I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
Adv
a
nces in
Appl
ie
d Science
s
(
I
J
AAS)
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
2
6
,
p
p
.
21
8
~
22
5
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
,
DOI
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/ijaas
.
v
1
5
.
i
1
.
pp
21
8
-
22
5
218
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
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Th
e
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se
o
f
fo
ss
il
fu
e
l
p
o
we
r
p
lan
ts
will
c
o
n
tri
b
u
te
to
e
m
issio
n
s
a
n
d
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
tal
p
o
ll
u
ti
o
n
,
wh
ich
h
a
s
a
n
imp
a
c
t
o
n
a
ir
a
n
d
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
p
o
ll
u
ti
o
n
.
A
p
p
l
y
i
n
g
h
y
b
rid
e
n
e
r
g
y
sy
ste
m
s
c
a
n
h
e
lp
re
d
u
c
e
th
e
e
m
issio
n
fo
o
t
p
rin
t
a
n
d
imp
ro
v
e
th
e
sta
b
il
it
y
o
f
lo
c
a
l
e
lec
tri
c
it
y
n
e
two
r
k
s,
e
s
p
e
c
ially
i
n
se
rv
ice
s
with
h
i
g
h
e
n
e
rg
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
ti
o
n
.
H
y
b
ri
d
o
p
t
imiz
a
ti
o
n
o
f
m
u
lt
ip
le
e
n
e
rg
y
re
so
u
rc
e
s
(
HO
M
ER
)
is
a
sim
u
lato
r
th
a
t
sim
u
late
s
u
sin
g
r
e
n
e
wa
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
wit
h
th
e
h
y
b
rid
re
n
e
wa
b
l
e
e
n
e
rg
y
s
y
ste
m
s
(
HRES
).
T
h
e
s
imu
latio
n
p
ro
d
u
c
e
s
a
sy
ste
m
with
th
e
m
o
st
a
p
p
ro
p
riate
c
o
m
b
i
n
a
ti
o
n
o
f
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic
(
PV
)
,
win
d
p
o
we
r
(
WP
)
,
a
n
d
c
o
n
v
e
rter.
T
h
e
c
o
m
b
in
a
ti
o
n
o
f
P
V
-
W
P
p
ro
d
u
c
e
s
a
n
e
c
o
n
o
m
ica
l
c
h
o
ice
fo
r
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
e
n
e
rg
y
i
n
a
p
a
rti
c
u
lar
lo
c
a
ti
o
n
.
T
h
e
h
y
b
ri
d
P
V
-
WP
m
o
d
e
l
c
a
n
sa
v
e
a
b
o
u
t
4
0
.
8
%
les
s
th
a
n
th
e
c
u
rre
n
t
c
o
n
d
it
io
n
.
T
h
e
in
v
e
stm
e
n
t
c
a
n
b
e
re
tu
r
n
e
d
i
n
1
0
.
1
1
y
e
a
rs
,
wh
ich
is
re
c
o
m
m
e
n
d
e
d
fo
r
sim
il
a
r
c
o
n
d
it
i
o
n
s
in
o
t
h
e
r
a
re
a
s.
Th
is
p
o
si
ti
v
e
i
m
p
a
c
t
c
a
n
p
ro
v
id
e
in
c
e
n
t
iv
e
s
fo
r
p
o
li
c
y
m
a
k
e
rs
in
th
e
imp
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
a
h
y
b
rid
sy
ste
m
th
a
t
c
a
n
n
e
u
tralize
e
m
issio
n
s a
n
d
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
tal
p
o
ll
u
ti
o
n
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
E
co
n
o
m
ic
a
n
aly
s
is
Gr
ee
n
en
er
g
y
HOM
E
R
Hy
b
r
id
s
y
s
tem
T
ec
h
n
ical
an
aly
s
is
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Mu
h
am
m
ad
A
d
am
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
E
lectr
ical
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
,
Facu
lty
o
f
T
ec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
Un
iv
er
s
itas
Mu
h
am
m
ad
i
y
a
h
Su
m
ater
a
Utar
a
Stre
et
Mu
h
k
tar
B
asri
No
.
3
,
M
ed
an
,
No
r
t
h
Su
m
atr
a,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
E
m
ail: m
u
h
am
m
a
d
ad
am
@
u
m
s
u
.
ac
.
id
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
clim
ate
ch
an
g
e
will
r
esu
lt
in
th
r
ea
ts
to
t
h
e
g
lo
b
al
ec
o
n
o
m
y
a
n
d
o
th
e
r
im
p
ac
ts
.
R
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
g
r
ee
n
h
o
u
s
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
clim
ate
ch
an
g
e
is
th
e
id
ea
l
o
f
ev
er
y
in
d
iv
id
u
al
ag
ain
s
t
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ta
l
p
o
llu
tio
n
in
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
[
1
]
.
F
o
s
s
il
f
u
el
p
o
wer
p
lan
ts
wo
r
ld
wid
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
ab
o
u
t
2
5
%
o
f
g
r
ee
n
h
o
u
s
e
g
as
em
is
s
io
n
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
em
is
s
io
n
s
in
th
e
r
eg
io
n
will
h
av
e
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
i
m
p
ac
t
o
n
p
r
o
tectin
g
ag
ain
s
t
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
p
o
llu
tio
n
[
2
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
p
o
wer
p
lan
ts
th
at
u
s
e
f
o
s
s
il
f
u
els
m
u
s
t
b
e
r
e
d
u
ce
d
to
m
ain
tain
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
an
d
s
witch
to
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tally
f
r
ien
d
ly
en
er
g
y
.
I
n
d
o
n
esia
s
ti
ll
r
elies
o
n
elec
tr
icity
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
er
m
al
g
e
n
er
atio
n
(
6
3
.
4
%),
an
d
th
e
latest co
n
d
itio
n
is
q
u
ite
ad
eq
u
ate
[
3
]
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
i
s
b
ein
g
p
r
o
m
o
ted
as
th
e
m
ain
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
,
esp
ec
ially
i
n
d
ev
el
o
p
in
g
co
u
n
tr
ies
,
in
clu
d
in
g
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
T
h
e
h
y
b
r
id
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
(
H
R
E
S
)
m
o
d
el
is
a
co
m
p
atib
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
b
ec
au
s
e
it
ca
n
in
cr
ea
s
e
o
v
er
all
ef
f
icien
cy
[
4
]
.
Hy
b
r
id
o
p
tim
izatio
n
o
f
m
u
ltip
le
en
er
g
y
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
(
HOM
E
R
)
s
im
u
latio
n
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
r
eliab
le
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
id
en
tify
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
th
at
h
av
e
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ically
v
ar
y
in
g
l
o
ad
s
[
5
]
.
HOM
E
R
s
im
u
latio
n
is
a
b
asic h
o
u
r
ly
h
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
tem
s
im
u
lato
r
,
wh
er
e
th
e
s
o
f
twar
e
p
r
o
v
id
es
co
n
s
is
ten
t
r
esu
lts
b
y
esti
m
atin
g
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
PV
)
s
y
s
tem
s
im
u
latio
n
an
d
s
o
f
twar
e
ar
e
s
tab
le,
b
u
t
s
o
m
e
u
n
ce
r
tain
ties
ar
is
e
wh
en
s
im
u
latin
g
win
d
p
o
wer
(
W
P)
[
6
]
.
An
o
t
h
er
t
h
in
g
,
th
is
s
o
f
twar
e
wo
r
k
s
b
ased
o
n
p
r
ev
io
u
s
d
ata
o
b
tain
ed
at
th
e
s
tu
d
ied
lo
ca
tio
n
an
d
d
o
es
n
o
t
tak
e
i
n
to
ac
c
o
u
n
t
o
t
h
er
d
ata
an
d
s
itu
atio
n
s
,
s
o
th
er
e
is
a
wea
k
n
ess
in
n
o
t sep
ar
atin
g
im
p
o
r
tan
t
an
d
u
n
im
p
o
r
tan
t lo
ad
s
[
7
]
.
R
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
g
en
er
atio
n
h
as tak
en
o
v
er
as th
e
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
th
e
f
u
t
u
r
e
b
ec
au
s
e
it c
an
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
th
e
g
r
ee
n
h
o
u
s
e
ef
f
ec
t
an
d
em
is
s
io
n
s
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
clim
ate
ch
an
g
e.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
ch
an
g
e
f
r
o
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
Hyb
r
id
en
erg
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
s
ystem
s
a
s
a
s
u
s
ta
in
a
b
le
en
erg
y
s
o
u
r
ce
(
Mu
h
a
mma
d
A
d
a
m)
219
f
o
s
s
il
f
u
el
en
er
g
y
to
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
p
lay
s
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
r
o
le
in
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
I
n
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
e
r
g
y
in
to
th
e
el
ec
tr
icity
g
r
id
r
eq
u
ir
es
a
c
o
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
f
ac
to
r
s
an
d
av
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
h
u
m
an
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
g
e
o
g
r
a
p
h
y
,
an
d
ad
v
an
ce
d
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
[
8
]
,
[
9
]
.
PV
g
en
er
ato
r
is
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
ex
ce
llen
t
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
as
its
in
p
u
t
p
o
wer
s
ca
le,
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
its
m
an
y
ad
v
an
tag
es
,
s
u
ch
as
b
ein
g
ab
u
n
d
an
t,
em
is
s
io
n
-
f
r
ee
,
an
d
r
e
n
ewa
b
le,
PV
is
th
e
o
p
tim
al
c
h
o
ice
as
a
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
u
s
ef
u
ln
ess
o
f
PV
,
wh
ich
h
a
s
h
ig
h
p
o
we
r
h
an
d
lin
g
ca
p
ab
i
liti
es,
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
f
u
n
ctio
n
with
o
u
t
s
u
p
er
v
is
io
n
,
an
d
f
ast
r
esp
o
n
s
e
in
o
u
tp
u
t
ch
an
g
es
to
ch
an
g
es
in
in
p
u
t
r
ad
i
atio
n
.
Ad
v
an
ce
s
i
n
PV
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
h
a
v
e
led
to
a
n
o
v
e
r
all
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
elec
tr
ica
l
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
a
d
r
asti
c
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
u
n
it
co
s
ts
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
1
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
is
P
V
p
lan
t
is
v
er
y
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
l
o
ca
l
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
,
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
lar
g
e
o
p
e
n
ar
ea
s
.
Var
iatio
n
s
i
n
p
o
wer
,
v
o
ltag
e
,
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
will
p
r
o
d
u
ce
m
ax
im
u
m
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
3
]
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
to
elec
tr
o
m
ec
h
an
i
ca
l
m
eth
o
d
s
s
u
ch
as
tr
ac
k
er
s
f
ix
ed
,
s
in
g
le,
o
r
m
u
ltip
le
ac
c
ess
,
also
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
tr
ac
k
in
g
(
MPPT
)
tr
ac
k
er
s
will
also
ac
h
iev
e
th
e
tar
g
et
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
in
PV
p
o
wer
p
lan
ts
f
o
r
h
y
b
r
id
e
n
er
g
y
ca
n
r
ed
u
ce
f
o
s
s
il
f
u
el
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
is
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
al
o
f
a
h
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
tem
o
f
PV w
ith
a
W
P so
u
r
ce
as a
n
ec
o
n
o
m
ical
ch
o
ice
f
o
r
r
esid
en
tial u
s
er
s
.
T
h
e
o
p
tim
al
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
o
n
PV
an
d
W
P
h
y
b
r
id
p
o
wer
p
lan
ts
h
as
m
ad
e
a
r
ea
l
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
to
th
e
p
r
o
v
is
io
n
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
in
h
o
u
s
in
g
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
t
h
e
h
y
b
r
i
d
s
y
s
tem
b
etwe
en
PV
-
WP
-
d
iesel
-
b
atter
y
is
also
a
s
y
s
tem
th
at
is
ap
p
lied
to
an
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
s
y
s
tem
[
1
5
]
,
w
h
ile
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
tem
b
etw
ee
n
PV
-
b
atter
y
ca
n
ac
h
iev
e
1
0
0
%
f
r
o
m
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
[
1
6
]
,
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
HOM
E
R
an
d
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
-
en
er
g
y
an
d
en
er
g
y
-
ef
f
icien
cy
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
s
cr
ee
n
in
g
(
R
E
T
Scr
ee
n
)
s
y
s
tem
s
ca
n
o
p
tim
ize
h
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
tem
s
o
n
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
[
1
8
]
b
ec
a
u
s
e
it
ca
n
m
o
d
el
s
tan
d
alo
n
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
PV
-
W
P
s
y
s
tem
s
,
b
u
t
th
er
e
a
r
e
ch
allen
g
es
to
th
e
o
p
en
n
ess
an
d
r
e
p
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
s
p
atio
tem
p
o
r
al
v
a
r
iatio
n
s
.
Simu
latio
n
m
o
d
els
h
av
e
b
ee
n
c
o
n
d
u
c
ted
f
o
r
d
o
m
esti
c
u
s
er
s
an
d
en
er
g
y
-
ef
f
icien
t
s
y
s
tem
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
o
n
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
in
h
o
u
s
in
g
[
1
9
]
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
a
s
tan
d
alo
n
e
PV
-
b
io
g
as
s
y
s
tem
an
d
an
i
n
teg
r
a
ted
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
e
r
g
y
s
y
s
tem
u
s
in
g
W
P
an
d
PV
wer
e
ev
alu
ated
u
s
in
g
HOM
E
R
[
2
0
]
.
A
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
in
r
u
r
al
ar
ea
s
th
at
is
o
p
tim
ally
co
n
f
ig
u
r
ed
f
o
r
PV
-
W
P a
n
d
b
atter
ies is
an
o
p
tio
n
f
o
r
b
etter
in
teg
r
atio
n
to
m
ee
t f
u
tu
r
e
en
er
g
y
n
ee
d
s
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
HOM
E
R
h
as
b
ee
n
im
p
lem
en
ted
in
t
h
e
Ma
ld
iv
es
to
d
eter
m
in
e
tech
n
ical
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
s
in
hyb
r
id
s
y
s
tem
s
[
2
2
]
,
w
h
ich
h
as
b
ee
n
ev
alu
a
te
d
to
d
eter
m
in
e
s
ev
er
al
p
ar
am
eter
s
s
u
c
h
as
n
et
p
r
esen
t
co
s
t
(
NPC
)
an
d
lev
elize
d
co
s
t
o
f
en
er
g
y
(
L
C
OE
)
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
e
co
n
o
m
ic
an
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
e
x
p
lo
r
atio
n
o
f
h
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
tem
s
o
n
NPC
an
d
co
s
t
o
f
en
er
g
y
(
C
OE
)
r
elate
d
to
r
en
ew
ab
le
en
er
g
y
s
u
p
p
ly
.
T
ec
h
n
o
-
e
co
n
o
m
ic
s
tu
d
ies
f
o
r
m
icr
o
g
r
id
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
im
p
ac
ts
ar
e
an
aly
ze
d
,
w
h
ich
ar
e
ap
p
lied
in
h
o
u
s
in
g
.
T
h
e
s
ce
n
ar
io
o
f
elec
tr
icity
u
s
ag
e
b
ased
o
n
m
in
im
u
m
,
a
v
er
ag
e,
an
d
m
a
x
im
u
m
win
d
s
p
ee
d
d
ata
an
d
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
d
ata
f
o
r
W
P
an
d
PV
g
en
er
ato
r
s
h
as
b
ee
n
s
tu
d
ied
in
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
s
tates
th
at
th
e
h
y
b
r
i
d
PV
an
d
W
P sy
s
tem
s
ca
n
p
r
o
d
u
ce
1
.
3
k
W
o
f
p
o
wer
.
A
s
im
u
latio
n
f
o
r
a
h
y
b
r
id
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
(
HPS
)
s
y
s
tem
ag
ain
s
t
a
PV
-
b
atter
y
ca
n
r
ed
u
c
e
NPC
b
y
ab
o
u
t
5
9
.
6
%
an
d
L
C
OE
co
s
t
r
ed
u
ctio
n
b
y
a
b
o
u
t
8
0
.
7
%
co
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
th
e
c
o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
m
eth
o
d
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
th
e
HOM
E
R
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
r
elia
b
ilit
y
an
d
s
tab
ilit
y
ca
n
s
av
e
t
h
e
co
s
t
an
d
en
er
g
y
o
f
th
e
PV
-
W
P
h
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
is
m
o
d
el
h
as
b
ee
n
co
n
d
u
cted
in
Su
d
an
with
a
PV
-
WP
-
d
iesel
-
b
atter
y
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
with
L
C
OE
$
0
.
3
8
7
/k
W
h
wit
h
a
to
tal
NPC
o
f
$
2
4
.
1
6
m
illi
o
n
,
with
4
0
%
i
n
v
estme
n
t
an
d
e
m
is
s
io
n
r
ed
u
c
tio
n
o
f
a
b
o
u
t
9
5
%.
PV
-
W
P
h
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
tem
th
at
h
as
b
ee
n
co
n
d
u
cted
in
Nig
er
ia
with
a
p
ay
b
ac
k
p
er
io
d
o
f
3
.
7
-
5
.
4
y
ea
r
s
an
d
C
OE
b
etwe
en
$
0
.
4
5
9
-
$
0
.
5
6
2
/
k
W
h
.
A
s
tu
d
y
in
C
o
lo
r
a
d
o
s
im
u
lat
ed
th
e
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
f
o
r
th
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ically
o
p
tim
al
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
o
f
PV
-
WP
-
b
atter
y
b
an
k
-
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
tan
k
an
d
laser
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
is
m
o
r
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ically
p
r
o
f
itab
le,
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
b
atter
ies
,
f
o
r
lo
n
g
er
en
er
g
y
s
av
in
g
,
with
a
m
in
im
u
m
C
OE
o
f
0
.
7
8
$
/
k
W
h
.
T
h
e
h
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
tem
b
etwe
en
PV
-
d
iesel
g
en
er
ato
r
(
DG
)
-
b
atter
y
is
th
e
b
est
ch
o
ice
f
o
r
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
.
T
h
e
ab
o
v
e
m
o
d
el
ca
n
r
e
d
u
ce
7
0
% o
f
b
atter
ies an
d
r
ed
u
ce
em
is
s
io
n
s
b
y
9
7
% c
o
m
p
a
r
ed
to
D
G.
I
llu
s
tr
atio
n
o
f
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
en
e
r
g
y
g
e
n
er
atio
n
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
y
t
h
e
HR
E
S
s
y
s
tem
ca
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
o
p
tim
al
co
n
d
itio
n
s
f
o
r
s
m
ar
t
h
o
m
es
i
n
h
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
e
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
m
o
d
el
u
s
in
g
a
h
y
b
r
i
d
s
y
s
tem
h
as
b
ee
n
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
in
s
ev
er
al
co
u
n
tr
i
es
,
s
u
ch
as
I
n
d
ia
an
d
Victo
r
ia
,
with
a
co
m
b
in
atio
n
s
ce
n
ar
i
o
b
etwe
en
PV
-
WP
.
T
h
e
HOM
E
R
s
im
u
latio
n
s
y
s
t
em
f
o
u
n
d
a
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
em
is
s
io
n
s
with
NPC
o
f
2
9
.
7
%
p
er
y
ea
r
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
p
o
wer
p
la
n
ts
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
HOM
E
R
s
im
u
latio
n
s
y
s
tem
f
o
u
n
d
an
HPS
o
f
ar
o
u
n
d
7
3
.
6
MW
co
s
tin
g
$
1
8
0
m
illi
o
n
,
an
d
an
L
C
OE
o
f
0
.
0
5
7
4
k
W
h
.
R
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
h
av
e
tech
n
ical
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
in
s
o
m
e
co
u
n
tr
ies,
b
u
t
th
e
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
en
e
r
g
y
s
u
p
p
ly
h
as
n
o
t
b
ee
n
ev
alu
ated
,
s
o
th
e
av
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
liter
atu
r
e
o
n
th
e
m
o
s
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
h
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
f
o
r
r
elev
an
t
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ical
ar
ea
s
is
s
till
lim
ited
,
to
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
a
n
ew
p
ar
ad
ig
m
s
h
if
t
to
war
d
s
a
m
o
r
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
an
d
r
e
n
e
wab
le
en
er
g
y
f
u
tu
r
e.
T
h
e
g
a
p
in
id
en
tific
atio
n
ca
n
b
e
ad
d
r
ess
ed
b
y
a
s
u
itab
le
liter
atu
r
e
s
tu
d
y
o
n
th
e
m
o
s
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
to
b
e
in
te
g
r
at
ed
in
to
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
elec
tr
icity
g
r
id
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
v
alid
ate
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
o
th
er
s
tu
d
ies p
r
esen
ted
in
th
e
liter
atu
r
e.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ca
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
to
p
o
licy
m
a
k
er
s
,
en
er
g
y
p
lan
n
er
s
,
an
d
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
ts
to
ac
ce
ler
ate
th
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
e
n
er
g
y
a
n
d
ac
h
iev
e
a
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
f
u
tu
r
e.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
f
u
r
th
er
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
id
en
tify
in
g
s
p
ec
if
ic
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
to
f
ac
ilit
ate
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
in
t
o
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
2
0
2
6
:
218
-
2
2
5
220
elec
tr
icity
g
r
id
an
d
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
m
itig
atin
g
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
c
lim
ate
ch
an
g
e
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
n
o
n
-
f
o
s
s
il
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
in
th
e
f
u
t
u
r
e.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Resea
rc
h c
o
ntr
ibu
t
io
ns
T
h
e
HOM
E
R
d
ev
ice
is
u
s
ed
to
v
alid
ate
a
h
y
b
r
id
m
o
d
el
o
f
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
e
r
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
f
o
r
co
m
m
er
cial
s
ca
le,
b
esid
es
th
at
also
.
T
h
is
ap
p
licatio
n
with
HOM
E
R
s
o
f
twar
e
to
g
et
th
e
o
p
tim
al
s
ize.
T
h
is
is
in
ten
d
ed
to
h
elp
f
in
d
th
e
m
o
s
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
way
s
o
f
co
s
t
-
s
av
in
g
an
d
to
i
n
teg
r
ate
h
y
b
r
i
d
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
th
at
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
in
g
en
er
al.
T
h
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
em
is
s
io
n
s
ca
n
d
r
iv
e
g
lo
b
al
war
m
in
g
an
d
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
m
in
im
ized
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
s
tu
d
y
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
is
s
h
o
wn
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Simu
latio
n
s
tu
d
y
m
e
th
o
d
o
lo
g
y
2
.
2
.
Resea
rc
h lo
ca
t
io
n
T
h
e
s
elec
ted
lo
ca
tio
n
is
Me
d
a
n
C
ity
,
th
e
ca
p
it
al
o
f
No
r
th
S
u
m
atr
a
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
,
with
a
p
o
p
u
latio
n
o
f
ar
o
u
n
d
2
,
4
9
4
,
5
1
2
p
e
o
p
le
,
with
a
p
o
p
u
latio
n
d
en
s
ity
o
f
ar
o
u
n
d
9
,
4
1
3
p
eo
p
le/k
m
(
2
0
2
2
)
.
Me
d
an
was
o
r
ig
i
n
ally
f
o
u
n
d
ed
b
y
Gu
r
u
Patim
p
u
s
i
n
1
5
9
0
an
d
in
1
9
0
9
b
ec
am
e
th
e
ce
n
te
r
o
f
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
E
ast
Su
m
atr
a
R
esid
en
cy
.
C
u
r
r
en
tly
,
Me
d
an
is
a
m
ajo
r
g
r
o
wth
ce
n
te
r
i
n
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
A
f
air
ly
lar
g
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
r
e
q
u
ir
es
elec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
to
m
ee
t its
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
n
ee
d
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
p
ea
k
-
h
o
u
r
p
o
wer
o
u
tag
es
s
till
o
cc
u
r
f
r
e
q
u
en
tly
with
all
th
e
elec
tr
icity
av
ailab
le,
o
f
wh
ic
h
ar
o
u
n
d
0
.
6
8
%
is
s
till
g
en
er
at
ed
b
y
DG
ad
d
itio
n
.
B
ef
o
r
e
a
s
s
es
s
in
g
th
e
p
o
wer
g
en
er
atio
n
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
,
th
e
s
ca
le
o
f
th
e
elec
tr
ical
lo
ad
m
u
s
t
b
e
d
eter
m
in
ed
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
a
m
o
r
e
ac
cu
r
ate
d
eter
m
in
atio
n
o
f
th
e
lo
ad
is
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
d
esig
n
in
g
g
en
e
r
a
tio
n
an
d
s
to
r
ag
e
f
a
cilit
ies.
Dat
a
f
o
r
th
e
elec
tr
icity
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
lar
g
e
en
titi
es
s
u
ch
as
tr
ad
in
g
m
ar
k
ets
an
d
o
th
er
s
ar
e
u
s
u
ally
av
ailab
le
u
s
in
g
m
o
n
th
ly
elec
tr
icity
b
i
lls
,
wh
ich
s
tate
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
l
o
ad
a
g
ain
s
t
r
ate
r
eq
u
est
ar
r
an
g
em
en
t
a
n
d
t
h
e
t
o
tal
en
er
g
y
u
s
ed
.
Use
with
t
h
e
av
er
a
g
e
lo
a
d
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
u
s
in
g
th
e
last
lo
ad
f
o
r
th
e
m
id
d
le
d
a
y
o
f
ea
c
h
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
m
o
n
t
h
.
Data
at
th
e
m
o
s
t
r
ec
en
t
p
o
in
t
av
ailab
le
f
o
r
th
e
last
two
y
ea
r
s
is
u
s
ed
to
ca
lcu
late
lo
ad
g
r
o
wth
f
r
o
m
tr
a
d
in
g
a
r
ea
s
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
p
o
wer
d
em
an
d
.
T
h
is
r
esu
lted
in
a
p
e
ak
lo
ad
o
f
4
,
4
0
0
k
W
,
with
an
av
er
ag
e
o
f
2
,
1
6
0
k
W
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
was
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
to
ac
co
m
m
o
d
ate
v
ar
y
in
g
d
e
m
an
d
s
f
r
o
m
d
a
y
to
d
ay
.
T
h
is
s
te
p
is
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
to
allo
w
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
p
er
ca
lc
u
latio
n
o
f
th
e
s
to
r
ag
e
u
n
its
an
d
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
i
n
s
tallatio
n
s
ize.
2
.
3
.
P
V
a
nd
WP
s
o
urce
s
T
h
e
n
o
n
-
ex
is
ten
ce
o
f
a
s
in
g
l
e
s
o
u
r
ce
f
o
r
e
n
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
cti
o
n
,
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
clim
ate
ch
an
g
e
in
th
e
ar
ea
r
eq
u
ir
es
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
d
u
r
i
n
g
d
if
f
er
en
t
m
o
n
th
s
o
f
th
e
y
ea
r
.
T
h
is
is
d
u
e
to
th
e
ev
er
-
ch
a
n
g
in
g
an
d
i
n
ten
s
e
n
a
tu
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
in
c
o
astal
ar
ea
s
,
wh
er
e
war
m
s
u
m
m
er
s
,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
win
d
y
,
r
ain
y
s
ea
s
o
n
s
,
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
f
o
r
m
u
ltip
l
e
PV
an
d
W
P
s
o
u
r
ce
s
t
o
b
e
i
n
s
talled
to
g
en
er
ate
ef
f
icien
t
elec
tr
icity
.
T
h
e
ac
tiv
e
r
ain
y
s
ea
s
o
n
p
h
ase
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia
,
wh
ich
is
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
s
tr
o
n
g
c
o
n
v
ec
tio
n
an
d
h
ig
h
r
ain
f
all,
wh
e
r
e
W
P
eq
u
ip
p
e
d
with
P
V
is
an
alter
n
ativ
e
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
in
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
elec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
.
T
h
e
ac
tiv
e
an
d
r
esti
n
g
p
h
ases
ca
n
b
e
p
r
ed
icted
u
s
in
g
p
r
e
-
d
e
f
in
ed
m
o
n
s
o
o
n
i
n
d
ices
th
at
ca
p
tu
r
e
in
tr
aseaso
n
al
v
ar
ian
ce
d
y
n
am
ics,
b
u
t
NASA
win
d
e
n
er
g
y
d
ata
ar
e
s
o
m
e
wh
at
o
p
tim
is
tic
,
with
a
v
er
ag
e
win
d
s
p
ee
d
s
m
u
c
h
h
ig
h
er
wh
e
n
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
o
th
e
r
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
So
lar
Pan
els,
T
u
r
b
in
es,
B
atter
y
I
n
v
er
ter
Sy
s
tem
s
an
d
C
o
m
p
o
n
en
t
Selectio
n
Ho
m
er
Simu
latio
n
Sy
s
tem
o
p
tim
izatio
n
,
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
an
aly
s
is
E
lectr
icity
d
em
an
d
an
aly
s
is
an
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
ass
es
s
m
en
t
I
d
en
tific
atio
n
lo
ca
tio
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
Hyb
r
id
en
erg
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
s
ystem
s
a
s
a
s
u
s
ta
in
a
b
le
en
erg
y
s
o
u
r
ce
(
Mu
h
a
mma
d
A
d
a
m)
221
2
.
4
.
B
io
ma
s
s
po
t
ent
ia
l
T
h
e
Me
d
an
C
ity
co
m
m
u
n
ity
,
with
a
lar
g
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
,
will
p
r
o
d
u
ce
u
n
u
s
ed
f
o
o
d
waste
,
an
d
if
th
is
ca
n
b
e
m
an
ag
e
d
p
r
o
p
er
ly
,
it
will
p
r
o
d
u
ce
en
er
g
y
th
at
is
u
s
ef
u
l
as
an
ad
d
itio
n
al
p
o
wer
p
lan
t.
I
t
is
esti
m
ated
th
at
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
waste
is
ar
o
u
n
d
3
9
.
9
%.
At
t
h
at
lo
ca
tio
n
,
th
er
e
is
a
to
tal
p
o
ten
tial
to
c
o
n
v
er
t
1
,
6
0
0
-
2
,
0
0
0
to
n
s
o
f
f
o
o
d
waste
ca
n
b
e
c
o
n
v
er
te
d
in
to
elec
tr
icity
.
C
o
n
v
er
tin
g
b
i
o
m
ass
in
to
b
io
g
as
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
er
u
s
e
in
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
ap
p
lian
ce
s
o
r
ca
r
s
wo
u
ld
b
e
m
o
r
e
a
d
eq
u
ate.
2
.
5
.
Desig
n a
nd
s
im
ula
t
io
n o
f
t
he
H
O
M
E
R
s
y
s
t
em
An
HR
E
S
s
y
s
tem
wil
l
in
d
ir
ec
tly
r
ed
u
ce
g
r
ee
n
h
o
u
s
e
g
as
e
m
is
s
io
n
s
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
g
r
id
s
tab
ilit
y
f
o
r
ad
d
itio
n
al
s
to
r
ag
e
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
elec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
.
HR
E
S
s
y
s
t
em
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
co
m
p
atib
le
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
g
en
er
atio
n
s
o
u
r
ce
s
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
o
v
er
all
ef
f
icien
cy
.
HOM
E
R
s
y
s
tem
is
a
s
y
s
tem
th
at
h
as
p
r
o
v
en
to
b
e
a
r
eliab
le
an
d
s
u
itab
le
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
id
e
n
tify
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
to
s
p
ec
if
ic
ap
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
v
ar
y
in
g
g
e
o
g
r
ap
h
ical
ar
ea
s
an
d
lo
ad
p
r
o
f
iles
.
T
h
e
HOM
E
R
s
y
s
tem
h
as
b
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u
s
ed
f
o
r
v
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s
p
r
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u
s
ass
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m
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ts
b
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s
e
it
h
as
a
c
o
m
m
o
n
lo
ad
p
r
o
f
ile
f
o
r
r
esid
en
tial,
in
d
u
s
tr
ial,
an
d
o
th
e
r
u
s
e
s
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
o
th
er
p
r
o
jects in
r
en
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b
le
elec
tr
icity
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
,
s
u
ch
as
f
o
r
ev
alu
atio
n
.
Sev
e
r
al
f
ac
to
r
s
m
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s
t
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ta
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to
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n
t
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ch
as
tax
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o
f
em
is
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io
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s
ca
u
s
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b
y
t
h
e
co
m
b
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s
tio
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o
f
f
o
s
s
il
f
u
els.
PV
an
d
W
P
g
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er
atio
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ar
e
th
e
m
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s
t
r
ea
lis
tic
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ed
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co
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ts
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I
m
p
le
m
en
tin
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r
en
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b
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d
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in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
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Sy
s
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b
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s
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ain
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.
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e
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ato
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0
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7
7
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Fo
r
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ig
h
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ato
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ac
t
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ap
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o
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les,
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en
s
itiv
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an
aly
s
is
is
b
ased
o
n
f
i
n
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cial
s
af
ety
m
ar
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in
.
L
ith
iu
m
-
ty
p
e
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atter
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o
f
ar
o
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n
d
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ar
e
s
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ted
f
o
r
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g
y
s
to
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e.
A
s
tu
d
y
with
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n
am
ic
e
f
f
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r
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n
g
e
f
o
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W
P
g
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ato
r
h
as
b
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im
p
lem
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ted
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th
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OM
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R
s
y
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e
r
eso
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2
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6
.
P
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ra
m
et
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o
no
m
ic
E
co
n
o
m
ic
p
a
r
am
eter
s
m
u
s
t
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
in
th
e
s
y
s
tem
ev
alu
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n
,
wh
er
e
a
d
is
co
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n
t
r
ate
o
f
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
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.
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%
was
as
s
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0
2
1
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%
in
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f
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ex
p
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ev
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in
th
e
b
est
p
r
o
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f
in
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ce
n
ar
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s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
2
0
2
6
:
218
-
2
2
5
222
2
.
7
.
Ca
rbo
n dio
x
ide
C
ar
b
o
n
d
i
o
x
id
e
(
CO
2
)
co
n
tr
i
b
u
tes
g
lo
b
ally
to
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
war
m
in
g
c
h
an
g
es;
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
h
as
s
h
o
wn
th
at
C
O
2
co
n
tr
ib
u
t
es
ab
o
u
t
1
1
%
o
f
em
is
s
io
n
s
in
2
0
2
5
,
an
d
th
is
will
h
a
v
e
a
n
i
m
p
ac
t
o
n
th
e
h
ea
lth
o
f
liv
in
g
th
in
g
s
o
n
th
is
p
lan
et
.
A
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
th
e
s
e
em
is
s
io
n
s
is
n
ee
d
ed
.
R
ed
u
cin
g
C
O
2
em
is
s
io
n
s
is
a
wo
r
ld
wid
e
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n
s
en
s
u
s
a
s
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
to
r
ed
u
ce
g
lo
b
al
war
m
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
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o
esti
m
ate
d
ir
ec
t
em
is
s
io
n
s
av
in
g
s
an
d
s
im
ilar
f
in
an
cial
b
en
ef
its
,
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t l
ev
el
o
f
CO
2
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
elec
tr
icity
s
ec
to
r
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
.
Daily
e
lectr
icity
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
is
ex
p
e
cted
to
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ed
u
ce
em
is
s
io
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s
s
o
th
at
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m
en
t
r
em
ain
s
co
m
f
o
r
tab
le
an
d
s
af
e.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
O
pti
m
iza
t
io
n sy
s
t
e
m
T
h
e
HOM
E
R
s
im
u
latio
n
s
y
s
t
em
h
as
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
s
el
ec
tio
n
an
d
d
eter
m
i
n
atio
n
o
f
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
.
Th
e
elec
tr
ical
l
o
ad
is
o
b
tain
e
d
f
r
o
m
o
n
e
y
ea
r
o
f
d
ata
u
s
ed
in
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
.
T
h
e
m
o
n
th
l
y
av
e
r
ag
e
r
ad
iatio
n
,
th
e
co
o
ln
ess
in
d
ex
,
a
n
d
th
e
m
o
n
th
ly
a
v
er
ag
e
win
d
s
p
ee
d
at
th
e
r
esear
ch
lo
ca
tio
n
a
r
e
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
Ag
en
cy
f
o
r
Me
teo
r
o
lo
g
y
,
C
lim
ato
lo
g
y
,
an
d
Geo
p
h
y
s
ics
(
B
MK
G
)
d
ata
o
f
Me
d
an
C
ity
.
T
h
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
ass
es
s
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
,
elec
tr
icity
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
,
an
n
u
al
elec
tr
ical
lo
ad
,
r
en
ewa
b
l
e
en
er
g
y
,
em
is
s
io
n
s
,
an
d
o
th
e
r
s
h
a
s
b
ee
n
s
im
u
lated
.
A
lo
ad
c
o
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
is
th
e
ad
d
itio
n
o
f
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
th
at
h
as
b
ee
n
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
as
co
n
s
u
m
er
d
em
a
n
d
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
th
e
ab
o
v
e,
s
im
u
latio
n
s
h
av
e
also
b
ee
n
ca
r
r
ie
d
o
u
t
f
o
r
th
e
b
en
e
f
it
o
f
u
s
in
g
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
s
u
ch
as
life
cy
cle
co
s
t (
L
C
C
)
an
d
NPC
.
HOM
E
R
id
en
tific
atio
n
is
th
e
b
est
h
y
b
r
id
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
ef
f
icien
cy
in
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ica
l
lo
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
s
h
o
ws
th
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
an
n
u
al
en
er
g
y
u
s
e
o
f
ar
o
u
n
d
3
8
3
0
,
0
8
1
MWh
/y
ea
r
(
1
9
%)
f
o
r
PV
g
en
er
ato
r
s
,
wh
ile
W
P
g
en
er
at
o
r
s
u
s
e
ar
o
u
n
d
4
5
3
2
,
5
7
9
MWh
/y
ea
r
(
2
2
.
5
%).
Ar
o
u
n
d
4
1
.
5
%
o
f
en
e
r
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
elec
tr
icity
is
g
en
er
ated
b
y
r
en
ewa
b
le
s
o
u
r
ce
s
in
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
.
Actu
al
m
o
n
th
ly
en
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
f
r
o
m
ea
ch
s
o
u
r
ce
is
s
u
m
m
ed
s
o
th
at
in
t
h
e
p
ea
k
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
m
o
n
th
o
f
Ma
r
ch
,
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
a
h
ig
h
er
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
en
er
g
y
;
h
o
wev
er
,
in
th
e
r
ain
y
m
o
n
th
s
o
f
J
u
n
e,
J
u
ly
,
an
d
Au
g
u
s
t,
win
d
is
s
ee
n
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
h
i
g
h
er
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
en
er
g
y
.
T
h
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
ch
em
ical
s
to
r
ag
e
u
n
its
p
r
o
v
e
d
to
b
e
u
n
p
r
o
f
itab
le,
p
r
o
b
ab
ly
d
u
e
to
th
e
co
n
g
r
u
en
t
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
a
n
d
lo
a
d
cu
r
v
es
o
f
th
e
PV
-
b
ased
s
y
s
tem
an
d
t
h
e
h
ig
h
p
u
r
ch
ase
p
r
ice
.
I
t
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
n
o
ted
th
at
th
e
ac
t
u
al
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
is
s
im
u
latio
n
d
ep
e
n
d
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
o
n
in
p
u
t
p
a
r
am
eter
s
s
u
ch
as
th
e
in
v
estme
n
t
c
o
s
t
o
f
n
ew
g
en
er
atin
g
f
ac
ilit
ies
an
d
th
e
co
s
t
[
2
3
]
.
T
o
f
in
d
p
o
ten
ti
al
f
o
r
f
u
r
t
h
er
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
ts
,
it
m
ay
b
e
h
elp
f
u
l
to
ch
o
o
s
e
a
p
e
r
io
d
with
h
ig
h
g
r
id
elec
tr
icity
d
em
an
d
.
T
h
e
PV
ar
r
ay
m
o
d
el
co
s
ts
$
5
0
0
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
v
ar
io
u
s
s
o
u
r
ce
s
;
L
C
S
will
n
o
t
u
s
e
ad
d
iti
o
n
al
win
d
tu
r
b
in
es.
T
h
is
h
y
b
r
id
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
th
e
m
o
n
th
s
with
h
ig
h
co
n
s
u
m
er
ac
tiv
ity
,
s
u
ch
as
Ma
r
ch
an
d
Octo
b
er
a
r
e
s
till
v
er
y
d
ep
en
d
en
t
o
n
g
r
id
s
u
p
p
ly
.
I
t
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
n
o
ted
th
at
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
y
ea
r
,
elec
tr
icity
f
r
o
m
n
ewly
in
t
r
o
d
u
ce
d
s
o
u
r
ce
s
f
o
llo
ws
two
p
atter
n
s
.
First,
th
e
p
ea
k
o
f
n
o
n
-
co
n
v
en
t
io
n
al
en
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
d
a
y
is
d
r
iv
e
n
b
y
th
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
o
f
th
e
PV
ar
r
a
y
.
Du
r
in
g
th
e
m
o
n
s
o
o
n
m
o
n
th
s
(
f
r
o
m
o
n
e
d
ay
to
th
e
n
ex
t
,
i.e
.
,
f
r
o
m
J
u
n
e
to
m
id
-
Au
g
u
s
t)
,
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
th
e
av
er
ag
e
win
d
s
p
ee
d
ca
u
s
es
an
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
,
in
d
icate
d
b
y
an
in
c
r
ea
s
e
o
f
m
o
r
e
th
an
1
0
0
%
p
er
h
o
u
r
.
T
h
is
cr
ea
te
s
co
n
d
itio
n
s
wh
er
e
th
e
p
o
w
er
ca
n
b
e
d
i
r
ec
tly
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
c
o
m
m
er
cia
l
elec
tr
icity
g
r
id
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
p
a
r
t
o
f
th
e
r
en
ewa
b
le
p
o
we
r
g
en
er
atio
n
is
also
ass
ess
ed
.
T
h
e
tech
n
ical
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
en
er
g
y
r
en
ewa
b
le
elec
tr
icity
is
v
er
y
lar
g
e
,
an
d
th
e
s
o
cial
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
attr
ib
u
te
p
r
o
v
id
es
im
p
o
r
tan
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
r
o
m
lo
ca
l
u
s
er
s
.
B
ased
o
n
t
h
e
ab
o
v
e
d
ata,
th
e
p
lan
n
in
g
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t o
f
h
y
b
r
id
p
o
wer
g
r
id
s
ca
n
b
e
im
p
lem
en
ted
.
3
.
2
.
E
co
no
m
ic
a
na
ly
s
is
E
co
n
o
m
ically
,
th
e
p
r
o
ject
is
p
r
ed
icted
to
b
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
2
5
y
ea
r
s
,
an
d
th
e
i
n
ter
est
r
ate
is
4
%
p
er
y
ea
r
.
Fo
r
f
u
tu
r
e
en
er
g
y
s
av
in
g
s
an
d
a
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
d
ir
ec
t
p
u
r
c
h
ases
f
r
o
m
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
,
an
in
itial
in
v
estme
n
t
o
f
ar
o
u
n
d
$
6
.
5
m
illi
o
n
ca
n
b
e
s
av
ed
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
th
e
s
im
u
l
atio
n
ca
n
s
av
e
a
n
an
n
u
al
co
s
t
o
f
$
1
.
3
8
m
illi
o
n
with
a
p
r
ed
icted
r
etu
r
n
o
n
in
v
estme
n
t
o
f
ar
o
u
n
d
1
0
.
9
y
ea
r
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
co
s
t
o
f
L
C
S
is
s
till
lo
w
f
o
r
th
e
f
o
ll
o
win
g
y
ea
r
'
s
u
s
e.
T
h
is
in
cr
ea
s
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
an
in
ter
n
al
r
ate
o
f
r
etu
r
n
(
I
R
R
)
o
f
ar
o
u
n
d
7
.
5
%
,
an
d
th
is
is
a
p
r
o
f
itab
le
in
v
estme
n
t
[
2
4
]
.
3
.
3
.
E
m
is
s
io
n a
na
ly
s
is
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
h
y
b
r
i
d
s
y
s
tem
s
ca
n
r
ed
u
ce
em
is
s
io
n
s
b
y
ar
o
u
n
d
4
2
.
4
%.
T
h
e
wo
r
ld
b
a
n
k
p
lan
s
to
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
in
ce
n
tiv
es
to
co
u
n
t
r
ies
th
at
ca
n
m
in
im
ize
em
is
s
io
n
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
o
f
p
o
wer
p
lan
ts
in
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e.
T
h
is
is
in
ten
d
ed
to
r
ed
u
ce
em
is
s
io
n
s
an
d
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
tal
p
o
llu
t
io
n
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
th
e
c
o
n
s
tr
u
cti
o
n
o
f
f
o
s
s
il
p
o
wer
p
lan
ts
.
Fu
tu
r
e
p
o
wer
p
la
n
t
p
r
o
jects
ca
n
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
o
f
r
en
ewa
b
le
p
o
wer
p
lan
ts
s
u
ch
as
PV,
W
P,
an
d
g
e
o
th
er
m
al
[
2
5
]
.
C
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
L
C
OE
f
o
r
h
y
b
r
id
en
e
r
g
y
an
d
em
is
s
io
n
r
esu
lts
f
r
o
m
f
o
s
s
il
p
o
wer
p
lan
ts
ar
e
s
im
u
lated
ag
ai
n
s
t
en
er
g
y
n
ee
d
s
f
o
r
c
o
n
s
u
m
er
s
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
t
h
at
L
C
OE
f
r
o
m
L
C
S
is
lo
wer
th
an
th
e
f
o
s
s
il
p
o
wer
p
lan
t.
L
C
O
E
an
d
em
is
s
io
n
s
will
d
ep
en
d
o
n
co
n
s
u
m
e
r
n
ee
d
s
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
Hyb
r
id
en
erg
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
s
ystem
s
a
s
a
s
u
s
ta
in
a
b
le
en
erg
y
s
o
u
r
ce
(
Mu
h
a
mma
d
A
d
a
m)
223
lo
ca
tio
n
,
an
d
h
y
b
r
id
e
n
er
g
y
.
T
h
is
will
d
ep
en
d
o
n
in
v
est
m
en
t
co
s
ts
an
d
o
th
e
r
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
co
s
ts
,
with
ec
o
n
o
m
ies o
f
s
ca
le,
d
ec
r
ea
s
in
g
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
co
s
ts
.
3
.
4
.
Da
t
a
lim
i
t
a
t
io
ns
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
an
aly
s
is
with
HOM
E
R
f
o
r
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
tem
(
PV
-
WP
-
b
atter
y
)
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
th
at
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
m
o
d
el
is
m
o
r
e
p
r
o
f
itab
le
an
d
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tally
f
r
ien
d
ly
wh
en
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
f
o
s
s
il
p
o
wer
p
lan
ts
.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
o
f
th
e
h
y
b
r
i
d
s
y
s
tem
will d
ep
en
d
o
n
th
e
s
ize
o
f
th
e
PV,
W
P,
b
atter
y
,
lo
ad
,
an
d
clim
ate
at
th
e
lo
ca
tio
n
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
e
PV
-
WP
-
b
atter
y
h
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
tem
p
r
o
v
id
es
im
p
o
r
tan
t
p
ar
am
eter
s
f
o
r
p
lan
n
in
g
an
d
o
p
tim
al
s
y
s
tem
co
n
f
ig
u
r
at
io
n
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
m
ax
im
u
m
ef
f
ic
ien
cy
.
T
h
e
lim
itatio
n
s
o
f
d
ata
o
b
t
ain
ed
at
a
lo
ca
tio
n
will
a
f
f
ec
t
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
t
h
e
h
y
b
r
i
d
s
y
s
tem
in
clu
d
in
g
t
h
e
lo
ca
l
clim
ate.
T
h
e
ca
p
ital
co
s
t
f
o
r
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
t
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
will
v
ar
y
s
u
b
s
tan
ti
ally
,
an
d
t
h
ese
co
s
ts
ar
e
p
r
ed
icted
to
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
d
u
e
to
th
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
ef
f
ec
ts
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
ct
ef
f
icien
c
y
.
Nu
m
er
i
ca
l
p
ar
am
eter
s
ar
e
im
p
lem
en
ted
with
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
r
esu
lts
f
o
r
id
en
tify
in
g
tr
en
d
s
an
d
co
n
ce
p
ts
to
b
e
ap
p
lied
to
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
ar
ea
s
o
r
r
esid
en
tial a
r
ea
s
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
E
v
alu
atio
n
an
d
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
f
o
r
h
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
tem
s
ag
ain
s
t
th
e
co
s
ts
u
s
ed
wi
ll
p
r
o
v
id
e
g
o
o
d
v
alu
e
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
e
r
g
y
g
e
n
er
atio
n
.
So
m
e
o
f
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
ev
alu
atio
n
an
d
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
in
clu
d
e
th
e
PV
-
WP
-
b
atter
y
co
m
b
in
atio
n
is
th
e
b
est
ch
o
ice
at
th
is
tim
e
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
lo
ad
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
ch
an
g
e
f
o
r
ea
c
h
tim
e
,
s
u
ch
as
in
th
e
m
o
r
n
in
g
,
af
ter
n
o
o
n
,
ev
en
i
n
g
,
an
d
n
ig
h
t.
Fo
r
C
OE
ar
o
u
n
d
$
0
.
0
8
7
k
W
h
,
with
a
r
etu
r
n
o
n
in
v
estme
n
t o
f
ar
o
u
n
d
4
.
1
% a
n
d
an
an
n
u
al
o
p
er
atin
g
c
o
s
t o
f
$
1
.
3
8
m
illi
o
n
.
T
h
is
is
b
ec
au
s
e
PV
-
W
P p
r
o
ject
ca
n
o
p
er
ate
f
o
r
ar
o
u
n
d
2
5
y
ea
r
s
with
m
in
im
al
co
s
ts
.
E
m
is
s
io
n
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
ar
o
u
n
d
4
2
%
as
a
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
o
f
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
in
ce
n
tiv
es.
PV
-
W
P
h
y
b
r
id
is
an
id
ea
l
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
u
s
ed
as
a
p
r
o
f
itab
le
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
m
o
d
el.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
r
esu
lts
ar
e
o
p
e
r
ated
o
n
a
tech
n
o
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
y
s
tem
to
co
n
v
i
n
ce
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
er
s
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
was
f
u
n
d
ed
by
t
h
e
in
ter
n
al
r
esear
ch
f
u
n
d
o
f
t
h
e
Un
iv
er
s
itas
Mu
h
am
m
ad
iy
ah
Su
m
ater
a
Utar
a
(
UM
SU)
in
2
0
2
4
with
No
.
1
0
2
/I
I
.
3
-
AU/UM
SU/C
/2
0
2
4
as
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
th
e
ac
h
iev
e
m
en
ts
o
f
lectu
r
er
s
in
th
e
UM
SU e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS
ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
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