I
n
t
e
r
n
at
io
n
al
Jou
r
n
al
of
A
d
van
c
e
s
i
n
A
p
p
li
e
d
S
c
ie
n
c
e
s
(
I
JA
A
S
)
V
ol
.
1
5
, N
o.
1
,
M
a
r
c
h
20
2
6
, pp.
219
~
226
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8814
,
D
O
I
:
10.11591/
ij
a
a
s
.
v
1
5
.
i
1
.
pp
219
-
226
219
Jou
r
n
al
h
om
e
page
:
ht
tp
:
//
ij
aas
.i
ae
s
c
or
e
.c
om
H
yb
r
i
d
e
n
e
r
gy st
or
age
sys
t
e
m
s as
a su
st
ai
n
ab
l
e
e
n
e
r
gy sou
r
c
e
M
u
h
am
m
ad
A
d
am
1
, S
u
w
ar
n
o
1
, C
at
r
a
I
n
d
r
a C
ah
yad
i
2
1
D
e
pa
r
t
m
e
nt
of
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
E
ngi
ne
e
r
i
ng,
F
a
c
ul
t
y of
T
e
c
hnol
ogy, U
ni
ve
r
s
i
t
a
s
M
uha
m
m
a
di
ya
h S
um
a
t
e
r
a
U
t
a
r
a
, M
e
da
n, I
ndone
s
i
a
2
A
i
r
c
r
a
f
t
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
E
ngi
ne
e
r
i
ng, P
ol
i
t
e
kni
k P
e
ne
r
ba
nga
n M
e
da
n, M
e
da
n, I
ndone
s
i
a
A
r
t
ic
le
I
n
f
o
A
B
S
T
R
A
C
T
A
r
ti
c
le
h
is
to
r
y
:
R
e
c
e
iv
e
d
A
pr
6, 2025
R
e
vi
s
e
d
D
e
c
9, 2025
A
c
c
e
pt
e
d
J
a
n 1, 2026
The
use
of
fossil
fuel
power
plants
will
contribute
to
emissio
ns
and
environm
ental
pollut
ion,
which
has
an
impact
on
air
and
environ
mental
pollution.
Applying
hybrid
energy
systems
can
help
reduce
the
e
mission
footprint
and
improve
the
stabilit
y
of
local
electricity
networks,
especi
ally
in
services
with
high
energy
consumption.
Hybrid
optimization
of
m
ultiple
energy
resources
(
HOMER
)
is
a
simulator
that
simulates
using
ren
ewable
energy
with
the
hybrid
renewable
energy
systems
(
HRES
).
The
sim
ulation
produces
a
system
with
the
most
appropriate
combination
of
photo
voltaic
(
PV
)
,
wind
power
(
WP
)
,
and
converter.
The
combination
of
P
V
-
WP
produces an economical c
hoice
for providing electrical
energy in
a par
ticular
location.
The
hybrid
PV
-
WP
model
can
save
about
40.8%
less
th
an
the
current
conditi
on.
The
investm
ent
can
be
returned
in
10.11
years
,
w
hich
is
recommended
for
similar
condition
s
in
othe
r
areas.
This
positive
imp
act
can
provide
incentives
for
policymakers
in
the
implementation
of
a
hybrid
system that can ne
utralize emissions a
nd environmental pollution.
K
e
y
w
o
r
d
s
:
E
c
onomi
c
a
na
ly
s
is
G
r
e
e
n e
ne
r
gy
H
O
M
E
R
H
ybr
id
s
ys
te
m
T
e
c
hni
c
a
l
a
na
ly
s
is
This is an
open
acce
ss artic
le unde
r the
CC BY
-
SA
license.
C
or
r
e
s
pon
di
n
g A
u
th
or
:
M
uha
m
m
a
d A
da
m
D
e
pa
r
tm
e
nt
of
E
le
c
tr
ic
a
l
E
ngi
ne
e
r
in
g, F
a
c
ul
ty
of
T
e
c
hnol
ogy, Unive
r
s
it
a
s
M
uha
m
m
a
di
ya
h S
um
a
te
r
a
U
ta
r
a
S
tr
e
e
t
M
uhkt
a
r
B
a
s
r
i
N
o.3, M
e
d
a
n, N
or
th
S
um
a
tr
a
, I
ndone
s
ia
E
m
a
il
:
m
uha
m
m
a
da
da
m
@
um
s
u.a
c
.i
d
1.
I
N
T
R
O
D
U
C
T
I
O
N
T
he
im
pa
c
t
of
c
li
m
a
te
c
ha
nge
w
il
l
r
e
s
ul
t
in
th
r
e
a
ts
to
th
e
gl
oba
l
e
c
onomy
a
nd
ot
he
r
im
pa
c
ts
.
R
e
duc
in
g
th
e
gr
e
e
nhous
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
on
c
li
m
a
te
c
ha
nge
is
th
e
id
e
a
l
of
e
ve
r
y
in
di
vi
dua
l
a
ga
in
s
t
e
nvi
r
onm
e
nt
a
l
pol
lu
ti
on
in
th
e
f
ut
ur
e
[
1]
.
F
os
s
il
f
ue
l
pow
e
r
pl
a
nt
s
w
or
ld
w
id
e
c
ont
r
ib
ut
e
to
a
bout
25%
of
gr
e
e
nhou
s
e
ga
s
e
m
is
s
io
ns
.
T
he
r
e
f
or
e
,
r
e
duc
in
g
e
m
i
s
s
io
ns
in
th
e
r
e
gi
on
w
il
l
h
a
ve
a
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
im
pa
c
t
on
pr
ot
e
c
ti
ng
a
ga
in
s
t
e
nvi
r
onm
e
nt
a
l
pol
lu
ti
on
[
2]
.
T
he
r
e
f
or
e
,
pow
e
r
pl
a
nt
s
th
a
t
u
s
e
f
os
s
il
f
ue
ls
m
us
t
be
r
e
duc
e
d
to
m
a
in
ta
in
e
nvi
r
onm
e
nt
a
l
s
us
ta
in
a
bi
li
ty
a
nd
s
w
it
c
h
to
e
nvi
r
onm
e
nt
a
ll
y
f
r
ie
ndl
y
e
ne
r
gy.
I
ndone
s
ia
s
ti
ll
r
e
li
e
s
on
e
le
c
tr
ic
it
y t
hr
ough the
r
m
a
l
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on (
63.4%
)
, a
nd t
he
l
a
te
s
t
c
ondi
ti
on i
s
qui
te
a
de
qua
te
[
3]
.
T
he
us
e
of
r
e
ne
w
a
bl
e
e
ne
r
gy
is
be
in
g
pr
om
ot
e
d
a
s
th
e
m
a
in
e
n
e
r
gy
s
our
c
e
,
e
s
pe
c
ia
ll
y
in
de
ve
lo
pi
ng
c
ount
r
ie
s
,
in
c
lu
di
ng
I
ndone
s
ia
.
T
he
hybr
id
r
e
ne
w
a
bl
e
e
ne
r
gy
s
ys
te
m
s
(
H
R
E
S
)
m
ode
l
is
a
c
om
pa
ti
bl
e
e
ne
r
gy
s
our
c
e
be
c
a
u
s
e
it
c
a
n
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
ove
r
a
ll
e
f
f
ic
ie
nc
y
[
4]
.
H
ybr
id
opt
im
iz
a
ti
on
of
m
ul
ti
pl
e
e
ne
r
gy
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
(
H
O
M
E
R
)
s
im
ul
a
ti
on
pr
ovi
de
s
a
r
e
li
a
bl
e
s
ol
ut
io
n
f
or
id
e
nt
if
yi
ng
a
ppr
oa
c
he
s
th
a
t
ha
ve
g
e
ogr
a
phi
c
a
ll
y
va
r
yi
ng l
oa
ds
[
5]
. H
O
M
E
R
s
im
ul
a
ti
on i
s
a
ba
s
ic
hour
ly
hybr
id
s
ys
te
m
s
im
ul
a
to
r
, w
he
r
e
t
he
s
of
twa
r
e
pr
ovi
de
s
c
ons
is
te
nt
r
e
s
ul
ts
by
e
s
ti
m
a
ti
ng
s
ys
t
e
m
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
.
T
he
phot
ovol
ta
ic
(
PV
)
s
ys
te
m
s
im
ul
a
ti
on
a
nd
s
of
twa
r
e
a
r
e
s
ta
bl
e
,
but
s
om
e
unc
e
r
ta
in
ti
e
s
a
r
is
e
w
he
n
s
im
ul
a
ti
ng
w
in
d
pow
e
r
(
W
P
)
[
6]
.
A
not
he
r
th
in
g,
th
is
s
of
twa
r
e
w
or
ks
ba
s
e
d
on
pr
e
vi
ous
da
ta
obt
a
in
e
d
a
t
th
e
s
tu
di
e
d
lo
c
a
ti
on
a
nd
doe
s
not
ta
ke
in
to
a
c
c
ount
ot
he
r
da
ta
a
nd
s
it
ua
ti
ons
, s
o t
he
r
e
i
s
a
w
e
a
kn
e
s
s
i
n not
s
e
pa
r
a
ti
ng i
m
por
ta
nt
a
n
d unim
por
ta
nt
l
oa
ds
[
7]
.
R
e
ne
w
a
bl
e
e
n
e
r
gy ge
ne
r
a
ti
on ha
s
t
a
ke
n ove
r
a
s
t
he
e
ne
r
gy s
our
c
e
of
t
he
f
ut
ur
e
be
c
a
us
e
i
t
c
a
n r
e
duc
e
th
e
im
pa
c
t
of
th
e
gr
e
e
nhous
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
a
nd
e
m
is
s
io
ns
c
a
us
e
d
by
c
li
m
a
te
c
ha
nge
.
T
he
r
e
f
or
e
,
th
e
c
ha
nge
f
r
o
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8814
I
nt
J
A
dv A
ppl
S
c
i
,
V
ol
. 15, No. 1, M
a
r
c
h 2026
:
219
-
226
220
f
os
s
il
f
ue
l
e
ne
r
gy
to
r
e
ne
w
a
bl
e
e
ne
r
gy
pl
a
y
s
a
n
im
por
ta
nt
r
o
le
in
s
us
ta
in
a
bl
e
de
ve
lo
pm
e
nt
.
I
nt
e
gr
a
ti
on
of
r
e
ne
w
a
bl
e
e
n
e
r
gy
in
to
th
e
e
le
c
tr
ic
it
y
gr
id
r
e
qui
r
e
s
a
c
om
pr
e
h
e
ns
iv
e
a
n
a
ly
s
is
of
f
a
c
to
r
s
a
nd
a
v
a
il
a
bi
li
ty
of
hum
a
n r
e
s
our
c
e
s
, ge
ogr
a
phy,
a
nd a
dva
nc
e
d t
e
c
hnol
ogy
[
8]
, [
9]
.
P
V
ge
ne
r
a
to
r
is
one
of
th
e
e
xc
e
ll
e
nt
e
ne
r
gy
s
our
c
e
s
,
a
s
it
s
in
put
pow
e
r
s
c
a
le
,
be
c
a
us
e
of
it
s
m
a
ny
a
dva
nt
a
ge
s
,
s
uc
h
a
s
be
in
g
a
bunda
nt
,
e
m
i
s
s
io
n
-
f
r
e
e
,
a
nd
r
e
n
e
w
a
bl
e
,
P
V
is
th
e
opt
im
a
l
c
hoi
c
e
a
s
a
r
e
ne
w
a
bl
e
e
ne
r
gy
s
our
c
e
.
I
n
a
ddi
ti
on,
th
e
us
e
f
ul
ne
s
s
of
P
V
,
w
hi
c
h
ha
s
hi
gh
pow
e
r
ha
ndl
in
g
c
a
pa
bi
li
ti
e
s
,
th
e
a
bi
li
ty
t
o
f
unc
ti
on
w
it
hout
s
upe
r
vi
s
io
n,
a
nd
f
a
s
t
r
e
s
pon
s
e
in
out
put
c
ha
n
ge
s
to
c
h
a
nge
s
in
in
put
r
a
di
a
ti
on.
A
dva
n
c
e
s
in
P
V
te
c
hnol
ogy
ha
ve
le
d
to
a
n
ove
r
a
ll
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
in
e
le
c
tr
ic
a
l
e
f
f
ic
ie
nc
y
a
nd
a
dr
a
s
ti
c
r
e
du
c
ti
on
in
uni
t
c
o
s
ts
[
10]
,
[
11]
.
I
n
a
ddi
ti
on,
th
is
P
V
pl
a
nt
is
ve
r
y
s
ui
ta
bl
e
f
or
lo
c
a
l
r
e
ne
w
a
bl
e
e
ne
r
gy
pr
oduc
ti
on,
c
ons
is
ti
ng
of
la
r
ge
ope
n
a
r
e
a
s
.
V
a
r
ia
ti
ons
in
pow
e
r
,
vol
ta
ge
,
a
nd
c
ur
r
e
nt
w
il
l
pr
oduc
e
m
a
xi
m
um
out
put
pow
e
r
[
12]
,
[
13]
.
I
n
a
ddi
ti
on
to
e
le
c
tr
om
e
c
ha
ni
c
a
l
m
e
th
ods
s
uc
h
a
s
tr
a
c
ke
r
s
f
ix
e
d,
s
in
gl
e
,
or
m
ul
ti
pl
e
a
c
c
e
s
s
,
a
ls
o
m
a
xi
m
um
pow
e
r
poi
nt
tr
a
c
ki
ng
(
M
P
P
T
)
tr
a
c
ke
r
s
w
il
l
a
ls
o
a
c
hi
e
ve
th
e
ta
r
ge
t
[
14]
.
T
he
in
te
gr
a
ti
on
s
ys
te
m
in
P
V
pow
e
r
pl
a
nt
s
f
or
hybr
id
e
ne
r
gy
c
a
n
r
e
duc
e
f
os
s
il
f
ue
l
c
ons
um
pt
io
n.
T
he
c
ont
r
ib
ut
io
n
of
th
is
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
is
th
e
pr
opos
a
l
of
a
hybr
id
s
ys
te
m
of
P
V
w
it
h a
W
P
s
our
c
e
a
s
a
n e
c
onomi
c
a
l
c
hoi
c
e
f
or
r
e
s
id
e
nt
ia
l
us
e
r
s
.
T
he
opt
im
a
l
c
onf
ig
ur
a
ti
on
s
ys
te
m
on
P
V
a
nd
W
P
hybr
id
pow
e
r
pl
a
nt
s
ha
s
m
a
de
a
r
e
a
l
c
ont
r
ib
ut
io
n
to
th
e
pr
ovi
s
io
n
of
e
ne
r
gy
in
hous
in
g.
I
n
a
ddi
t
io
n,
th
e
hybr
id
s
ys
te
m
be
twe
e
n
P
V
-
WP
-
di
e
s
e
l
-
ba
tt
e
r
y
is
a
ls
o
a
s
ys
te
m
th
a
t
is
a
ppl
ie
d
to
a
n
in
de
pe
nde
nt
s
y
s
te
m
[
15]
,
w
hi
le
th
e
hybr
id
s
ys
te
m
be
twe
e
n
P
V
-
ba
tt
e
r
y
c
a
n
a
c
hi
e
ve
100%
f
r
om
r
e
ne
w
a
bl
e
e
ne
r
gy
[
16]
,
[
17]
.
T
he
us
e
of
th
e
H
O
M
E
R
a
nd
r
e
ne
w
a
bl
e
-
e
n
e
r
gy
a
nd
e
ne
r
gy
-
e
f
f
ic
ie
nc
y
te
c
hnol
ogy
s
c
r
e
e
ni
ng
(
R
E
T
S
c
r
e
e
n
)
s
ys
t
e
m
s
c
a
n
opt
im
iz
e
hybr
id
s
y
s
te
m
s
on
r
e
ne
w
a
bl
e
e
ne
r
gy
[
18]
be
c
a
us
e
it
c
a
n
m
ode
l
s
ta
nda
lo
ne
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
s
a
nd
P
V
-
W
P
s
ys
te
m
s
,
but
th
e
r
e
a
r
e
c
ha
ll
e
ng
e
s
to
th
e
ope
nne
s
s
a
nd
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nt
a
ti
on
of
s
pa
ti
ot
e
m
por
a
l
va
r
ia
ti
ons
.
S
im
ul
a
ti
on
m
ode
ls
ha
ve
be
e
n
c
onduc
te
d
f
or
dom
e
s
ti
c
us
e
r
s
a
nd
e
n
e
r
gy
-
e
f
f
ic
ie
nt
s
ys
te
m
c
onf
ig
ur
a
ti
ons
on
r
e
ne
w
a
bl
e
e
n
e
r
gy
in
hous
in
g
[
19]
.
I
n
a
ddi
ti
on,
th
e
de
s
ig
n
of
a
s
ta
nd
a
lo
ne
P
V
-
bi
oga
s
s
ys
te
m
a
nd
a
n
in
te
gr
a
te
d
r
e
ne
w
a
bl
e
e
ne
r
gy
s
y
s
te
m
us
in
g
W
P
a
nd
P
V
w
e
r
e
e
va
lu
a
te
d
us
in
g
H
O
M
E
R
[
20]
.
A
r
e
ne
w
a
bl
e
e
ne
r
gy
s
ys
t
e
m
in
r
ur
a
l
a
r
e
a
s
th
a
t
i
s
opt
im
a
ll
y
c
onf
ig
ur
e
d
f
or
P
V
-
W
P
a
nd ba
tt
e
r
ie
s
i
s
a
n opti
on f
or
be
tt
e
r
i
nt
e
gr
a
ti
on t
o m
e
e
t
f
ut
ur
e
e
ne
r
gy ne
e
ds
[
21]
.
T
he
us
e
of
H
O
M
E
R
ha
s
be
e
n
im
pl
e
m
e
nt
e
d
in
th
e
M
a
ld
iv
e
s
to
de
te
r
m
in
e
te
c
hni
c
a
l
c
om
bi
na
ti
ons
in
hybr
id
s
ys
te
m
s
[
22]
,
w
hi
c
h
ha
s
be
e
n
e
va
lu
a
te
d
to
de
te
r
m
in
e
s
e
ve
r
a
l
pa
r
a
m
e
te
r
s
s
uc
h
a
s
ne
t
pr
e
s
e
nt
c
os
t
(
N
P
C
)
a
nd
le
ve
li
z
e
d
c
os
t
of
e
ne
r
gy
(
L
C
O
E
)
.
T
he
r
e
f
or
e
,
e
c
on
om
ic
a
nd
te
c
hnol
ogi
c
a
l
e
xpl
or
a
ti
on
of
hybr
id
s
ys
te
m
s
on
N
P
C
a
nd
c
os
t
of
e
ne
r
gy
(
C
O
E
)
r
e
la
te
d
to
r
e
ne
w
a
bl
e
e
ne
r
gy
s
uppl
y.
T
e
c
hno
-
e
c
onomi
c
s
tu
di
e
s
f
or
m
ic
r
ogr
id
a
nd
e
c
onomi
c
im
pa
c
ts
a
r
e
a
na
ly
z
e
d
,
w
hi
c
h
a
r
e
a
p
pl
ie
d
in
hous
in
g.
T
he
s
c
e
n
a
r
io
of
e
le
c
tr
ic
it
y
us
a
ge
ba
s
e
d
on
m
in
im
um
,
a
ve
r
a
g
e
,
a
nd
m
a
xi
m
um
w
in
d
s
pe
e
d
da
ta
a
nd
s
ol
a
r
r
a
di
a
ti
on
da
ta
f
or
W
P
a
nd
P
V
ge
ne
r
a
to
r
s
ha
s
be
e
n
s
tu
di
e
d
in
m
ic
r
ogr
id
s
.
T
he
r
e
s
ul
t
of
th
e
s
ys
te
m
c
onf
ig
ur
a
ti
on
s
ta
te
s
th
a
t
th
e
hybr
id
P
V
a
nd W
P
s
ys
te
m
s
c
a
n pr
oduc
e
1.3 kW
of
pow
e
r
.
A
s
im
ul
a
ti
on
f
or
a
hybr
id
pow
e
r
s
ys
te
m
(
H
P
S
)
s
ys
te
m
a
g
a
in
s
t
a
P
V
-
ba
tt
e
r
y
c
a
n
r
e
duc
e
N
P
C
by
a
bout
59.6%
a
nd
L
C
O
E
c
os
t
r
e
duc
ti
on
by
a
bout
80.7%
c
om
p
a
r
e
d
to
th
e
c
onve
nt
io
na
l
m
e
th
od.
I
n
a
ddi
ti
on,
th
e
H
O
M
E
R
s
ys
te
m
f
or
r
e
li
a
bi
li
ty
a
nd
s
ta
bi
li
ty
c
a
n
s
a
ve
th
e
c
os
t
a
nd
e
ne
r
gy
of
th
e
P
V
-
W
P
hybr
id
s
ys
te
m
.
T
hi
s
m
ode
l
ha
s
be
e
n
c
ondu
c
te
d
in
S
uda
n
w
it
h
a
PV
-
WP
-
di
e
s
e
l
-
ba
tt
e
r
y
c
onf
ig
ur
a
ti
on
w
it
h
L
C
O
E
$0.387/kWh
w
it
h
a
to
ta
l
N
P
C
of
$24.16
m
il
li
on,
w
it
h
40%
in
v
e
s
tm
e
nt
a
nd
e
m
is
s
io
n
r
e
duc
ti
on
of
a
bout
95%
.
PV
-
W
P
hybr
id
s
ys
te
m
th
a
t
ha
s
be
e
n
c
onduc
te
d
in
N
ig
e
r
ia
w
it
h
a
pa
yba
c
k
pe
r
io
d
of
3.7
-
5.4
ye
a
r
s
a
nd
C
O
E
be
twe
e
n
$0.459
-
$0.562/kWh.
A
s
tu
dy
in
C
ol
or
a
do
s
im
ul
a
te
d
th
e
c
om
pone
nt
s
f
or
th
e
e
c
onomi
c
a
ll
y
opt
im
a
l
c
onf
ig
ur
a
ti
on
of
P
V
-
WP
-
ba
tt
e
r
y
ba
nk
-
hydr
oge
n
ta
nk
a
nd
la
s
e
r
s
ys
te
m
s
a
nd
f
ound
th
a
t
hydr
oge
n
i
s
m
or
e
e
c
onomi
c
a
ll
y
pr
of
it
a
bl
e
,
c
om
pa
r
e
d
to
ba
tt
e
r
ie
s
,
f
or
lo
nge
r
e
ne
r
gy
s
a
vi
ng,
w
it
h
a
m
in
im
um
C
O
E
of
0.78
$/
kW
h.
T
he
hybr
id
s
ys
t
e
m
be
twe
e
n
P
V
-
di
e
s
e
l
ge
ne
r
a
to
r
(
DG
)
-
ba
tt
e
r
y
is
th
e
be
s
t
c
hoi
c
e
f
or
th
e
f
ut
ur
e
.
T
he
a
bove
m
ode
l
c
a
n r
e
duc
e
70%
of
ba
tt
e
r
ie
s
a
nd r
e
du
c
e
e
m
is
s
io
ns
by 97%
c
om
pa
r
e
d t
o D
G
.
I
ll
us
tr
a
ti
on
of
r
e
ne
w
a
bl
e
e
ne
r
gy
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on
pr
ovi
de
d
by
th
e
H
R
E
S
s
ys
te
m
c
a
n
pr
ovi
de
opt
im
a
l
c
ondi
ti
ons
f
or
s
m
a
r
t
hom
e
s
in
hybr
id
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
T
he
c
onf
ig
ur
a
ti
on
m
ode
l
us
in
g
a
hybr
id
s
ys
te
m
ha
s
be
e
n
c
a
r
r
ie
d
out
in
s
e
ve
r
a
l
c
ount
r
ie
s
,
s
uc
h
a
s
I
ndi
a
a
nd
V
ic
to
r
ia
,
w
it
h
a
c
om
bi
na
ti
on
s
c
e
na
r
io
be
twe
e
n
PV
-
WP
.
T
he
H
O
M
E
R
s
im
ul
a
ti
on
s
ys
te
m
f
ound
a
r
e
duc
ti
on
in
e
m
is
s
io
ns
w
it
h
N
P
C
of
29.7%
pe
r
ye
a
r
c
om
pa
r
e
d
to
c
onve
nt
io
na
l
pow
e
r
pl
a
nt
s
.
I
n
a
ddi
ti
on,
th
e
H
O
M
E
R
s
im
ul
a
ti
on
s
ys
te
m
f
ound
a
n
H
P
S
of
a
r
ound
73.6
M
W
c
os
ti
ng
$180
m
il
li
on,
a
nd
a
n
L
C
O
E
of
0.0574
k
W
h.
R
e
n
e
w
a
bl
e
e
ne
r
gy
s
y
s
te
m
s
ha
ve
t
e
c
hni
c
a
l
-
e
c
onomi
c
f
e
a
s
ib
il
it
y
in
s
om
e
c
ount
r
ie
s
,
but
th
e
e
xpl
or
a
ti
on
of
th
e
pot
e
nt
ia
l
f
or
f
ut
ur
e
e
ne
r
gy
s
uppl
y
ha
s
not
be
e
n
e
va
lu
a
te
d,
s
o
th
e
a
va
il
a
bi
li
ty
of
li
te
r
a
tu
r
e
on
th
e
m
os
t
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
hybr
id
s
ys
te
m
s
a
nd
r
e
ne
w
a
bl
e
e
ne
r
gy
oppor
tu
ni
ti
e
s
f
or
r
e
le
va
nt
ge
ogr
a
phi
c
a
l
a
r
e
a
s
is
s
ti
ll
li
m
it
e
d,
to
im
pl
e
m
e
nt
a
ti
on
a
ne
w
pa
r
a
di
gm
s
hi
f
t
to
w
a
r
ds
a
m
or
e
s
us
ta
in
a
bl
e
a
nd
r
e
ne
w
a
bl
e
e
ne
r
gy
f
ut
ur
e
.
T
he
ga
p
in
id
e
nt
if
ic
a
ti
on
c
a
n
be
a
ddr
e
s
s
e
d
by
a
s
ui
ta
bl
e
li
te
r
a
tu
r
e
s
tu
dy
on
th
e
m
os
t
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
im
pl
e
m
e
nt
a
ti
on
of
r
e
ne
w
a
bl
e
e
ne
r
gy
to
be
in
te
gr
a
te
d
in
to
th
e
e
xi
s
ti
ng
e
le
c
tr
ic
it
y gr
id
.
T
hi
s
s
tu
dy a
im
s
t
o va
li
da
te
t
he
r
e
s
ul
ts
of
ot
he
r
s
tu
di
e
s
pr
e
s
e
nt
e
d i
n t
he
l
it
e
r
a
tu
r
e
. T
he
f
in
di
ngs
of
t
hi
s
s
tu
dy
c
a
n
pr
ovi
de
in
f
o
r
m
a
ti
on
to
pol
ic
ym
a
ke
r
s
,
e
ne
r
gy
pl
a
nne
r
s
,
a
nd
gove
r
nm
e
nt
s
to
a
c
c
e
le
r
a
te
th
e
a
dopt
io
n
of
r
e
ne
w
a
bl
e
e
ne
r
gy
a
nd
a
c
hi
e
ve
a
s
us
ta
in
a
bl
e
f
ut
ur
e
.
T
he
s
tu
dy
f
ur
th
e
r
f
oc
us
e
s
on
th
e
im
por
ta
nc
e
o
f
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
A
dv A
ppl
S
c
i
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8814
H
y
br
id
e
ne
r
gy
s
to
r
age
s
y
s
te
m
s
as
a
s
us
ta
in
abl
e
e
ne
r
gy
s
ou
r
c
e
(
M
uhamm
ad A
dam
)
221
id
e
nt
if
yi
ng
s
pe
c
if
ic
r
e
ne
w
a
bl
e
e
n
e
r
gy
oppor
tu
ni
ti
e
s
to
f
a
c
il
it
a
te
th
e
in
te
gr
a
ti
on
of
r
e
ne
w
a
bl
e
e
ne
r
gy
in
to
th
e
e
le
c
tr
ic
it
y
gr
id
a
nd
c
ont
r
ib
ut
e
to
m
it
ig
a
ti
ng
th
e
im
pa
c
t
o
f
c
li
m
a
te
c
ha
nge
a
nd
pr
om
ot
in
g
non
-
f
os
s
il
e
ne
r
gy
s
our
c
e
s
i
n t
he
f
ut
ur
e
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2.1
.
R
e
s
e
ar
c
h
c
on
t
r
ib
u
t
io
n
s
T
he
H
O
M
E
R
de
vi
c
e
i
s
u
s
e
d t
o va
li
da
te
a
hybr
id
m
ode
l
of
r
e
ne
w
a
bl
e
e
ne
r
gy s
ys
te
m
s
f
or
c
om
m
e
r
c
ia
l
s
c
a
le
,
be
s
id
e
s
th
a
t
a
ls
o.
T
hi
s
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
on
w
it
h
H
O
M
E
R
s
of
twa
r
e
to
ge
t
th
e
opt
im
a
l
s
iz
e
.
T
hi
s
is
in
te
nde
d
to
he
lp
f
in
d
th
e
m
os
t
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
w
a
ys
of
c
os
t
-
s
a
vi
ng
a
nd
to
in
te
gr
a
te
hybr
id
e
ne
r
gy
s
ys
te
m
s
th
a
t
c
a
n
be
u
s
e
d
in
ge
ne
r
a
l.
T
he
im
pa
c
t
of
e
m
i
s
s
io
ns
c
a
n
dr
iv
e
gl
ob
a
l
w
a
r
m
in
g
a
n
d
ne
e
ds
to
be
m
in
im
iz
e
d. T
he
s
im
ul
a
ti
on
s
tu
dy
m
e
th
odol
ogy is
s
how
n i
n F
ig
ur
e
1.
F
ig
ur
e
1
. S
im
ul
a
ti
on s
tu
dy me
th
odol
ogy
2.2.
R
e
s
e
ar
c
h
l
oc
at
io
n
T
he
s
e
le
c
te
d
lo
c
a
ti
on
is
M
e
da
n
C
it
y,
th
e
c
a
pi
ta
l
of
N
or
th
S
um
a
tr
a
,
I
ndone
s
ia
,
w
it
h
a
popula
ti
on
of
a
r
ound 2,494,512 pe
opl
e
,
w
it
h a
popula
ti
on de
ns
it
y of
a
r
ound 9
,413 pe
opl
e
/k
m
(
2022)
.
M
e
da
n w
a
s
or
ig
in
a
ll
y
f
ounde
d
by
G
ur
u
P
a
ti
m
pus
in
1590
a
nd
in
1909
be
c
a
m
e
th
e
c
e
nt
e
r
of
gove
r
nm
e
nt
of
th
e
E
a
s
t
S
um
a
tr
a
R
e
s
id
e
nc
y.
C
ur
r
e
nt
ly
,
M
e
da
n
is
a
m
a
jo
r
gr
ow
th
c
e
nt
e
r
in
I
ndone
s
ia
.
A
f
a
ir
ly
la
r
ge
popula
ti
on
r
e
qui
r
e
s
e
le
c
tr
ic
a
l
e
ne
r
gy t
o m
e
e
t
it
s
e
c
onomi
c
n
e
e
ds
.
H
ow
e
ve
r
,
pe
a
k
-
hour
pow
e
r
out
a
ge
s
s
ti
ll
oc
c
ur
f
r
e
que
nt
ly
w
it
h
a
ll
th
e
e
le
c
tr
ic
it
y
a
va
il
a
bl
e
,
of
w
hi
c
h
a
r
ound
0.68%
is
s
ti
ll
ge
ne
r
a
te
d
by
D
G
a
ddi
ti
on.
B
e
f
or
e
a
s
s
e
s
s
in
g
th
e
pow
e
r
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on
oppor
tu
ni
ti
e
s
,
th
e
s
c
a
le
of
th
e
e
le
c
tr
ic
a
l
lo
a
d
m
u
s
t
be
de
t
e
r
m
in
e
d.
H
ow
e
ve
r
,
a
m
or
e
a
c
c
ur
a
te
de
t
e
r
m
in
a
ti
on
of
th
e
lo
a
d
is
e
s
s
e
nt
ia
l
f
or
de
s
ig
ni
ng
g
e
ne
r
a
ti
on
a
nd
s
to
r
a
ge
f
a
c
il
it
ie
s
.
D
a
ta
f
or
th
e
e
le
c
tr
ic
it
y
c
ons
um
pt
io
n
of
la
r
ge
e
nt
it
ie
s
s
uc
h
a
s
tr
a
di
ng
m
a
r
ke
ts
a
nd
ot
he
r
s
a
r
e
us
u
a
ll
y
a
va
il
a
bl
e
u
s
i
ng
m
ont
hl
y
e
le
c
tr
ic
it
y
bi
ll
s
,
w
hi
c
h
s
ta
te
th
e
m
a
xi
m
um
lo
a
d
a
ga
in
s
t
r
a
te
r
e
que
s
t
a
r
r
a
nge
m
e
nt
a
nd
th
e
to
ta
l
e
ne
r
gy
us
e
d.
U
s
e
w
it
h
th
e
a
ve
r
a
ge
lo
a
d
i
s
de
te
r
m
in
e
d
us
in
g
th
e
la
s
t
lo
a
d
f
o
r
th
e
m
id
dl
e
da
y
of
e
a
c
h
a
ppr
opr
ia
te
m
ont
h.
D
a
ta
a
t
th
e
m
os
t
r
e
c
e
nt
poi
n
t
a
va
il
a
bl
e
f
or
th
e
la
s
t
two
ye
a
r
s
is
us
e
d
to
c
a
lc
ul
a
t
e
lo
a
d
gr
o
w
th
f
r
om
tr
a
di
ng
a
r
e
a
s
a
nd
in
c
r
e
a
s
in
g
po
w
e
r
de
m
a
nd.
T
hi
s
r
e
s
ul
te
d
in
a
pe
a
k
lo
a
d
of
4
,
400
kW
,
w
it
h
a
n
a
ve
r
a
ge
of
2
,
160
kW
.
T
he
m
ode
l
w
a
s
in
tr
oduc
e
d
to
a
c
c
om
m
oda
te
va
r
yi
ng
de
m
a
nds
f
r
om
da
y
to
da
y.
T
hi
s
s
te
p
is
im
por
ta
nt
to
a
ll
ow
f
or
th
e
pr
ope
r
c
a
lc
ul
a
ti
on
of
t
he
s
to
r
a
ge
uni
ts
a
nd t
he
a
ppr
opr
ia
te
i
ns
ta
ll
a
ti
on s
i
z
e
.
2.3.
P
V
an
d
WP
s
ou
r
c
e
s
T
he
non
-
e
xi
s
te
nc
e
of
a
s
in
gl
e
s
our
c
e
f
or
e
ne
r
gy
pr
oduc
ti
on
,
r
e
ne
w
a
bl
e
e
ne
r
gy
c
a
us
e
d
by
c
li
m
a
te
c
ha
nge
in
th
e
a
r
e
a
r
e
qui
r
e
s
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
e
ne
r
gy
s
our
c
e
s
,
dur
in
g
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
m
ont
hs
of
th
e
ye
a
r
.
T
hi
s
is
due
to
th
e
e
ve
r
-
c
ha
ngi
ng
a
nd
in
te
ns
e
na
tu
r
e
of
th
e
e
nvi
r
onm
e
nt
in
c
oa
s
t
a
l
a
r
e
a
s
,
w
he
r
e
w
a
r
m
s
um
m
e
r
s
,
f
ol
lo
w
e
d
by
w
in
dy
,
r
a
in
y
s
e
a
s
ons
,
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
th
e
oppor
tu
ni
ti
e
s
f
or
m
ul
ti
pl
e
P
V
a
nd
W
P
s
our
c
e
s
to
be
in
s
ta
ll
e
d
to
ge
ne
r
a
te
e
f
f
ic
ie
nt
e
le
c
tr
ic
it
y.
T
he
a
c
ti
ve
r
a
in
y
s
e
a
s
on
pha
s
e
in
I
ndone
s
ia
,
w
hi
c
h
is
c
ha
r
a
c
t
e
r
iz
e
d
by
s
tr
ong
c
onve
c
ti
on
a
nd
hi
gh
r
a
in
f
a
ll
,
w
he
r
e
W
P
e
qui
ppe
d
w
it
h
P
V
is
a
n
a
lt
e
r
na
ti
ve
e
ne
r
gy
s
our
c
e
in
th
e
us
e
of
e
le
c
tr
ic
a
l
e
ne
r
gy.
T
he
a
c
ti
ve
a
nd
r
e
s
ti
ng
pha
s
e
s
c
a
n
be
pr
e
di
c
te
d
u
s
in
g
pr
e
-
de
f
in
e
d
m
ons
oon
in
di
c
e
s
th
a
t
c
a
pt
ur
e
in
tr
a
s
e
a
s
ona
l
va
r
ia
nc
e
dyna
m
ic
s
,
but
N
A
S
A
w
in
d
e
ne
r
gy
d
a
ta
a
r
e
s
om
e
w
h
a
t
opt
im
is
ti
c
,
w
it
h
a
ve
r
a
ge
w
in
d
s
pe
e
ds
m
uc
h
hi
ghe
r
w
he
n c
om
pa
r
e
d t
o ot
he
r
s
our
c
e
s
.
So
lar
Pan
els,
T
u
r
b
in
es,
B
atter
y
I
n
v
er
ter
Sy
s
tem
s
an
d
C
o
m
p
o
n
en
t
Selectio
n
Ho
m
er
Simu
latio
n
Sy
s
tem
o
p
tim
izatio
n
,
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
an
aly
s
is
E
lectr
icity
d
em
an
d
an
aly
s
is
an
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
ass
es
s
m
en
t
I
d
en
tific
atio
n
lo
ca
tio
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8814
I
nt
J
A
dv A
ppl
S
c
i
,
V
ol
. 15, No. 1, M
a
r
c
h 2026
:
219
-
226
222
2.4.
B
io
m
as
s
p
ot
e
n
t
ia
l
T
he
M
e
d
a
n
C
it
y
c
om
m
uni
ty
,
w
it
h
a
la
r
ge
popula
ti
on
,
w
il
l
pr
oduc
e
unus
e
d
f
ood
w
a
s
te
,
a
nd
if
th
is
c
a
n
be
m
a
na
ge
d
pr
ope
r
ly
,
it
w
il
l
p
r
oduc
e
e
ne
r
gy
th
a
t
is
us
e
f
ul
a
s
a
n
a
ddi
ti
ona
l
pow
e
r
p
la
nt
.
I
t
is
e
s
ti
m
a
te
d
th
a
t
th
e
a
m
ount
of
hou
s
e
hol
d
w
a
s
te
i
s
a
r
ound
39.9%
.
A
t
th
a
t
lo
c
a
ti
on,
th
e
r
e
i
s
a
to
ta
l
pot
e
nt
ia
l
to
c
onve
r
t
1,600
-
2,000
to
ns
of
f
ood
w
a
s
te
c
a
n
be
c
onve
r
te
d
in
to
e
le
c
tr
ic
it
y.
C
onve
r
ti
ng
bi
om
a
s
s
in
to
bi
oga
s
f
or
f
ur
th
e
r
us
e
i
n hous
e
hol
d a
ppl
ia
n
c
e
s
or
c
a
r
s
w
oul
d be
m
or
e
a
de
qua
t
e
.
2.5. De
s
ig
n
an
d
s
im
u
la
t
io
n
of
t
h
e
H
O
M
E
R
s
y
s
t
e
m
A
n
H
R
E
S
s
ys
te
m
w
il
l
in
di
r
e
c
tl
y
r
e
duc
e
gr
e
e
nhou
s
e
ga
s
e
m
is
s
io
ns
a
nd
im
pr
ove
gr
id
s
ta
bi
li
ty
f
or
a
ddi
ti
ona
l
s
to
r
a
ge
c
a
p
a
c
it
y
of
e
le
c
tr
ic
a
l
e
n
e
r
gy.
H
R
E
S
s
ys
te
m
c
ons
is
ti
ng
of
c
om
pa
ti
bl
e
r
e
ne
w
a
bl
e
e
ne
r
gy
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on
s
our
c
e
s
to
im
pr
ove
ove
r
a
ll
e
f
f
ic
ie
nc
y.
H
O
M
E
R
s
y
s
te
m
is
a
s
y
s
te
m
th
a
t
ha
s
pr
ove
n
to
be
a
r
e
li
a
bl
e
a
nd
s
ui
ta
bl
e
s
ol
ut
io
n
f
or
id
e
nt
if
yi
ng
a
ppr
oa
c
he
s
to
s
pe
c
if
ic
a
p
pl
ic
a
ti
ons
f
or
va
r
yi
ng
ge
ogr
a
phi
c
a
l
a
r
e
a
s
a
nd
lo
a
d
pr
of
il
e
s
.
T
he
H
O
M
E
R
s
ys
te
m
ha
s
be
e
n
us
e
d
f
or
va
r
io
us
p
r
e
vi
ous
a
s
s
e
s
s
m
e
nt
s
be
c
a
us
e
it
ha
s
a
c
om
m
on
lo
a
d pr
of
il
e
f
or
r
e
s
id
e
nt
ia
l,
i
ndus
tr
ia
l,
a
nd othe
r
us
e
s
.
T
hi
s
m
e
th
od c
a
n be
us
e
d f
or
ot
he
r
pr
oj
e
c
ts
i
n r
e
ne
w
a
bl
e
e
le
c
tr
ic
it
y
pr
oduc
ti
on
,
s
uc
h
a
s
f
or
e
va
lu
a
ti
on.
S
e
v
e
r
a
l
f
a
c
to
r
s
m
us
t
be
ta
ke
n
in
to
a
c
c
ount
,
s
uc
h
a
s
ta
x
a
ti
on
of
e
m
is
s
io
ns
c
a
us
e
d
by
th
e
c
om
bus
ti
on
of
f
os
s
il
f
ue
ls
.
P
V
a
nd
W
P
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on
a
r
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
r
e
a
li
s
ti
c
opt
io
ns
of
a
ll
t
he
pr
opos
e
d s
ys
t
e
m
c
om
pone
nt
s
. I
m
pl
e
m
e
nt
in
g r
e
ne
w
a
bl
e
e
ne
r
gy i
s
de
pi
c
te
d i
n F
ig
ur
e
2.
F
ig
ur
e
2. S
ys
te
m
a
r
c
hi
te
c
tu
r
e
be
f
or
e
opt
im
iz
a
ti
on
B
a
s
e
d
on
c
a
lc
ul
a
ti
on
s
a
nd
e
v
a
lu
a
ti
ons
lo
w
e
s
t
c
o
s
t
s
y
s
te
m
(
L
C
S
)
,
H
O
M
E
R
c
a
n
r
e
s
iz
e
a
ll
c
om
pone
nt
s
t
o t
he
m
os
t
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
s
i
z
e
. T
h
e
s
e
le
c
ti
on of
1 M
W
h
i
s
t
he
be
s
t
r
e
c
om
m
e
nda
ti
on f
r
om
t
he
s
of
twa
r
e
be
c
a
us
e
th
e
s
iz
e
of
th
e
P
V
s
ys
t
e
m
is
e
s
ti
m
a
te
d
to
be
qui
te
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
,
w
it
h
a
r
e
la
ti
ve
ly
lo
w
c
o
s
t
of
U
S
$900
in
s
ta
ll
e
d
in
pow
e
r
uni
ts
(
kW
)
,
a
s
s
um
e
d
f
or
ope
r
a
ti
on
a
nd
m
a
i
nt
e
na
nc
e
(
O
&
M
)
c
o
s
ts
.
O
th
e
r
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
he
r
s
th
a
t
c
onf
ig
ur
a
ti
on
us
in
g
th
e
c
onve
r
te
r
is
e
s
ti
m
a
te
d
to
ha
ve
a
n
e
f
f
i
c
ie
nc
y
of
a
r
ound
98%
.
T
hi
s
m
ode
l
is
a
ba
s
ic
c
onc
e
pt
of
ge
ne
r
a
to
r
,
pow
e
r
e
le
c
tr
oni
c
s
,
s
p
e
e
d
c
ont
r
ol
,
or
a
e
r
o
dyna
m
ic
pow
e
r
c
ons
tr
a
in
ts
.
T
he
de
r
m
a
to
lo
gy
f
a
c
to
r
va
lu
e
is
th
e
di
f
f
e
r
e
nc
e
be
twe
e
n
s
ta
nni
o
c
a
lc
in
(
S
T
C
)
a
n
d
th
e
a
c
tu
a
l
va
lu
e
,
w
hi
c
h
is
be
tw
e
e
n
0.0
-
0.77.
F
or
hi
gh
de
r
m
a
to
lo
gy
f
a
c
to
r
s
a
ppl
ie
d
to
l
a
r
ge
m
odul
e
s
,
s
e
n
s
it
iv
it
y
a
na
ly
s
is
is
ba
s
e
d
on
f
in
a
nc
ia
l
s
a
f
e
ty
m
a
r
gi
n.
L
it
hi
um
-
ty
pe
ba
tt
e
r
ie
s
ha
vi
ng
a
n
e
f
f
ic
ie
nc
y
of
a
r
ound
80%
a
r
e
s
e
le
c
te
d
f
or
e
ne
r
gy
s
to
r
a
ge
.
A
s
tu
dy
w
it
h
a
dyna
m
ic
e
f
f
ic
ie
nc
y
r
a
nge
f
or
a
W
P
ge
ne
r
a
to
r
ha
s
be
e
n
im
pl
e
m
e
nt
e
d
w
it
h
th
e
H
O
M
E
R
s
ys
t
e
m
.
T
he
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
a
r
e
a
r
r
a
nge
d
to
pr
oduc
e
ge
ne
r
a
ti
ng
uni
ts
to
s
e
r
ve
th
e
lo
a
d
w
it
h
vol
ta
ge
a
nd
f
r
e
que
nc
y
a
c
c
or
di
ng
t
o
c
ons
um
e
r
ne
e
ds
.
2.6.
P
ar
am
e
t
e
r
e
c
on
o
m
ic
E
c
onomi
c
pa
r
a
m
e
te
r
s
m
us
t
be
c
ons
id
e
r
e
d
in
th
e
s
ys
te
m
e
va
lu
a
ti
on,
w
he
r
e
a
di
s
c
ount
r
a
te
of
a
ppr
oxi
m
a
te
ly
6.25%
w
a
s
a
s
s
um
e
d
in
J
ul
y
2021
a
lo
ng
s
id
e
3%
in
f
la
ti
on.
V
a
r
yi
ng
s
e
ns
it
iv
it
y
va
lu
e
s
a
r
e
s
e
le
c
te
d f
or
t
he
unc
e
r
ta
in
ty
s
im
ul
a
ti
on, while
t
he
P
V
m
ode
l
c
a
n ope
r
a
te
f
or
25 ye
a
r
s
a
s
pe
r
t
he
m
a
nuf
a
c
tu
r
e
r
'
s
w
a
r
r
a
nt
y.
H
ow
e
ve
r
,
s
im
ul
a
ti
ons
ge
ne
r
a
ll
y
us
e
a
15
-
ye
a
r
li
f
e
s
pa
n
to
a
c
c
ount
f
or
une
xpe
c
te
d
e
ve
nt
s
in
th
e
be
s
t
pr
oj
e
c
t
f
in
a
nc
ia
l
s
c
e
na
r
io
s
.
2.7.
C
ar
b
on
d
io
xi
d
e
C
a
r
bon
di
oxi
de
(
CO
2
)
c
ont
r
ib
ut
e
s
gl
oba
ll
y
to
e
nvi
r
onm
e
nt
a
l
w
a
r
m
in
g
c
ha
nge
s
;
pr
e
vi
ous
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
ha
s
s
how
n
th
a
t
C
O
2
c
ont
r
ib
ut
e
s
a
bout
11%
of
e
m
is
s
io
ns
in
2025
,
a
nd
th
is
w
il
l
ha
ve
a
n
im
pa
c
t
on
th
e
he
a
lt
h
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
A
dv A
ppl
S
c
i
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8814
H
y
br
id
e
ne
r
gy
s
to
r
age
s
y
s
te
m
s
as
a
s
us
ta
in
abl
e
e
ne
r
gy
s
ou
r
c
e
(
M
uhamm
ad A
dam
)
223
of
li
vi
ng
th
in
gs
on
th
is
pl
a
ne
t
.
A
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
r
e
duc
ti
on
in
th
e
s
e
e
m
is
s
io
ns
is
n
e
e
de
d.
R
e
du
c
in
g
C
O
2
e
m
is
s
io
ns
is
a
w
or
ld
w
id
e
c
on
s
e
ns
u
s
a
s
p
a
r
t
of
th
e
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
k
to
r
e
duc
e
gl
oba
l
w
a
r
m
in
g
pr
oc
e
s
s
.
T
o
e
s
ti
m
a
te
di
r
e
c
t
e
m
is
s
io
n s
a
vi
ng
s
a
nd s
im
il
a
r
f
in
a
nc
ia
l
be
ne
f
it
s
, t
he
c
ur
r
e
nt
l
e
ve
l
of
CO
2
pr
oduc
ti
on f
r
om
t
he
e
le
c
tr
ic
it
y s
e
c
to
r
ne
e
ds
to
be
m
e
a
s
ur
e
d.
D
a
il
y
e
le
c
tr
ic
it
y
c
ons
um
pt
io
n
is
e
xpe
c
te
d
to
r
e
duc
e
e
m
is
s
io
ns
s
o
th
a
t
th
e
e
nvi
r
onm
e
nt
r
e
m
a
in
s
c
om
f
or
ta
bl
e
a
nd s
a
f
e
.
3.
R
E
S
U
L
T
S
A
N
D
D
I
S
C
U
S
S
I
O
N
3.1.
O
p
t
im
iz
at
io
n
s
ys
t
e
m
T
he
H
O
M
E
R
s
im
ul
a
ti
on
s
ys
t
e
m
ha
s
be
e
n
us
e
d
f
or
th
e
s
e
le
c
ti
on
a
nd
de
te
r
m
in
a
ti
on
of
di
m
e
ns
io
ns
.
T
he
e
le
c
tr
ic
a
l
lo
a
d
is
obt
a
in
e
d
f
r
om
one
ye
a
r
of
da
ta
us
e
d
in
th
e
s
im
ul
a
ti
on.
T
he
m
ont
hl
y
a
ve
r
a
ge
r
a
di
a
ti
on,
th
e
c
ool
ne
s
s
in
de
x,
a
nd
th
e
m
ont
hl
y
a
v
e
r
a
ge
w
in
d
s
pe
e
d
a
t
th
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
lo
c
a
ti
on
a
r
e
obt
a
in
e
d
f
r
om
th
e
A
ge
nc
y
f
or
M
e
te
or
ol
ogy,
C
li
m
a
to
lo
gy,
a
nd
G
e
ophys
ic
s
(
B
M
K
G
)
da
ta
of
M
e
da
n
C
it
y.
T
he
opt
im
iz
a
ti
on
a
s
s
e
s
s
m
e
nt
of
th
e
c
ha
r
a
c
te
r
is
ti
c
s
,
e
le
c
tr
ic
it
y
pr
oduc
ti
on,
a
nnua
l
e
le
c
tr
ic
a
l
lo
a
d,
r
e
ne
w
a
bl
e
e
ne
r
gy,
e
m
i
s
s
io
ns
,
a
nd othe
r
s
ha
s
be
e
n s
im
ul
a
te
d. A
l
oa
d c
ont
r
ol
s
tr
a
te
gy i
s
t
he
a
d
di
ti
on of
t
he
ne
twor
k
th
a
t
ha
s
be
e
n c
ons
id
e
r
e
d
a
s
c
on
s
um
e
r
de
m
a
nd.
I
n
a
ddi
ti
on
to
th
e
a
bove
,
s
im
ul
a
ti
ons
h
a
v
e
a
ls
o
b
e
e
n
c
a
r
r
ie
d
out
f
or
th
e
be
ne
f
it
of
us
in
g
c
om
pone
nt
s
s
uc
h
a
s
li
f
e
c
yc
le
c
os
t
(
L
C
C
)
a
nd
N
P
C
.
H
O
M
E
R
id
e
nt
if
ic
a
ti
on
is
th
e
be
s
t
hybr
id
m
ode
l
f
or
e
f
f
ic
ie
nc
y
in
a
s
pe
c
if
ic
ge
ogr
a
phi
c
a
l
lo
c
a
ti
on.
T
he
s
im
ul
a
ti
on
s
how
s
th
e
a
m
ount
of
a
nnua
l
e
ne
r
gy
us
e
of
a
r
ound
3830,081
M
W
h/
ye
a
r
(
19%
)
f
o
r
P
V
ge
ne
r
a
to
r
s
,
w
hi
le
W
P
g
e
ne
r
a
to
r
s
us
e
a
r
ound
4532,579
M
W
h/
y
e
a
r
(
22.5%
)
.
A
r
ound
41.5%
of
e
ne
r
gy
s
our
c
e
e
le
c
tr
ic
it
y
is
g
e
ne
r
a
te
d
by
r
e
ne
w
a
bl
e
s
our
c
e
s
in
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
.
A
c
tu
a
l
m
ont
hl
y
e
n
e
r
gy
pr
oduc
ti
on
f
r
om
e
a
c
h
s
our
c
e
is
s
um
m
e
d
s
o
th
a
t
in
th
e
pe
a
k
pr
oduc
ti
on
m
ont
h
of
M
a
r
c
h,
s
ol
a
r
pow
e
r
pr
oduc
e
s
a
hi
ghe
r
a
m
ount
o
f
e
ne
r
gy;
how
e
ve
r
,
in
th
e
r
a
in
y
m
ont
hs
of
J
une
,
J
ul
y,
a
nd
A
ugu
s
t,
w
in
d
is
s
e
e
n
to
pr
ovi
de
a
hi
ghe
r
pe
r
c
e
nt
a
g
e
of
e
ne
r
gy.
T
he
in
tr
oduc
ti
on
of
c
h
e
m
ic
a
l
s
to
r
a
ge
uni
ts
pr
ov
e
d
to
be
unpr
of
it
a
bl
e
,
pr
oba
bl
y
due
to
th
e
c
ongr
ue
nt
pr
oduc
ti
on a
nd l
oa
d
c
ur
ve
s
of
t
he
P
V
-
ba
s
e
d s
ys
te
m
a
nd t
he
hi
gh pur
c
ha
s
e
pr
ic
e
. I
t
s
houl
d be
not
e
d
th
a
t
th
e
a
c
tu
a
l
r
e
s
ul
ts
of
th
i
s
s
im
ul
a
ti
on
d
e
pe
nd
s
tr
ongl
y
on
in
put
pa
r
a
m
e
te
r
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
th
e
in
v
e
s
tm
e
nt
c
os
t
of
ne
w
ge
ne
r
a
ti
ng
f
a
c
il
it
ie
s
a
nd
th
e
c
os
t
[
23]
.
T
o
f
in
d
pot
e
nt
ia
l
f
or
f
ur
th
e
r
im
p
r
ove
m
e
nt
s
,
it
m
a
y
be
he
lp
f
ul
to
c
hoos
e
a
pe
r
io
d w
it
h hi
gh gr
id
e
le
c
tr
ic
it
y de
m
a
nd.
T
he
P
V
a
r
r
a
y
m
ode
l
c
os
ts
$500
a
c
c
or
di
ng
to
va
r
io
us
s
our
c
e
s
;
L
C
S
w
il
l
not
us
e
a
ddi
ti
ona
l
w
in
d
tu
r
bi
ne
s
.
T
hi
s
hybr
id
m
ode
l
f
or
th
e
m
ont
hs
w
it
h
hi
gh
c
ons
um
e
r
a
c
ti
vi
ty
,
s
uc
h
a
s
M
a
r
c
h
a
nd
O
c
to
be
r
a
r
e
s
ti
ll
ve
r
y
de
pe
nde
nt
on
gr
id
s
uppl
y.
I
t
s
houl
d
b
e
not
e
d
th
a
t
th
r
ough
out
th
e
ye
a
r
,
e
le
c
tr
ic
it
y
f
r
om
ne
w
ly
in
tr
oduc
e
d
s
our
c
e
s
f
ol
lo
w
s
two
p
a
tt
e
r
ns
.
F
ir
s
t,
th
e
pe
a
k
of
non
-
c
onve
nt
io
na
l
e
ne
r
gy
pr
oduc
ti
on
dur
in
g
th
e
da
y
is
dr
iv
e
n
by
th
e
out
put
o
f
th
e
P
V
a
r
r
a
y.
D
u
r
in
g
th
e
m
ons
oon
m
on
th
s
(
f
r
om
one
da
y
to
th
e
ne
xt
,
i.
e
.,
f
r
om
J
une
to
mid
-
A
ugus
t)
,
th
e
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
in
th
e
a
v
e
r
a
ge
w
in
d
s
pe
e
d
c
a
u
s
e
s
a
n i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
in
w
in
d
tu
r
bi
ne
pr
oduc
ti
on,
in
di
c
a
te
d
by
a
n
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
of
m
or
e
th
a
n
100%
pe
r
hour
.
T
hi
s
c
r
e
a
te
s
c
ondi
ti
ons
w
he
r
e
th
e
pow
e
r
c
a
n
be
di
r
e
c
tl
y
c
onne
c
te
d
to
th
e
c
om
m
e
r
c
ia
l
e
le
c
tr
ic
it
y
gr
id
.
I
n
a
ddi
ti
on,
t
he
te
m
por
a
r
y
pa
r
t
of
th
e
r
e
ne
w
a
bl
e
pow
e
r
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on
is
a
ls
o
a
s
s
e
s
s
e
d.
T
he
te
c
hni
c
a
l
pot
e
nt
ia
l
of
e
ne
r
gy
r
e
ne
w
a
bl
e
e
le
c
tr
ic
it
y
is
ve
r
y
la
r
ge
,
a
nd
th
e
s
oc
ia
l
a
c
c
e
pt
a
n
c
e
a
tt
r
ib
ut
e
pr
ovi
de
s
im
por
ta
nt
s
uppor
t
f
r
om
lo
c
a
l
u
s
e
r
s
.
B
a
s
e
d
on
th
e
a
bove
d
a
ta
,
th
e
pl
a
nni
ng a
nd de
ve
lo
pm
e
nt
of
hybr
id
pow
e
r
gr
id
s
c
a
n be
i
m
pl
e
m
e
nt
e
d.
3.2.
E
c
on
om
ic
an
al
ys
i
s
E
c
onomi
c
a
ll
y,
th
e
pr
oj
e
c
t
is
pr
e
di
c
te
d
to
be
us
e
d
f
or
25
ye
a
r
s
,
a
nd
th
e
in
te
r
e
s
t
r
a
te
i
s
4%
pe
r
ye
a
r
.
F
or
f
ut
u
r
e
e
ne
r
gy
s
a
vi
ngs
a
nd
a
r
e
duc
ti
on
in
d
ir
e
c
t
pur
c
ha
s
e
s
f
r
om
th
e
ne
twor
k,
a
n
in
it
ia
l
in
ve
s
tm
e
nt
o
f
a
r
ound
$6.5
m
il
li
on
c
a
n
be
s
a
v
e
d.
I
n
a
ddi
ti
on,
th
e
s
im
ul
a
ti
o
n
c
a
n
s
a
ve
a
n
a
nnu
a
l
c
os
t
of
$1.38
m
il
li
on
w
it
h
a
pr
e
di
c
te
d
r
e
tu
r
n
on
in
ve
s
tm
e
nt
of
a
r
ound
10.9
ye
a
r
s
.
H
ow
e
ve
r
,
th
e
c
o
s
t
of
L
C
S
is
s
ti
ll
lo
w
f
or
th
e
f
ol
lo
w
in
g ye
a
r
'
s
us
e
. T
hi
s
i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
c
ont
r
ib
ut
e
s
t
o a
n
in
te
r
na
l
r
a
t
e
of
r
e
tu
r
n
(
I
R
R
)
o
f
a
r
ound 7.5
%
,
a
nd t
hi
s
i
s
a
pr
of
it
a
bl
e
i
nve
s
tm
e
nt
[
24]
.
3.3.
E
m
is
s
io
n
an
al
ys
is
T
he
us
e
of
hybr
id
s
ys
te
m
s
c
a
n
r
e
duc
e
e
m
is
s
io
ns
by
a
r
ound
42.
4%
.
T
he
w
or
ld
ba
nk
pl
a
ns
to
pr
ovi
de
in
c
e
nt
iv
e
s
to
c
ount
r
ie
s
th
a
t
c
a
n
m
in
im
iz
e
e
m
is
s
io
ns
f
r
om
th
e
c
ons
tr
uc
ti
on
of
pow
e
r
pl
a
nt
s
in
th
e
f
ut
ur
e
.
T
hi
s
is
in
te
nde
d
to
r
e
duc
e
e
m
is
s
io
ns
a
nd
e
nvi
r
onm
e
nt
a
l
pol
lu
ti
on
c
a
us
e
d
by
th
e
c
on
s
tr
uc
ti
on
of
f
os
s
il
pow
e
r
pl
a
nt
s
.
F
ut
ur
e
pow
e
r
pl
a
nt
pr
oj
e
c
ts
c
a
n
c
ont
r
ib
ut
e
to
th
e
c
on
s
tr
uc
ti
on
of
r
e
ne
w
a
bl
e
pow
e
r
pl
a
nt
s
s
uc
h
a
s
P
V
,
W
P
,
a
nd ge
ot
he
r
m
a
l
[
25]
.
C
om
pa
r
is
on
of
L
C
O
E
f
or
hybr
id
e
ne
r
gy
a
nd
e
m
is
s
io
n
r
e
s
ul
t
s
f
r
om
f
os
s
il
pow
e
r
pl
a
nt
s
a
r
e
s
im
ul
a
te
d
a
ga
in
s
t
e
ne
r
gy
ne
e
ds
f
or
c
ons
um
e
r
s
.
T
he
s
im
ul
a
ti
on
r
e
s
ul
ts
pr
ovi
de
in
f
or
m
a
ti
on
th
a
t
L
C
O
E
f
r
om
L
C
S
is
lo
w
e
r
th
a
n
th
e
f
os
s
il
pow
e
r
pl
a
nt
.
L
C
O
E
a
nd
e
m
is
s
io
ns
w
il
l
de
pe
nd
on
c
ons
um
e
r
ne
e
d
s
,
lo
c
a
ti
on,
a
nd
hybr
id
e
ne
r
gy.
T
hi
s
w
il
l
de
pe
nd
on
in
ve
s
tm
e
nt
c
os
t
s
a
nd
ot
he
r
m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
c
os
t
s
,
w
it
h
e
c
onomi
e
s
of
s
c
a
le
,
de
c
r
e
a
s
in
g pr
oduc
ti
on c
os
t
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8814
I
nt
J
A
dv A
ppl
S
c
i
,
V
ol
. 15, No. 1, M
a
r
c
h 2026
:
219
-
226
224
3.4
. D
at
a l
im
it
at
io
n
s
T
he
r
e
s
ul
ts
of
th
e
a
na
ly
s
is
w
it
h
H
O
M
E
R
f
or
th
e
hybr
id
s
ys
te
m
(
P
V
-
WP
-
ba
tt
e
r
y
)
pr
ovi
de
in
f
or
m
a
ti
on
th
a
t
th
e
hybr
id
m
ode
l
is
m
or
e
p
r
of
it
a
bl
e
a
nd
e
nvi
r
onm
e
nt
a
ll
y
f
r
ie
ndl
y
w
he
n
c
om
pa
r
e
d
to
f
os
s
il
pow
e
r
pl
a
nt
s
. T
he
p
e
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
of
t
he
hybr
id
s
ys
te
m
w
il
l
de
pe
n
d on the
s
iz
e
of
t
he
P
V
, W
P
,
ba
tt
e
r
y
, l
oa
d, a
nd
c
li
m
a
te
a
t
th
e
lo
c
a
ti
on
[
26
]
.
T
he
P
V
-
WP
-
ba
tt
e
r
y
hybr
id
s
ys
te
m
pr
ovi
de
s
im
por
ta
nt
pa
r
a
m
e
te
r
s
f
or
pl
a
nni
ng
a
nd opti
m
a
l
s
ys
te
m
c
onf
ig
ur
a
ti
on t
o pr
oduc
e
m
a
xi
m
um
e
f
f
ic
ie
nc
y.
T
he
li
m
it
a
ti
ons
of
da
ta
obt
a
in
e
d
a
t
a
lo
c
a
ti
on
w
il
l
a
f
f
e
c
t
th
e
r
e
s
ul
ts
of
th
e
hybr
id
s
ys
te
m
in
c
lu
di
ng
th
e
lo
c
a
l
c
li
m
a
te
.
T
he
c
a
pi
ta
l
c
os
t
f
or
th
e
us
e
of
te
c
h
nol
ogy
w
il
l
va
r
y
s
ubs
ta
nt
ia
ll
y
,
a
nd
th
e
s
e
c
os
ts
a
r
e
pr
e
di
c
te
d
to
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
due
to
th
e
e
c
onomi
c
e
f
f
e
c
ts
a
nd
p
r
oduc
t
e
f
f
ic
ie
nc
y.
N
um
e
r
ic
a
l
pa
r
a
m
e
te
r
s
a
r
e
im
pl
e
m
e
nt
e
d
w
it
h
a
ppr
opr
ia
te
r
e
s
ul
t
s
f
or
id
e
nt
if
yi
ng
tr
e
nds
a
n
d
c
onc
e
pt
s
to
be
a
ppl
ie
d
to
in
dus
tr
ia
l
a
r
e
a
s
or
r
e
s
id
e
nt
ia
l
a
r
e
a
s
.
4.
C
O
N
C
L
U
S
I
O
N
E
va
lu
a
ti
on
a
nd
c
onf
ig
ur
a
ti
on
f
or
hybr
id
s
ys
te
m
s
a
g
a
in
s
t
th
e
c
os
ts
u
s
e
d
w
il
l
pr
ovi
de
good
va
lu
e
f
or
f
ut
ur
e
r
e
ne
w
a
bl
e
e
ne
r
gy
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on.
S
om
e
of
th
e
r
e
s
ul
ts
of
th
e
e
va
lu
a
ti
on
a
nd
c
onf
ig
ur
a
ti
on
in
c
lu
de
th
e
PV
-
WP
-
ba
tt
e
r
y
c
om
bi
na
ti
on
is
th
e
be
s
t
c
hoi
c
e
a
t
th
is
ti
m
e
be
c
a
us
e
th
e
lo
a
d
c
ha
r
a
c
te
r
is
ti
c
s
c
ha
nge
f
or
e
a
c
h
time
,
s
uc
h
a
s
in
th
e
m
or
ni
ng,
a
f
te
r
noon,
e
ve
ni
ng,
a
nd
ni
ght
.
F
or
C
O
E
a
r
ound
$0.087
k
W
h,
w
it
h
a
r
e
tu
r
n
on
in
ve
s
tm
e
nt
of
a
r
ound 4.1%
a
nd a
n a
nnua
l
ope
r
a
ti
ng c
os
t
of
$1.
38 mi
ll
io
n. T
hi
s
i
s
be
c
a
us
e
P
V
-
W
P
pr
oj
e
c
t
c
a
n
ope
r
a
te
f
or
a
r
ound
25
ye
a
r
s
w
it
h
m
in
i
m
a
l
c
os
ts
.
E
m
is
s
io
n
r
e
duc
ti
on
of
a
r
ound
42
%
a
s
a
c
ons
id
e
r
a
ti
on
o
f
gove
r
nm
e
nt
in
c
e
nt
iv
e
s
.
P
V
-
W
P
hybr
id
is
a
n
id
e
a
l
c
onf
ig
ur
a
ti
o
n
us
e
d
a
s
a
pr
of
it
a
bl
e
c
om
bi
na
ti
on
m
ode
l.
T
he
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h r
e
s
ul
ts
a
r
e
ope
r
a
te
d on a
t
e
c
hno
-
e
c
onomi
c
s
y
s
te
m
t
o c
onvi
nc
e
de
c
is
io
n
-
m
a
ke
r
s
.
F
U
N
D
I
N
G
I
N
F
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
T
hi
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
w
a
s
f
unde
d
by
th
e
in
te
r
na
l
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
f
und
of
th
e
U
ni
ve
r
s
it
a
s
M
uha
m
m
a
di
ya
h
S
um
a
te
r
a
U
ta
r
a
(
U
M
S
U
)
in
2024
w
it
h
N
o.
102/
I
I
.3
-
A
U
/UM
S
U
/C
/2
024
a
s
s
uppor
t
f
or
th
e
a
c
hi
e
v
e
m
e
nt
s
of
le
c
tu
r
e
r
s
in
th
e
U
M
S
U
e
nvi
r
onm
e
nt
.
A
U
T
H
O
R
C
O
N
T
R
I
B
U
T
I
O
N
S
S
T
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
hi
s
jo
ur
na
l
us
e
s
th
e
C
ont
r
ib
ut
or
R
ol
e
s
T
a
xonomy
(
C
R
e
di
T
)
to
r
e
c
ogni
z
e
in
di
vi
dua
l
a
ut
hor
c
ont
r
ib
ut
io
ns
, r
e
duc
e
a
ut
hor
s
hi
p di
s
put
e
s
,
a
nd f
a
c
il
it
a
te
c
ol
la
bo
r
a
ti
on.
N
am
e
o
f
A
u
t
h
or
C
M
So
Va
Fo
I
R
D
O
E
Vi
Su
P
Fu
M
uha
m
m
a
d A
da
m
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
S
uw
a
r
no
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
C
a
tr
a
I
ndr
a
C
a
hya
di
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
C
:
C
onc
e
pt
ua
l
i
z
a
t
i
on
M
:
M
e
t
hodol
ogy
So
:
So
f
t
w
a
r
e
Va
:
Va
l
i
da
t
i
on
Fo
:
Fo
r
m
a
l
a
na
l
ys
i
s
I
:
I
nve
s
t
i
ga
t
i
on
R
:
R
e
s
our
c
e
s
D
:
D
a
t
a
C
ur
a
t
i
on
O
:
W
r
i
t
i
ng
-
O
r
i
gi
na
l
D
r
a
f
t
E
:
W
r
i
t
i
ng
-
R
e
vi
e
w
&
E
di
t
i
ng
Vi
:
Vi
s
ua
l
i
z
a
t
i
on
Su
:
Su
pe
r
vi
s
i
on
P
:
P
r
oj
e
c
t
a
dm
i
ni
s
t
r
a
t
i
on
Fu
:
Fu
ndi
ng a
c
qui
s
i
t
i
on
C
O
N
F
L
I
C
T
O
F
I
N
T
E
R
E
S
T
S
T
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
he
a
ut
hor
s
de
c
la
r
e
t
ha
t
th
e
y ha
ve
no known c
onf
li
c
ts
of
i
nt
e
r
e
s
t,
w
he
th
e
r
f
in
a
nc
ia
l
or
non
-
f
in
a
nc
ia
l,
th
a
t
c
oul
d
ha
ve
in
f
lu
e
nc
e
d
th
e
c
onduc
t
or
out
c
om
e
s
of
th
is
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h.
T
he
s
tu
dy
w
a
s
c
a
r
r
ie
d
out
in
de
pe
nde
nt
ly
,
a
nd
a
ll
a
n
a
ly
s
e
s
,
in
te
r
pr
e
ta
ti
ons
,
a
nd
c
on
c
lu
s
io
ns
a
r
e
ba
s
e
d
s
ol
e
ly
on
th
e
da
ta
obt
a
in
e
d
a
nd
th
e
m
e
th
odol
ogi
e
s
a
ppl
ie
d
by
th
e
a
ut
hor
s
.
T
he
a
ut
hor
s
a
lo
ne
a
r
e
r
e
s
pons
ib
le
f
or
th
e
c
ont
e
nt
a
nd
w
r
it
in
g
of
th
is
pa
pe
r
.
D
A
T
A
A
V
A
I
L
A
B
I
L
I
T
Y
T
he
da
ta
s
e
t
u
s
e
d
in
th
is
s
tu
dy
to
de
v
e
lo
p
a
nd
e
v
a
lu
a
te
th
e
e
x
tr
e
m
e
gr
a
di
e
nt
boos
ti
ng
(
X
G
B
oos
t
)
-
ba
s
e
d
di
a
be
te
s
r
is
k
pr
e
di
c
ti
on
m
ode
l
c
ons
is
ts
of
a
nonymi
z
e
d
pa
ti
e
nt
he
a
lt
h
r
e
c
or
ds
de
r
iv
e
d
f
r
o
m
hi
s
to
r
ic
a
l
he
a
lt
h
da
ta
.
A
ll
pe
r
s
ona
l
id
e
nt
if
ie
r
s
w
e
r
e
r
e
m
ove
d
pr
io
r
to
a
na
ly
s
is
to
e
n
s
ur
e
c
om
pl
ia
nc
e
w
it
h
e
th
ic
a
l
a
nd
pr
iv
a
c
y
s
ta
nda
r
ds
.
D
ue
to
in
s
ti
tu
ti
ona
l
a
nd
pr
iv
a
c
y
r
e
s
tr
ic
ti
ons
,
th
e
r
a
w
da
ta
a
r
e
not
publ
ic
ly
a
va
il
a
bl
e
,
but
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
A
dv A
ppl
S
c
i
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8814
H
y
br
id
e
ne
r
gy
s
to
r
age
s
y
s
te
m
s
as
a
s
us
ta
in
abl
e
e
ne
r
gy
s
ou
r
c
e
(
M
uhamm
ad A
dam
)
225
th
e
y
m
a
y
be
obt
a
in
e
d
f
r
om
th
e
c
or
r
e
s
ponding
a
ut
hor
,
[
MA
]
,
upon
r
e
a
s
ona
bl
e
r
e
que
s
t
a
nd
w
it
h
p
e
r
m
is
s
io
n
f
r
om
t
he
r
e
le
va
nt
da
ta
ow
ne
r
.
R
E
F
E
R
E
N
C
E
S
[
1]
T
.
T
.
N
guye
n,
U
.
G
r
ot
e
,
F
.
N
e
uba
c
h
e
r
,
D
.
B
.
R
a
hut
,
M
.
H
.
D
o,
a
nd
G
.
P
.
P
a
ude
l
,
“
S
e
c
ur
i
t
y
r
i
s
ks
f
r
om
c
l
i
m
a
t
e
c
ha
ng
e
a
n
d
e
nvi
r
onm
e
nt
a
l
de
gr
a
da
t
i
on:
i
m
pl
i
c
a
t
i
ons
f
or
s
us
t
a
i
na
bl
e
l
a
nd
us
e
t
r
a
ns
f
or
m
a
t
i
on
i
n
t
he
G
l
oba
l
S
out
h,”
C
ur
r
e
nt
O
pi
ni
on
i
n
E
nv
i
r
onm
e
nt
al
Sus
t
ai
nabi
l
i
t
y
, vol
. 63, A
ug. 2023, doi
:
10.1016/
j
.c
os
us
t
.2023.1
01322.
[
2]
J
.
W
a
ng
a
nd
W
.
A
z
a
m
,
“
N
a
t
ur
a
l
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
c
a
r
c
i
t
y,
f
os
s
i
l
f
ue
l
e
ne
r
gy
c
on
s
u
m
pt
i
on,
a
nd
t
ot
a
l
gr
e
e
nhous
e
ga
s
e
m
i
s
s
i
ons
i
n
t
op
e
m
i
t
t
i
ng c
ount
r
i
e
s
,”
G
e
os
c
i
e
nc
e
F
r
ont
i
e
r
s
, vol
. 15, no. 2, M
a
r
. 2024, doi
:
10.10
16/
j
.gs
f
.2023.101757.
[
3]
A
.
B
a
ga
s
ka
r
a
,
“
E
na
bl
i
ng
hi
gh
s
ha
r
e
of
r
e
ne
w
a
bl
e
e
ne
r
gy
i
n
I
ndone
s
i
a
’
s
pow
e
r
s
y
s
t
e
m
by
2030:
a
l
t
e
r
na
t
i
ve
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
de
ve
l
opm
e
nt
pl
a
n
c
om
pa
t
i
bl
e
w
i
t
h
1.5
°
C
P
a
r
i
s
a
gr
e
e
m
e
nt
.”
R
e
s
e
ar
c
h
R
e
por
t
,
I
ns
t
i
t
ut
e
f
o
r
E
s
s
e
nt
i
a
l
S
e
r
vi
c
e
s
R
e
f
or
m
,
J
a
ka
r
t
a
,
I
ndone
s
i
a
,
2022.
[
4]
S
.
S
uw
a
r
no,
C
.
I
.
C
a
hya
di
,
S
.
S
uka
r
w
ot
o,
A
.
A
.
D
e
w
i
,
a
nd
D
.
P
i
na
yunga
n,
“
C
om
pa
r
a
t
i
ve
a
na
l
y
s
i
s
of
w
i
nd
s
pe
e
d
a
nd
e
ne
r
gy
pot
e
nt
i
a
l
a
s
s
e
s
s
m
e
nt
of
t
w
o
di
s
t
r
i
but
i
on
m
ode
l
s
i
n
M
e
da
n,
I
ndone
s
i
a
,”
I
nt
e
r
n
at
i
onal
R
e
v
i
e
w
of
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
al
E
ngi
ne
e
r
i
ng
,
vol
.
18
,
no. 4, pp. 275
–
282, A
ug. 2023, doi
:
10.15866/
i
r
e
e
.v18i
4.22725.
[
5]
J
.
N
a
pi
t
upul
u,
S
.
S
uw
a
r
no,
C
.
I
.
C
a
hya
di
,
a
nd
S
.
S
uka
r
w
ot
o,
“
E
va
l
ua
t
i
on
a
n
d
m
ode
l
i
ng
of
gr
e
e
n
e
ne
r
gy
c
ons
um
pt
i
on
i
n
N
or
t
h
S
um
a
t
r
a
,
I
ndone
s
i
a
,”
I
nt
e
r
nat
i
onal
J
our
nal
of
E
ne
r
gy
E
c
onom
i
c
s
and
P
ol
i
c
y
,
vol
.
14,
no.
1,
pp.
570
–
578,
J
a
n.
2024,
doi
:
10.32479/
i
j
e
e
p.15070.
[
6]
D
.
C
.
M
ul
l
e
r
,
S
.
P
.
S
e
l
va
na
t
ha
n,
E
.
C
uc
e
,
a
nd
S
.
K
um
a
r
a
s
a
m
y,
“
H
ybr
i
d
s
ol
a
r
,
w
i
nd,
a
nd
e
ne
r
gy
s
t
or
a
ge
s
ys
t
e
m
f
or
a
s
us
t
a
i
na
bl
e
c
a
m
pus
:
a
s
i
m
ul
a
t
i
on s
t
udy,
”
Sc
i
e
nc
e
and T
e
c
hnol
og
y
f
or
E
ne
r
gy
T
r
ans
i
t
i
on
, v
ol
. 78, M
a
y 2023, doi
:
10.2516/
s
t
e
t
/
2023008.
[
7]
M
.
J
a
ha
ngi
r
i
,
F
.
K
.
S
ha
hm
a
r
va
ndi
,
a
nd
R
.
A
l
a
yi
,
“
R
e
ne
w
a
bl
e
e
ne
r
gy
-
ba
s
e
d
s
ys
t
e
m
s
on
a
r
e
s
i
de
nt
i
a
l
s
c
a
l
e
i
n
S
out
he
r
n
C
oa
s
t
a
l
A
r
e
a
s
of
I
r
a
n:
t
r
i
ge
ne
r
a
t
i
on
of
he
a
t
,
pow
e
r
,
a
nd
hydr
oge
n,”
J
our
nal
of
R
e
ne
w
abl
e
E
ne
r
gy
and
E
nv
i
r
onm
e
nt
,
vol
.
8,
no.
4,
pp. 67
–
76, 2021, doi
:
10.30501/
j
r
e
e
.2021.261980.1170.
[
8]
N
.
C
.
U
z
ondu
a
nd
D
.
D
.
L
e
l
e
,
“
C
om
pr
e
he
n
s
i
ve
a
na
l
ys
i
s
of
i
nt
e
gr
a
t
i
ng
s
m
a
r
t
gr
i
ds
w
i
t
h
r
e
ne
w
a
bl
e
e
ne
r
gy
s
our
c
e
s
:
t
e
c
hnol
ogi
c
a
l
a
dva
nc
e
m
e
nt
s
,
e
c
onom
i
c
i
m
pa
c
t
s
,
a
nd
pol
i
c
y
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
ks
,”
E
ngi
ne
e
r
i
ng
Sc
i
e
nc
e
&
T
e
c
hnol
ogy
J
ou
r
nal
,
vol
.
5,
no.
7,
pp. 2334
–
2363, J
ul
. 2024, doi
:
10.51594/
e
s
t
j
.v5i
7.1347.
[
9]
M
.
K
ha
l
i
d,
“
S
m
a
r
t
gr
i
ds
a
nd
r
e
ne
w
a
bl
e
e
ne
r
gy
s
ys
t
e
m
s
:
pe
r
s
pe
c
t
i
ve
s
a
nd
gr
i
d
i
nt
e
gr
a
t
i
on
c
ha
l
l
e
nge
s
,”
E
ne
r
gy
St
r
at
e
gy
R
e
v
i
e
w
s
,
vol
. 51, J
a
n. 2024, doi
:
10.1016/
j
.e
s
r
.2024.101299.
[
10]
V
.
K
ha
r
e
,
P
.
C
ha
t
ur
ve
di
,
a
nd
M
.
M
i
s
hr
a
,
“
S
ol
a
r
e
ne
r
gy
s
ys
t
e
m
c
on
c
e
pt
c
h
a
nge
f
r
om
t
r
e
ndi
ng
t
e
c
hnol
ogy:
a
c
om
pr
e
he
ns
i
ve
r
e
vi
e
w
,”
e
-
P
r
i
m
e
-
A
dv
anc
e
s
i
n
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
al
E
ngi
ne
e
r
i
ng,
E
l
e
c
t
r
oni
c
s
and
E
ne
r
gy
,
vol
.
4,
J
un.
2023,
doi
:
10.1016/
j
.pr
i
m
e
.2023.100183.
[
11]
R
.
C
.
J
.,
K
.
H
.
L
i
m
,
J
.
C
.
K
ur
ni
a
,
S
.
R
oy,
B
.
J
.
B
or
a
,
a
nd
B
.
J
.
M
e
dhi
,
“
T
ow
a
r
ds
s
us
t
a
i
na
bl
e
pow
e
r
ge
ne
r
a
t
i
on:
r
e
c
e
nt
a
dva
nc
e
m
e
nt
s
i
n
f
l
oa
t
i
ng
phot
ovol
t
a
i
c
t
e
c
hnol
ogi
e
s
,”
R
e
ne
w
abl
e
and
Su
s
t
ai
nabl
e
E
ne
r
gy
R
e
v
i
e
w
s
,
vol
.
194,
A
pr
.
2024,
doi
:
10.1016/
j
.r
s
e
r
.2024.114322.
[
12]
B
.
L
i
,
Z
.
L
i
u,
Y
.
W
u,
P
.
W
a
ng,
R
.
L
i
u,
a
nd
L
.
Z
ha
ng,
“
R
e
vi
e
w
on
phot
ovol
t
a
i
c
w
i
t
h
ba
t
t
e
r
y
e
n
e
r
gy
s
t
or
a
ge
s
ys
t
e
m
f
or
pow
e
r
s
uppl
y
t
o
bui
l
di
ngs
:
c
ha
l
l
e
nge
s
a
nd
oppor
t
uni
t
i
e
s
,”
J
our
nal
of
E
ne
r
gy
St
or
age
,
vol
.
61,
M
a
y
2023,
doi
:
10.1016/
j
.e
s
t
.2023.106763.
[
13]
P
.
R
.
D
e
vi
,
P
.
S
i
va
kum
a
r
,
a
nd
P
.
A
.
P
r
a
s
a
d,
“
O
pt
i
m
i
z
i
ng
P
V
pow
e
r
out
put
w
i
t
h
hi
ghe
r
-
vol
t
a
ge
m
odul
e
s
:
a
c
om
pa
r
a
t
i
ve
a
na
l
ys
i
s
w
i
t
h
t
r
a
di
t
i
ona
l
M
P
P
T
m
e
t
hods
,”
I
nt
e
r
nat
i
onal
T
r
ans
a
c
t
i
ons
on
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
al
E
ne
r
gy
Sy
s
t
e
m
s
,
vol
.
2023,
pp.
1
–
20,
J
un.
2023
,
doi
:
10.1155/
2023/
8656986.
[
14]
M
. L
.
K
a
t
c
he
,
A
.
B
. M
a
kokha
, S
. O
.
Z
a
c
ha
r
y, a
nd
M
. S
.
A
da
r
a
m
ol
a
, “
A
c
om
pr
e
he
ns
i
ve
r
e
vi
e
w
of
m
a
xi
m
um
pow
e
r
poi
nt
t
r
a
c
ki
n
g
(
M
P
P
T
)
t
e
c
hni
que
s
us
e
d i
n s
ol
a
r
P
V
s
ys
t
e
m
s
,”
E
ne
r
gi
e
s
, vol
. 16, no. 5, F
e
b. 20
23, doi
:
10.3390/
e
n16052206.
[
15]
M
.
K
ha
r
r
i
c
h,
O
.
M
oha
m
m
e
d,
a
nd
M
.
A
khe
r
r
a
z
,
“
D
e
s
i
gn
of
hybr
i
d
m
i
c
r
ogr
i
d
P
V
/
w
i
nd/
di
e
s
e
l
/
ba
t
t
e
r
y
s
ys
t
e
m
:
c
a
s
e
s
t
udy
f
or
R
a
ba
t
a
nd B
a
ghda
d,”
E
A
I
E
ndor
s
e
d T
r
ans
ac
t
i
on
s
on E
ne
r
gy
W
e
b
, vol
. 7, no. 26, J
ul
. 2018, doi
:
10.4108/
e
a
i
.13
-
7
-
2018.162692.
[
16]
C
.
B
r
e
ye
r
,
D
.
B
ogda
nov,
S
.
K
ha
l
i
l
i
,
a
nd
D
.
K
e
i
ne
r
,
“
S
ol
a
r
phot
ovol
t
a
i
c
s
i
n
10
0%
r
e
ne
w
a
bl
e
e
ne
r
gy
s
ys
t
e
m
s
,”
i
n
E
nc
y
c
l
ope
di
a
of
Sus
t
ai
nabi
l
i
t
y
Sc
i
e
nc
e
and T
e
c
hnol
ogy
, N
e
w
Y
or
k:
S
pr
i
nge
r
, 2021, pp. 1
–
30
,
d
oi
:
10.1007/
978
-
1
-
4939
-
2493
-
6_1071
-
1.
[
17]
A
.
K
hos
r
a
va
ni
,
E
.
S
a
f
a
e
i
,
M
.
R
e
ynol
ds
,
K
.
E
.
K
e
l
l
y,
a
nd
K
.
M
.
P
ow
e
l
l
,
“
C
ha
l
l
e
nge
s
of
r
e
a
c
hi
ng
hi
gh
r
e
ne
w
a
bl
e
f
r
a
c
t
i
ons
i
n
hybr
i
d r
e
ne
w
a
bl
e
e
ne
r
gy s
ys
t
e
m
s
,
”
E
ne
r
gy
R
e
por
t
s
, vol
. 9, pp. 1000
–
1017, D
e
c
. 2023, doi
:
10.1016/
j
.e
gyr
.2022.12.038.
[
18]
Y
.
L
i
,
G
.
L
i
,
J
.
L
i
,
P
.
B
é
na
r
d,
R
.
C
ha
hi
ne
,
a
nd
J
.
X
i
a
o,
“
S
i
m
ul
a
t
i
on
a
nd
opt
i
m
i
z
a
t
i
on
of
hydr
oge
n
-
ba
s
e
d
hybr
i
d
r
e
ne
w
a
bl
e
e
ne
r
gy
s
ys
t
e
m
s
:
s
of
t
w
a
r
e
t
ool
s
a
nd
a
ppl
i
c
a
t
i
ons
,”
J
our
nal
of
P
hy
s
i
c
s
:
C
onf
e
r
e
nc
e
Se
r
i
e
s
,
vol
.
2208,
no.
1,
M
a
r
.
2022,
do
i
:
10.1088/
1742
-
6596/
2208/
1/
012018.
[
19]
M
. D
a
da
a
nd P
. P
opool
a
, “
R
e
c
e
nt
a
dv
a
nc
e
s
i
n s
ol
a
r
phot
ovol
t
a
i
c
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
a
nd
s
ys
t
e
m
s
f
or
e
ne
r
gy s
t
or
a
ge
a
ppl
i
c
a
t
i
on
s
:
a
r
e
vi
e
w
,
”
B
e
ni
-
Sue
f
U
ni
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
J
our
nal
of
B
as
i
c
and A
ppl
i
e
d Sc
i
e
nc
e
s
, vol
. 12, no. 1, J
ul
. 2023, doi
:
10.1186/
s
43088
-
023
-
00405
-
5.
[
20]
T
. F
. A
ga
j
i
e
, A
. F
.
-
L
e
l
e
, I
. A
m
ous
s
ou, A
.
A
l
i
, B
. K
ha
n,
a
nd E
. T
a
nyi
, “
O
pt
i
m
a
l
de
s
i
gn a
nd m
a
t
h
e
m
a
t
i
c
a
l
m
ode
l
i
ng of
hybr
i
d s
ol
a
r
PV
–
bi
oga
s
ge
ne
r
a
t
or
w
i
t
h
e
ne
r
gy
s
t
or
a
ge
pow
e
r
ge
ne
r
a
t
i
on
s
ys
t
e
m
i
n
m
ul
t
i
-
obj
e
c
t
i
ve
f
unc
t
i
on
c
a
s
e
s
,
”
Sus
t
ai
nabi
l
i
t
y
,
vol
.
15,
no. 10, M
a
y 2023, doi
:
10.3390/
s
u15108264.
[
21]
Z
.
A
bdi
n,
N
.
A
l
K
ha
f
a
f
,
a
nd
B
.
M
c
G
r
a
t
h,
“
F
e
a
s
i
bi
l
i
t
y
o
f
hyd
r
oge
n
hybr
i
d
e
ne
r
gy
s
ys
t
e
m
s
f
or
s
us
t
a
i
na
bl
e
on
-
a
nd
of
f
-
gr
i
d
i
nt
e
gr
a
t
i
on:
a
n
A
us
t
r
a
l
i
a
n
R
E
Z
s
c
a
s
e
s
t
udy,”
I
nt
e
r
nat
i
onal
J
ou
r
nal
of
H
y
d
r
oge
n
E
ne
r
gy
,
vol
.
57,
pp.
1197
–
1207,
F
e
b.
2024,
doi
:
10.1016/
j
.i
j
hyde
ne
.2024.01.122.
[
22]
D
.
C
.
M
ul
l
e
r
,
S
.
P
.
S
e
l
va
na
t
ha
n,
E
.
C
uc
e
,
a
nd
S
.
K
um
a
r
a
s
a
m
y,
“
H
ybr
i
d
s
ol
a
r
,
w
i
nd,
a
nd
e
ne
r
gy
s
t
or
a
ge
s
ys
t
e
m
f
or
a
s
us
t
a
i
na
bl
e
c
a
m
pus
:
a
s
i
m
ul
a
t
i
on s
t
udy,
”
Sc
i
e
nc
e
and T
e
c
hnol
og
y
f
or
E
ne
r
gy
T
r
ans
i
t
i
on
, v
ol
. 78, M
a
y 2023, doi
:
10.2516/
s
t
e
t
/
2023008.
[
23]
A
.
H
.
S
ye
d,
A
.
J
a
ve
d,
R
.
M
.
A
.
F
e
r
oz
,
a
nd
R
.
C
a
l
houn,
“
P
a
r
t
i
a
l
r
e
pow
e
r
i
ng
a
na
l
ys
i
s
of
a
w
i
nd
f
a
r
m
by
t
ur
bi
ne
hub
h
e
i
ght
va
r
i
a
t
i
on t
o m
i
t
i
ga
t
e
ne
i
ghbor
i
ng w
i
nd f
a
r
m
w
a
ke
i
nt
e
r
f
e
r
e
nc
e
us
i
ng m
e
s
os
c
a
l
e
s
i
m
ul
a
t
i
ons
,”
A
ppl
i
e
d E
ne
r
gy
, vol
. 268, J
un. 2020,
doi
:
10.1016/
j
.a
pe
ne
r
gy.2020.115050.
[
24]
C
.
K
os
t
,
S
.
S
ha
m
m
uga
m
,
V
.
F
l
ur
i
,
D
.
P
e
p
e
r
,
A
.
D
.
M
e
m
a
r
,
a
nd
T
.
S
c
hl
e
gl
,
“
L
e
ve
l
i
z
e
d
c
o
s
t
of
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
r
e
ne
w
a
bl
e
e
ne
r
gy
t
e
c
hnol
ogi
e
s
”
T
e
c
hni
c
al
R
e
por
t
, F
r
a
unhof
e
r
I
S
E
, F
r
e
i
bur
g, G
e
r
m
a
ny, 2021.
[
25]
S
.
S
uw
a
r
no
a
nd
R
.
R
oha
na
,
“
W
i
nd
s
pe
e
d
m
ode
l
i
ng
ba
s
e
d
on
m
e
a
s
ur
e
m
e
nt
da
t
a
t
o
pr
e
di
c
t
f
ut
ur
e
w
i
nd
s
pe
e
d
w
i
t
h
m
odi
f
i
e
d
R
a
yl
e
i
gh
m
ode
l
,”
I
nt
e
r
nat
i
onal
J
ou
r
nal
of
P
ow
e
r
E
l
e
c
t
r
oni
c
s
and
D
r
i
v
e
Sy
s
t
e
m
s
,
vol
.
12,
no.
3,
pp.
1823
–
1831,
S
e
p.
2021,
doi
:
10.11591/
i
j
pe
ds
.v12.i
3.pp1823
-
1831.
[
26]
C
.
I
.
C
a
hya
di
,
S
.
S
uw
a
r
no,
A
.
A
.
D
e
w
i
,
M
.
K
ona
,
M
.
A
r
i
f
,
a
nd
M
.
C
.
A
kba
r
,
“
S
ol
a
r
pr
e
di
c
t
i
on
s
t
r
a
t
e
gy
f
or
m
a
na
gi
ng
vi
r
t
ua
l
pow
e
r
s
t
a
t
i
ons
,”
I
nt
e
r
nat
i
onal
J
our
nal
of
E
ne
r
gy
E
c
onom
i
c
s
and
P
ol
i
c
y
,
vol
.
13,
no.
4,
pp.
503
–
512,
J
ul
.
2023,
doi
:
10.32479/
i
j
e
e
p.14124.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8814
I
nt
J
A
dv A
ppl
S
c
i
,
V
ol
. 15, No. 1, M
a
r
c
h 2026
:
219
-
226
226
B
I
O
G
R
A
P
H
I
E
S
O
F
A
U
T
H
O
R
S
Muhammad
Adam
completed
his
undergraduate
education
at
the
Universitas
Muhammadiyah
Sumatera
Utara
in
Electrical
Engineering
.
He
conti
nued
his
master'
s
degree
(
postgraduate
)
at
Universitas
Gajah
Mada
in
the
field
of
Electricity
a
nd
Control.
He
currently
works
as
a
lecturer
at
the
Department
of
Electrical
Engineering,
Faculty
of
Technology
,
Universitas
Muhammadiyah
Sumatera
Utara
,
besides
being
trusted
as
a
consultant
in
the
field
of
power plants
. He can be contac
ted
at
email:
muhammad
adam@
umsu.ac.i
d.
Suwarno
completed
his
undergraduate
education
in
Electrical
Engineering
in
1986,
completed
his
postgraduate
education
in
1995
with
an
Electr
otechnical
Program
,
and
completed
his
doctoral
program
in
Renewa
ble
Energy
in
2016.
C
urrently
working
at
the
Universitas
Muhammadiyah
Sumatera
Utara
in
the
postgraduate
program
.
He
conduct
ed
research
in
the
fields
of
new
and
renewable
energy,
power
electronic
s,
and
power
electronics
applicati
ons. He can
be contact
ed
at
email:
suwarno@
umsu.ac.i
d.
Catra Indra Cah
yadi
completed
a
bachelor
of Applied
Science de
gree in Airport
Electrical
Engineering
in
2004
and
a
master
of
Educational
Techno
logy
in
2008
.
Currently
conducti
ng
research
in
the
fields
of
aeronautical
engineerin
g,
airpor
t
electrical
engineerin
g,
transmission
and
distribution,
and
control
systems
.
He
can
b
e
contacted
at
email:
catraindracahy
adi@
gmail.co
m.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.