I
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l J
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f
Adv
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d Science
s
(
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J
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Vo
l.
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1
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Ma
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20
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,
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N
s
t
ill
ex
h
ib
its
in
tr
in
s
ic
lim
itatio
n
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
wea
k
v
is
ib
le
-
lig
h
t
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
an
d
i
n
ef
f
icien
t
ch
a
r
g
e
-
ca
r
r
ier
s
ep
a
r
atio
n
,
wh
ich
r
estrict
its
o
v
e
r
all
p
h
o
to
ca
taly
tic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
[
1
1
]
.
On
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
s
tr
ateg
y
to
o
v
er
c
o
m
e
th
ese
lim
itatio
n
s
is
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
o
f
h
ete
r
o
ju
n
ctio
n
s
with
co
m
p
lem
en
tar
y
p
h
o
to
ca
taly
s
ts
.
Me
tal
o
x
id
es,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
b
im
etallic
o
x
id
es,
ex
h
ib
it
s
u
p
er
io
r
p
h
o
to
ca
taly
tic
ac
tiv
ity
u
n
d
e
r
v
is
ib
le
lig
h
t
c
o
m
p
ar
e
d
t
o
s
in
g
le
m
etal
o
x
id
es
[
1
2
]
.
Owin
g
to
t
h
eir
p
h
y
s
ico
ch
em
ical
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
n
o
tab
le
m
ag
n
etic
an
d
o
p
tical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
,
s
p
in
el
f
er
r
ites
,
a
class
o
f
b
im
etallic
o
x
id
es,
h
a
v
e
g
ain
ed
in
c
r
ea
s
in
g
atten
tio
n
.
I
n
p
ar
ticu
la
r
,
z
in
c
f
er
r
ite
(
Z
n
Fe₂O₄
o
r
Z
F)
h
as
em
er
g
ed
as
a
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
m
ater
ial
d
u
e
to
its
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
s
y
n
th
esis
,
co
n
tr
o
llab
le
s
to
ich
io
m
etr
y
,
n
a
n
o
s
ca
le
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
,
n
ar
r
o
w
b
an
d
g
a
p
(
~1
.
9
eV)
,
a
n
d
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
.
Desp
ite
th
ese
m
er
its
,
th
e
p
h
o
to
ca
taly
ti
c
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
p
r
is
tin
e
Z
F
r
em
ai
n
s
lim
ited
as
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
r
ap
i
d
r
ec
o
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
p
h
o
to
g
e
n
er
ated
ch
ar
g
e
ca
r
r
ier
s
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
i
s
ch
allen
g
e
ca
n
b
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
el
y
m
itig
ated
th
r
o
u
g
h
h
eter
o
ju
n
ctio
n
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
.
I
n
th
e
p
r
esen
t
w
o
r
k
,
a
zin
c
f
er
r
ite
-
an
ch
o
r
ed
two
-
d
im
en
s
io
n
al
ca
r
b
o
n
n
itrid
e
n
an
o
co
m
p
o
s
ite
(
Z
F@
2
DC
N
)
n
an
o
co
m
p
o
s
ite
was
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
f
ab
r
icate
d
v
ia
a
h
y
d
r
o
th
er
m
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
ex
h
ib
itin
g
a
p
r
o
n
o
u
n
ce
d
s
y
n
e
r
g
is
tic
ef
f
ec
t
b
etwe
en
ad
s
o
r
p
t
io
n
an
d
p
h
o
to
ca
taly
s
is
f
o
r
C
I
P
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
.
T
h
e
in
co
r
p
o
r
atio
n
o
f
Z
F n
ar
r
o
wed
th
e
b
an
d
g
a
p
o
f
2
DC
N
f
r
o
m
2
.
8
3
to
2
.
6
0
eV,
th
er
e
b
y
ex
ten
d
i
n
g
lig
h
t a
b
s
o
r
p
tio
n
an
d
en
h
an
cin
g
C
I
P
p
h
o
t
o
d
e
g
r
ad
atio
n
.
T
h
e
Z
F@
2
DC
N
n
an
o
co
m
p
o
s
ite
ex
h
ib
ited
ar
e
h
ig
h
ly
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
ap
p
licatio
n
s
a
n
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
a
n
ew
d
ir
ec
tio
n
f
o
r
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
co
m
p
o
s
ite
m
ater
ials
in
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
M
a
t
er
ia
l
All
r
ea
g
en
ts
u
s
ed
in
th
e
f
ab
r
icatio
n
o
f
Z
F@
2
DC
N
wer
e
o
f
an
aly
tical
g
r
ad
e
an
d
we
r
e
u
tili
ze
d
with
o
u
t
an
y
ad
d
itio
n
al
p
u
r
if
icatio
n
s
tep
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
ec
u
r
s
o
r
m
ater
ials
in
clu
d
ed
C
H
4
N
2
O,
C
2
H
4
N
4
,
Z
n
(
NO
3
)
2
·
6
H
2
O,
C
5
H
12
O,
C
18
H
34
O
2
,
C
18
H
37
N,
C
2
H
5
OH,
C
6
H
14
,
Fe(
NO
3
)
3
·
9
H
2
O,
an
d
C
17
H
18
FN
3
O
3
.
Ultr
ap
u
r
e
wate
r
(
1
8
.
2
MΩ
·
cm
)
was u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
ep
a
r
atio
n
o
f
all
aq
u
e
o
u
s
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
.
2
.
2
.
Sy
nthesis
o
f
Z
F
@2
DCN
na
no
co
m
po
s
it
e
T
h
e
b
u
lk
g
r
ap
h
itic
C
N
was
s
y
n
th
esized
u
s
in
g
a
m
ix
tu
r
e
o
f
u
r
ea
an
d
d
icy
a
n
d
iam
id
e
in
a
2
:1
weig
h
t
r
atio
,
an
d
was
ca
lcin
ed
in
am
b
ien
t
air
at
5
5
0
°
C
f
o
r
4
h
u
s
in
g
a
co
n
tr
o
lled
h
ea
tin
g
r
ate
o
f
2
°
C
m
in
-
1
.
2
DC
N
wer
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
r
m
al
ex
f
o
liatio
n
b
y
h
ea
tin
g
b
u
lk
C
N
to
5
2
0
°
C
at
a
r
ate
o
f
5
°
C
m
in
-
1
f
o
r
2
h
.
I
n
p
ar
allel,
Z
F
w
as
s
y
n
th
esized
u
s
in
g
a
h
y
d
r
o
th
e
r
m
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
B
r
ief
ly
,
a
2
:1
m
o
lar
m
ix
tu
r
e
o
f
Fe(
NO
3
)
3
·
9
H
2
O
an
d
Z
n
(
NO
3
)
2
·
6
H
2
O
was
p
r
ep
ar
ed
b
y
d
i
s
s
o
lv
in
g
th
e
s
alts
in
d
eio
n
ized
(
DI
)
wate
r
with
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
s
tirr
in
g
.
Su
b
s
eq
u
e
n
tly
,
6
0
m
L
o
f
C
5
H
12
O
was
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
as
th
e
o
r
g
an
ic
p
h
a
s
e,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
th
e
ad
d
itio
n
o
f
C
18
H
34
O
2
an
d
C
18
H
37
N
in
an
eq
u
im
o
lar
r
atio
.
Af
ter
ad
ju
s
tin
g
th
e
p
H
to
1
1
with
NaO
H,
th
e
m
ix
tu
r
e
was
s
tirr
ed
f
o
r
1
h
t
o
en
s
u
r
e
h
o
m
o
g
en
eity
,
an
d
t
h
e
r
esu
ltin
g
s
u
s
p
e
n
s
io
n
was
s
ea
led
in
a
5
0
m
L
T
ef
lo
n
-
lin
ed
a
u
to
clav
e
an
d
h
y
d
r
o
th
er
m
ally
tr
ea
ted
at
1
8
0
°
C
f
o
r
1
6
h
.
Af
ter
co
m
p
letio
n
o
f
th
e
r
ea
ctio
n
,
th
e
o
b
tain
ed
Z
F
n
an
o
p
ar
ticles
wer
e
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
ly
wash
ed
with
a
m
ix
tu
r
e
o
f
C
2
H
5
OH
an
d
C
6
H
14
(1
:3
,
v
/v
)
to
elim
in
ate
r
esid
u
al
o
r
g
a
n
ic
s
p
e
cies a
n
d
im
p
u
r
ities
.
T
h
e
s
y
n
th
esis
o
f
th
e
n
a
n
o
co
m
p
o
s
ite
b
eg
an
b
y
m
ix
in
g
3
0
0
m
g
o
f
2
DC
N
with
v
ar
y
in
g
a
m
o
u
n
ts
o
f
Z
F
in
1
5
m
L
o
f
DI
wate
r
.
T
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
is
m
ix
in
g
was
to
en
s
u
r
e
p
r
o
p
er
in
ter
ac
tio
n
b
etwe
en
2
DC
N
an
d
Z
F,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
a
n
an
o
c
o
m
p
o
s
ite
with
th
e
d
esire
d
p
r
o
p
er
ties
.
T
h
e
s
u
s
p
en
s
io
n
was
m
ag
n
etica
lly
s
tirr
ed
f
o
r
6
h
to
ac
h
iev
e
a
u
n
if
o
r
m
d
is
p
er
s
io
n
,
a
cr
itical
s
tep
f
o
r
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
h
o
m
o
g
e
n
eo
u
s
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
Z
F
o
n
th
e
2
DC
N
s
u
r
f
ac
e.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
e
m
ix
tu
r
e
was
tr
an
s
f
er
r
ed
in
to
a
T
ef
lo
n
-
lin
ed
au
to
cla
v
e
(
5
0
m
L
ca
p
ac
ity
)
an
d
s
u
b
jecte
d
to
h
y
d
r
o
th
er
m
al
tr
e
atm
en
t
at
1
6
0
°
C
f
o
r
1
6
h
to
en
h
an
ce
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
i
n
teg
r
ity
o
f
th
e
r
esu
ltin
g
n
an
o
co
m
p
o
s
ite.
T
h
is
h
ea
tin
g
s
tag
e
is
ess
en
tial
a
s
it
f
ac
ilit
at
es
th
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
s
tr
o
n
g
b
o
n
d
s
b
etwe
en
2
DC
N
an
d
Z
F,
wh
ile
also
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
m
ater
ial
f
o
r
its
in
ten
d
ed
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
2
.
3
.
Cha
ra
c
t
er
iza
t
io
n o
f
Z
F
@2
DCN
na
no
co
m
po
s
it
e
X
-
r
ay
d
if
f
r
ac
tio
n
(
XR
D)
an
aly
s
is
was
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
u
s
in
g
a
B
r
u
k
er
D
8
Ad
v
a
n
ce
d
if
f
r
ac
to
m
eter
,
wh
ile
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
m
o
r
p
h
o
lo
g
y
o
f
t
h
e
s
am
p
les
was
ex
am
in
ed
b
y
s
ca
n
n
in
g
elec
tr
o
n
m
icr
o
s
c
o
p
y
(
SEM
)
with
a
J
E
OL
J
SM
-
6
4
9
0
L
V,
wh
ich
was
eq
u
ip
p
ed
with
a
n
en
er
g
y
-
d
is
p
er
s
iv
e
X
-
r
ay
(
E
DX)
s
p
ec
tr
o
m
eter
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
Hyd
r
o
th
erma
l syn
th
esis
o
f Zn
F
e2
O4
@
g
-
C
3
N
4
fo
r
en
h
a
n
ce
d
a
d
s
o
r
p
tio
n
-
… (
Med
ya
A
yu
n
d
a
F
itr
i
)
315
(
J
E
OL
C
en
tu
r
io
)
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
elec
t
r
o
n
m
icr
o
s
co
p
y
(
T
E
M)
an
aly
s
is
was
co
n
d
u
cte
d
with
a
Hitach
i
S
-
3
0
0
0
N.
T
h
e
o
p
tical
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
p
r
o
p
e
r
ties
o
f
th
e
m
ater
ials
wer
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
u
s
in
g
a
Hitach
i
U
-
4
1
0
0
s
p
ec
tr
o
p
h
o
t
o
m
eter
.
Fu
n
ctio
n
al
g
r
o
u
p
id
en
tific
atio
n
was a
n
aly
ze
d
with
a
Nico
let
6
7
0
0
s
p
ec
tr
o
m
eter
.
2
.
4
.
Ph
o
t
o
ca
t
a
ly
t
ic
deg
r
a
da
t
io
n e
x
perim
ent
s
Ad
s
o
r
p
tio
n
test
s
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cted
in
th
e
d
ar
k
u
s
in
g
1
0
m
L
o
f
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ates
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ig
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s
ee
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
c
)
,
t
h
e
Z
F
n
an
o
p
ar
ticles
ar
e
u
n
if
o
r
m
ly
d
is
p
er
s
ed
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
2
DC
N
s
u
r
f
ac
e,
in
d
ica
tin
g
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
th
e
Z
F@
2
DC
N
h
eter
o
ju
n
ctio
n
.
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
(
d
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Stru
ctu
r
al
an
d
o
p
tica
l c
h
ar
ac
ter
izatio
n
o
f
(
a)
XR
D
p
r
o
f
ile,
(
b
)
FT
-
I
R
s
p
ec
tr
o
s
co
p
y
s
p
ec
tr
a,
(c
)
Ku
b
elk
a
–
Mu
n
k
p
lo
t
o
f
2
D
C
N
an
d
Z
F,
an
d
(
d
)
Ku
b
elk
a
–
Mu
n
k
p
l
o
t o
f
Z
F@
2
DC
N
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
SEM
im
ag
es o
f
(
a)
2
DC
N,
(
b
)
Z
F,
an
d
(
c)
Z
F@
2
DC
N
n
an
o
co
m
p
o
s
ite
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
Hyd
r
o
th
erma
l syn
th
esis
o
f Zn
F
e2
O4
@
g
-
C
3
N
4
fo
r
en
h
a
n
ce
d
a
d
s
o
r
p
tio
n
-
… (
Med
ya
A
yu
n
d
a
F
itr
i
)
317
3
.
2
.
Sy
nerg
is
t
ic
a
ds
o
rpt
io
n
–
ph
o
t
o
ca
t
a
ly
t
ic
deg
ra
da
t
io
n o
f
cipro
f
lo
x
a
cin
T
h
e
co
m
b
in
ed
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
a
d
s
o
r
p
tio
n
-
p
h
o
to
d
e
g
r
ad
atio
n
o
f
C
I
P
o
v
er
th
e
Z
F@
2
DC
N
was
s
y
s
tem
atica
lly
ev
alu
ated
with
a
n
d
with
o
u
t
lam
p
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e.
I
n
itial
ad
s
o
r
p
tio
n
test
s
wer
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
in
th
e
d
ar
k
with
a
10
m
g
L
-
1
C
I
P
s
o
lu
tio
n
(
1
0
m
L
,
p
H
7
)
to
elim
in
ate
an
y
p
h
o
to
ca
taly
tic
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
.
A
d
s
o
r
p
tio
n
e
q
u
ilib
r
iu
m
was
r
ea
ch
ed
with
in
3
0
m
in
.
Fig
u
r
e
s
3
-
5
p
r
esen
t
th
e
ad
s
o
r
p
tio
n
k
in
etics
f
itted
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
PS
O
m
o
d
el,
alo
n
g
with
th
e
p
h
o
to
ca
taly
tic
d
eg
r
a
d
atio
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
2
DC
N,
Z
F,
an
d
Z
F@
2
DC
N,
a
s
well
a
s
th
e
Sip
s
i
s
o
th
er
m
f
itti
n
g
r
esu
lts
.
As
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
,
C
I
P
a
d
s
o
r
p
tio
n
o
cc
u
r
s
r
ap
id
ly
with
in
th
e
f
ir
s
t
1
0
m
in
,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
a
s
lo
wer
p
r
o
g
r
ess
io
n
to
war
d
eq
u
ilib
r
iu
m
.
Am
o
n
g
th
e
tes
ted
m
ater
ials
,
Z
F@
2
D
C
N
e
x
h
ib
its
th
e
h
ig
h
est
ad
s
o
r
p
tio
n
ca
p
ac
ity
(
6
.
8
m
g
g
-
1
)
,
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
C
I
P
r
em
o
v
al
ef
f
icien
cies
o
f
3
1
%
an
d
2
1
%,
wh
er
ea
s
p
r
is
tin
e
2
DC
N
s
h
o
ws
a
lo
wer
ad
s
o
r
p
tio
n
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
4
.
6
m
g
g
-
1
with
2
1
%
r
e
m
o
v
a
l.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
Z
F
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates a
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
lo
wer
ad
s
o
r
p
tio
n
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
2
.
7
m
g
g
-
1
,
ac
h
iev
in
g
o
n
ly
1
2
% C
I
P r
em
o
v
al.
Owin
g
to
its
n
ar
r
o
w
b
an
d
g
ap
(
1
.
9
eV)
,
Z
F
ex
p
er
i
en
ce
s
p
r
o
n
o
u
n
ce
d
r
ec
o
m
b
i
n
atio
n
o
f
p
h
o
to
g
en
er
ated
(
e⁻
–
h
⁺)
p
air
s
,
lead
in
g
t
o
th
e
wea
k
est
p
h
o
to
ca
taly
tic
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
wi
th
o
n
ly
1
6
%
C
I
P
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
ac
h
iev
e
d
with
in
3
0
m
in
(
Fig
u
r
e
4
)
.
I
n
co
n
tr
a
s
t,
2
DC
N
an
d
Z
F@
2
DC
N
d
i
s
p
lay
s
u
b
s
tan
tially
en
h
an
ce
d
p
h
o
to
ca
taly
tic
ac
tiv
ities
,
attain
in
g
C
I
P
r
em
o
v
al
ef
f
icien
cies
o
f
3
2
%
an
d
5
3
%,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
e
s
u
p
er
io
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
t
h
e
Z
F@
2
D
C
N
n
an
o
co
m
p
o
s
ite
is
p
r
im
ar
ily
attr
ib
u
ted
to
its
r
ed
u
c
ed
b
an
d
g
ap
en
e
r
g
y
(
2
.
6
eV)
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
p
r
is
tin
e
2
DC
N
(
2
.
8
eV)
,
wh
ich
i
m
p
r
o
v
es
v
is
ib
le
-
lig
h
t
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
el
y
s
u
p
p
r
ess
es
ch
ar
g
e
-
ca
r
r
ier
r
ec
o
m
b
in
atio
n
.
No
tab
ly
,
Z
F@
2
DC
N
ac
h
iev
es
u
p
to
8
1
%
C
I
P
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
with
i
n
6
0
m
in
,
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
i
n
g
its
ex
ce
llen
t
p
h
o
to
ca
taly
tic
ef
f
icien
cy
.
T
h
e
p
h
o
t
o
ca
taly
tic
d
eg
r
ad
ati
o
n
o
f
C
I
P
f
o
llo
ws
PS
O
k
in
etics
,
an
d
t
h
e
s
u
p
e
r
io
r
r
ea
ctio
n
r
ate
o
f
Z
F@
2
DC
N
a
r
is
es
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
y
n
e
r
g
is
tic
co
u
p
lin
g
o
f
a
d
s
o
r
p
tio
n
an
d
p
h
o
to
ca
taly
s
is
.
I
n
th
is
s
y
s
tem
,
C
I
P
m
o
lecu
les
ar
e
p
r
ef
er
en
tially
a
d
s
o
r
b
e
d
an
d
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
ated
o
n
th
e
lam
ellar
2
DC
N
m
atr
ix
,
wh
ich
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
a
lar
g
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
ar
ea
an
d
ab
u
n
d
an
t
m
eso
p
o
r
o
u
s
s
ites
.
T
h
is
ad
s
o
r
p
tio
n
-
d
r
iv
en
en
r
ic
h
m
en
t
f
ac
ilit
ates
r
ap
id
C
I
P
d
ep
letio
n
in
s
o
lu
tio
n
an
d
en
h
an
ce
s
th
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
in
ter
ac
tio
n
with
p
h
o
to
-
g
en
er
ate
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
o
x
y
g
en
s
p
ec
ies,
th
er
eb
y
ac
ce
ler
atin
g
p
h
o
to
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at
th
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
a
Z
F
-
2
DC
N
h
eter
o
ju
n
ctio
n
p
la
y
s
a
cr
itical
r
o
le
in
en
h
an
cin
g
p
h
o
to
ca
taly
tic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
r
en
d
er
i
n
g
Z
F@
2
DC
N
h
ig
h
ly
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
f
o
r
C
I
P
r
em
o
v
al.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
ca
lcu
lated
ap
p
ar
en
t
r
ate
co
n
s
tan
ts
(
0
.
0
1
2
7
,
0
.
0
0
1
4
,
a
n
d
0
.
0
0
5
3
m
in
-
1
f
o
r
Z
F@
2
D
C
N,
Z
F,
an
d
2
DC
N,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
)
,
th
e
Z
F@
2
DC
N
n
an
o
co
m
p
o
s
ite
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
a
d
e
g
r
ad
atio
n
r
ate
n
ea
r
ly
2
.
5
tim
es
h
ig
h
e
r
th
a
n
t
h
at
o
f
p
r
is
tin
e
2
DC
N.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
t
h
e
h
ig
h
er
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
co
e
f
f
ic
ien
t
(
K
d
)
an
d
r
ate
co
n
s
tan
t
v
alu
es
f
u
r
th
e
r
h
i
g
h
li
g
h
t
th
e
s
tr
o
n
g
s
y
n
er
g
is
tic
in
ter
ac
tio
n
b
etwe
en
ad
s
o
r
p
tio
n
an
d
p
h
o
to
ca
t
aly
s
is
.
T
h
e
ad
s
o
r
p
tio
n
b
e
h
av
io
r
o
f
C
I
P
was
f
u
r
th
er
i
n
v
esti
g
ated
o
v
er
an
in
itial
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
r
an
g
e
o
f
5
–
5
0
m
g
L
-
1
.
E
q
u
ilib
r
iu
m
was
attain
ed
wit
h
in
3
0
m
in
,
d
u
r
in
g
wh
ich
th
e
ad
s
o
r
p
tio
n
ca
p
ac
ity
in
cr
ea
s
ed
with
r
is
in
g
C
I
P
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
u
n
til
s
atu
r
atio
n
o
cc
u
r
r
e
d
.
C
o
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
e
q
u
il
ib
r
iu
m
ca
p
ac
ities
wer
e
4
.
7
–
1
0
.
8
m
g
g
-
1
f
o
r
I
n
itial
C
I
P
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
b
etwe
en
5
an
d
5
0
m
g
L
-
1
.
B
o
th
ex
p
er
i
m
en
tal
r
esu
lts
an
d
k
in
etic
m
o
d
elin
g
in
d
icate
th
at
th
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
-
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
a
d
s
o
r
p
tio
n
b
e
h
av
io
r
f
o
llo
ws
th
e
PS
O
m
o
d
el,
s
u
g
g
es
tin
g
a
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
m
u
ltil
ay
er
ad
s
o
r
p
tio
n
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
class
if
icatio
n
o
f
Giles
an
d
S
m
ith
,
th
e
r
esu
ltin
g
ad
s
o
r
p
ti
o
n
is
o
th
er
m
o
f
C
I
P
o
n
Z
F@
2
DC
N
is
id
en
tifie
d
as
a
n
L
2
-
ty
p
e,
i
n
d
icatin
g
a
s
tr
o
n
g
af
f
i
n
ity
b
etwe
en
th
e
ad
s
o
r
b
en
t
an
d
a
d
s
o
r
b
ate
th
r
o
u
g
h
ch
em
ical
b
o
n
d
i
n
g
o
r
elec
tr
o
s
tatic
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
in
a
m
u
ltil
ay
er
ad
s
o
r
p
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
co
n
f
ir
m
th
at
C
I
P
ad
s
o
r
p
tio
n
o
n
th
e
Z
F@
2
DC
N
n
an
o
co
m
p
o
s
ite
o
cc
u
r
s
o
n
h
eter
o
g
en
e
o
u
s
ac
tiv
e
s
ites
v
ia
a
m
u
ltil
ay
er
m
ec
h
an
is
m
[
2
6
]
–
[
2
8
]
.
T
o
f
u
r
th
e
r
elu
cid
ate
th
e
a
d
s
o
r
p
tio
n
b
e
h
av
io
r
,
th
e
Sip
s
is
o
th
er
m
m
o
d
el
was
ap
p
lied
(
Fig
u
r
e
5
)
.
T
h
is
h
y
b
r
id
m
o
d
el,
wh
ich
in
teg
r
ate
s
th
e
L
an
g
m
u
ir
an
d
Fre
u
n
d
lich
th
eo
r
ies
f
o
r
h
eter
o
g
en
e
o
u
s
s
u
r
f
ac
es,
s
h
o
w
s
an
ex
ce
llen
t
f
it
with
an
R
2
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
9
7
5
an
d
y
ield
s
a
m
ax
im
u
m
ad
s
o
r
p
tio
n
ca
p
ac
ity
o
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[
1
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