I
n
t
e
r
n
at
io
n
al
Jou
r
n
al
of
A
d
van
c
e
s
i
n
A
p
p
li
e
d
S
c
ie
n
c
e
s
(
I
JA
A
S
)
V
ol
.
1
5
, N
o.
1
,
M
a
r
c
h
20
2
6
, pp.
99
~
106
I
S
S
N
:
2252
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8814
,
D
O
I
:
10.11591/
ij
a
a
s
.
v
1
5
.
i
1
.
pp
99
-
106
99
Jou
r
n
al
h
om
e
page
:
ht
tp
:
//
ij
aas
.i
ae
s
c
or
e
.c
om
E
n
h
a
n
c
i
n
g se
r
vi
c
e
r
e
l
i
ab
i
l
i
t
y i
n
h
e
avy
-
d
u
t
y c
om
m
e
r
c
i
al
ve
h
i
c
l
e
s
i
n
d
u
st
r
y
Jon
n
y, Jan
u
ar
N
as
u
t
io
n
D
e
pa
r
t
m
e
nt
of
I
ndus
t
r
i
a
l
E
ngi
ne
e
r
i
ng, F
a
c
ul
t
y o
f
E
ngi
ne
e
r
i
ng, B
i
na
N
us
a
nt
a
r
a
U
ni
ve
r
s
i
t
y, J
a
ka
r
t
a
, I
ndone
s
i
a
A
r
t
ic
le
I
n
f
o
A
B
S
T
R
A
C
T
A
r
ti
c
le
h
is
to
r
y
:
R
e
c
e
iv
e
d
J
ul
21, 2025
R
e
vi
s
e
d
N
ov 20, 2025
A
c
c
e
pt
e
d
J
a
n 1, 2026
Reducing
breakd
own
lead
time
is
a
critica
l
factor
in
ensuring
cu
stomer
productivity
and
sustaining
competitiveness
in
the
he
avy
-
duty
com
mercial
vehicle
(HDCV)
industry.
This
was
tackled
by
applying
a
metho
dology
called
define,
measure,
analyze
,
improve,
and
control
(
DMAIC
)
,
which
stands
for
DMAIC
.
By
deploying
it,
the
breakdown
lead
time
of
an
Indonesian HDC
V company can b
e minimi
zed.
Before
the initia
tive, the
lead
time
was
4
days
with
81.54%
or
815
,
400
defect
s
per
million
opport
unities
(DPMO)
or
less
than
1
sigma
with
only
303
parts
within
targe
t
.
The
reduction
target
was
2
days
as
required
by
its
customers
,
with
4
0%
or
400,000
DPMO
or
less
than
2
sigmas
,
with
658
pa
rts
within
target
.
After
following
the
methodolo
gy,
the
lead
time
was
less
than
2
days
,
meeting
customer
requirement
s
with
31.2%
or
312,000
DPMO
,
or
about
2
sig
mas
.
It
shows
an
improved
lead
time
,
which
is
less
tha
n
2
days
from
4
days
,
and
a
sigma
level
which
is
less
than
2
sigmas
from
less
than
1
sigma
,
wi
th
908
parts
within
target.
The
study
demonstrates
how
integrating
digital
applicati
ons,
remanufactured
spare
parts,
and
a
centralized
command
center
significantly shortens br
eakdown handling.
K
e
y
w
o
r
d
s
:
B
r
e
a
kdown le
a
d t
im
e
C
us
to
m
e
r
pr
oduc
ti
vi
ty
D
M
A
I
C
H
e
a
vy
-
dut
y ve
hi
c
le
S
e
r
vi
c
e
r
e
li
a
bi
li
ty
S
ix
s
ig
m
a
This is an
open
acce
ss artic
le unde
r the
CC BY
-
SA
license.
C
or
r
e
s
pon
di
n
g A
u
th
or
:
J
onny
D
e
pa
r
tm
e
nt
of
I
ndus
tr
ia
l
E
ngi
ne
e
r
in
g, F
a
c
ul
ty
of
E
ngi
ne
e
r
in
g,
B
in
a
N
us
a
nt
a
r
a
U
ni
v
e
r
s
it
y
J
a
ka
r
ta
, I
ndone
s
ia
E
m
a
il
:
jo
nny@
bi
nus
.a
c
.i
d
1.
I
N
T
R
O
D
U
C
T
I
O
N
T
he
he
a
vy
-
dut
y
c
om
m
e
r
c
ia
l
ve
hi
c
le
(
H
D
C
V
)
in
dus
tr
y
pl
a
ys
a
c
r
uc
ia
l
r
ol
e
in
s
uppor
ti
ng
lo
gi
s
ti
c
s
,
s
uppl
y
c
ha
in
s
,
a
nd
in
du
s
tr
ia
l
pr
oduc
ti
vi
ty
w
or
ld
w
id
e
.
B
r
e
a
kdowns
of
H
D
C
V
s
r
e
s
ul
t
in
c
os
tl
y
dow
nt
im
e
f
or
c
us
to
m
e
r
s
, e
s
pe
c
ia
ll
y i
n s
e
c
to
r
s
s
uc
h a
s
c
ol
d s
uppl
y c
ha
in
s
, w
h
e
r
e
ope
r
a
ti
ona
l
c
ont
in
ui
ty
i
s
c
r
it
ic
a
l
[
1
]
, [
2
]
. I
n
I
ndone
s
ia
,
c
us
to
m
e
r
di
s
s
a
ti
s
f
a
c
ti
on
w
it
h
pr
ol
onge
d
br
e
a
kdown
r
e
s
ol
ut
io
n
ti
m
e
s
th
r
e
a
te
ns
bot
h
br
a
nd
im
a
ge
a
nd
bus
in
e
s
s
s
us
ta
in
a
bi
li
ty
.
A
B
C
is
a
n
I
ndone
s
i
a
n
e
xc
lu
s
iv
e
li
c
e
ns
e
a
ge
nt
,
m
a
nuf
a
c
tu
r
e
r
,
a
nd
di
s
tr
ib
ut
or
of
X
H
D
C
V
.
T
he
c
om
pa
ny
a
im
s
to
dom
in
a
te
it
s
m
a
r
ke
t
s
e
gm
e
nt
in
I
ndone
s
ia
a
nd
e
s
ta
bl
is
h
a
w
or
ld
-
c
la
s
s
m
a
nuf
a
c
tu
r
in
g
ba
s
e
w
it
hi
n
it
s
gr
oup.
O
ne
of
th
e
m
a
jo
r
c
ha
l
le
nge
s
f
a
c
e
d
by
th
is
c
om
pa
ny
w
a
s
f
r
e
que
nt
br
e
a
kdowns
of
it
s
H
D
C
V
a
t
c
us
to
m
e
r
s
it
e
s
ba
s
e
d
on
it
s
c
us
to
m
e
r
s
’
c
om
pl
a
in
ts
.
T
hi
s
ne
ga
ti
ve
ly
im
pa
c
ts
th
e
c
om
pa
ny’
s
bus
in
e
s
s
s
u
s
ta
in
a
bi
li
ty
a
nd
br
a
nd
r
e
put
a
ti
on.
O
ne
of
it
s
c
us
to
m
e
r
s
ha
s
e
xpr
e
s
s
e
d
c
on
c
e
r
ns
a
bout
how
uni
t
br
e
a
kdowns
w
oul
d di
s
r
upt
hi
s
bus
in
e
s
s
ope
r
a
ti
on
s
.
T
o
a
ddr
e
s
s
th
is
,
th
e
c
om
pa
ny’
s
pr
e
s
id
e
nt
di
r
e
c
to
r
e
m
pha
s
iz
e
d
th
e
im
por
ta
nc
e
of
de
li
ve
r
in
g
e
xc
e
pt
io
na
l
s
e
r
vi
c
e
to
e
ns
ur
e
c
us
to
m
e
r
s
a
ti
s
f
a
c
ti
on
a
nd
uphold
X
br
a
nd'
s
r
e
put
a
ti
on.
A
s
s
ta
te
d
by
it
s
di
r
e
c
to
r
of
bus
in
e
s
s
s
ol
ut
io
ns
,
th
e
pr
im
a
r
y
goa
l
i
s
to
e
n
s
ur
e
r
a
pi
d a
nd
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
r
e
s
ol
ut
io
n
of
uni
t
br
e
a
kdown
s
. T
hus
, a
de
di
c
a
te
d
in
nova
ti
on
te
a
m
f
r
om
th
e
te
c
hni
c
a
l
w
a
r
r
a
nt
y
de
pa
r
tm
e
nt
of
th
e
ut
il
iz
a
ti
on
bus
in
e
s
s
s
ol
ut
io
n
di
vi
s
io
n,
w
hos
e
r
ol
e
s
a
nd
r
e
s
pons
ib
il
it
ie
s
in
c
lu
de
pr
ovi
di
ng
s
ol
ut
io
ns
a
nd
be
in
g
pr
obl
e
m
s
ol
ve
r
s
r
e
la
te
d
to
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8814
I
nt
J
A
dv A
ppl
S
c
i
,
V
ol
. 15, No. 1, M
a
r
c
h 2026
:
99
-
106
100
uni
t
br
e
a
kdown
a
t
th
e
c
us
to
m
e
r
s
it
e
,
is
f
or
m
e
d
a
nd
a
s
s
ig
ne
d
by
th
e
c
om
pa
ny
s
o
th
a
t
a
ny
un
it
br
e
a
kdown
c
a
n
be
r
a
pi
dl
y
s
ol
ve
d
th
r
ough
it
s
de
a
le
r
ne
twor
ks
.
T
he
te
a
m
ne
e
ds
to
r
e
duc
e
th
e
le
a
d
ti
m
e
in
ha
ndl
in
g
un
it
br
e
a
kdowns
.
T
hus
,
th
e
y
c
ol
la
bor
a
te
w
it
h
d
e
a
le
r
s
,
th
e
tr
uc
k
c
e
n
te
r
de
pa
r
tm
e
nt
,
a
nd
th
e
s
pa
r
e
pa
r
ts
di
vi
s
io
n
to
m
a
in
ta
in
c
us
to
m
e
r
s
a
ti
s
f
a
c
ti
on a
nd l
oy
a
lt
y e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ly
.
A
br
e
a
kdown
oc
c
ur
r
e
d
w
he
n
a
ve
hi
c
le
be
c
a
m
e
in
ope
r
a
bl
e
[
3
]
.
I
t
le
a
ds
to
f
in
a
nc
ia
l
lo
s
s
e
s
du
e
to
di
s
r
upt
e
d
ope
r
a
ti
ons
.
B
r
e
a
kdown
is
a
c
ondi
ti
on
w
he
r
e
a
ve
hi
c
le
unde
r
goe
s
a
pr
obl
e
m
a
nd
c
a
nnot
be
us
e
d
f
o
r
ope
r
a
ti
on,
th
us
r
e
s
ul
ti
ng
in
bus
in
e
s
s
lo
s
s
[
4]
.
C
us
to
m
e
r
s
e
x
pe
r
ie
nc
in
g
th
is
br
e
a
kdown
a
r
e
li
ke
ly
to
be
f
r
us
tr
a
te
d.
M
e
a
nw
hi
le
,
on
th
e
c
om
pa
ny
s
id
e
,
th
e
e
nt
ir
e
br
e
a
k
dow
n
r
e
s
ol
ut
io
n
pr
oc
e
s
s
i
s
e
s
ti
m
a
te
d
to
ta
k
e
a
ppr
oxi
m
a
te
ly
4
da
ys
,
w
it
h
81.54%
or
815,400
de
f
e
c
t
s
pe
r
m
il
l
io
n
oppor
tu
ni
ti
e
s
(
D
P
M
O
)
c
ove
r
in
g
pr
oc
e
s
s
e
s
of
pr
obl
e
m
a
na
ly
s
is
,
w
a
r
r
a
nt
y
de
c
i
s
io
n
-
m
a
ki
ng,
pa
r
t
pr
oc
u
r
e
m
e
nt
,
a
nd
pa
r
t
r
e
pa
ir
.
F
a
il
in
g
to
a
ddr
e
s
s
br
e
a
kdowns
pr
om
pt
ly
a
nd
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ly
m
a
y
le
a
d
to
c
us
to
m
e
r
di
s
s
a
ti
s
f
a
c
ti
on
a
nd
c
a
n
je
opa
r
di
z
e
A
B
C
’
s
bus
in
e
s
s
c
ont
in
ui
ty
. P
r
ol
onge
d br
e
a
kdowns
c
a
n r
e
duc
e
c
u
s
to
m
e
r
pr
oduc
ti
vi
ty
, w
hi
c
h m
a
y
r
e
s
ul
t
in
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
f
in
a
nc
ia
l
lo
s
s
e
s
. T
o a
ddr
e
s
s
t
hi
s
, t
he
c
om
pa
ny ha
s
i
ns
tr
uc
te
d t
o
r
e
duc
e
t
he
l
e
a
d t
im
e
f
or
b
r
e
a
kdown r
e
s
ol
ut
io
n
f
r
om
4 t
o 2 da
ys
w
it
h 40%
or
400,000 DPM
O
a
s
r
e
qui
r
e
d by the
c
us
to
m
e
r
s
.
T
he
r
e
f
or
e
,
th
e
te
a
m
c
onduc
t
e
d
a
de
f
in
e
,
m
e
a
s
ur
e
,
a
n
a
ly
z
e
,
im
p
r
ove
,
a
nd
c
ont
r
ol
(
D
M
A
I
C
)
a
ppr
oa
c
h
unde
r
th
e
s
ix
s
ig
m
a
m
e
th
odol
ogy
to
r
e
a
c
h
c
us
to
m
e
r
r
e
qui
r
e
m
e
nt
s
f
or
a
r
e
duc
e
d
br
e
a
kdown
le
a
d
ti
m
e
.
T
he
m
e
th
odol
ogy
ha
s
be
e
n
w
id
e
ly
im
pl
e
m
e
nt
e
d
in
m
a
nuf
a
c
tu
r
in
g
to
im
pr
ove
qua
li
ty
a
nd
e
f
f
ic
ie
nc
y
[
5]
.
H
ow
e
ve
r
,
f
e
w
e
r
s
tu
di
e
s
ha
ve
e
xpl
or
e
d
th
e
ir
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
on
in
a
f
te
r
-
s
a
le
s
s
e
r
vi
c
e
s
,
pa
r
ti
c
ul
a
r
ly
in
ve
hi
c
le
br
e
a
kdown
m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
.
P
r
io
r
w
or
ks
hi
ghl
ig
ht
s
ix
s
ig
m
a
’
s
s
uc
c
e
s
s
in
he
a
lt
hc
a
r
e
s
e
r
vi
c
e
s
[
6]
,
I
T
s
e
r
vi
c
e
s
[
7]
,
a
nd
lo
gi
s
ti
c
s
[
8]
,
ye
t
e
m
pi
r
ic
a
l
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
on
a
f
te
r
-
s
a
le
s
s
e
r
vi
c
e
in
th
e
a
ut
om
ot
iv
e
s
e
c
to
r
r
e
m
a
in
s
li
m
it
e
d.
T
he
ga
p
a
ddr
e
s
s
e
d
in
th
is
pa
pe
r
li
e
s
in
a
ppl
yi
ng
th
e
D
M
A
I
C
a
p
pr
oa
c
h
to
th
e
s
pe
c
if
ic
c
ha
ll
e
nge
of
r
e
duc
in
g
br
e
a
kdown
le
a
d
ti
m
e
in
th
e
H
D
C
V
s
e
c
to
r
of
a
de
v
e
lo
pi
ng
e
c
onomy.
U
nl
ik
e
pr
io
r
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
th
a
t
pr
im
a
r
il
y
f
oc
us
e
s
on
m
a
nuf
a
c
tu
r
in
g
de
f
e
c
ts
,
th
is
s
tu
dy
f
r
a
m
e
s
le
a
d
ti
m
e
r
e
duc
ti
on
a
s
a
s
e
r
vi
c
e
r
e
li
a
bi
li
ty
im
pr
ove
m
e
nt
,
in
te
gr
a
ti
ng
di
gi
ta
l
pl
a
t
f
or
m
s
,
s
pa
r
e
pa
r
ts
opt
im
iz
a
ti
on,
a
nd
c
us
t
om
e
r
e
nga
ge
m
e
nt
.
T
he
r
e
a
r
e
s
e
ve
r
a
l
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
que
s
ti
ons
dr
a
w
n,
s
uc
h
a
s
:
i
)
w
ha
t
th
e
m
e
s
houl
d
be
de
f
in
e
d?
,
ii
)
w
ha
t
is
th
e
ta
r
ge
t?
,
iii
)
w
ha
t
a
r
e
th
e
r
oo
t
c
a
us
e
s
of
th
e
ga
p
a
s
a
pr
obl
e
m
?
,
iv
)
w
ha
t
a
r
e
th
e
s
ol
ut
io
ns
th
a
t
s
houl
d
be
a
ddr
e
s
s
e
d?
,
a
nd
v
)
how
c
a
n
th
e
im
pr
ove
m
e
nt
be
c
ont
r
ol
le
d?
B
a
s
e
d
on
th
os
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
que
s
ti
ons
,
5
obj
e
c
ti
ve
s
a
r
e
a
s
f
ol
lo
w
s
. F
ir
s
t,
de
f
in
e
th
e
im
pr
ove
m
e
nt
th
e
m
e
.
S
e
c
ond,
s
e
t
up
th
e
ta
r
ge
t.
T
hi
r
d,
a
na
ly
z
e
th
e
r
oot
c
a
us
e
s
of
pr
ol
onge
d
br
e
a
kdown
le
a
d
ti
m
e
in
H
D
C
V
s
.
F
our
th
,
de
s
ig
n
a
nd
im
pl
e
m
e
nt
a
D
M
A
I
C
-
ba
s
e
d
im
pr
ove
m
e
nt
in
it
ia
ti
ve
.
F
if
th
,
e
va
lu
a
te
th
e
ope
r
a
ti
ona
l
a
nd
s
tr
a
te
gi
c
im
pa
c
t
of
th
e
im
pr
ove
m
e
nt
a
nd
c
ont
r
ib
ut
e
a
tr
a
n
s
f
e
r
a
bl
e
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
k
f
or
a
f
te
r
-
s
a
le
s
s
e
r
vi
c
e
qua
li
ty
im
pr
ove
m
e
nt
i
n a
ut
om
ot
iv
e
a
nd s
im
il
a
r
i
ndus
tr
ie
s
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
he
D
M
A
I
C
i
s
a
s
y
s
te
m
a
ti
c
,
da
ta
-
or
ie
nt
e
d
a
ppr
oa
c
h
in
te
gr
a
l
to
s
ix
s
ig
m
a
m
e
th
odol
ogi
e
s
.
I
t
is
e
m
pl
oye
d t
o e
nha
nc
e
c
ur
r
e
nt
bus
in
e
s
s
pr
oc
e
s
s
e
s
by e
r
a
di
c
a
ti
ng de
f
e
c
ts
a
nd mi
ni
m
iz
in
g va
r
ia
bi
li
ty
[
9]
, [
10]
.
i)
D
e
f
in
e
:
dur
in
g
th
is
pha
s
e
,
th
e
pr
obl
e
m
s
ta
t
e
m
e
nt
,
pr
oj
e
c
t
obj
e
c
ti
ve
s
,
c
us
to
m
e
r
r
e
qui
r
e
m
e
nt
s
,
voi
c
e
of
th
e
c
us
to
m
e
r
(
V
O
C
)
,
a
nd
pr
oj
e
c
t
s
c
ope
a
r
e
e
xpl
ic
it
ly
de
li
ne
a
te
d.
I
n
th
is
pha
s
e
,
in
s
tr
um
e
nt
s
li
ke
th
e
pr
oj
e
c
t
c
ha
r
te
r
a
nd
s
uppl
ie
r
s
,
in
put
s
,
pr
oc
e
s
s
a
c
ti
vi
ti
e
s
,
out
put
s
,
a
nd
c
u
s
to
m
e
r
s
(
S
I
P
O
C
)
di
a
gr
a
m
a
r
e
c
om
m
onl
y
e
m
pl
oye
d
f
or
s
tr
uc
tu
r
in
g
pur
pos
e
s
.
T
he
obj
e
c
ti
ve
is
to
gua
r
a
nt
e
e
c
ohe
r
e
nc
e
be
twe
e
n
pr
oj
e
c
t
r
e
s
ul
ts
a
nd s
tr
a
te
gi
c
bu
s
in
e
s
s
pr
io
r
it
ie
s
[
11]
.
ii)
M
e
a
s
ur
e
:
th
i
s
pha
s
e
e
m
pha
s
iz
e
s
th
e
c
ol
le
c
ti
on
of
pe
r
ti
ne
nt
da
ta
to
de
te
r
m
in
e
ba
s
e
li
ne
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
a
nd
qua
nt
if
y
th
e
is
s
ue
.
A
da
ta
c
ol
le
c
ti
on
pl
a
n
is
e
s
ta
bl
is
h
e
d,
a
nd
m
e
a
s
ur
e
m
e
nt
s
ys
t
e
m
a
na
ly
s
is
(
M
S
A
)
is
f
r
e
que
nt
ly
pe
r
f
or
m
e
d
to
gua
r
a
nt
e
e
da
ta
a
c
c
ur
a
c
y
a
nd
r
e
li
a
bi
li
ty
[
12]
.
T
hi
s
pha
s
e
is
e
s
s
e
nt
ia
l
f
or
e
s
ta
bl
is
hi
ng
a
n
a
c
c
ur
a
te
c
om
pr
e
h
e
ns
io
n
of
th
e
pr
e
s
e
nt
c
ondi
ti
on.
B
e
s
id
e
s
m
e
a
n
a
s
a
n
in
di
c
a
to
r
,
th
e
s
ig
m
a
l
e
ve
l
is
a
l
s
o c
om
m
onl
y us
e
d.
iii)
A
na
ly
z
e
:
in
th
is
pha
s
e
,
th
e
te
a
m
e
x
a
m
in
e
s
th
e
da
ta
to
d
e
te
r
m
in
e
th
e
f
unda
m
e
nt
a
l
c
a
us
e
s
of
va
r
ia
ti
on
or
in
e
f
f
ic
ie
nc
y
us
in
g
a
F
is
hbone
d
ia
gr
a
m
.
S
ta
ti
s
ti
c
a
l
in
s
tr
um
e
nt
s
li
ke
P
a
r
e
to
c
ha
r
ts
,
r
e
gr
e
s
s
io
n
a
na
ly
s
is
,
a
nd
hypothe
s
is
te
s
ti
ng
a
r
e
e
m
pl
oye
d
to
a
s
c
e
r
ta
in
c
a
us
e
-
a
n
d
-
e
f
f
e
c
t
r
e
la
ti
ons
hi
ps
[
9]
.
T
he
in
s
ig
ht
s
a
c
qui
r
e
d s
e
r
ve
a
s
t
he
f
ounda
ti
on f
or
f
oc
us
e
d e
nha
nc
e
m
e
nt
s
.
iv
)
I
m
pr
ove
:
s
ol
ut
io
ns
a
r
e
f
or
m
ul
a
te
d a
nd
e
v
a
lu
a
te
d
to
ta
c
kl
e
th
e
i
de
nt
if
ie
d
r
oot
c
a
us
e
s
. T
e
c
hni
qu
e
s
s
uc
h
a
s
br
a
in
s
to
r
m
in
g,
de
s
ig
n
o
f
e
xpe
r
im
e
nt
s
(
D
oE
)
,
a
nd
pi
lo
t
s
tu
di
e
s
a
s
s
is
t
in
a
s
s
e
s
s
in
g
th
e
e
f
f
ic
a
c
y
of
s
ugge
s
te
d i
nt
e
r
ve
nt
io
ns
[
10]
. T
h
e
obj
e
c
ti
ve
i
s
t
o e
nh
a
nc
e
t
he
pr
oc
e
s
s
i
n a
r
e
gul
a
te
d a
nd ve
r
if
ie
d m
a
nne
r
.
v)
C
ont
r
ol
:
th
e
c
onc
lu
di
ng
pha
s
e
gua
r
a
nt
e
e
s
th
e
lo
ng
-
te
r
m
r
e
te
nt
io
n
of
th
e
be
n
e
f
it
s
de
r
iv
e
d
f
r
om
e
nha
nc
e
m
e
nt
.
T
hi
s
e
nc
om
pa
s
s
e
s
th
e
e
xe
c
ut
io
n
of
c
ont
r
ol
pl
a
ns
,
th
e
r
e
vi
s
io
n
of
s
ta
nda
r
d
ope
r
a
ti
ng
pr
oc
e
dur
e
s
(
S
O
P
s
)
,
a
nd
th
e
ut
il
iz
a
ti
on
of
s
ta
ti
s
ti
c
a
l
pr
oc
e
s
s
c
o
nt
r
ol
(
S
P
C
)
to
a
s
s
e
s
s
p
e
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
[
11]
.
T
r
a
in
in
g
a
nd
doc
um
e
nt
a
ti
on
f
a
c
il
it
a
te
th
e
e
ndur
in
g
in
s
t
it
ut
io
na
li
z
a
ti
on
of
th
e
ne
w
pr
oc
e
s
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
A
dv A
ppl
S
c
i
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8814
E
nhanc
in
g s
e
r
v
ic
e
r
e
li
abi
li
ty
i
n he
av
y
-
dut
y
c
om
m
e
r
c
ia
l
v
e
hi
c
le
s
i
ndus
tr
y
(
J
onny
)
101
T
hr
ough
th
os
e
pha
s
e
s
,
D
M
A
I
C
is
in
he
r
e
nt
ly
it
e
r
a
ti
ve
a
nd
f
os
te
r
s
c
ont
in
uous
im
pr
ove
m
e
nt
,
r
e
nde
r
in
g
it
a
ppr
opr
ia
te
f
or
qua
li
ty
m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
i
ni
ti
a
ti
ve
s
a
c
r
os
s
va
r
io
us
i
n
dus
tr
ie
s
[
12]
.
3.
R
E
S
U
L
T
S
A
N
D
D
I
S
C
U
S
S
I
O
N
I
n
pha
s
e
1,
na
m
e
ly
de
f
in
in
g,
in
th
is
pha
s
e
,
th
e
te
a
m
c
ol
le
c
ts
in
put
f
r
om
c
us
to
m
e
r
s
a
bout
how
th
e
c
om
pa
ny
ha
ndl
e
s
c
u
s
to
m
e
r
uni
t
br
e
a
kdowns
.
I
t
r
e
ve
a
le
d
th
a
t
th
e
c
us
to
m
e
r
s
’
c
om
pl
a
in
ts
a
bout
th
e
pr
ol
onge
d
br
e
a
kdown
r
e
s
ol
ut
io
n
ti
m
e
a
r
e
to
o
lo
ng
a
nd
a
r
e
ha
lt
in
g
th
e
bus
in
e
s
s
ope
r
a
ti
on
s
,
th
us
je
opa
r
di
z
in
g
th
e
bus
in
e
s
s
. T
he
r
e
f
or
e
,
th
e
te
a
m
de
c
id
e
d
th
a
t
th
e
pr
obl
e
m
s
ta
te
m
e
nt
th
a
t
th
e
te
a
m
s
houl
d
pur
s
ue
is
th
e
lo
ng
uni
t
br
e
a
kdown
le
a
d
ti
m
e
,
a
nd
th
e
pr
oj
e
c
t
obj
e
c
ti
ve
i
s
to
r
e
du
c
e
it
s
le
a
d
ti
m
e
.
T
he
n,
th
e
te
a
m
s
tu
di
e
d
th
e
e
xi
s
ti
ng
uni
t
br
e
a
kdown
ha
ndl
in
g
pr
oc
e
s
s
a
t
th
e
be
gi
nni
ng
of
th
e
im
pr
ove
m
e
nt
pr
oj
e
c
t
a
s
pa
r
t
of
th
e
pr
oj
e
c
t
s
c
op
e
.
T
he
pr
oc
e
s
s
i
n t
e
r
m
s
of
S
I
P
O
C
c
ons
is
te
d of
s
e
ve
r
a
l
s
te
p
s
.
F
ir
s
tl
y,
th
e
c
us
to
m
e
r
in
f
or
m
s
of
hi
s
uni
t
br
e
a
kdown.
S
e
c
ondl
y,
th
e
de
a
le
r
a
na
ly
s
e
s
th
e
pr
obl
e
m
a
nd
r
e
por
ts
to
th
e
c
om
pa
ny
A
B
C
.
T
hi
r
dl
y,
th
e
c
om
pa
ny
d
e
c
id
e
s
w
he
th
e
r
a
gua
r
a
nt
e
e
c
a
n
b
e
gr
a
nt
e
d
or
not
.
F
in
a
ll
y,
th
e
de
a
le
r
w
il
l
f
ol
lo
w
up
w
it
h
pa
r
t
im
pr
ove
m
e
nt
be
f
or
e
th
e
uni
t
is
gi
ve
n
to
th
e
c
us
to
m
e
r
a
s
a
n
ope
r
a
ti
ona
l
uni
t.
E
ve
r
y s
te
p ne
e
ds
a
da
y t
o a
c
c
om
pl
is
h,
to
ta
li
ng
f
our
da
ys
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us
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o
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it
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t
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or
e
r
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us
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e
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t.
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pr
oj
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t
c
ha
r
te
r
w
a
s
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it
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d
to
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or
m
a
de
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c
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te
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a
m
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e
te
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c
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l
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r
r
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r
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ti
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s
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lu
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s
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ol
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bor
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ti
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h
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e
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le
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s
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e
tr
uc
k
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e
nt
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r
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nt
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e
s
pa
r
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ts
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s
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il
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ir
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ph
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om
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s
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e
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ur
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om
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s
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how
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e
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,
f
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ti
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f
ound
th
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t
1643
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I
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f
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ts
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ig
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ge
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ondi
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xt
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ly
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us
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by
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e
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m
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to
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D
R
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bi
ll
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r
om
a
m
a
r
ke
ti
ng
c
ons
ul
ti
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f
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m
’
s
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na
ly
s
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c
onduc
te
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in
2022,
th
e
pr
im
a
r
y
r
e
a
s
on
f
or
th
e
c
us
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e
r
to
s
e
le
c
t
th
e
pr
oduc
t
f
r
om
th
e
c
om
pa
ny
is
th
e
e
f
f
ic
ie
nc
y
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ni
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nd
ope
r
a
ti
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th
e
uni
t,
s
o
th
is
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obl
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m
m
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y
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ls
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a
f
f
e
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t
th
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s
br
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a
ge
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F
or
th
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ta
il
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os
t
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por
ta
nt
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e
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s
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im
pr
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us
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m
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r
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e
a
s
e
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va
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pa
r
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pa
r
ts
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w
m
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te
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nc
e
c
o
s
t.
T
hus
,
th
e
te
a
m
ha
s
ta
r
ge
te
d
to
r
e
duc
e
th
e
le
a
d
ti
m
e
of
ha
ndl
in
g
un
it
br
e
a
kdown
f
r
om
f
ou
r
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ys
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it
h
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e
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ts
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O
or
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t
ha
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ig
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a
s
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it
h 658 pa
r
ts
w
it
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n t
he
t
a
r
ge
t.
I
n
pha
s
e
3
a
na
ly
s
is
,
to
a
ddr
e
s
s
th
e
pr
obl
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m
,
th
e
te
a
m
be
gi
ns
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de
f
in
in
g
th
e
s
c
ope
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na
ly
z
in
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th
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s
it
ua
ti
on, a
nd s
e
tt
in
g t
a
r
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s
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s
f
ol
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d
e
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pe
r
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oot
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us
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d a
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opl
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ne
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e
th
ods
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te
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ls
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a
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r
onm
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g
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f
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gr
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m
.
F
r
om
th
is
a
na
ly
s
is
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r
oot
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us
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s
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r
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te
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te
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io
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ly
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e
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ur
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t
he
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a
u
s
e
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a
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-
e
f
f
e
c
t
r
e
la
ti
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hi
ps
a
s
t
he
f
ounda
ti
on f
or
f
oc
us
e
d e
nha
n
c
e
m
e
nt
s
,
a
s
s
ho
w
n i
n F
ig
ur
e
1.
F
ig
ur
e
1. F
is
hbone
di
a
gr
a
m
O
n
th
e
m
a
n’
s
s
id
e
,
f
ie
ld
a
dvi
s
or
s
w
ho
ha
ve
r
e
s
pon
s
ib
il
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y
f
or
e
xa
m
in
in
g
uni
t
br
e
a
kdown
ha
ve
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non
-
s
ta
nda
r
di
z
e
d
in
ve
s
ti
ga
ti
on
m
e
th
od
(
X
2)
.
I
t
w
a
s
a
ls
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ba
s
e
d
on
in
di
vi
dua
l
f
ie
ld
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dvi
s
or
y
e
xpe
r
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nc
e
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le
a
di
ng
to
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c
ons
is
te
nt
qua
li
ty
a
nd
c
us
to
m
e
r
c
onf
us
io
n
(
X
2)
.
O
n
-
gr
ound
r
e
a
li
ti
e
s
f
ur
th
e
r
de
la
ye
d
th
e
pr
oc
e
s
s
.
F
ie
ld
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dvi
s
or
s
ha
ve
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r
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nge
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le
ve
ls
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xpe
r
ti
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e
a
nd
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te
n
s
e
e
k
gui
da
nc
e
w
he
n
in
e
xpe
r
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nc
e
d.
T
he
gove
r
nm
e
nt
ha
s
im
pl
e
m
e
nt
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d
a
n
e
m
is
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a
nda
r
d
f
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E
ur
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4
di
e
s
e
l
ve
hi
c
le
s
s
in
c
e
A
pr
il
12,
2022.
T
hi
s
im
pa
c
te
d
th
e
num
b
e
r
of
ne
w
va
r
ia
nt
s
a
nd
ty
pe
s
of
ve
hi
c
le
s
.
I
t
a
ls
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im
pa
c
te
d
m
or
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r
ia
nt
s
of
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oduc
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knowle
dge
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s
pa
r
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pa
r
ts
,
a
nd
m
a
in
te
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nc
e
m
e
th
ods
.
A
m
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th
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e
it
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m
s
,
m
a
in
te
na
n
c
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ha
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be
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im
por
ta
nt
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99
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106
102
m
a
in
ta
in
ve
hi
c
le
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
.
I
f
it
is
ne
gl
e
c
te
d,
th
e
n
th
e
uni
t
m
a
y
br
e
a
k
dow
n.
I
f
it
is
not
pr
ope
r
ly
ha
ndl
e
d,
it
m
a
y
di
s
r
upt
c
us
to
m
e
r
s
’
bus
in
e
s
s
a
nd
op
e
r
a
ti
ons
,
th
us
m
a
ki
ng
th
e
m
di
s
a
ppoi
nt
e
d
a
nd
im
pa
c
ti
ng
th
e
bus
in
e
s
s
s
us
t
a
in
a
bi
li
ty
of
th
e
c
om
pa
ny.
F
r
om
th
e
m
a
te
r
ia
l
s
id
e
,
th
e
c
ur
r
e
nt
c
he
c
k
s
he
e
t
-
ba
s
e
d
a
na
ly
s
is
m
e
th
od
pr
ove
d
in
a
de
qua
te
in
pr
ovi
di
ng
a
c
om
pr
e
he
ns
iv
e
unde
r
s
ta
ndi
ng
of
uni
t
br
e
a
kdown,
le
a
vi
ng
th
e
a
na
ly
s
is
in
c
om
pl
e
te
(
X
5)
. T
he
r
ot
a
ti
on
p
a
r
t
s
e
a
r
c
h
a
ls
o
le
ngt
he
ne
d
th
e
ti
m
e
due
to
th
e
s
to
r
in
g
lo
c
a
ti
on,
w
hi
c
h
m
a
de
t
he
r
ot
a
ti
on pa
r
t
m
ix
w
i
th
ot
he
r
m
a
te
r
ia
ls
i
n t
he
m
a
te
r
ia
l
w
a
r
e
hous
e
(
X
7)
. O
n t
op o
f
t
ha
t,
th
e
numbe
r
o
f
r
ot
a
ti
on
pa
r
ts
is
li
m
it
e
d
(
X
1)
.
F
r
om
th
e
e
nvi
r
onm
e
nt
s
id
e
,
w
it
h only
a
s
in
gl
e
ha
r
d
-
c
opy
w
or
ks
hop
m
a
nua
l
pe
r
de
a
le
r
,
if
a
n
a
dvi
s
or
t
a
ke
s
it
to
a
c
u
s
to
m
e
r
'
s
lo
c
a
ti
on,
th
e
w
or
ks
hop
s
ta
f
f
a
r
e
le
f
t
w
it
hout
th
e
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
ne
e
de
d
to
do
th
e
ir
jo
bs
.
R
e
tr
ie
vi
ng
th
e
ne
c
e
s
s
a
r
y
gui
da
nc
e
pr
ove
d
to
be
ti
m
e
-
c
ons
um
in
g
a
nd
f
r
us
tr
a
ti
ng
(
X
3)
.
U
npr
e
di
c
ta
bl
e
br
e
a
kdowns
f
ur
th
e
r
c
om
pl
ic
a
te
m
a
tt
e
r
s
,
r
e
qu
ir
in
g
f
ie
ld
a
dvi
s
or
s
to
c
onduc
t
a
c
om
pl
e
te
pr
obl
e
m
a
na
ly
s
is
f
r
om
s
c
r
a
tc
h, of
te
n w
it
hout
a
ny c
lu
e
. T
hi
s
l
a
c
k of
pr
e
ve
nt
iv
e
m
e
a
s
ur
e
s
a
nd pr
e
ve
nt
iv
e
i
te
m
s
f
r
om
c
us
to
m
e
r
s
w
ho
ha
ve
di
f
f
ic
ul
ty
unde
r
s
ta
ndi
ng
how
to
ha
ndl
e
th
e
ir
ow
n
uni
t
c
a
n
w
or
s
e
n
th
e
s
it
ua
ti
on
(
X
10)
.
D
e
lv
in
g
in
to
e
a
c
h
s
te
p
of
th
e
b
r
e
a
kdown
r
e
s
ol
ut
io
n
pr
o
c
e
s
s
r
e
ve
a
le
d
a
la
c
k
of
m
oni
to
r
in
g
(
X
9
)
.
F
r
om
th
e
m
e
th
od
s
id
e
,
th
e
a
bs
e
nc
e
of
a
de
di
c
a
te
d
poi
nt
of
c
ont
a
c
t
to
ove
r
s
e
e
,
m
a
in
ta
in
,
a
nd
f
a
c
il
it
a
te
th
e
s
m
oot
h
ha
ndl
in
g
of
br
e
a
kdowns
th
r
oughout
th
e
pr
oc
e
s
s
of
te
n
r
e
s
ul
t
e
d
in
de
la
ys
in
uni
t
r
e
s
ol
ut
io
n
(
X
8)
.
D
ur
in
g
r
e
pa
ir
s
,
th
e
s
pa
r
e
pa
r
t
pos
e
d
a
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
obs
ta
c
le
.
T
he
c
om
pa
ny’
s
r
ot
a
ti
on
pa
r
t
pr
og
r
a
m
pr
ovi
de
d
te
m
por
a
r
y
r
e
pl
a
c
e
m
e
nt
s
,
but
li
m
it
e
d
a
va
il
a
bi
li
ty
a
nd
a
non
-
r
e
a
l
-
ti
m
e
da
ta
ba
s
e
m
a
de
ti
m
e
ly
a
nd
a
c
c
ur
a
te
de
li
ve
r
y
c
ha
ll
e
ngi
ng
(
X
6)
.
D
e
a
le
r
s
s
tr
uggl
e
d
w
it
h
a
c
c
e
s
s
to
th
e
pa
r
t
s
to
c
k
due
to
it
s
unc
le
a
r
pa
r
t
lo
c
a
ti
on,
w
hi
c
h
w
or
s
e
ne
d w
it
h l
im
it
e
d s
to
c
k a
va
il
a
bi
li
ty
(
X
4)
.
I
n
pha
s
e
4
of
im
pr
ove
m
e
nt
,
onc
e
th
e
r
oot
c
a
us
e
of
th
e
p
r
obl
e
m
is
id
e
nt
if
ie
d,
th
e
te
a
m
us
e
s
br
a
in
s
to
r
m
in
g
te
c
hni
que
s
to
f
or
m
ul
a
te
s
ol
ut
io
ns
to
a
ddr
e
s
s
th
e
r
oot
c
a
us
e
.
T
he
y
a
ls
o
e
va
lu
a
t
e
e
a
c
h
s
ol
ut
io
n
ba
s
e
d
on
it
s
c
o
s
ts
a
nd
b
e
ne
f
it
s
,
e
ns
ur
in
g
it
is
bot
h
a
f
f
or
da
bl
e
a
nd
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
.
A
n
onl
in
e
vot
in
g
s
ys
te
m
he
lp
s
pr
io
r
it
iz
e
t
he
t
op 10 s
ol
ut
io
ns
w
it
h t
he
l
ow
e
s
t
c
os
t
a
nd highe
s
t
b
e
ne
f
it
s
f
or
s
e
le
c
ti
on a
nd i
m
pl
e
m
e
nt
a
ti
on
.
i)
I
n
te
r
m
s
of
uni
t
br
e
a
kdown
r
e
s
ol
ut
io
n,
th
e
te
a
m
ha
s
c
ol
la
bor
a
te
d
w
it
h
th
e
pr
oc
ur
e
m
e
nt
de
pa
r
tm
e
nt
to
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
r
ot
a
ti
on
p
a
r
t
qua
nt
it
ie
s
in
ta
r
ge
te
d
m
a
r
ke
t
a
r
e
a
s
.
T
h
e
pa
r
t
is
a
r
e
m
a
nuf
a
c
tu
r
e
d
one
f
r
om
a
pr
e
vi
ous
pa
r
t
c
la
im
f
r
om
i
ts
c
us
to
m
e
r
(
S
1)
.
ii
)
A
no
th
e
r
s
o
lu
ti
on
in
v
ol
ve
s
i
nt
r
o
duc
in
g
f
a
u
lt
tr
e
e
a
na
ly
s
is
(
F
T
A
)
,
a
f
a
i
lu
r
e
a
n
a
l
ys
is
te
c
h
ni
que
,
to
s
pe
e
d
up
a
n
d
s
im
pl
if
y
r
oo
t
c
a
us
e
i
de
n
ti
f
ic
a
t
io
n
in
br
e
a
kd
ow
n
un
it
s
(
S
2)
.
T
hi
s
a
p
p
r
oa
c
h
s
e
r
ve
d
a
s
a
m
or
e
obj
e
c
t
iv
e
a
n
d
ti
m
e
-
e
f
f
ic
ie
nt
i
nve
s
ti
ga
t
iv
e
s
ta
nda
r
d.
H
ow
e
v
e
r
,
s
o
m
e
br
e
a
kd
ow
n
c
a
s
e
s
le
d
to
t
he
oc
c
a
s
i
ona
l
ove
r
s
ig
h
t
o
f
th
e
F
T
A
f
o
r
m
.
T
o
a
dd
r
e
s
s
th
is
,
t
he
te
a
m
tr
a
ns
i
ti
one
d
to
a
c
l
oud
-
b
a
s
e
d
G
oog
le
D
r
iv
e
s
ys
te
m
,
e
nha
nc
i
ng
a
c
c
e
s
s
ib
il
i
ty
a
n
d
f
a
c
i
li
t
a
ti
ng
e
f
f
e
c
t
iv
e
ut
il
iz
a
ti
on
o
f
F
T
A
i
n
de
te
r
m
in
in
g
r
o
ot
c
a
us
e
s
.
iii)
T
he
te
a
m
r
e
c
ogni
z
e
d
th
e
li
m
it
a
ti
ons
of
th
e
w
or
ks
hop
m
a
nu
a
l
a
s
th
e
s
ol
e
s
ta
nda
r
di
z
e
d
gui
de
f
or
f
ie
ld
a
dvi
s
or
s
(
S
3)
.
T
he
y
a
im
e
d
to
e
nh
a
nc
e
it
s
a
c
c
e
s
s
ib
il
it
y
a
nd
ut
il
iz
a
ti
on.
T
o
do
th
is
,
e
a
c
h
de
a
le
r
'
s
w
or
ks
hop
m
a
nua
l
w
a
s
upl
oa
de
d
to
a
c
lo
ud
-
ba
s
e
d
G
oogl
e
D
r
iv
e
s
ys
te
m
,
f
a
c
il
it
a
ti
ng
e
a
s
y
a
c
c
e
s
s
a
nd
s
im
ul
ta
ne
ous
us
e
by
m
ul
ti
pl
e
us
e
r
s
a
nd
s
tr
e
a
m
li
ni
ng
pr
obl
e
m
id
e
nt
if
ic
a
ti
on.
B
e
c
a
us
e
th
e
dr
iv
e
is
r
a
r
e
ly
a
c
c
e
s
s
e
d,
th
e
y
de
c
id
e
d
to
la
unc
h
a
n
a
pp.
A
s
a
n
a
dva
nc
e
d
im
pr
ove
m
e
nt
,
th
e
te
a
m
e
s
ta
bl
is
he
d
a
n
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
on
pr
ovi
di
ng
f
ie
ld
a
dvi
s
or
s
w
it
h
a
c
om
pr
e
he
n
s
iv
e
r
e
s
our
c
e
f
or
on
-
s
it
e
is
s
ue
s
.
T
hi
s
in
te
gr
a
t
e
d
s
ys
te
m
c
on
s
ol
id
a
te
d
va
lu
a
bl
e
in
f
or
m
a
ti
on,
in
c
lu
di
ng
tr
a
in
in
g
m
a
te
r
ia
ls
,
pr
oduc
t
knowle
dge
,
s
pa
r
e
pa
r
t
de
ta
il
s
,
a
nd
te
c
hni
c
a
l
pr
obl
e
m
-
s
ol
vi
ng
gui
da
nc
e
.
U
s
e
r
f
e
e
dba
c
k
pl
a
ye
d
a
c
r
uc
ia
l
r
ol
e
in
th
e
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
on'
s
de
ve
lo
pm
e
nt
,
le
a
di
ng
to
th
e
in
c
or
po
r
a
ti
on
of
e
nha
nc
e
d
s
e
c
ur
it
y
f
e
a
tu
r
e
s
,
a
n
im
pr
ove
d
s
e
a
r
c
h
e
ngi
ne
f
o
r
e
a
s
ie
r
c
ont
e
nt
r
e
tr
ie
va
l,
a
nd
th
e
c
om
pa
ny’
s
pr
oduc
t
c
om
p
a
r
is
on
to
ol
f
or
c
us
to
m
e
r
e
duc
a
ti
on.
T
hi
s
he
lp
e
d t
o pr
om
ot
e
pr
e
ve
nt
iv
e
m
e
a
s
ur
e
s
a
nd mi
ni
m
iz
e
br
e
a
kdo
w
n oc
c
ur
r
e
nc
e
s
.
iv
)
E
a
c
h
lo
c
a
ti
on
is
e
qui
ppe
d
w
it
h
a
n
a
ut
of
il
l
pol
ic
y
a
nd
m
oni
to
r
in
g
s
ys
te
m
f
or
r
e
a
l
-
ti
m
e
tr
a
c
ki
ng
(
S
4)
,
a
nd
ni
nt
h, pr
ot
e
c
ti
on of
t
he
r
ot
a
ti
on pa
r
ts
i
n s
pe
c
ia
l
c
a
bi
ne
ts
.
v)
T
he
te
a
m
de
c
id
e
d
to
in
te
gr
a
te
a
n
in
ve
s
ti
ga
ti
on
c
h
e
c
k
s
he
e
t
in
to
th
e
lo
gbook
s
ys
t
e
m
[
13]
.
T
hi
s
in
te
gr
a
ti
on
a
im
e
d
to
s
tr
e
a
m
li
ne
da
ta
c
ol
le
c
ti
on a
nd
e
n
s
ur
e
c
om
pr
e
he
ns
iv
e
a
nd
s
ta
nd
a
r
di
z
e
d
in
f
or
m
a
ti
on.
T
he
c
h
e
c
k
s
he
e
t
w
a
s
de
s
ig
n
e
d
by
th
e
te
c
hni
c
a
l
in
f
or
m
a
ti
on
r
e
por
t
(
T
I
R
)
,
a
nd
ne
w
c
a
s
e
-
s
pe
c
if
ic
c
he
c
kl
is
ts
w
e
r
e
de
ve
lo
pe
d
a
s
ne
e
de
d
(
S
5)
.
H
a
vi
ng
to
c
om
pl
e
te
da
ta
m
a
de
pr
obl
e
m
a
na
ly
s
is
a
nd
de
c
is
io
n
-
m
a
ki
ng
m
or
e
e
f
f
ic
ie
nt
.
A
lt
hough
in
te
gr
a
ti
ng
21
c
he
c
kl
is
ts
in
to
th
e
lo
gbook
s
ys
te
m
pr
e
s
e
nt
e
d
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
, t
he
t
e
a
m
a
ddr
e
s
s
e
d t
he
s
e
c
onc
e
r
n
s
by s
oc
ia
li
z
in
g w
i
th
f
ie
ld
a
dvi
s
or
s
.
vi
)
T
he
qua
nt
it
y
a
nd
pl
a
c
e
m
e
nt
of
r
ot
a
ti
on
pa
r
ts
ha
ve
be
e
n
e
xpa
nde
d
to
17
de
a
le
r
s
to
e
ns
ur
e
w
id
e
r
a
va
il
a
bi
li
ty
(
S
6)
.
vi
i)
T
he
t
e
a
m
ha
s
i
m
pl
e
m
e
nt
e
d va
r
io
us
i
ni
ti
a
ti
ve
s
t
o e
duc
a
te
c
us
to
m
e
r
s
a
nd mi
ni
m
iz
e
uni
t
br
e
a
kdowns
(
S
7)
.
T
he
y
ha
ve
de
ve
lo
pe
d
a
n
onl
in
e
m
a
in
te
na
nc
e
gui
de
th
a
t
is
e
a
s
il
y
a
c
c
e
s
s
ib
le
to
c
us
to
m
e
r
s
th
r
ough
a
c
lo
ud
-
ba
s
e
d
s
y
s
te
m
.
F
ie
ld
A
dvi
s
or
s
a
r
e
r
e
s
pons
ib
le
f
or
e
xpl
a
in
in
g
th
is
gui
de
dur
in
g
th
e
ir
m
ont
hl
y
f
or
um
s
a
nd r
e
por
ti
ng on the
ir
e
f
f
o
r
ts
t
o e
duc
a
te
c
us
to
m
e
r
s
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ly
.
vi
ii
)
T
he
y
ha
ve
a
ls
o
im
pl
e
m
e
nt
e
d
a
n
a
ut
of
il
l
pol
ic
y
to
r
e
s
to
c
k
f
r
e
que
nt
ly
s
ol
d
a
nd
tr
a
ns
f
e
r
r
e
d
pa
r
ts
(
S
8)
.
A
ddi
ti
ona
ll
y,
th
e
te
a
m
ha
s
e
xpl
or
e
d
r
e
c
ondi
ti
oni
ng
r
e
c
la
im
e
d
pa
r
ts
f
r
om
c
us
to
m
e
r
c
la
im
s
a
s
a
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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abi
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dut
y
c
om
m
e
r
c
ia
l
v
e
hi
c
le
s
i
ndus
tr
y
(
J
onny
)
103
c
os
t
-
s
a
vi
ng
a
nd
e
nvi
r
onm
e
nt
a
ll
y
c
ons
c
io
u
s
in
it
ia
ti
ve
.
R
e
c
on
di
ti
one
d
pa
r
ts
unde
r
go
r
ig
or
ous
te
s
ti
ng
be
f
or
e
be
in
g ut
il
iz
e
d i
n br
e
a
kdown units
.
ix
)
T
he
br
e
a
kdown ma
in
te
na
n
c
e
pr
oc
e
s
s
i
s
m
oni
to
r
e
d by the
c
om
m
a
nd
c
e
nt
e
r
to
de
te
c
t
pr
ogr
e
s
s
i
n r
e
a
l
ti
m
e
(
S
9)
.
I
t
w
a
s
c
ha
ll
e
ngi
ng
to
e
s
ta
bl
is
h
be
c
a
us
e
it
s
houl
d
e
ns
ur
e
th
a
t
th
e
s
e
r
vi
c
e
a
nd
s
pa
r
e
pa
r
t
te
a
m
s
a
r
e
jo
in
e
d
to
ge
th
e
r
in
th
e
c
e
nt
e
r
.
F
or
tu
na
te
ly
,
w
it
h
f
ul
l
c
om
m
it
m
e
nt
,
it
s
uc
c
e
s
s
f
ul
ly
f
a
c
il
it
a
te
d
c
oor
di
na
ti
on
be
twe
e
n
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
f
unc
ti
ons
ha
ndl
in
g
br
e
a
kdowns
a
nd
e
n
s
ur
e
d
a
s
ta
nda
r
di
z
e
d
f
lo
w
pr
oc
e
s
s
f
or
e
f
f
ic
ie
nt
de
c
is
io
n
-
m
a
ki
ng.
x)
A
c
e
nt
r
a
li
z
e
d
c
om
m
a
nd
c
e
nt
e
r
w
a
s
e
s
ta
bl
is
h
e
d
a
s
a
s
in
gl
e
poi
n
t
of
c
ont
r
ol
to
m
oni
to
r
e
ve
r
y
br
e
a
kdown
c
a
s
e
in
r
e
a
l
ti
m
e
,
pr
ovi
di
ng
e
nd
-
to
-
e
nd
vi
s
ib
il
it
y,
ti
m
e
ly
e
s
c
a
l
a
ti
on,
a
nd
c
oor
di
na
te
d
de
c
i
s
io
n
-
m
a
ki
ng
s
o
th
a
t
r
e
s
ol
ut
io
n l
e
a
d t
im
e
c
ons
is
te
nt
ly
m
e
e
ts
t
he
t
w
o
-
da
y t
a
r
ge
t
(
S
10)
.
I
n
pha
s
e
5
c
ont
r
ol
,
a
f
te
r
e
xt
e
ns
iv
e
e
f
f
or
ts
,
th
e
le
a
d
ti
m
e
f
or
ha
ndl
in
g
br
e
a
kdowns
w
a
s
s
uc
c
e
s
s
f
ul
ly
r
e
duc
e
d
.
B
y
A
pr
il
2023,
68.8%
o
f
uni
t
b
r
e
a
kdowns
w
e
r
e
r
e
s
ol
ve
d
w
it
hi
n
th
e
ta
r
ge
t
of
two
da
ys
.
T
hi
s
w
a
s
onl
y 31.2%
or
312,000 DPM
O
, or
a
bout
a
2
s
ig
m
a
s
le
ve
l.
T
he
numbe
r
of
c
a
s
e
s
ha
ndl
e
d w
it
hi
n t
hi
s
t
im
e
f
r
a
m
e
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
d by 138%
, w
hi
c
h e
qua
t
e
s
t
o 250 mor
e
c
a
s
e
s
t
ha
n t
a
r
ge
te
d (
f
r
om
658 to 908 wit
hi
n t
he
t
a
r
ge
t
)
.
T
he
pr
oj
e
c
t
yi
e
ld
e
d
s
e
ve
r
a
l
be
ne
f
it
s
,
in
c
lu
di
ng
c
o
s
t
s
a
vi
ng
s
f
r
om
w
a
r
r
a
nt
y
c
la
im
s
,
m
oni
to
r
in
g
of
m
a
nhour
br
e
a
kdowns
,
a
nd
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
d
pr
of
it
s
f
r
om
s
pa
r
e
p
a
r
t
s
a
le
s
,
r
e
s
ul
ti
ng
in
a
ne
t
qu
a
li
ty
in
c
om
e
of
up
to
I
D
R
2 bi
ll
io
n. A
ddi
ti
ona
ll
y, t
he
c
om
pa
ny’
s
m
a
r
ke
t
s
ha
r
e
s
a
w
a
1%
i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
, a
nd t
he
r
e
w
a
s
a
r
is
e
i
n w
or
ks
hop
s
e
r
vi
c
e
r
e
ve
nue
of
I
D
R
1.6
bi
ll
io
n.
F
ur
th
e
r
m
or
e
,
th
e
s
uc
c
e
s
s
le
d
to
a
n
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
in
pr
obl
e
m
-
ha
ndl
in
g
c
onf
id
e
nc
e
a
nd
a
n
im
pr
ove
m
e
nt
in
th
e
br
a
nd
im
a
ge
,
r
e
s
ul
ti
ng
in
th
e
c
om
pa
ny
r
e
c
e
iv
in
g
a
tr
ip
le
s
ta
r
a
w
a
r
d
f
r
om
i
ts
he
a
dqua
r
te
r
s
i
n t
he
a
f
te
r
-
s
a
le
s
a
w
a
r
ds
. T
he
s
e
i
m
pr
ove
m
e
nt
s
a
ls
o ha
d a
pos
it
iv
e
i
m
pa
c
t
on c
om
pa
ny’
s
e
c
os
ys
te
m
, b
e
ne
f
it
in
g voc
a
ti
ona
l
s
c
hool
s
,
s
m
a
ll
a
nd me
di
um
-
s
i
z
e
d e
nt
e
r
pr
is
e
s
(
S
M
E
s
)
, a
nd c
u
s
to
m
e
r
s
.
T
o
gua
r
a
nt
e
e
th
e
lo
ng
-
te
r
m
r
e
te
nt
io
n
of
th
e
be
ne
f
it
s
de
r
iv
e
d
f
r
om
th
e
e
nha
nc
e
m
e
nt
.
T
he
te
a
m
e
nc
om
pa
s
s
e
s
th
e
e
xe
c
ut
io
n
of
c
ont
r
ol
pl
a
ns
,
th
e
r
e
vi
s
io
n
of
S
O
P
s
,
a
nd
th
e
ut
il
iz
a
ti
on
of
S
P
C
to
a
s
s
e
s
s
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
. T
r
a
in
in
g a
nd doc
um
e
nt
a
ti
on t
o f
a
c
il
it
a
te
t
he
e
ndur
in
g i
ns
ti
tu
ti
ona
li
z
a
ti
on of
t
he
ne
w
p
r
oc
e
s
s
a
r
e
a
ls
o
unde
r
ta
ke
n.
A
s
a
c
om
m
it
m
e
nt
to
c
ont
in
ue
m
a
ki
ng
f
ur
t
he
r
im
pr
ove
m
e
nt
s
,
th
e
te
a
m
ha
s
de
c
id
e
d
to
s
tr
e
ngt
he
n
th
e
c
om
m
a
nd
c
e
nt
e
r
f
unc
ti
on
by
in
te
gr
a
ti
ng
r
e
la
t
e
d
s
ys
te
m
s
,
m
a
ki
ng
th
e
pl
a
tf
or
m
m
or
e
im
pa
c
tf
ul
a
nd powe
r
f
ul
f
or
t
he
c
us
to
m
e
r
s
.
C
om
pa
r
e
d
to
pr
io
r
s
tu
di
e
s
[
5]
,
th
is
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
s
how
s
th
a
t
D
M
A
I
C
c
a
n
b
e
e
xt
e
nd
e
d
be
yond
m
a
nuf
a
c
tu
r
in
g
to
s
e
r
vi
c
e
e
c
os
ys
te
m
s
.
T
he
in
te
gr
a
ti
on
of
di
gi
ta
l
to
ol
s
a
nd
s
pa
r
e
pa
r
t
s
tr
a
te
gi
e
s
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
ia
te
s
th
is
w
or
k f
r
om
e
a
r
li
e
r
s
ix
s
ig
m
a
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
ons
. T
hi
s
p
a
pe
r
pr
om
ot
e
s
s
e
ve
r
a
l
c
r
it
ic
a
l
a
dva
nc
e
m
e
nt
s
.
i)
It
e
m
p
ha
s
iz
e
s
s
upp
ly
c
ha
i
n
r
e
s
il
ie
n
c
e
,
h
ig
hl
ig
ht
in
g
how
i
m
p
r
ov
e
d
s
pa
r
e
p
a
r
t
a
va
il
a
bi
li
ty
r
e
d
uc
e
s
s
ys
te
m
ic
de
la
ys
a
n
d e
nha
nc
e
s
ove
r
a
ll
o
pe
r
a
t
io
na
l
e
f
f
ic
i
e
nc
y.
T
he
c
o
nc
e
pt
o
f
s
upp
ly
c
ha
in
r
e
s
i
li
e
nc
e
i
s
w
e
ll
-
s
upp
or
te
d
in
th
e
li
te
r
a
t
ur
e
,
w
i
th
s
c
ho
la
r
s
no
ti
n
g
th
a
t
r
o
bus
t
s
pa
r
e
pa
r
ts
m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
m
it
ig
a
te
s
r
is
ks
a
s
s
oc
ia
te
d
w
it
h
di
s
r
u
pt
io
ns
a
nd
e
ns
u
r
e
s
s
e
r
v
ic
e
c
on
ti
nui
ty
[
14
]
,
[
15
]
.
T
h
e
s
e
r
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
a
r
e
f
o
unda
t
io
na
l
w
or
ks
t
ha
t
d
is
c
us
s
s
u
pp
ly
c
ha
in
r
e
s
i
li
e
nc
e
a
n
d
th
e
i
m
p
or
ta
nc
e
o
f
r
ob
us
t
s
pa
r
e
pa
r
ts
m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
i
n
m
i
ti
ga
ti
n
g
di
s
r
u
pt
io
ns
a
nd
m
a
in
ta
in
i
ng
s
e
r
v
ic
e
c
o
nt
in
ui
ty
.
I
n
t
he
c
on
te
x
t
o
f
a
f
t
e
r
-
s
a
le
s
s
e
r
v
ic
e
s
,
A
n
to
n
y
e
t
al
.
[
5
]
a
r
gue
th
a
t
i
nt
e
g
r
a
t
in
g
di
gi
ta
l
to
ol
s
in
t
o
s
pa
r
e
pa
r
ts
m
a
na
g
e
m
e
nt
no
t
on
ly
s
tr
e
a
m
li
n
e
s
in
ve
n
to
r
y
p
r
oc
e
s
s
e
s
bu
t
a
ls
o
s
u
pp
or
ts
r
a
pi
d
r
e
s
p
ons
e
t
o
b
r
e
a
k
dow
ns
,
f
u
r
t
he
r
s
tr
e
ng
th
e
ni
ng
th
e
s
u
pp
ly
c
ha
in
.
E
n
ha
nc
e
d
s
pa
r
e
pa
r
t
a
va
i
la
b
il
it
y,
th
e
r
e
f
o
r
e
,
is
a
ke
y
dr
iv
e
r
i
n
m
in
im
iz
in
g
le
a
d
ti
m
e
s
,
im
pr
ov
in
g
c
us
to
m
e
r
s
a
t
is
f
a
c
t
io
n,
a
n
d
i
nc
r
e
a
s
i
ng
th
e
a
da
pt
a
bi
li
ty
of
s
e
r
vi
c
e
or
ga
n
iz
a
t
io
ns
to
e
xt
e
r
na
l
s
h
oc
ks
[
16
]
.
ii)
I
t
s
tr
e
ngt
he
ns
c
us
to
m
e
r
lo
ya
lt
y.
S
w
if
t
r
e
s
pons
e
ti
m
e
s
c
le
a
r
ly
s
ig
na
l
to
c
us
to
m
e
r
s
th
a
t
th
e
ir
ne
e
ds
a
r
e
pr
io
r
it
iz
e
d,
w
hi
c
h
he
lp
s
f
os
te
r
t
r
us
t
a
nd
s
a
ti
s
f
a
c
ti
on.
A
c
c
or
di
ng
to
r
e
c
e
nt
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h,
th
e
a
dopt
io
n
o
f
di
gi
ta
l
tr
a
ns
f
or
m
a
ti
on
in
a
f
te
r
s
a
le
s
—
s
u
c
h
a
s
r
e
a
l
-
ti
m
e
tr
a
c
ki
ng
a
nd
a
ut
om
a
te
d
upd
a
te
s
—
s
ubs
ta
nt
ia
ll
y
e
nha
nc
e
s
c
u
s
to
m
e
r
s
’
pe
r
c
e
pt
io
ns
of
s
e
r
vi
c
e
r
e
li
a
bi
li
ty
a
nd
e
f
f
i
c
ie
nc
y
[
17]
.
R
a
pi
d
a
nd
r
e
li
a
bl
e
c
us
to
m
e
r
s
uppor
t
is
a
ke
y
dr
iv
e
r
in
c
ul
ti
va
ti
ng
lo
ng
-
te
r
m
c
us
to
m
e
r
r
e
la
ti
ons
hi
ps
a
nd
r
e
pe
a
t
bus
in
e
s
s
.
E
m
pi
r
ic
a
l
s
tu
di
e
s
ha
ve
d
e
m
ons
tr
a
te
d
th
a
t
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ons
im
pl
e
m
e
nt
in
g
in
te
gr
a
te
d
di
gi
ta
l
s
ol
ut
io
ns
in
a
f
te
r
-
s
a
le
s
s
e
r
vi
c
e
ope
r
a
ti
on
s
a
c
hi
e
ve
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
im
pr
ove
m
e
nt
s
in
e
f
f
ic
ie
nc
y,
c
us
to
m
e
r
s
a
ti
s
f
a
c
ti
on,
a
nd
r
e
te
nt
io
n.
F
or
in
s
ta
nc
e
,
in
te
gr
a
ti
ng
in
te
r
ne
t
of
th
in
gs
(
I
oT
)
a
nd
c
lo
ud
-
ba
s
e
d
di
gi
ta
l
pl
a
tf
or
m
s
in
to
s
pa
r
e
pa
r
ts
a
nd
m
a
in
te
n
a
nc
e
m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
e
na
bl
e
s
r
e
a
l
-
ti
m
e
m
o
ni
to
r
in
g,
pr
e
di
c
ti
ve
m
a
in
te
na
nc
e
,
a
nd
da
ta
-
dr
iv
e
n
de
c
is
io
n
-
m
a
ki
ng.
S
uc
h
di
gi
ta
l
tr
a
ns
f
or
m
a
ti
on
in
it
ia
ti
ve
s
s
tr
e
ngt
he
n
ope
r
a
ti
ona
l
r
e
li
a
bi
li
ty
a
nd
r
e
s
pons
iv
e
n
e
s
s
,
le
a
di
ng
to
e
nha
nc
e
d
c
us
to
m
e
r
lo
y
a
lt
y
a
n
d
a
s
u
s
ta
in
e
d
c
om
p
e
ti
ti
ve
a
dva
nt
a
ge
in
a
f
te
r
-
s
a
le
s
s
e
r
vi
c
e
e
nvi
r
onm
e
nt
s
[
18]
–
[
20]
.
iii)
I
t
is
a
s
how
c
a
s
e
of
a
s
e
r
vi
c
e
in
nova
ti
on.
T
he
a
pp
e
xe
m
pl
if
ie
s
di
gi
ta
l
tr
a
ns
f
or
m
a
ti
on
in
a
f
te
r
s
a
le
s
by
of
f
e
r
in
g
r
e
a
l
-
ti
m
e
a
ppoi
nt
m
e
nt
s
c
he
dul
in
g,
a
ut
om
a
t
e
d
s
e
r
vi
c
e
r
e
m
in
de
r
s
,
a
nd
p
e
r
s
ona
li
z
e
d
m
a
in
te
na
nc
e
r
e
c
om
m
e
nda
ti
ons
.
T
h
e
s
e
f
e
a
tu
r
e
s
e
na
bl
e
f
a
s
te
r
r
e
s
pon
s
e
ti
m
e
s
,
e
nha
n
c
e
c
u
s
to
m
e
r
s
a
ti
s
f
a
c
ti
on,
a
nd
s
tr
e
a
m
li
ne
s
e
r
vi
c
e
pr
oc
e
s
s
e
s
,
m
a
ki
ng
a
f
te
r
-
s
a
le
s
s
uppor
t
m
or
e
e
f
f
ic
ie
nt
a
nd
r
e
s
pons
iv
e
to
c
us
to
m
e
r
ne
e
ds
.
E
m
pi
r
ic
a
l
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
ha
s
s
how
n
th
a
t
th
e
im
pl
e
m
e
nt
a
ti
on
of
di
gi
ta
l
pl
a
tf
or
m
s
in
a
f
te
r
-
s
a
le
s
a
nd
s
e
r
vi
c
e
ope
r
a
ti
ons
e
nh
a
nc
e
s
ope
r
a
ti
ona
l
e
f
f
ic
ie
nc
y,
c
us
to
m
e
r
s
a
ti
s
f
a
c
ti
on,
a
nd
s
e
r
vi
c
e
qua
li
ty
.
F
or
e
xa
m
pl
e
,
S
a
c
c
a
ni
e
t
al
.
[
21]
de
m
ons
tr
a
te
d
th
a
t
in
te
gr
a
ti
ng
di
gi
ta
l
te
c
hnol
ogi
e
s
s
uc
h
a
s
I
oT
a
nd
a
n
a
ly
ti
c
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
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2252
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J
A
dv A
ppl
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c
i
,
V
ol
. 15, No. 1, M
a
r
c
h 2026
:
99
-
106
104
in
to
a
f
te
r
-
s
a
le
s
s
e
r
vi
c
e
s
e
na
bl
e
s
r
e
a
l
-
ti
m
e
m
oni
to
r
in
g,
pr
e
di
c
ti
ve
m
a
in
te
na
nc
e
,
a
nd
f
a
s
te
r
r
e
s
pon
s
e
ti
m
e
s
,
th
e
r
e
by
im
pr
ovi
ng
c
us
to
m
e
r
lo
ya
lt
y.
S
im
il
a
r
ly
,
F
r
a
nk
e
t
al
.
[
22]
f
ound
th
a
t
di
gi
ta
l
tr
a
ns
f
or
m
a
ti
o
n
c
a
pa
bi
li
ti
e
s
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
ly
s
tr
e
ngt
he
n
f
ir
m
s
’
ope
r
a
ti
ona
l
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
a
nd
s
e
r
vi
c
e
in
nova
ti
on
out
c
om
e
s
a
c
r
os
s
m
a
nuf
a
c
tu
r
in
g
s
e
c
to
r
s
.
B
ui
ld
in
g
upon
e
xi
s
ti
ng
li
te
r
a
tu
r
e
,
r
e
c
e
nt
f
in
di
ngs
by
H
a
m
id
e
t
al
.
[
23]
f
ur
th
e
r
r
e
in
f
o
r
c
e
th
e
tr
a
ns
f
or
m
a
ti
ve
im
pa
c
t
of
di
gi
ta
l
in
te
gr
a
ti
on
w
it
hi
n
a
f
te
r
s
a
le
s
ope
r
a
ti
ons
.
T
he
ir
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
hi
ghl
ig
ht
s
th
e
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
n
e
s
s
of
c
e
nt
r
a
li
z
e
d
di
gi
t
a
l
c
om
m
a
nd
c
e
nt
e
r
s
in
s
tr
e
a
m
li
ni
ng
c
a
s
e
m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
a
nd
im
pr
ovi
ng
r
e
a
l
-
ti
m
e
tr
a
c
ki
ng
of
s
pa
r
e
pa
r
ts
,
w
hi
c
h
di
r
e
c
tl
y
c
ont
r
ib
ut
e
s
to
r
e
duc
in
g
br
e
a
kdown
le
a
d
ti
m
e
s
a
nd
in
c
r
e
a
s
in
g
s
e
r
vi
c
e
r
e
li
a
bi
li
ty
.
B
y
le
ve
r
a
gi
ng
pr
e
di
c
ti
ve
a
na
ly
ti
c
s
a
nd
a
ut
om
a
te
d
c
om
m
uni
c
a
ti
on
w
or
kf
lo
w
s
,
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ons
c
a
n
r
e
s
pond
to
c
us
to
m
e
r
is
s
ue
s
m
or
e
s
w
if
tl
y,
opt
im
iz
e
r
e
s
our
c
e
a
ll
oc
a
ti
on,
a
nd
f
os
te
r
a
c
ul
tu
r
e
of
c
ont
in
uous
im
pr
ove
m
e
nt
.
T
he
s
e
in
s
ig
ht
s
a
li
gn
w
it
h
a
nd
e
xt
e
nd
th
e
c
onc
lu
s
io
ns
pr
e
s
e
nt
e
d
in
th
is
s
tu
dy,
de
m
ons
tr
a
ti
ng
th
a
t
a
hol
is
ti
c
di
gi
ta
l
a
ppr
oa
c
h
not
onl
y
he
ig
ht
e
ns
ope
r
a
ti
ona
l
e
f
f
ic
ie
nc
y
but
a
ls
o
e
nh
a
nc
e
s
c
us
to
m
e
r
s
a
ti
s
f
a
c
ti
on
a
nd
lo
y
a
lt
y.
I
nc
or
por
a
ti
ng
[
23]
s
tr
e
ngt
he
ns
th
e
e
vi
d
e
nc
e
s
uppor
ti
ng
th
e
s
c
a
la
bi
li
ty
a
nd
a
d
a
pt
a
bi
li
ty
of
di
gi
ta
l
tr
a
ns
f
or
m
a
ti
on f
r
a
m
e
w
or
ks
a
c
r
os
s
di
ve
r
s
e
s
e
r
vi
c
e
-
in
te
ns
iv
e
s
e
c
to
r
s
[
23]
.
iv
)
I
t
pr
om
ot
e
s
tr
a
ns
f
e
r
a
bi
li
ty
.
T
he
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
k’
s
e
m
pha
s
is
on
c
us
to
m
e
r
e
nga
ge
m
e
nt
a
nd
pr
oc
e
s
s
opt
im
iz
a
ti
on
m
a
ke
s
it
hi
ghl
y
a
da
pt
a
bl
e
a
c
r
os
s
va
r
io
us
s
e
r
vi
c
e
-
in
te
ns
iv
e
in
dus
tr
ie
s
.
F
or
in
s
ta
nc
e
,
in
he
a
lt
hc
a
r
e
,
it
c
a
n
s
tr
e
a
m
li
ne
pa
ti
e
nt
c
a
r
e
c
oor
di
na
ti
on
a
nd
r
e
d
uc
e
w
a
it
ti
m
e
s
;
in
f
in
a
nc
ia
l
s
e
r
vi
c
e
s
,
th
e
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
k
c
a
n
e
nha
nc
e
c
li
e
nt
in
te
r
a
c
ti
ons
a
nd
a
c
c
e
le
r
a
te
is
s
ue
r
e
s
ol
ut
io
n;
a
nd
in
e
duc
a
ti
on,
it
c
oul
d
im
pr
ove
a
dm
in
is
tr
a
ti
ve
e
f
f
ic
ie
nc
y
a
nd
s
tu
de
nt
s
uppor
t.
B
y
a
ddr
e
s
s
in
g
c
om
m
on
s
e
r
vi
c
e
de
li
ve
r
y
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
a
nd
le
ve
r
a
gi
ng
di
gi
ta
l
to
ol
s
,
th
e
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
k
is
w
e
ll
-
s
ui
te
d
to
in
dus
tr
ie
s
s
uc
h
a
s
hos
pi
ta
li
ty
,
r
e
ta
il
,
a
nd
publ
ic
s
e
r
vi
c
e
s
,
w
he
r
e
ope
r
a
ti
ona
l
r
e
li
a
bi
li
ty
a
nd
c
us
to
m
e
r
s
a
ti
s
f
a
c
ti
on
a
r
e
c
r
it
ic
a
l.
T
he
s
e
c
onc
r
e
te
e
xa
m
pl
e
s
il
lu
s
tr
a
te
th
e
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
k’
s
ve
r
s
a
ti
li
ty
a
nd
it
s
pot
e
nt
ia
l
to
dr
iv
e
im
p
r
ove
m
e
nt
s
w
he
r
e
ve
r
s
e
r
vi
c
e
qua
li
ty
a
nd r
e
s
pon
s
iv
e
ne
s
s
a
r
e
e
s
s
e
nt
ia
l
[
5]
, [
21]
, [
22]
.
v)
I
t
s
uppl
ie
s
c
ha
in
r
e
s
il
ie
nc
e
is
e
nha
nc
e
d
a
s
s
pa
r
e
pa
r
ts
be
c
om
e
m
or
e
r
e
a
di
ly
a
va
il
a
bl
e
.
T
hi
s
m
in
im
iz
e
s
e
qui
pm
e
nt
dow
nt
im
e
a
nd
r
e
duc
e
s
s
hi
ppi
ng
de
la
y
s
f
or
c
r
it
ic
a
l
c
om
pone
nt
s
.
I
nc
r
e
a
s
e
d
s
p
a
r
e
pa
r
t
a
va
il
a
bi
li
ty
e
ns
ur
e
s
th
a
t
di
s
r
upt
io
ns
a
r
e
a
ddr
e
s
s
e
d
qui
c
kl
y,
m
a
in
ta
in
in
g
c
ons
i
s
te
nt
pr
oduc
ti
on
a
nd
s
e
r
vi
c
e
de
li
ve
r
y
w
hi
le
s
tr
e
ngt
he
ni
ng
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
’
s
a
bi
li
ty
to
w
it
hs
ta
nd
une
xpe
c
te
d
c
h
a
ll
e
nge
s
.
R
e
c
e
nt
s
tu
di
e
s
ha
ve
s
how
n
th
a
t
r
obus
t
s
pa
r
e
pa
r
ts
m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
s
y
s
te
m
s
,
in
c
lu
di
ng
di
gi
ta
l
in
ve
nt
or
y
tr
a
c
ki
ng
a
nd
pr
e
di
c
ti
ve
a
na
ly
ti
c
s
,
a
r
e
c
r
uc
ia
l
f
or
m
it
ig
a
ti
ng
r
is
ks
a
s
s
oc
ia
te
d
w
it
h
s
uppl
y
c
ha
in
di
s
r
upt
io
ns
a
nd
m
a
in
ta
in
in
g
ope
r
a
ti
ona
l
c
ont
in
ui
ty
[
24]
,
[
25]
.
I
va
nov
a
nd
D
ol
gui
[
24]
hi
ghl
ig
ht
th
e
im
por
ta
nc
e
of
r
e
s
il
ie
nt
s
uppl
y
c
ha
in
de
s
ig
n
in
m
a
na
gi
ng
di
s
r
upt
io
ns
,
w
hi
le
T
a
ng
[
25]
e
m
pha
s
iz
e
s
s
uppl
y
c
ha
in
r
is
k
m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
s
tr
a
te
gi
e
s
th
a
t
in
c
lu
de
s
pa
r
e
pa
r
ts
lo
gi
s
ti
c
s
.
B
od
e
a
nd
W
a
gne
r
[
26]
f
u
r
th
e
r
s
uppor
t
th
e
r
ol
e
of
pr
oa
c
ti
ve
s
pa
r
e
pa
r
ts
m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
in
r
e
duc
in
g
vul
ne
r
a
bi
li
ty
to
une
xpe
c
te
d
e
ve
nt
s
a
nd
s
u
s
ta
in
in
g
s
e
r
vi
c
e
l
e
ve
ls
.
4.
C
O
N
C
L
U
S
I
O
N
T
hi
s
s
tu
dy
de
f
in
e
d
th
e
im
pr
ove
m
e
nt
th
e
m
e
a
s
r
e
duc
in
g
br
e
a
kdown
le
a
d
ti
m
e
to
e
nha
nc
e
s
e
r
vi
c
e
r
e
li
a
bi
li
ty
a
nd
c
us
to
m
e
r
pr
oduc
ti
vi
ty
in
H
D
C
V
a
f
te
r
-
s
a
le
s
ope
r
a
ti
ons
a
nd
s
e
t
a
c
le
a
r
t
a
r
ge
t
to
s
hor
te
n
r
e
s
ol
ut
io
n
ti
m
e
f
r
om
f
our
da
ys
to
f
e
w
e
r
th
a
n
two
da
ys
in
li
ne
w
it
h
c
us
to
m
e
r
r
e
qui
r
e
m
e
nt
s
.
T
hr
ough
s
ys
te
m
a
ti
c
a
na
ly
s
is
,
th
e
r
oot
c
a
us
e
s
of
pr
ol
onge
d
br
e
a
kd
ow
n
le
a
d
ti
m
e
w
e
r
e
id
e
nt
if
ie
d,
in
c
lu
di
ng
non
-
s
ta
nda
r
di
z
e
d
in
ve
s
ti
ga
ti
on
pr
a
c
ti
c
e
s
,
li
m
it
e
d
s
pa
r
e
-
pa
r
t
a
va
il
a
bi
li
ty
,
la
c
k
of
r
e
a
l
-
ti
m
e
vi
s
ib
il
it
y,
f
r
a
gm
e
nt
e
d
c
r
os
s
-
f
unc
ti
ona
l
c
oor
di
na
ti
on,
a
nd
in
s
uf
f
ic
ie
nt
a
c
c
e
s
s
to
te
c
hni
c
a
l
in
f
or
m
a
ti
on.
A
D
M
A
I
C
-
ba
s
e
d
im
pr
ove
m
e
nt
in
it
ia
ti
ve
w
a
s
th
e
n
de
s
ig
ne
d
a
nd
im
pl
e
m
e
nt
e
d,
in
te
gr
a
ti
ng
s
ta
nda
r
di
z
e
d
in
ve
s
ti
ga
ti
on
to
ol
s
,
di
gi
ta
l
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
ons
, opt
im
iz
e
d r
ot
a
ti
on a
nd
r
e
m
a
nuf
a
c
tu
r
e
d s
pa
r
e
pa
r
ts
, c
us
to
m
e
r
e
duc
a
ti
on, a
nd a
c
e
nt
r
a
li
z
e
d
di
gi
ta
l
c
om
m
a
nd
c
e
nt
e
r
.
T
he
r
e
s
ul
ts
de
m
ons
tr
a
te
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
ope
r
a
ti
ona
l
a
nd
s
tr
a
te
gi
c
im
pa
c
ts
,
in
c
lu
di
ng
r
e
duc
e
d
le
a
d
ti
m
e
,
im
pr
ove
d
s
e
r
vi
c
e
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
,
f
in
a
nc
ia
l
ga
in
s
,
e
nha
nc
e
d
c
us
to
m
e
r
s
a
ti
s
f
a
c
ti
on,
a
nd
s
tr
e
ngt
he
ne
d
br
a
nd
im
a
ge
,
w
hi
le
a
ls
o
c
ont
r
ib
ut
in
g
a
tr
a
ns
f
e
r
a
b
le
,
di
gi
ta
ll
y
e
na
bl
e
d
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
k
f
or
im
pr
ovi
ng
a
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, [
J
]
,
upon r
e
a
s
ona
bl
e
r
e
que
s
t.
R
E
F
E
R
E
N
C
E
S
[
1]
P
.
A
l
e
xa
nde
r
,
J
.
A
nt
ony,
a
nd
B
.
R
odge
r
s
,
“
L
e
a
n
s
i
x
s
i
gm
a
f
or
s
m
a
l
l
-
a
nd
m
e
d
i
um
-
s
i
z
e
d
m
a
nuf
a
c
t
ur
i
ng
e
nt
e
r
pr
i
s
e
s
:
a
s
y
s
t
e
m
a
t
i
c
r
e
vi
e
w
,”
I
nt
e
r
nat
i
onal
J
our
nal
of
Q
ual
i
t
y
&
R
e
l
i
abi
l
i
t
y
M
anage
m
e
nt
,
vol
.
36,
no.
3,
pp.
378
–
397,
M
a
r
.
2019,
doi
:
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Q
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M
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[
2]
J
.
A
nt
ony,
R
.
S
ne
e
,
a
nd
R
.
H
oe
r
l
,
“
L
e
a
n
s
i
x
s
i
gm
a
:
y
e
s
t
e
r
da
y,
t
oda
y
a
nd
t
om
or
r
ow
,”
I
nt
e
r
nat
i
onal
J
our
nal
of
Q
ual
i
t
y
&
R
e
l
i
abi
l
i
t
y
M
anage
m
e
nt
, vol
. 34, no. 7, pp. 1073
–
1093, 2017, doi
:
10.1108/
I
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Q
R
M
-
03
-
2016
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[
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S
.
C
ha
nd,
E
.
M
oyl
a
n,
S
.
T
.
W
a
l
l
e
r
,
a
nd
V
.
D
i
xi
t
,
“
A
na
l
ys
i
s
of
ve
hi
c
l
e
br
e
a
kdow
n
f
r
e
que
nc
y:
a
c
a
s
e
s
t
udy
of
N
e
w
S
out
h
W
a
l
e
s
,
A
us
t
r
a
l
i
a
,”
Sus
t
ai
nabi
l
i
t
y
, vol
. 12, no. 19, 2020, doi
:
10.3390/
s
u12198244.
[
4]
R
.
E
gl
e
s
e
a
nd
S
.
Z
a
m
bi
r
i
ni
s
,
“
D
i
s
r
upt
i
on
m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
i
n
ve
hi
c
l
e
r
out
i
ng
a
nd
s
c
he
dul
i
ng
f
or
r
oa
d
f
r
e
i
ght
t
r
a
ns
por
t
:
a
r
e
vi
e
w
,”
T
r
ans
ac
t
i
ons
i
n O
pe
r
at
i
ons
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
, vol
. 26, no. 1, pp. 1
–
17, 2018, doi
:
10.10
07/
s
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018
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0469
-
4.
[
5]
J
. A
nt
ony, M
. S
ony, M
. D
e
m
ps
e
y, A
. B
r
e
nna
n,
T
. F
a
r
r
i
ngt
on, a
nd E
. A
. C
udne
y, “
A
n e
va
l
ua
t
i
on i
nt
o t
he
l
i
m
i
t
a
t
i
ons
a
nd
e
m
e
r
gi
ng
t
r
e
nds
of
s
i
x s
i
gm
a
:
a
n
e
m
pi
r
i
c
a
l
s
t
udy,”
T
Q
M
J
our
nal
, vol
. 31, no. 2, pp. 205
–
221, 2019, doi
:
10.1108/
T
Q
M
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12
-
2018
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[
6]
G
.
S
um
a
n
a
nd
D
.
R
.
P
r
a
j
a
pa
t
i
,
“
U
t
i
l
i
z
a
t
i
on
of
l
e
a
n
a
nd
s
i
x
s
i
gm
a
qu
a
l
i
t
y
i
ni
t
i
a
t
i
ve
s
i
n
I
ndi
a
n
he
a
l
t
hc
a
r
e
s
e
c
t
or
,”
P
L
O
S
O
N
E
,
vol
. 16, no. 12, 2021, doi
:
10.1371/
j
our
na
l
.pone
.0261747.
[
7]
V
.
R
. S
r
e
e
d
ha
r
a
n,
M
. P
a
t
t
us
a
m
y, S
.
M
oha
n,
a
n
d
D
.
J
. P
e
r
s
i
s
,
“
A
s
ys
t
e
m
a
t
i
c
l
i
t
e
r
a
t
ur
e
r
e
v
i
e
w
o
f
l
e
a
n
s
i
x
s
i
gm
a
i
n
f
i
na
nc
i
a
l
s
e
r
v
i
c
e
s
:
ke
y
f
i
ndi
n
g a
nd a
na
l
ys
i
s
,”
I
nt
e
r
na
t
i
on
al
J
o
ur
nal
o
f
B
us
i
ne
s
s
E
x
c
e
l
l
e
nc
e
,
vol
. 21,
no. 3,
2020,
doi
:
10.
1504
/
I
J
B
E
X
.2020
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07.
[
8]
V
.
S
w
a
r
na
ka
r
a
nd
S
.
V
i
nodh,
“
D
e
pl
oyi
ng
l
e
a
n
s
i
x
s
i
gm
a
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
k
i
n
a
n
a
u
t
om
ot
i
ve
c
om
pone
nt
m
a
nuf
a
c
t
ur
i
ng
or
ga
ni
z
a
t
i
on,”
I
nt
e
r
nat
i
onal
J
our
nal
of
L
e
an Si
x
Si
gm
a
, vol
. 7, no. 3, pp. 267
–
293, 2016, doi
:
10.1108/
I
J
L
S
S
-
06
-
2015
-
0023.
[
9]
M
. L
. G
e
or
ge
,
L
e
an
s
i
x
s
i
gm
a:
c
om
bi
ni
ng
s
i
x
s
i
gm
a qual
i
t
y
w
i
t
h l
e
an s
p
e
e
d
. N
e
w
Y
or
k:
M
c
G
r
a
w
-
H
i
l
l
, 2002.
[
10]
P
. S
. P
a
nde
,
T
he
s
i
x
s
i
gm
a w
ay
:
how
G
E
, M
ot
or
ol
a, and ot
he
r
t
op
c
om
pani
e
s
a
r
e
honi
ng t
he
i
r
p
e
r
f
or
m
anc
e
. N
e
w
Y
or
k:
M
c
G
r
a
w
-
H
i
l
l
, 2000.
[
11]
T
. P
yz
de
k a
nd P
. A
.
K
e
l
l
e
r
,
T
he
s
i
x
s
i
gm
a handbook
,
s
i
x
t
h
e
di
t
i
on:
A
c
om
pl
e
t
e
gui
de
f
or
g
r
e
e
n b
e
l
t
s
, bl
ac
k
be
l
t
s
,
and m
anage
r
s
at
al
l
l
e
v
e
l
s
. N
e
w
Y
or
k:
M
c
G
r
a
w
H
i
l
l
L
L
C
, 2024.
[
12]
J
.
A
nt
ony,
“
S
i
x
s
i
gm
a
f
o
r
s
e
r
vi
c
e
pr
oc
e
s
s
e
s
,”
B
us
i
ne
s
s
P
r
oc
e
s
s
M
anage
m
e
nt
J
our
nal
,
vol
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no.
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[
13]
E
.
A
.
C
ha
nc
e
,
D
.
F
l
or
e
nc
e
,
a
nd
I
.
S
.
A
bdoul
,
“
T
he
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
ve
ne
s
s
of
c
he
c
kl
i
s
t
s
a
nd
e
r
r
or
r
e
por
t
i
ng
s
ys
t
e
m
s
i
n
e
nha
nc
i
ng
pa
t
i
e
n
t
s
a
f
e
t
y
a
nd
r
e
duc
i
ng
m
e
di
c
a
l
e
r
r
or
s
i
n
hos
pi
t
a
l
s
e
t
t
i
ngs
:
a
na
r
r
a
t
i
ve
r
e
vi
e
w
,”
I
nt
e
r
nat
i
onal
J
our
nal
of
N
u
r
s
i
ng
Sc
i
e
n
c
e
s
,
vol
.
11
,
no. 3, pp. 387
–
398, 2024, doi
:
10.1016/
j
.i
j
ns
s
.2024.06.003.
[
14]
M
.
C
hr
i
s
t
ophe
r
a
nd
H
.
P
e
c
k,
“
B
ui
l
di
ng
t
he
r
e
s
i
l
i
e
nt
s
uppl
y
c
ha
i
n,”
I
nt
e
r
nat
i
onal
J
our
nal
of
L
ogi
s
t
i
c
s
M
anage
m
e
nt
,
vol
.
15,
no.
2,
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–
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09574090410700275.
[
15]
Y
.
S
he
f
f
i
a
nd
J
.
B
.
R
.
J
r
.,
“
A
s
uppl
y
c
ha
i
n
v
i
e
w
of
t
he
r
e
s
i
l
i
e
nt
e
nt
e
r
pr
i
s
e
,”
M
I
T
Sl
oan
M
anage
m
e
nt
R
e
v
i
e
w
,
vol
.
47,
no.
1,
pp. 41
–
48, 2005.
[
16]
L
.
Y
a
ng,
D
.
L
i
,
Q
.
H
e
,
a
nd
X
.
Z
hu,
“
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
on
opt
i
m
i
z
a
t
i
on
s
t
r
a
t
e
gy
of
a
f
t
e
r
m
a
r
ke
t
s
pa
r
e
pa
r
t
s
i
nve
nt
or
y
m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
f
or
c
om
pa
ny
F
,”
i
n
2025
6t
h
I
nt
e
r
nat
i
onal
C
onf
e
r
e
nc
e
on
M
anage
m
e
nt
Sc
i
e
nc
e
and
E
ngi
ne
e
r
i
ng
M
anage
m
e
nt
(
I
C
M
SE
M
2025)
,
2025, pp. 211
–
220
, doi
:
10.2991/
978
-
94
-
6463
-
845
-
5_22.
[
17]
V
.
G
.
-
P
r
i
da
,
C
.
P
.
M
á
r
que
z
,
P
.
V
G
unc
ke
l
,
F
.
K
.
R
odr
í
gue
z
,
a
nd
A
.
C
.
M
á
r
que
z
,
“
D
i
gi
t
a
l
t
r
a
ns
f
or
m
a
t
i
on
i
n
a
f
t
e
r
s
a
l
e
s
a
nd
w
a
r
r
a
nt
y m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
:
a
r
e
vi
e
w
of
a
dva
nc
e
d t
e
c
hnol
ogi
e
s
i
n I
4.0,”
A
l
gor
i
t
hm
s
,
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. 18, no. 4, 2025, doi
:
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C
.
Y
.
T
.
M
a
a
nd
D
.
Y
.
W
.
M
o,
“
I
nt
e
gr
a
t
i
ng
i
nt
e
r
ne
t
o
f
t
hi
ngs
i
n
s
e
r
vi
c
e
pa
r
t
s
o
pe
r
a
t
i
ons
f
or
s
us
t
a
i
na
bi
l
i
t
y,”
I
nt
e
r
nat
i
onal
J
our
nal
of
E
ngi
ne
e
r
i
ng B
us
i
ne
s
s
M
anage
m
e
nt
, vol
. 15, 2023, doi
:
10.1177/
1847979023
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[
19]
A
.
A
bos
hos
ha
,
A
.
H
a
gga
g,
N
.
G
e
or
ge
,
a
nd
H
.
A
.
H
a
m
a
d,
“
I
oT
-
ba
s
e
d
da
t
a
-
dr
i
ve
n
pr
e
di
c
t
i
ve
m
a
i
nt
e
na
nc
e
r
e
l
yi
ng
on
f
uz
z
y
s
ys
t
e
m
a
nd a
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
ne
ur
a
l
ne
t
w
or
ks
,”
Sc
i
e
nt
i
f
i
c
R
e
por
t
s
, vol
. 13, no. 1, 2023, doi
:
10.1038/
s
41598
-
023
-
38887
-
z.
[
20]
N
.
S
a
i
ni
,
A
.
L
.
Y
a
da
v,
a
nd
A
.
R
a
hm
a
n,
“
C
l
oud
ba
s
e
d
pr
e
di
c
t
i
ve
m
a
i
nt
e
na
n
c
e
s
ys
t
e
m
,”
i
n
2024
11t
h
I
nt
e
r
nat
i
onal
C
onf
e
r
e
nc
e
o
n
R
e
l
i
abi
l
i
t
y
,
I
nf
oc
om
T
e
c
hnol
ogi
e
s
and
O
pt
i
m
i
z
at
i
on
(
T
r
e
nds
and
F
ut
ur
e
D
i
r
e
c
t
i
on
s
)
(
I
C
R
I
T
O
)
,
2024,
pp.
1
–
5
,
doi
:
10.1109/
I
C
R
I
T
O
61523.2024.10522398.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8814
I
nt
J
A
dv A
ppl
S
c
i
,
V
ol
. 15, No. 1, M
a
r
c
h 2026
:
99
-
106
106
[
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N
.
S
a
c
c
a
ni
,
P
.
J
oha
ns
s
on,
a
nd
M
.
P
e
r
ona
,
“
C
onf
i
gur
i
ng
t
he
a
f
t
e
r
-
s
a
l
e
s
s
e
r
vi
c
e
s
uppl
y
c
ha
i
n:
a
m
ul
t
i
pl
e
c
a
s
e
s
t
udy,”
I
nt
e
r
nat
i
onal
J
our
nal
of
P
r
oduc
t
i
on E
c
onom
i
c
s
, vol
. 110, no. 1
-
2, pp. 52
–
69, 2007, doi
:
10.1016/
j
.i
j
pe
.2007.02.009.
[
22]
A
.
G
.
F
r
a
nk,
L
.
S
.
D
a
l
e
noga
r
e
,
a
nd
N
.
F
.
A
ya
l
a
,
“
I
ndus
t
r
y
4.0
t
e
c
hnol
ogi
e
s
:
I
m
pl
e
m
e
nt
a
t
i
on
pa
t
t
e
r
ns
i
n
m
a
nuf
a
c
t
ur
i
ng
c
om
pa
ni
e
s
,”
I
nt
e
r
nat
i
onal
J
ou
r
nal
of
P
r
oduc
t
i
on E
c
onom
i
c
s
, vol
. 210, pp. 15
–
26, 2019, doi
:
10.1016/
j
.i
j
pe
.2019.01.004.
[
23]
A
.
A
.
H
a
m
i
d,
E
.
A
.
E
.
E
s
ha
g,
N
.
H
.
K
a
r
i
m
,
a
nd
N
.
S
.
F
.
A
.
R
a
hm
a
n,
“
I
nve
s
t
i
ga
t
i
ng
t
he
m
e
di
a
t
i
ng
e
f
f
e
c
t
of
l
ogi
s
t
i
c
s
c
a
pa
bi
l
i
t
i
e
s
on
t
he
r
e
l
a
t
i
ons
hi
p
be
t
w
e
e
n
l
ogi
s
t
i
c
s
i
nf
or
m
a
t
i
on
s
ha
r
i
ng
a
nd
l
ogi
s
t
i
c
s
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
,”
I
nt
e
r
nat
i
onal
J
our
nal
of
P
r
odu
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
and
P
e
r
f
or
m
anc
e
M
anage
m
e
nt
, vol
. 74, no. 5, pp. 1564
–
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I
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M
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05
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2024
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0284.
[
24]
D
.
I
va
nov
a
nd
A
.
D
ol
gui
,
“
V
i
a
bi
l
i
t
y
of
i
nt
e
r
t
w
i
ne
d
s
uppl
y
ne
t
w
or
ks
:
e
xt
e
ndi
ng
t
he
s
uppl
y
c
ha
i
n
r
e
s
i
l
i
e
nc
e
a
ngl
e
s
t
ow
a
r
d
s
s
ur
vi
va
bi
l
i
t
y. A
pos
i
t
i
on pa
p
e
r
m
ot
i
va
t
e
d by
C
O
V
I
D
-
19 out
br
e
a
k,”
I
nt
e
r
nat
i
on
al
J
our
nal
of
P
r
odu
c
t
i
on R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
, vol
.
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,
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00207543.2020.1750727.
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25]
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S
.
T
a
ng,
“
P
e
r
s
pe
c
t
i
ve
s
i
n
s
uppl
y
c
ha
i
n
r
i
s
k
m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
,”
I
nt
e
r
nat
i
onal
J
our
nal
of
P
r
oduc
t
i
on
E
c
onom
i
c
s
,
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pe
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C
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B
ode
a
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S
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M
.
W
a
gne
r
,
“
S
t
r
uc
t
ur
a
l
dr
i
ve
r
s
of
ups
t
r
e
a
m
s
uppl
y
c
h
a
i
n
c
om
pl
e
xi
t
y
a
nd
t
he
f
r
e
que
nc
y
of
s
uppl
y
c
ha
i
n
di
s
r
upt
i
ons
,”
J
our
nal
of
O
pe
r
at
i
ons
M
anage
m
e
nt
, vol
. 36, no. 1, pp. 215
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j
.j
om
.2014.12.004.
B
I
O
G
R
A
P
H
I
E
S
O
F
A
U
T
H
O
R
S
Jonny
is
a
lecturer
of
Industrial
Engineering
at
Bina
Nusantara
Uni
versity.
He
achieve
d
his
doctoral
degree
in
Industrial
Engineering
from
the
University
of
Indonesia
in
2020.
He
is
active
in
research
based
on
his
skill
s
and
expertise
in
acc
ount
ing
,
total
quality
manageme
nt
(TQM),
feasibility
study,
and
the
company’s
effici
ency.
He
is
also
a
professional
at
Astra
International
,
which
responsibly
in
Program
M
anager
of
Leadership
Development
and
Head
of
Innovation
Competitio
n
and
Convention.
His
research
includes
total
quality
management,
operations
management
,
and
supply
chain
manageme
nt.
He
can
be contacted at email: jonny@binus.ac.id
.
Januar
Nasution
is
a
lecturer
of
Industrial
Engineering
at
Bina
Nusantara
University.
His
research
includes
total
quality
management,
operatio
ns
management
,
and
supply chain manage
ment. He can b
e contacted
at email:
januar_na
sution@
binus.ac.id.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.