
hop
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
on
on
th
e
G
oogl
e
P
la
y
S
to
r
e
th
a
t
ha
ve
r
e
c
e
iv
e
d
pe
r
m
is
s
io
n
f
r
om
th
e
F
in
a
nc
ia
l
S
e
r
vi
c
e
s
A
ut
hor
it
y
or
O
J
K
to
unde
r
s
ta
nd
us
e
r
pe
r
c
e
pt
io
ns
a
nd
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
s
.
T
hi
s
s
tu
dy
u
s
e
s
a
n
e
m
pi
r
ic
a
l
m
e
th
od
w
it
h
a
ne
tn
ogr
a
phy
a
ppr
oa
c
h.
N
e
tn
ogr
a
phy
is
a
n
e
w
qua
li
ta
ti
ve
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
m
e
th
od
th
a
t
a
d
a
pt
s
e
th
nogr
a
phi
c
te
c
hni
qu
e
s
to
s
tu
dy
e
m
e
r
gi
ng
c
ul
tu
r
e
s
a
nd c
om
m
uni
ti
e
s
t
hr
ough int
e
r
ne
t/
ne
twor
k
-
m
e
di
a
te
d
c
om
m
uni
c
a
ti
on
[
48]
.
T
hi
s
m
e
th
od
is
us
e
d
not
onl
y
to
unde
r
s
ta
nd
s
oc
ia
l
dyna
m
ic
s
[
3
1]
but
is
a
ls
o
va
lu
a
bl
e
f
o
r
id
e
nt
i
f
yi
ng
m
a
r
ke
t
tr
e
nds
a
nd
c
ons
um
e
r
pr
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
a
nd
a
s
s
is
ti
ng
in
pr
odu
c
t
de
ve
lo
pm
e
nt
a
nd
m
a
r
ke
ti
ng
s
tr
a
te
gi
e
s
[
49]
.
I
n
a
ddi
ti
on,
th
is
m
e
th
od
a
ll
ow
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
he
r
s
to
obs
e
r
ve
us
e
r
in
te
r
a
c
ti
ons
in
a
di
gi
ta
l
c
ont
e
xt
w
it
hout
di
r
e
c
t
in
te
r
ve
nt
io
n
[
50]
,
pr
ovi
di
ng
in
-
de
pt
h
in
s
ig
ht
in
to
th
e
us
e
r
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
a
nd
s
oc
ia
l
dyn
a
m
ic
s
f
or
m
e
d
on
a
pl
a
tf
or
m
[
51]
.
I
n
pr
a
c
ti
c
e
,
ne
tn
ogr
a
phy
f
oc
us
e
s
on
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
in
g
pe
opl
e
'
s
ha
bi
ts
,
be
ha
vi
or
s
,
a
nd
c
ul
tu
r
a
l
c
ha
r
a
c
te
r
is
ti
c
s
i
n t
he
di
gi
ta
l
e
nvi
r
onm
e
nt
, i
nc
lu
di
ng s
oc
ia
l
m
e
di
a
a
na
ly
s
is
[
52]
.
A
s
a
n
a
da
pt
a
ti
on of
t
r
a
di
ti
ona
l
e
th
nogr
a
phy to t
he
di
gi
ta
l
s
pa
c
e
, ne
tn
ogr
a
phy a
ll
ow
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
he
r
s
t
o unde
r
s
ta
nd na
tu
r
a
l
be
ha
vi
or
w
it
hi
n onli
ne
c
om
m
uni
ti
e
s
[
53]
.
B
ot
h
e
th
nogr
a
phy
a
nd
n
e
tn
ogr
a
phy
a
r
e
r
oo
te
d
in
a
nt
hr
opol
ogi
c
a
l
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h,
e
m
pha
s
iz
in
g
th
e
im
por
ta
nc
e
of
th
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
he
r
'
s
in
vol
ve
m
e
nt
w
it
h
th
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
s
ubj
e
c
t
to
unde
r
s
ta
nd
th
e
s
oc
ia
l
a
nd c
ul
tu
r
a
l
c
ont
e
xt
be
in
g s
tu
di
e
d
[
54]
.
T
he
obj
e
c
t
of
th
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
is
th
e
r
e
vi
e
w
s
of
us
e
r
s
of
th
e
S
ha
r
ia
pa
w
ns
hop
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
on
on
th
e
G
oogl
e
P
la
y
S
to
r
e
,
bot
h
pos
it
iv
e
a
nd
ne
ga
ti
ve
.
A
n
a
n
a
ly
s
is
i
s
c
a
r
r
ie
d
out
on
r
e
vi
e
w
c
ont
e
nt
to
und
e
r
s
ta
nd
u
s
e
r
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
,
b
e
ha
vi
or
,
a
nd
th
e
ir
r
e
s
pon
s
e
to
th
e
a
pp.
T
hr
ou
gh
th
e
ne
tn
ogr
a
phy
m
e
th
od,
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
he
r
s
c
a
n
unde
r
s
ta
nd
th
e
us
e
r
'
s
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
a
nd
pe
r
c
e
pt
io
n
of
th
e
S
h
a
r
ia
pa
w
ns
hop
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
on
in
de
pt
h
w
it
hout
in
te
r
a
c
ti
ng dir
e
c
tl
y w
it
h pa
r
ti
c
ip
a
nt
s
. T
he
r
e
f
or
e
, t
hi
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h i
s
c
a
r
r
ie
d out us
in
g t
he
s
te
ps
i
n F
ig
ur
e
1.
T
hi
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
a
dopt
s
a
ne
tn
ogr
a
phy
a
ppr
oa
c
h
to
a
na
ly
z
e
us
e
r
pe
r
c
e
pt
io
ns
a
nd
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
s
w
it
h
S
ha
r
ia
pa
w
ns
hop a
ppl
ic
a
ti
ons
in
I
ndone
s
ia
,
a
s
r
e
f
le
c
te
d
in
r
e
vi
e
w
s
pos
t
e
d
on
th
e
G
oogl
e
P
la
y
S
to
r
e
.
T
h
e
da
t
a
c
ol
le
c
ti
on
f
ol
lo
w
s
s
e
v
e
r
a
l
e
s
s
e
nt
ia
l
s
t
e
ps
to
e
n
s
ur
e
s
y
s
te
m
a
ti
c
a
nd
r
e
li
a
bl
e
r
e
s
ul
t
s
.
T
o
c
la
r
if
y
th
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
s
te
ps
,
F
ig
ur
e
1
vi
s
ua
ll
y
pr
e
s
e
nt
s
th
e
f
lo
w
of
th
e
ne
tn
ogr
a
phi
c
da
ta
a
na
ly
s
is
e
m
pl
oye
d
in
th
is
s
tu
dy.
T
hi
s
f
ig
ur
e
is
c
it
e
d
h
e
r
e
to
a
s
s
i
s
t
th
e
r
e
a
de
r
in
unde
r
s
ta
ndi
ng
th
e
s
e
que
nc
e
of
da
t
a
c
ol
le
c
ti
on,
r
e
duc
ti
on,
a
n
a
ly
s
is
,
a
nd
pr
e
s
e
nt
a
ti
on
th
a
t
f
or
m
s
th
e
c
or
e
of
th
is
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
de
s
ig
n.
T
he
in
c
lu
s
io
n
of
th
is
f
ig
ur
e
in
th
e
di
s
c
us
s
io
n
is
in
te
nde
d t
o pr
ovi
de
c
la
r
it
y r
e
ga
r
di
ng t
he
m
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a
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oc
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e
s
f
ol
lo
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e
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n a
na
ly
z
in
g onli
ne
us
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da
ta
.
T
he
ne
tn
ogr
a
phy
a
ppr
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c
h
w
a
s
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hos
e
n
be
c
a
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ll
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s
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r
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s
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hop
a
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ti
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th
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oogl
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P
la
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S
to
r
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.
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ti
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oc
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s
s
w
a
s
c
a
r
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ough
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pa
r
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to
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c
h
is
th
is
s
tu
dy'
s
pr
im
a
r
y
da
ta
s
our
c
e
[
55]
,
[
56]
.
T
he
im
por
ta
nc
e
of
r
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s
e
a
r
c
h
e
th
ic
s
is
a
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a
c
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n
in
th
is
s
tu
dy.
R
e
s
e
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r
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s
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ur
e
th
a
t
a
ll
da
ta
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xc
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
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2252
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8814
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J
A
dv A
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c
i
,
V
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. 15, No. 1, M
a
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h 2026
:
86
-
98
90
F
ig
ur
e
1. S
te
ps
of
da
ta
a
na
ly
s
is
w
it
h t
he
N
e
tn
ogr
a
phy me
th
od (
a
dopt
e
d a
nd modi
f
ie
d f
r
om
)
[
57
]
T
hi
s
s
tu
dy
c
on
s
id
e
r
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d
th
e
f
ul
l
c
or
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oogl
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bl
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a
t
th
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in
it
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ti
on
of
th
e
r
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s
e
a
r
c
h,
but
a
ppl
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d
a
ti
m
e
-
ba
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d
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tr
ic
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onl
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r
a
c
ti
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r
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pos
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dur
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J
une
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2024,
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s
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qua
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ti
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ont
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a
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ly
s
is
li
te
r
a
tu
r
e
to
im
pr
ove
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e
le
va
n
c
e
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f
oc
us
on c
ur
r
e
nt
us
e
r
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xpe
r
ie
nc
e
t
r
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nds
.
T
e
m
por
a
l
r
e
s
tr
ic
ti
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i
n c
ont
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nt
a
na
ly
s
is
h
a
ve
be
e
n
s
how
n t
o pr
ovi
de
m
or
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obus
t
c
ont
e
xt
ua
l
in
s
ig
ht
s
a
nd
r
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duc
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hi
s
to
r
ic
a
l
b
ia
s
w
he
n
e
va
lu
a
ti
ng
di
gi
ta
l
pl
a
tf
or
m
s
.
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he
f
in
a
l
s
a
m
pl
e
of
395
r
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vi
e
w
s
w
a
s
de
te
r
m
in
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d
a
f
te
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th
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s
e
ti
m
e
-
ba
s
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d
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lu
s
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r
it
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s
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ta
bl
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he
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r
c
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a
t
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om
m
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pos
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e
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ti
on
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nh
a
nc
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e
m
a
ti
c
s
a
tu
r
a
ti
on
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nd
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n
a
ly
ti
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h.
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ll
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n
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ode
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s
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ti
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ont
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na
ly
s
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s
,
w
it
h
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odi
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uni
ts
de
f
in
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d
a
t
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e
s
e
nt
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nc
e
le
ve
l
a
nd
f
oc
us
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on
s
e
m
a
nt
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m
e
a
ni
ng
to
c
a
pt
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e
nua
nc
e
d
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xpr
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s
s
io
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nd
th
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m
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s
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ta
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ur
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nt
c
ont
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a
na
ly
s
is
m
e
th
odol
ogy
r
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
[
58]
,
[
59]
.
C
odi
ng
s
c
he
m
a
a
nd
va
li
da
ti
on
s
te
p
s
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odi
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ly
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r
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ti
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ons
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om
m
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c
ti
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f
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li
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ly
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hi
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e
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ta
nda
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c
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ly
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a
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h
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m
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e
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r
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[
55]
.
T
hi
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a
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ti
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m
pr
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e
nt
[
60]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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J
A
dv A
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I
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2252
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8814
G
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O
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onds
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phy
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R
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A
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D
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4.1.
R
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s
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r
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T
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pp
us
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s
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te
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J
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r
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r
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tf
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li
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395
r
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s
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r
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s
ha
ve
a
va
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ie
ty
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ha
r
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te
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it
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pon
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s
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a
na
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s
pl
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te
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r
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nge
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t.
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s
e
r
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vi
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w
s
r
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f
le
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t
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xp
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s
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pr
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w
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le
us
in
g
th
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ha
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w
n
s
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a
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a
ti
on.
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he
a
na
ly
s
is
pr
oc
e
s
s
i
s
done
by f
il
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in
g
a
nd c
a
te
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g us
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m
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tr
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s
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f
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n by a
pp u
s
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a
s
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d
on
th
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in
T
a
bl
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3,
th
e
S
ha
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ha
s
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c
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va
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io
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pos
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f
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om
it
s
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a
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a
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pe
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ts
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s
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ti
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r
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%
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th
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l
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s
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r
s
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ly
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w
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th
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m
oot
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tr
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a
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th
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li
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e
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it
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ys
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m
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ir
te
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ti
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oni
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ls
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t
th
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pp
c
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s
s
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h
r
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d
17.35
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w
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th
is
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s
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ve
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tr
a
n
s
f
or
m
a
ti
ve
im
pa
c
t
on
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r
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pe
r
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pe
c
ti
ve
on
th
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I
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la
m
ic
f
in
a
nc
i
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s
y
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te
m
.
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s
e
r
s
f
e
e
l
a
s
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ni
f
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nt
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ha
nge
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t,
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t
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ke
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it
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s
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s
e
r
s
a
ppr
e
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te
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s
e
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ur
it
y a
nd
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onve
ni
e
nc
e
of
tr
a
ns
a
c
ti
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s
,
s
how
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g
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t
th
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ppl
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ti
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s
bui
lt
t
r
us
t
in
c
onduc
ti
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S
ha
r
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ba
s
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d f
in
a
n
c
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l
tr
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ns
a
c
ti
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he
t
hi
r
d a
s
pe
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t
th
a
t
r
e
c
e
iv
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d a
tt
e
nt
io
n w
a
s
a
dvi
c
e
a
nd mot
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ti
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or
a
ppl
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ti
on de
ve
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pm
e
nt
, w
it
h
a
pe
r
c
e
nt
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ge
of
11.42
%
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s
e
r
s
s
how
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d
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nt
hus
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a
s
m
f
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s
e
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vi
c
e
im
pr
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m
e
nt
by
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tr
uc
ti
ve
f
e
e
dba
c
k,
pr
im
a
r
il
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r
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la
te
d
to
a
ddi
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ym
e
nt
opt
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ns
th
r
ough
I
s
la
m
ic
ba
nks
.
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hi
s
da
ta
r
e
f
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c
ts
th
e
a
w
a
r
e
ne
s
s
a
nd
de
s
ir
e
of
us
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r
s
to
s
tr
e
ngt
he
n
th
e
S
ha
r
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a
s
pe
c
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in
th
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a
ppl
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ti
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a
s
w
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ll
a
s
s
ho
w
in
g
th
e
pot
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nt
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l
f
or
de
ve
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pm
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nt
t
ha
t
c
a
n be
i
m
pl
e
m
e
nt
e
d t
o i
m
pr
ove
s
e
r
vi
c
e
qua
li
ty
.
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he
a
ppl
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a
ti
on'
s
e
a
s
e
of
us
e
in
pa
w
n
tr
a
ns
a
c
ti
ons
a
ls
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r
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e
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d
a
n
a
ppr
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ti
on
of
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%
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th
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l
pos
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s
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r
s
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is
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c
kl
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r
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r
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c
a
t
i
on
pr
ovi
de
s
s
e
c
ur
i
t
y
a
nd
c
onve
ni
e
nc
e
i
n
m
a
ki
ng
t
r
a
ns
a
c
t
i
ons
."
3
P
hr
a
s
e
s
of
s
ugge
s
t
i
ons
a
nd
m
ot
i
va
t
i
on f
or
a
pp
i
m
pr
ove
m
e
nt
11.42
"A
dd
a
pa
ym
e
nt
f
e
a
t
ur
e
f
r
om
S
ha
r
i
a
ba
nk
t
o
gi
ve
us
e
r
s
m
or
e
c
hoi
c
e
s
. T
he
na
m
e
i
s
S
ha
r
i
a
."
"P
l
e
a
s
e
m
a
k
e
a
ddi
t
i
ona
l
pur
c
ha
s
e
s
t
hr
ough
I
s
l
a
m
i
c
b
a
nks
s
uc
h
a
s
B
S
I
a
nd r
e
gi
ona
l
ba
nks
."
4
E
a
s
e
of
a
ppl
i
c
a
t
i
on i
n pa
w
n
t
r
a
ns
a
c
t
i
ons
11.42
"V
e
r
y
us
e
r
-
f
r
i
e
ndl
y
a
pp.
I
t
di
d
not
t
a
ke
m
e
m
u
c
h
t
i
m
e
t
o
l
e
a
r
n
t
o
us
e
i
t
."
"T
hi
s
a
ppl
i
c
a
t
i
on m
a
ke
s
i
t
e
a
s
i
e
r
f
or
us
t
o m
a
ke
t
r
a
ns
a
c
t
i
ons
."
O
ve
r
a
ll
,
th
e
s
e
pos
it
iv
e
r
e
vi
e
w
s
il
lu
s
tr
a
te
th
a
t
th
e
S
ha
r
ia
p
a
w
ns
hop
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
on
ha
s
m
a
n
a
ge
d
to
m
e
e
t
th
e
e
xpe
c
ta
ti
ons
of
it
s
us
e
r
s
in
va
r
io
us
im
por
ta
nt
a
s
p
e
c
ts
,
f
r
om
tr
a
ns
a
c
ti
on
s
e
c
ur
it
y
a
nd
e
a
s
e
of
us
e
to
pr
a
c
ti
c
a
l
be
ne
f
it
s
f
e
lt
in
da
il
y
li
f
e
.
H
ow
e
ve
r
,
th
e
r
e
is
r
oom
f
or
im
pr
ove
m
e
nt
,
e
s
pe
c
ia
ll
y
r
e
ga
r
di
ng
in
te
gr
a
ti
on
w
it
h
th
e
br
oa
de
r
I
s
la
m
ic
ba
nki
ng s
ys
te
m
. T
hi
s
r
e
s
ul
t
s
how
s
th
e
pot
e
nt
ia
l
f
or
de
ve
lo
pm
e
nt
th
a
t
c
a
n
be
done
to
im
pr
ove
th
e
qua
li
ty
of
s
e
r
vi
c
e
s
a
nd
e
xpa
nd
th
e
r
e
a
c
h
of
us
e
r
s
in
th
e
f
ut
ur
e
.
T
he
hi
gh
le
ve
l
of
us
e
r
s
a
ti
s
f
a
c
ti
on,
w
hi
c
h
r
e
a
c
he
s
m
or
e
th
a
n
ha
lf
of
th
e
to
ta
l
pos
it
iv
e
r
e
vi
e
w
s
,
in
di
c
a
te
s
th
a
t
th
is
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
on
ha
s
s
uc
c
e
e
d
e
d
in
bui
ld
in
g
a
s
tr
ong
f
ounda
ti
on
f
or
pr
ovi
d
in
g
r
e
li
a
bl
e
I
s
la
m
ic
f
in
a
nc
ia
l
s
e
r
vi
c
e
s
.
T
he
c
om
bi
na
ti
on
of
e
a
s
e
of
us
e
,
tr
a
ns
a
c
ti
on
s
e
c
ur
it
y,
a
nd
pr
a
c
ti
c
a
l
be
ne
f
it
s
ha
s
c
r
e
a
te
d
a
di
gi
ta
l
e
c
os
ys
te
m
s
uppor
ti
ng
I
ndone
s
ia
'
s
S
ha
r
ia
e
c
onomy'
s
de
ve
lo
pm
e
nt
.
B
y
pa
yi
ng
a
tt
e
nt
i
on
to
us
e
r
in
put
a
nd
c
a
r
r
yi
ng
out
c
ont
in
uous
de
ve
lo
pm
e
nt
,
th
e
S
ha
r
ia
pa
w
ns
hop
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
on
ha
s
e
xc
e
ll
e
nt
pot
e
nt
ia
l
to
be
c
om
e
a
n
in
c
r
e
a
s
in
gl
y
c
om
pr
e
he
ns
iv
e
a
nd r
e
li
a
bl
e
I
s
la
m
ic
f
in
a
n
c
ia
l
pl
a
tf
or
m
.
T
a
bl
e
4
s
how
s
a
n
in
-
de
pt
h
a
na
ly
s
i
s
of
th
e
ne
ga
ti
ve
r
e
vi
e
w
s
c
ol
le
c
te
d,
id
e
nt
if
yi
ng
s
ix
m
a
in
pr
obl
e
m
s
th
a
t
ne
e
d
s
e
r
io
us
a
tt
e
nt
io
n
f
r
om
m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
.
A
lt
hough
th
e
S
ha
r
ia
pa
w
ns
hop
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
on
is
one
of
th
e
in
nova
ti
ons
in
di
gi
ta
l
I
s
la
m
ic
f
in
a
nc
ia
l
s
e
r
vi
c
e
s
,
it
s
im
pl
e
m
e
nt
a
ti
on
s
ti
ll
f
a
c
e
s
s
e
ve
r
a
l
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
a
f
f
e
c
ti
ng
us
e
r
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
.
T
he
m
os
t
pr
om
in
e
nt
pr
obl
e
m
s
a
r
e
r
e
la
te
d
to
th
e
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
on
upda
t
e
s
y
s
te
m
a
nd
upgr
a
di
ng
to
a
pr
e
m
iu
m
a
c
c
ount
,
w
hi
c
h
r
e
c
or
de
d
35.23
%
of
th
e
c
om
pl
a
in
ts
.
U
s
e
r
s
f
a
c
e
a
n
ob
s
ta
c
le
in
th
e
f
or
m
of
upda
te
not
if
ic
a
ti
ons
th
a
t
c
ons
ta
nt
ly
a
pp
e
a
r
e
ve
n
th
ou
gh
th
e
a
pp
is
upd
a
te
d,
c
r
e
a
ti
ng
a
n
a
nnoying
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
. M
or
e
c
r
uc
ia
ll
y,
upgr
a
di
ng
to
a
pr
e
m
iu
m
a
c
c
ount
i
s
of
te
n
ha
m
pe
r
e
d
w
it
hout
a
c
le
a
r
s
ol
ut
io
n,
e
ve
n
a
f
te
r
th
e
us
e
r
vi
s
it
s
th
e
br
a
nc
h
of
f
ic
e
.
T
hi
s
s
it
ua
ti
on
r
e
f
le
c
ts
th
e
ga
p
be
twe
e
n
di
gi
ta
l
s
e
r
vi
c
e
s
a
nd
of
f
li
ne
s
uppor
t,
w
hi
c
h
s
houl
d
c
om
pl
e
m
e
nt
e
a
c
h
ot
he
r
.
T
e
c
hni
c
a
l
pr
o
bl
e
m
s
in
th
e
f
or
m
of
e
r
r
o
r
s
in
th
e
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
on
m
e
nu
a
nd
s
e
r
ve
r
di
s
r
upt
io
ns
oc
c
upy
th
e
s
e
c
ond
pos
it
io
n,
w
it
h
30.11
%
of
c
om
pl
a
in
ts
.
U
s
e
r
s
r
e
por
te
d
v
a
r
io
us
f
unc
ti
ona
l
c
ons
tr
a
in
ts
,
s
uc
h a
s
th
e
in
a
bi
li
ty
to
a
c
c
e
s
s
th
e
v
e
hi
c
l
e
in
s
ta
ll
m
e
nt
s
im
ul
a
ti
on
f
e
a
tu
r
e
a
nd s
e
r
ve
r
la
g
w
he
n
us
in
g
th
e
gol
d
s
a
vi
ng
s
s
e
r
vi
c
e
. T
hi
s
pr
obl
e
m
hi
nde
r
s
tr
a
n
s
a
c
ti
ons
a
nd
r
e
du
c
e
s
u
s
e
r
tr
us
t
in
th
e
s
ys
te
m
'
s
r
e
li
a
bi
li
ty
.
B
a
s
ic
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
on
a
c
c
e
s
s
c
ons
tr
a
in
ts
a
c
c
ount
f
or
14.
20
%
of
th
e
to
ta
l
c
om
pl
a
in
ts
,
w
h
e
r
e
us
e
r
s
e
v
e
n
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
di
f
f
ic
ul
ti
e
s
op
e
ni
ng
th
e
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
on.
S
ta
nda
r
d
tr
oubl
e
s
hoot
in
g
e
f
f
or
ts
,
s
u
c
h
a
s
c
le
a
r
in
g
th
e
c
a
c
he
a
nd
r
e
in
s
ta
ll
in
g
th
e
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
on,
f
or
e
xa
m
pl
e
,
do
not
pr
ovi
de
a
s
ol
ut
io
n,
in
di
c
a
ti
ng
a
f
unda
m
e
nt
a
l
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
on
a
r
c
hi
te
c
tu
r
e
pr
obl
e
m
t
ha
t
m
us
t
be
a
ddr
e
s
s
e
d t
hor
oughly.
T
he
s
e
r
vi
c
e
a
s
pe
c
t
w
a
s
hi
g
hl
ig
ht
e
d w
it
h 9.66
%
of
c
om
pl
a
in
t
s
, r
e
f
le
c
ti
ng c
u
s
to
m
e
r
di
s
s
a
ti
s
f
a
c
ti
on w
it
h
s
e
r
vi
c
e
qu
a
li
ty
a
nd
a
la
c
k
of
a
ppr
e
c
ia
t
io
n
f
or
lo
ya
l
c
us
t
om
e
r
s
. O
ngoi
ng s
e
r
v
e
r
di
s
r
u
pt
io
n
s
f
or
c
e
d c
us
to
m
e
r
s
to
s
w
it
c
h
to
of
f
li
n
e
s
e
r
vi
c
e
s
,
c
ont
r
a
r
y
t
o
th
e
goa
l
of
di
gi
ti
z
in
g
s
e
r
vi
c
e
s
.
T
hi
s
f
in
di
n
g
in
di
c
a
t
e
s
t
he
n
e
e
d
f
or
im
pr
ove
m
e
nt
s
in
t
he
c
u
s
to
m
e
r
r
e
w
a
r
d
s
y
s
te
m
a
nd
th
e
s
t
a
b
il
it
y
of
di
gi
ta
l
s
e
r
vi
c
e
s
.
C
om
pl
e
xi
ty
i
n
th
e
r
e
gi
s
tr
a
ti
on
a
nd
ve
r
if
i
c
a
ti
o
n
pr
oc
e
s
s
a
c
c
ou
nt
e
d
f
or
5.6
8
%
of
c
o
m
pl
a
in
t
s
,
w
it
h
u
s
e
r
s
e
x
pe
r
ie
nc
in
g
di
f
f
ic
ul
ti
e
s
,
e
s
p
e
c
i
a
ll
y
i
n
op
e
ni
ng
gol
d
s
a
vi
ng
s
a
n
d
on
e
-
ti
m
e
pa
s
s
w
or
d
(
O
T
P
)
ve
r
if
i
c
a
ti
on.
T
hi
s
c
onvol
ut
e
d
pr
oc
e
s
s
c
a
n
pot
e
nt
i
a
ll
y
hi
n
de
r
th
e
gr
o
w
th
of
th
e
n
e
w
u
s
e
r
b
a
s
e
a
nd
n
e
e
d
s
t
o
be
s
im
pl
if
ie
d
w
it
hout
s
a
c
r
if
i
c
in
g
th
e
s
e
c
ur
it
y
a
s
p
e
c
t.
T
he
li
m
it
e
d
c
h
oi
c
e
of
I
s
l
a
m
i
c
b
a
nk
s
,
e
v
e
n
th
oug
h
th
e
y
o
nl
y
a
c
c
ount
f
or
5
.11
%
of
c
om
pl
a
in
t
s
,
s
h
ow
s
a
f
unda
m
e
nt
a
l
pr
o
bl
e
m
in
th
e
po
s
it
io
ni
ng
of
S
ha
r
i
a
pa
w
ns
h
ops
.
T
hi
s
c
r
it
i
c
is
m
i
s
e
s
pe
c
ia
l
ly
r
e
le
va
nt
in
r
e
gi
on
s
th
a
t
ha
v
e
im
pl
e
m
e
nt
e
d
th
e
I
s
la
m
ic
f
in
a
n
c
ia
l
s
ys
te
m
c
om
pr
e
h
e
ns
i
ve
ly
,
s
uc
h
a
s
A
c
e
h.
T
he
un
a
va
il
a
bi
li
t
y
of
I
s
la
m
i
c
b
a
nk o
pt
io
n
s
,
e
s
p
e
c
i
a
ll
y
B
S
I
,
c
r
e
a
t
e
s
a
ga
p
be
tw
e
e
n
I
s
l
a
m
ic
br
a
ndi
ng
a
nd
it
s
pr
a
c
ti
c
a
l
im
pl
e
m
e
n
ta
ti
o
n.
T
he
s
e
f
in
di
ngs
unde
r
s
c
or
e
th
e
ur
ge
nc
y
to
c
onduc
t
c
om
pr
e
he
ns
iv
e
e
v
a
lu
a
ti
ons
a
nd
s
y
s
te
m
a
ti
c
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
on
im
pr
ove
m
e
nt
s
.
A
hol
is
ti
c
a
ppr
oa
c
h
is
ne
e
d
e
d
th
a
t
in
c
lu
de
s
im
pr
ovi
ng
te
c
hnol
ogi
c
a
l
in
f
r
a
s
tr
uc
tu
r
e
,
s
im
pl
if
yi
ng
pr
oc
e
s
s
e
s
,
e
xpa
ndi
ng
th
e
ne
twor
k
o
f
I
s
la
m
ic
ba
nks
,
a
nd
im
pr
ovi
ng
th
e
qua
li
ty
of
c
us
to
m
e
r
s
e
r
vi
c
e
.
S
ha
r
ia
pa
w
ns
hop
s
r
is
k
lo
s
in
g
m
om
e
nt
um
in
t
he
ir
di
gi
ta
l
tr
a
ns
f
or
m
a
ti
on
w
it
hout
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
im
pr
ove
m
e
nt
s
.
F
ur
th
e
r
m
or
e
,
th
e
s
e
is
s
ue
s
im
pa
c
t
th
e
us
e
r
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
a
nd
pot
e
nt
ia
ll
y
a
f
f
e
c
t
th
e
r
e
put
a
ti
on
a
nd
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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hop appli
c
at
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i
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ndone
s
ia
(
A
z
har
A
la
m
)
93
tr
us
t
of
th
e
I
s
la
m
ic
f
in
a
nc
ia
l
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
he
r
e
f
or
e
,
S
ha
r
ia
pa
w
ns
h
ops
m
us
t
pr
io
r
it
iz
e
th
e
s
e
im
pr
ove
m
e
nt
s
w
hi
le
m
a
in
ta
in
in
g
c
om
pl
ia
nc
e
w
it
h
th
e
S
ha
r
ia
pr
in
c
ip
le
s
unde
r
pi
nni
ng
th
e
ir
ope
r
a
ti
ons
.
B
a
s
e
d
on
th
e
w
or
d
c
lo
ud
a
na
ly
s
is
pr
e
s
e
nt
e
d
in
F
ig
ur
e
2,
th
e
m
os
t
f
r
e
que
nt
ly
m
e
nt
io
ne
d
te
r
m
s
in
th
e
us
e
r
r
e
vi
e
w
s
of
S
ha
r
ia
pa
w
ns
hop
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
ons
hi
ghl
ig
ht
c
r
it
ic
a
l
us
e
r
pe
r
c
e
pt
io
ns
a
nd
is
s
ue
s
.
T
he
dom
in
a
nt
w
or
d
"
apl
ik
as
i
"
(
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
on)
s
ugge
s
ts
th
a
t
th
e
c
or
e
f
oc
us
of
us
e
r
s
is
on
th
e
a
pp
it
s
e
lf
.
P
os
it
iv
e
a
dj
e
c
ti
ve
s
li
ke
"
bagus
"
(
good
)
,
"
s
angat
"
(
ve
r
y)
,
"
m
ant
ap
"
(
s
ol
id
)
,
a
nd
"
pr
e
m
iu
m
"
in
di
c
a
te
a
ppr
e
c
ia
ti
on
a
nd
s
a
ti
s
f
a
c
ti
on
a
m
ong
m
a
ny
us
e
r
s
.
H
ow
e
ve
r
,
th
e
pr
e
s
e
nc
e
of
w
or
ds
s
uc
h a
s
"
ti
dak
"
(
no/
not
)
,
"
upda
te
,"
"
upg
r
a
de
,"
a
nd
"
e
r
r
or
"
poi
nt
s
to
c
onc
e
r
ns
r
e
ga
r
di
ng
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
on
f
unc
ti
ona
li
ty
,
in
c
lu
di
ng
th
e
ne
e
d
f
or
r
e
gul
a
r
upda
te
s
a
nd
im
pr
ove
m
e
nt
s
to
f
ix
bugs
a
nd
e
nha
nc
e
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
.
O
th
e
r
not
a
bl
e
te
r
m
s
in
c
lu
de
"
s
y
ar
ia
h
"
(
S
ha
r
ia
)
,
e
m
pha
s
iz
in
g
th
e
im
por
ta
nc
e
of
c
om
pl
ia
nc
e
w
it
h
I
s
la
m
ic
pr
in
c
ip
le
s
a
s
a
ke
y
f
a
c
to
r
in
u
s
e
r
a
c
c
e
pt
a
nc
e
.
T
h
e
w
or
d
"
pe
gadaian
"
(
pa
w
ns
hop)
a
nc
hor
s
th
e
c
ont
e
xt
of
th
e
f
in
a
nc
ia
l
s
e
r
vi
c
e
,
w
hi
le
te
r
m
s
s
uc
h
a
s
"
pe
m
bay
ar
an
"
(
pa
ym
e
nt
)
,
"
r
e
k
e
ni
ng
"
(
a
c
c
ount
)
,
a
nd
"
tr
ans
ak
s
i
"
(
tr
a
ns
a
c
ti
on)
hi
ghl
ig
ht
ty
pi
c
a
l
us
e
r
a
c
ti
vi
ti
e
s
a
nd
pot
e
nt
ia
l
f
r
ic
ti
on
poi
nt
s
.
A
ddi
ti
ona
ll
y,
w
or
ds
r
e
f
e
r
e
nc
in
g
c
us
to
m
e
r
s
uppor
t,
li
ke
"
m
e
m
bant
u
"
(
he
lp
f
ul
)
,
s
ugg
e
s
t
th
a
t
c
us
to
m
e
r
s
e
r
vi
c
e
pl
a
ys
a
r
e
le
v
a
nt
r
ol
e
in
t
he
us
e
r
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
.
T
a
bl
e
4. N
e
g
a
ti
ve
r
e
vi
e
w
s
of
S
ha
r
ia
pa
w
ns
hop in
s
ti
tu
ti
on a
ppl
ic
a
ti
ons
N
o.
R
e
vi
e
w
poi
nt
s
P
e
r
c
e
nt
a
ge
(
%
)
I
ndi
c
a
t
i
ve
quot
e
s
1
T
he
a
pp c
a
nnot
be
ope
ne
d
14.20
"T
he
a
ppl
i
c
a
t
i
on
c
a
nnot
be
ope
ne
d.
T
he
c
a
c
he
ha
s
be
e
n
c
l
e
a
r
e
d
a
nd
r
e
i
ns
t
a
l
l
e
d, but
c
a
nnot
be
ope
ne
d."
"I
t
ha
s
be
e
n a
f
e
w
w
e
e
k
s
s
i
nc
e
t
he
a
pp ha
s
be
e
n i
na
c
c
e
s
s
i
bl
e
."
2
A
pps
of
t
e
n a
s
k t
o be
upda
t
e
d,
a
nd i
t
i
s
c
ha
l
l
e
ngi
ng t
o
upgr
a
de
t
o t
he
pr
e
m
i
um
ve
r
s
i
on.
35.23
"T
he
a
c
c
ount
c
a
nnot
be
upgr
a
de
d
t
o
p
r
e
m
i
um
e
ve
n
t
hough
I
ha
ve
vi
s
i
t
e
d
t
he
br
a
nc
h
of
f
i
c
e
,
a
nd
t
he
r
e
i
s
no
s
ol
ut
i
on,
a
nd
I
w
a
s
t
ol
d
t
o
w
a
i
t
f
or
1 m
ont
h. T
he
r
e
i
s
no ne
w
s
."
"T
he
a
nnoyi
ng not
i
f
, "le
t
u
s
upda
t
e
your
a
ppl
i
c
a
t
i
on," a
l
w
a
y
s
a
pp
e
a
r
s
e
ve
n t
hough i
t
ha
s
be
e
n upda
t
e
d, but
i
t
a
l
w
a
ys
a
ppe
a
r
s
."
3
M
e
nus
i
n f
r
e
que
nt
l
y e
r
r
or
e
d
a
ppl
i
c
a
t
i
ons
a
nd pr
obl
e
m
a
t
i
c
s
e
r
ve
r
s
30.11
"P
l
e
a
s
e
f
i
x
m
i
n.
I
n
t
he
ve
hi
c
l
e
i
ns
t
a
l
l
m
e
nt
s
i
m
ul
a
t
i
on
s
e
c
t
i
on.
Y
ou
c
a
nnot
e
nt
e
r
t
he
l
e
ngt
h
of
t
he
i
ns
t
a
l
l
m
e
nt
t
i
m
e
;
you
c
a
n onl
y
e
nt
e
r
t
he
dow
n pa
ym
e
nt
m
one
y."
"I
us
e
d
t
o
ope
n
a
n
a
c
c
ount
t
o
s
a
ve
gol
d,
but
w
h
e
n
I
ope
ne
d
t
he
a
ppl
i
c
a
t
i
on,
t
he
s
e
r
ve
r
w
a
s
ve
r
y
s
l
ow
.
I
i
ns
t
a
l
l
e
d
i
t
a
ga
i
n
t
oda
y,
hopi
ng
i
t
w
oul
d
go
s
m
oot
hl
y,
but
i
t
t
ur
ne
d
out
t
o
be
t
he
s
a
m
e
.
P
l
e
a
s
e
f
i
x i
t
."
4
B
a
d
s
e
r
vi
c
e
,
a
nd m
u
s
t
go t
o
t
he
of
f
i
c
e
9.66
"T
he
s
e
r
vi
c
e
i
s
not
good,
a
nd
t
he
r
e
i
s
not
t
he
s
l
i
ght
e
s
t
a
ppr
e
c
i
a
t
i
on
f
or
c
us
t
om
e
r
s
w
ho a
r
e
good a
t
pa
yi
ng."
"T
he
s
e
r
ve
r
ha
s
be
e
n
pr
obl
e
m
a
t
i
c
f
or
3
da
y
s
;
i
t
i
s
di
f
f
i
c
ul
t
t
o
l
og
i
n.
F
or
c
e
d t
o go t
o t
he
br
a
nc
h t
o pa
y t
he
i
ns
t
a
l
l
m
e
nt
s
."
5
D
i
f
f
i
c
ul
t
t
o
r
e
gi
s
t
e
r
a
nd f
a
i
l
e
d
t
o ve
r
i
f
y
5.68
"R
e
gi
s
t
r
a
t
i
on
i
s
c
om
pl
i
c
a
t
e
d
i
f
you
w
a
nt
t
o
ope
n
a
gol
d
s
a
vi
ngs
a
c
c
ount
.
I
t
i
s
c
om
pl
i
c
a
t
e
d;
a
s
k
f
or
f
or
gi
ve
ne
s
s
,
a
nd
you
w
i
l
l
a
l
w
a
ys
f
a
i
l
w
he
n you pa
y."
"T
he
a
ppl
i
c
a
t
i
on
i
s
not
good.
Y
ou
c
a
nnot
r
e
gi
s
t
e
r
a
nd
a
l
w
a
ys
e
nt
e
r
t
he
w
r
ong O
T
P
c
ode
."
6
R
e
c
i
pi
e
nt
ba
nks
a
r
e
not
S
ha
r
i
a
a
nd s
t
i
l
l
a
f
e
w
5.11
"A
dd
a
di
s
bur
s
e
m
e
nt
a
c
c
ount
us
i
ng
B
S
I
ba
nk
be
c
a
us
e
,
i
n
A
c
e
h
pr
ovi
nc
e
, t
he
r
e
a
r
e
no m
or
e
c
onve
nt
i
ona
l
ba
nks
."
"T
he
na
m
e
i
s
j
us
t
a
S
ha
r
i
a
pa
w
ns
hop.
H
ow
e
ve
r
,
t
he
r
e
i
s
no
B
S
I
ba
nk
w
he
r
e
you
c
a
n
a
dd
a
ba
nk
a
c
c
ount
.
T
he
r
e
a
r
e
onl
y
c
onve
nt
i
ona
l
ba
nks
."
F
ig
ur
e
2. W
or
d c
lo
ud a
na
ly
s
is
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2252
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8814
I
nt
J
A
dv A
ppl
S
c
i
,
V
ol
. 15, No. 1, M
a
r
c
h 2026
:
86
-
98
94
4.2.
D
is
c
u
s
s
io
n
T
he
s
e
f
in
di
n
gs
f
u
r
t
he
r
s
t
r
e
n
gt
h
e
n
th
e
s
tr
a
te
g
ic
pos
i
ti
on
of
S
h
a
r
i
a
pa
w
ns
h
ops
i
n
t
he
d
ig
it
a
l
S
ha
r
ia
f
i
na
nc
e
la
nds
c
a
pe
i
n
I
nd
one
s
ia
.
A
s
a
m
a
n
i
f
e
s
t
a
t
io
n
of
th
e
di
gi
t
a
l
tr
a
ns
f
o
r
m
a
ti
on
of
th
e
I
s
l
a
m
ic
f
in
a
nc
ia
l
s
e
c
to
r
,
t
hi
s
a
p
pl
ic
a
ti
on
no
t
on
ly
c
o
nt
r
ib
u
te
s
t
o
im
pr
ov
in
g
o
pe
r
a
t
io
na
l
e
f
f
ic
ie
nc
y
bu
t
a
ls
o
p
la
ys
a
n
in
s
t
r
um
e
nt
a
l
r
o
le
i
n
e
xpa
ndi
ng
p
ubl
ic
a
c
c
e
s
s
t
o
S
ha
r
ia
-
ba
s
e
d
f
i
na
nc
ia
l
s
e
r
v
ic
e
s
.
W
it
h
c
ons
is
te
nc
y
i
n
pa
yi
ng
a
t
te
n
ti
on
to
a
nd
r
e
s
pon
di
ng
to
us
e
r
f
e
e
db
a
c
k
c
om
p
r
e
he
ns
i
ve
ly
,
S
h
a
r
ia
pa
w
ns
ho
ps
ha
ve
e
xc
e
l
le
n
t
pot
e
nt
ia
l
t
o
c
on
ti
n
ue
to
i
m
p
r
ov
e
t
he
qua
li
ty
o
f
t
he
ir
s
e
r
vi
c
e
s
w
h
il
e
m
a
in
ta
in
i
ng
c
o
m
p
li
a
nc
e
w
i
th
th
e
f
u
nda
m
e
n
ta
l
p
r
i
nc
i
pl
e
s
o
f
S
h
a
r
ia
.
T
he
f
in
di
ngs
of
th
is
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
a
r
e
di
r
e
c
tl
y
a
li
gne
d
w
i
th
th
e
p
r
im
a
r
y
obj
e
c
ti
ve
,
na
m
e
ly
to
m
a
p
a
nd
a
na
ly
z
e
us
e
r
pe
r
c
e
pt
io
ns
to
w
a
r
d
D
S
P
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
ons
th
r
ough
a
ne
tn
ogr
a
phi
c
m
e
th
od.
T
he
pr
e
dom
in
a
nc
e
of
pos
it
iv
e
r
e
vi
e
w
s
,
pa
r
ti
c
ul
a
r
ly
c
onc
e
r
ni
ng
tr
a
ns
a
c
ti
on
s
e
c
ur
it
y
a
nd
c
onve
ni
e
nc
e
,
c
onf
ir
m
s
th
e
hypothe
s
is
th
a
t
di
gi
ta
l
tr
a
ns
f
or
m
a
ti
on
c
a
n
e
nha
nc
e
us
e
r
e
xp
e
r
ie
nc
e
in
S
ha
r
ia
-
ba
s
e
d
f
in
a
nc
ia
l
in
s
ti
tu
ti
ons
[
61]
,
[
62]
.
T
hi
s
f
in
di
ng
s
uppor
ts
pr
e
vi
ous
s
tu
di
e
s
il
lu
s
tr
a
ti
ng
th
a
t
di
gi
ta
li
z
a
ti
on s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
ly
im
pr
ove
s
f
in
a
nc
ia
l
in
c
lu
s
io
n
a
nd
ope
r
a
ti
ona
l
e
f
f
ic
ie
nc
y
in
I
s
la
m
ic
f
in
a
nc
e
[
63]
.
I
n
pa
r
a
ll
e
l,
th
e
s
uc
c
e
s
s
of
th
e
s
e
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
ons
in
s
uppor
ti
ng
f
unda
m
e
nt
a
l
S
ha
r
ia
tr
a
ns
a
c
ti
ons
is
e
vi
de
nc
e
d
by
59.82
%
us
e
r
s
a
ti
s
f
a
c
ti
on,
a
nd
a
f
ur
th
e
r
17.35
%
of
us
e
r
s
a
c
knowle
dgi
ng
th
e
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
on'
s
tr
a
ns
f
or
m
a
ti
ve
im
pa
c
t
on
pu
bl
ic
pe
r
c
e
pt
io
ns
of
th
e
S
ha
r
ia
-
ba
s
e
d
f
in
a
nc
ia
l
s
ys
te
m
.
T
hi
s
a
c
c
um
ul
a
ti
on
of
po
s
it
iv
e
f
e
e
dba
c
k
is
e
s
s
e
nt
ia
l
f
or
bui
ld
in
g
tr
us
t
a
nd
dr
iv
in
g
gr
e
a
te
r
a
dopt
io
n
a
m
ong the
c
om
m
uni
ty
[
63]
.
H
ow
e
ve
r
,
th
is
s
tu
dy
a
ls
o
r
e
ve
a
ls
r
e
c
ur
r
in
g
is
s
ue
s
r
e
por
te
d
by
us
e
r
s
,
s
uc
h
a
s
f
r
e
que
nt
s
ys
te
m
upda
te
pr
om
pt
s
,
te
c
hni
c
a
l
pr
obl
e
m
s
,
r
e
gi
s
tr
a
ti
on
c
om
pl
e
xi
ty
,
a
nd
li
m
it
e
d
in
te
gr
a
ti
on
w
it
h
I
s
la
m
ic
ba
nks
.
T
he
pr
opor
ti
on
of
c
om
pl
a
in
ts
r
e
ga
r
di
ng
te
c
hni
c
a
l
pr
obl
e
m
s
(
30.1
1
%
)
a
nd
upda
te
s
ys
te
m
obs
ta
c
le
s
(
35.23
%
)
s
ig
na
ls
s
e
r
io
us
c
ha
ll
e
ng
e
s
in
te
c
hnol
ogy
in
f
r
a
s
tr
uc
tu
r
e
a
nd
s
ys
te
m
m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
.
T
h
e
s
e
p
e
r
s
is
te
nt
b
a
r
r
ie
r
s
to
di
gi
ta
l
a
dopt
io
n
a
r
e
c
ons
is
t
e
nt
w
it
h
pr
e
vi
ous
f
in
di
ngs
on
di
gi
ta
l
I
s
la
m
ic
f
in
a
nc
e
s
e
r
vi
c
e
s
,
w
he
r
e
te
c
hnol
ogi
c
a
l
a
nd
ope
r
a
ti
ona
l
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
c
a
n
im
pe
de
us
e
r
s
a
ti
s
f
a
c
ti
on
a
nd
r
e
te
nt
io
n
[
64]
,
[
65
]
.
N
e
ga
ti
ve
r
e
vi
e
w
s
,
th
ough
c
r
it
ic
a
l,
pr
ovi
de
a
s
ol
id
f
ounda
ti
on
f
or
gui
di
ng
ongoing
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
on
de
ve
lo
pm
e
nt
a
nd
r
e
f
in
e
m
e
nt
,
a
s
c
ons
tr
uc
ti
ve
f
e
e
dba
c
k f
r
om
us
e
r
s
poi
nt
s
t
o
c
onc
r
e
te
a
r
e
a
s
f
or
i
m
pr
ove
m
e
nt
[
64]
, [
65]
.
A
not
he
r
not
a
bl
e
in
s
ig
ht
f
r
om
th
is
s
tu
dy
is
th
e
in
c
ons
is
t
e
nc
y
be
twe
e
n
num
e
r
ic
a
l
r
a
ti
ngs
a
nd
th
e
c
ont
e
nt
of
us
e
r
r
e
vi
e
w
s
.
S
om
e
u
s
e
r
s
a
s
s
ig
n
a
m
a
xi
m
um
r
a
ti
n
g
of
f
iv
e
s
ta
r
s
ye
t
pr
ovi
de
na
r
r
a
ti
ve
f
e
e
db
a
c
k
c
ont
a
in
in
g
s
ubs
t
a
nt
ia
l
c
r
it
ic
is
m
or
te
c
hni
c
a
l
c
om
pl
a
in
ts
a
bout
th
e
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
on'
s
f
e
a
tu
r
e
s
.
T
hi
s
phe
nom
e
non
unde
r
s
c
or
e
s
th
e
ne
c
e
s
s
it
y
f
or
in
-
de
pt
h
c
ont
e
nt
a
n
a
ly
s
is
of
us
e
r
na
r
r
a
ti
ve
s
,
a
s
r
e
ly
in
g
s
ol
e
ly
on
num
e
r
ic
a
l
r
a
ti
ngs
m
a
y
yi
e
ld
a
pa
r
ti
a
l
or
e
ve
n
m
is
le
a
di
ng
pi
c
tu
r
e
of
us
e
r
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
[
64]
.
T
he
s
e
f
in
di
ngs
f
ur
th
e
r
e
m
pha
s
iz
e
th
e
s
tr
a
te
gi
c
pos
it
io
n
of
S
ha
r
ia
pa
w
ns
hops
in
I
ndo
ne
s
ia
'
s
di
gi
ta
l
S
ha
r
ia
f
in
a
nc
e
e
c
os
ys
t
e
m
.
A
s
a
ke
y
a
ge
nt
of
di
gi
ta
l
tr
a
ns
f
or
m
a
ti
on,
th
e
S
ha
r
ia
pa
w
ns
hop
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
on
im
pr
ove
s
ope
r
a
ti
ona
l
e
f
f
ic
ie
nc
y
a
nd
br
oa
de
ns
publi
c
a
c
c
e
s
s
t
o
I
s
la
m
ic
-
ba
s
e
d f
in
a
nc
ia
l
s
e
r
vi
c
e
s
. T
hi
s
s
tr
a
te
gi
c
r
ol
e
a
li
gns
w
it
h i
nt
e
r
na
ti
ona
l
t
r
e
nds
,
a
s
di
s
c
us
s
e
d
in
pr
e
vi
ous
s
tu
di
e
s
on
di
gi
ta
l
f
in
a
nc
ia
l
in
c
lu
s
io
n
a
nd
c
us
to
m
e
r
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
in
I
s
la
m
ic
ba
nks
[
66]
,
[
67]
.
D
e
s
pi
te
th
e
s
tr
e
ngt
hs
of
th
e
ne
tn
ogr
a
phi
c
a
ppr
oa
c
h
in
c
a
pt
ur
in
g
a
ut
he
nt
ic
us
e
r
voi
c
e
s
f
r
om
th
e
G
oogl
e
P
la
y
S
to
r
e
,
it
s
houl
d
be
a
c
knowle
dg
e
d
th
a
t
th
is
m
e
th
o
d
a
ls
o
ha
s
li
m
it
a
ti
ons
.
R
e
ly
in
g
e
xc
lu
s
iv
e
ly
on
G
oogl
e
P
la
y
S
to
r
e
r
e
vi
e
w
s
m
a
y
r
e
s
tr
ic
t
th
e
ge
ne
r
a
li
z
a
bi
li
ty
o
f
th
e
r
e
s
ul
ts
,
a
s
us
e
r
pe
r
s
pe
c
ti
ve
s
f
r
om
ot
he
r
pl
a
tf
or
m
s
or
de
m
og
r
a
phi
c
s
e
gm
e
nt
s
m
ig
ht
di
f
f
e
r
[
64]
.
T
he
r
e
f
or
e
,
f
ut
ur
e
s
tu
di
e
s
a
r
e
e
nc
our
a
ge
d
to
b
r
oa
de
n
th
e
da
ta
s
our
c
e
t
o i
nc
lu
de
r
e
vi
e
w
s
f
r
om
t
he
A
ppl
e
A
pp S
to
r
e
, s
oc
ia
l
m
e
di
a
, or
a
lt
e
r
na
ti
ve
pl
a
tf
or
m
s
a
nd a
ppl
y
qua
nt
it
a
ti
ve
or
m
ix
e
d
-
m
e
th
ods
a
ppr
oa
c
he
s
to
pr
ovi
de
a
m
or
e
c
om
pr
e
he
ns
iv
e
a
nd
va
li
da
te
d
unde
r
s
ta
ndi
ng
of
us
e
r
ne
e
ds
[
63]
.
T
he
f
in
di
ngs
unde
r
s
c
or
e
th
a
t
di
gi
ta
l
in
c
lu
s
io
n
is
c
r
it
ic
a
ll
y
e
nha
nc
e
d
by
th
e
gr
ow
th
of
S
ha
r
ia
-
c
om
pl
ia
nt
f
in
te
c
h pl
a
tf
or
m
s
, w
hi
c
h
ha
ve
i
m
pr
ove
d a
c
c
e
s
s
t
o f
in
a
nc
ia
l
s
e
r
vi
c
e
s
f
or
unde
r
s
e
r
ve
d popula
ti
ons
i
n
I
ndone
s
ia
by
le
ve
r
a
gi
ng
te
c
hnol
ogy
a
li
gne
d
w
it
h
I
s
l
a
m
ic
la
w
[
68]
,
[
69]
.
I
nt
e
gr
a
ti
ng
S
ha
r
ia
pr
in
c
ip
le
s
e
ns
ur
e
s
th
a
t
pr
oduc
t
de
s
ig
n
a
nd
tr
a
ns
a
c
ti
on
m
e
c
ha
ni
s
m
s
r
e
f
le
c
t
e
th
ic
a
l
va
lu
e
s
,
s
uppor
ti
ng
c
ons
um
e
r
tr
us
t
a
nd
a
dopt
io
n,
a
s
hi
ghl
ig
ht
e
d
by
u
s
e
r
m
ot
iv
a
ti
ons
e
m
pha
s
iz
in
g
S
ha
r
ia
c
om
pl
ia
nc
e
[
15]
,
[
70]
.
F
ur
th
e
r
m
or
e
,
th
e
s
e
r
e
s
ul
ts
s
uppor
t
a
nd
e
xt
e
nd
e
s
t
a
bl
is
he
d
f
in
te
c
h
a
dopt
io
n
m
ode
ls
s
uc
h
a
s
th
e
t
e
c
hnol
ogy
a
c
c
e
pt
a
nc
e
m
ode
l
(
T
A
M
)
,
de
m
ons
tr
a
ti
ng
th
a
t
pe
r
c
e
iv
e
d
us
e
f
ul
ne
s
s
,
e
a
s
e
of
us
e
,
a
nd
r
e
li
gi
ous
c
om
pa
ti
bi
li
ty
pos
it
iv
e
ly
in
f
lu
e
nc
e
a
c
c
e
pt
a
nc
e
in
I
s
la
m
ic
f
in
te
c
h
c
ont
e
xt
s
[
1]
,
[
2]
.
T
he
s
e
in
s
ig
ht
s
pr
ovi
de
im
pl
ic
a
ti
ons
f
or
a
pp
de
ve
lo
pe
r
s
to
e
nha
nc
e
us
e
r
-
c
e
nt
r
ic
,
S
ha
r
ia
-
c
om
pl
ia
nt
f
e
a
tu
r
e
s
a
nd
f
in
a
nc
i
a
l
li
te
r
a
c
y
to
ol
s
,
a
nd
f
or
po
li
c
ym
a
ke
r
s
to
s
tr
e
ngt
he
n di
gi
ta
l
in
f
r
a
s
tr
uc
tu
r
e
a
nd r
e
gul
a
to
r
y f
r
a
m
e
w
or
ks
t
o e
na
bl
e
gr
e
a
te
r
f
in
a
nc
ia
l
in
c
lu
s
io
n
[
3]
. T
hus
, t
he
s
tu
dy
c
onne
c
ts
us
e
r
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
w
it
h
br
oa
de
r
th
e
or
e
ti
c
a
l
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
ks
a
nd
pol
ic
y
r
e
le
va
nc
e
,
in
f
or
m
in
g
f
ut
u
r
e
de
ve
lo
pm
e
nt
in
di
gi
ta
l
I
s
la
m
ic
f
in
a
nc
e
e
c
os
y
s
te
m
s
.
I
n
c
o
nc
lu
s
io
n,
th
e
r
e
s
ul
ts
of
th
i
s
s
tu
dy
pr
ovi
de
c
om
pr
e
he
ns
iv
e
in
s
ig
ht
in
to
th
e
di
m
e
n
s
io
ns
of
u
s
e
r
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
in
D
S
P
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
on
s
a
nd
s
tr
e
ngt
he
n
th
e
f
ounda
ti
on
f
or
s
tr
a
te
gi
c
a
nd
s
us
ta
in
a
bl
e
d
e
ve
lo
pm
e
nt
in
I
ndone
s
ia
'
s
di
gi
ta
l
I
s
la
m
ic
f
in
a
nc
e
s
e
c
to
r
.
A
tt
e
nt
iv
e
ne
s
s
to
us
e
r
f
e
e
dba
c
k,
te
c
hnol
ogi
c
a
l
a
da
pt
a
ti
on,
a
nd
c
ont
in
uous
S
ha
r
ia
c
om
pl
ia
nc
e
a
r
e
c
r
it
ic
a
l
to
e
ns
ur
e
s
e
r
vi
c
e
qu
a
li
ty
a
nd publi
c
t
r
us
t
goi
ng f
or
w
a
r
d.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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G
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e
v
ie
w
analy
s
is
on
s
har
ia
paw
n
s
hop appli
c
at
io
ns
i
n I
ndone
s
ia
(
A
z
har
A
la
m
)
95
5.
C
O
N
C
L
U
S
I
O
N
B
a
s
e
d
on
us
e
r
r
e
vi
e
w
s
f
r
om
G
oogl
e
P
la
y
S
to
r
e
,
th
is
s
tu
dy
f
ound
th
a
t
S
ha
r
ia
pa
w
ns
hop
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
ons
in
I
ndone
s
ia
ha
ve
c
ont
r
ib
ut
e
d
pos
it
iv
e
ly
to
th
e
di
gi
ta
li
z
a
ti
on
o
f
I
s
la
m
ic
f
in
a
nc
ia
l
s
e
r
vi
c
e
s
.
U
s
e
r
s
a
ppr
e
c
ia
te
th
e
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
ons
f
or
pr
ovi
di
ng
gr
e
a
te
r
tr
a
ns
a
c
ti
on
s
e
c
ur
it
y
a
nd
c
onve
ni
e
nc
e
. T
hr
ough
a
ne
tn
ogr
a
phi
c
a
na
ly
s
i
s
,
it
be
c
om
e
s
c
le
a
r
th
a
t
m
a
ny
us
e
r
s
a
r
e
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a
ti
s
f
ie
d,
a
nd
th
e
a
ppl
i
c
a
ti
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ha
ve
s
ta
r
te
d
to
s
ha
pe
pos
it
iv
e
publ
ic
pe
r
c
e
pt
io
ns
a
bout
di
gi
ta
l
I
s
la
m
ic
f
in
a
nc
e
. N
e
v
e
r
th
e
le
s
s
,
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
r
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m
a
in
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r
ti
c
ul
a
r
ly
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s
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w
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om
pl
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r
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gi
s
tr
a
ti
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pr
oc
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s
s
e
s
,
a
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in
s
uf
f
ic
ie
nt
in
te
gr
a
ti
on
w
it
h
I
s
la
m
ic
ba
nks
.
T
o
e
ns
ur
e
th
e
s
e
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
ons
pr
ogr
e
s
s
,
ongoing e
f
f
or
ts
a
r
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ne
c
e
s
s
a
r
y
to
im
pr
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c
hnol
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c
a
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f
r
a
s
tr
uc
tu
r
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, s
tr
e
a
m
li
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pr
oc
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s
s
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s
, a
nd e
nh
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nc
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c
us
to
m
e
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c
e
qua
li
ty
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o t
ha
t
s
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r
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c
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s
r
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m
a
in
t
r
us
twor
th
y
a
nd me
e
t
th
e
us
e
r
s
’
ne
e
ds
.
T
he
i
ns
ig
ht
s
f
r
om
t
hi
s
s
tu
dy i
nf
or
m
a
pp de
ve
lo
pe
r
s
a
nd f
in
a
nc
ia
l
in
s
ti
tu
ti
ons
a
bout
c
ur
r
e
nt
us
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r
ne
e
ds
a
nd
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
in
di
gi
ta
l
S
ha
r
ia
f
in
a
nc
e
,
but
a
ls
o
pr
ovi
de
a
r
oa
dm
a
p
f
or
a
li
gni
ng
f
ut
u
r
e
in
nova
ti
ons
w
it
h
S
ha
r
ia
pr
in
c
ip
le
s
w
hi
le
m
a
in
ta
in
in
g
us
e
r
s
a
ti
s
f
a
c
ti
on
a
nd
tr
us
t.
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y
br
id
gi
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ga
ps
be
twe
e
n
c
onve
nt
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l
a
nd
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ha
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c
om
pl
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r
vi
c
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s
,
th
e
f
in
di
n
gs
ha
ve
th
e
pot
e
nt
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l
to
a
id
pol
ic
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a
k
e
r
s
in
pr
om
ot
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g
w
id
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r
f
in
a
nc
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l
in
c
lu
s
io
n a
nd
di
gi
ta
l
li
te
r
a
c
y
w
it
hi
n
t
he
c
om
m
uni
ty
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h
e
s
e
r
e
s
ul
ts
c
ont
r
ib
ut
e
to
th
e
e
vol
vi
ng
di
s
c
our
s
e
in
I
s
la
m
ic
f
in
a
nc
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l
te
c
hnol
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a
nd
pr
e
s
e
nt
a
c
ti
on
a
bl
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di
r
e
c
ti
ons
f
or
pr
a
c
ti
c
e
a
nd
s
c
hol
a
r
s
hi
p.
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or
f
ur
th
e
r
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h,
it
is
r
e
c
om
m
e
nde
d
th
a
t
f
ut
ur
e
s
tu
di
e
s
br
oa
de
n
th
e
ir
a
na
ly
s
is
by
us
in
g
u
s
e
r
r
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vi
e
w
s
f
r
om
ot
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r
pl
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tf
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s
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a
s
th
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ppl
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to
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d
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r
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s
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m
e
di
a
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it
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s
,
to
obt
a
in
a
m
or
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c
om
pr
e
he
ns
iv
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vi
e
w
of
us
e
r
s
e
nt
im
e
nt
a
nd
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
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ddi
ti
ona
ll
y,
e
xpa
ndi
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th
e
r
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s
e
a
r
c
h
de
s
ig
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to
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lu
de
qua
nt
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a
ti
ve
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ix
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m
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th
od
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ppr
oa
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he
s
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l
he
lp
va
li
da
te
a
nd
ge
ne
r
a
li
z
e
th
e
pr
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s
e
nt
f
in
di
ngs
.
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e
s
e
a
r
c
h
e
r
s
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l
s
o
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nc
our
a
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d
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ondu
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tu
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obs
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r
ve
tr
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r
ti
m
e
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nd c
om
pa
r
a
ti
ve
s
tu
di
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s
be
twe
e
n
S
ha
r
ia
-
ba
s
e
d
a
nd
c
onve
nt
io
na
l
di
gi
ta
l
f
in
a
nc
ia
l
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
ons
.
E
xpl
or
in
g
c
ol
la
bor
a
ti
on
e
f
f
o
r
ts
w
it
h
I
s
la
m
ic
ba
nks
a
nd
a
na
ly
z
in
g
is
s
ue
s
r
e
la
t
e
d
to
S
ha
r
ia
c
om
pl
ia
nc
e
on
di
gi
ta
l
pl
a
tf
or
m
s
m
a
y
pr
ovi
de
f
ur
th
e
r
va
lu
a
bl
e
i
ns
ig
ht
s
f
or
de
ve
lo
pi
ng digi
ta
l
I
s
la
m
ic
f
in
a
nc
ia
l
s
e
r
vi
c
e
s
.
A
C
K
N
O
WL
E
D
G
M
E
N
T
S
T
he
a
ut
hor
s
th
a
nk
th
e
M
a
s
te
r
's
P
r
ogr
a
m
in
I
s
la
m
ic
E
c
onomi
c
L
a
w
s
a
t
U
ni
ve
r
s
it
a
s
M
uh
a
m
m
a
di
ya
h
S
ur
a
ka
r
ta
f
or
pr
ovi
di
ng p
r
oj
e
c
t
a
dm
in
is
tr
a
ti
on s
uppor
t
f
or
t
hi
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
s
tu
dy.
F
U
N
D
I
N
G
I
N
F
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
T
he
a
ut
hor
s
de
c
la
r
e
t
ha
t
th
is
s
tu
dy r
e
c
e
iv
e
d no e
xt
e
r
na
l
f
undi
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A
U
T
H
O
R
C
O
N
T
R
I
B
U
T
I
O
N
S
S
T
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
hi
s
jo
ur
na
l
us
e
s
th
e
C
ont
r
ib
ut
or
R
ol
e
s
T
a
xonomy
(
C
R
e
di
T
)
to
r
e
c
ogni
z
e
in
di
vi
dua
l
a
ut
hor
c
ont
r
ib
ut
io
ns
, r
e
duc
e
a
ut
hor
s
hi
p di
s
put
e
s
,
a
nd f
a
c
il
it
a
te
c
ol
la
bo
r
a
ti
on.
N
am
e
o
f
A
u
t
h
or
C
M
So
Va
Fo
I
R
D
O
E
Vi
Su
P
Fu
A
z
ha
r
A
la
m
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
A
d
i
t
y
o
W
iwi
t
K
u
r
n
i
a
w
a
n
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
M
uha
m
m
a
d
S
hol
a
h
udd
in
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
C
:
C
onc
e
pt
ua
l
i
z
a
t
i
on
M
:
M
e
t
hodol
ogy
So
:
So
f
t
w
a
r
e
Va
:
Va
l
i
da
t
i
on
Fo
:
Fo
r
m
a
l
a
na
l
ys
i
s
I
:
I
nve
s
t
i
ga
t
i
on
R
:
R
e
s
our
c
e
s
D
:
D
a
t
a
C
ur
a
t
i
on
O
:
W
r
i
t
i
ng
-
O
r
i
gi
na
l
D
r
a
f
t
E
:
W
r
i
t
i
ng
-
R
e
vi
e
w
&
E
di
t
i
ng
Vi
:
Vi
s
ua
l
i
z
a
t
i
on
Su
:
Su
pe
r
vi
s
i
on
P
:
P
r
oj
e
c
t
a
dm
i
ni
s
t
r
a
t
i
on
Fu
:
Fu
ndi
ng a
c
qui
s
i
t
i
on
C
O
N
F
L
I
C
T
O
F
I
N
T
E
R
E
S
T
S
T
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
he
a
ut
hor
s
de
c
la
r
e
no
c
onf
li
c
ts
of
in
te
r
e
s
t
or
f
in
a
nc
ia
l
a
n
d
pe
r
s
ona
l
r
e
la
ti
ons
hi
p
s
in
f
lu
e
nc
in
g
th
is
w
or
k.
D
A
T
A
A
V
A
I
L
A
B
I
L
I
T
Y
D
a
ta
a
va
il
a
bi
li
ty
i
s
not
a
ppl
ic
a
bl
e
a
s
t
hi
s
s
tu
dy did not
i
nvol
ve
ne
w
da
ta
c
ol
le
c
ti
on or
a
na
ly
s
is
.
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