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l J
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AI
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Vo
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15
,
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Feb
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20
26
,
p
p
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12
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2
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Artifi
c
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in
telli
g
e
n
c
e
(AI)
h
a
s
ra
p
id
l
y
re
sh
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p
e
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with
Ch
a
tG
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rg
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g
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s
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e
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th
e
m
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ra
ti
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AI
t
o
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p
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d
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c
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m
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istrati
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fro
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stra
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n
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e
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e
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g
Ch
a
t/
C
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p
il
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t
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a
n
d
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d
e
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we
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c
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e
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rd
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ll
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d
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t
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d
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,
a
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d
fa
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lt
y
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a
d
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ss
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v
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ig
h
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g
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ts
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e
e
d
fo
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re
sp
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sib
le
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o
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e
rn
a
n
c
e
fra
m
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wo
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s,
AI
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tera
c
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m
s,
a
n
d
e
q
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it
a
b
le
in
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ti
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a
l
p
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t
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e
sig
n
,
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r
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ss
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c
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lt
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ra
l
a
d
o
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ti
o
n
p
a
tt
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rn
s,
a
n
d
e
v
o
lv
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g
tea
c
h
e
r
–
stu
d
e
n
t
d
y
n
a
m
ics
in
AI
-
a
u
g
m
e
n
ted
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
ts.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Ar
tific
ial
in
tellig
en
ce
A
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
i
n
t
e
l
l
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g
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n
c
e
g
o
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c
e
C
h
at
GPT
E
th
ical
ch
allen
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es
Hig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
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L
ea
r
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in
g
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
Ped
ag
o
g
y
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
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ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
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-
SA
li
c
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se
.
C
o
r
r
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s
p
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A
uth
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r
:
An
il Ku
m
ar
Vad
ag
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Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
Ph
ar
m
ac
eu
tics
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o
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ar
m
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Go
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av
a
r
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lo
b
al
Un
iv
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s
ity
R
ajah
m
u
n
d
r
y
,
An
d
h
r
a
Pra
d
es
h
,
I
n
d
ia
E
m
ail:
an
ilv
ad
ag
a@
g
m
ail.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Ar
tific
ial
in
tellig
en
ce
(
AI
)
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
a
co
r
n
er
s
to
n
e
o
f
d
ig
ital
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ac
r
o
s
s
g
lo
b
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
y
s
tem
s
,
r
esh
ap
in
g
ap
p
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o
ac
h
es
to
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ten
t
d
eliv
er
y
,
ass
ess
m
en
t,
an
d
ac
ad
e
m
ic
s
u
p
p
o
r
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C
h
atGPT
,
b
u
ilt
o
n
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
-
b
ased
la
r
g
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
m
o
d
els,
h
as
r
e
ce
iv
ed
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ac
ad
em
ic
atten
tio
n
d
u
e
to
its
ab
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to
g
en
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ate
c
o
h
er
e
n
t e
x
p
lan
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s
,
co
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s
tr
u
ctiv
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f
ee
d
b
ac
k
,
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d
h
u
m
a
n
-
lik
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co
n
v
er
s
at
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al
r
esp
o
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s
es.
I
ts
ad
o
p
tio
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in
h
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g
h
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ca
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g
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2
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ater
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to
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[
1
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Alth
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clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
was
ap
p
lied
to
th
e
r
et
r
iev
ed
s
tu
d
ies.
Du
p
licate
r
ec
o
r
d
s
wer
e
r
em
o
v
ed
b
ef
o
r
e
s
cr
ee
n
in
g
.
T
wo
r
e
v
ie
wer
s
in
d
ep
en
d
en
tly
ass
ess
ed
th
e
titl
es,
ab
s
tr
ac
ts
,
an
d
f
u
ll
tex
ts
to
m
in
im
ize
s
elec
tio
n
b
ias
an
d
e
n
h
an
ce
o
b
jectiv
ity
.
I
n
clu
d
ed
s
tu
d
ies
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
f
r
o
m
2
0
2
2
o
n
war
d
s
,
r
e
f
lectin
g
th
e
r
elea
s
e
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
C
h
atGPT
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
3
.
1
.
T
ra
ns
f
o
rma
t
iv
e
r
o
le
o
f
Cha
t
G
P
T
in lea
rning
R
ec
en
t
liter
atu
r
e
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
r
ec
o
g
n
izes
C
h
atGPT
as
a
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
to
o
l
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
d
eliv
er
in
g
p
e
r
s
o
n
alize
d
lear
n
i
n
g
p
ath
way
s
an
d
a
d
ap
tiv
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t.
I
ts
ab
ilit
y
to
tailo
r
ex
p
lan
atio
n
s
,
s
im
p
lify
d
if
f
icu
lt
co
n
ce
p
ts
,
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
g
u
id
a
n
ce
allo
ws
lear
n
er
s
to
p
r
o
g
r
ess
at
th
eir
o
wn
p
ac
e,
m
ak
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
m
o
r
e
f
lex
ib
le
a
n
d
in
clu
s
iv
e
[
3
]
.
Stu
d
en
ts
b
en
e
f
it
f
r
o
m
C
h
atGPT
’
s
in
s
tan
t
r
esp
o
n
s
es
an
d
ca
p
ac
ity
to
b
r
ea
k
d
o
wn
co
m
p
lex
id
ea
s
i
n
to
d
ig
esti
b
le
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
,
wh
ich
en
h
a
n
ce
s
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
an
d
c
o
n
ce
p
tu
al
m
aster
y
[
4
]
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el’
s
m
u
ltil
in
g
u
al
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
f
u
r
t
h
er
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
i
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
lear
n
er
s
f
r
o
m
d
iv
er
s
e
lin
g
u
is
tic
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
,
r
ed
u
cin
g
b
ar
r
ie
r
s
to
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
in
g
lo
b
alize
d
ac
a
d
em
ic
s
ettin
g
s
[
5
]
.
C
h
atGPT
also
o
f
f
er
s
v
alu
ab
l
e
ass
is
tan
ce
to
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
co
g
n
itiv
e
o
r
lear
n
i
n
g
ch
alle
n
g
es
b
y
p
r
o
v
i
d
in
g
p
ar
ap
h
r
ased
co
n
ten
t
,
s
im
p
lifie
d
ex
p
lan
atio
n
s
,
an
d
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
-
f
r
ien
d
ly
f
o
r
m
ats
th
at
tr
ad
itio
n
al
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
m
ay
n
o
t a
d
e
q
u
ately
d
eliv
er
.
3
.
2
.
P
eda
g
o
g
ic
a
l e
nh
a
ncem
ent
a
nd
a
ca
dem
ic
writ
ing
s
up
po
rt
B
ey
o
n
d
co
n
ten
t
d
eliv
e
r
y
,
C
h
atGPT
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
en
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t
an
d
wr
itin
g
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
Sev
er
al
s
tu
d
ies
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
its
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
in
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
s
en
ten
ce
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
co
h
er
e
n
ce
,
clar
ity
,
an
d
o
v
er
all
ac
ad
em
ic
wr
itin
g
q
u
ality
[
6
]
.
Stu
d
en
t
s
f
r
eq
u
en
tly
u
s
e
C
h
atGPT
to
g
en
er
ate
o
u
tlin
es,
r
ep
h
r
ase
d
if
f
icu
lt
p
ass
ag
es,
an
d
s
tr
en
g
th
en
ar
g
u
m
en
tativ
e
f
lo
w,
wh
ich
h
elp
s
th
em
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
ac
ad
em
ic
co
n
v
en
tio
n
s
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
ti
v
ely
.
As
a
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
t
o
o
l,
C
h
atGPT
p
r
o
v
id
es
im
m
ed
iate
an
d
d
etailed
co
m
m
en
ts
o
n
s
tu
d
e
n
t
wr
itin
g
,
en
ab
lin
g
iter
ativ
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
ti
n
g
s
elf
-
r
eg
u
lated
lear
n
in
g
.
I
ts
d
ialo
g
ic
n
atu
r
e
also
en
c
o
u
r
ag
es
in
q
u
ir
y
-
b
ased
lear
n
i
n
g
,
as
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
en
g
a
g
e
with
th
e
m
o
d
el
to
test
h
y
p
o
th
eses
,
ex
p
lo
r
e
alter
n
ativ
e
v
iewp
o
in
ts
,
an
d
r
ef
in
e
th
eir
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
[
7
]
.
E
d
u
ca
to
r
s
b
en
ef
it
f
r
o
m
C
h
atGPT
’
s
ab
ilit
y
to
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
m
ater
ials
,
g
e
n
er
ate
ex
a
m
p
les,
an
d
d
esig
n
less
o
n
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es,
th
er
eb
y
r
ed
u
cin
g
wo
r
k
lo
ad
a
n
d
allo
win
g
m
o
r
e
tim
e
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
t in
ter
ac
tio
n
.
3.
3
.
I
ns
t
it
utio
na
l r
ea
din
ess
,
po
licy
needs
,
a
nd
infr
a
s
t
ruct
ure
Desp
ite
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
ad
v
an
tag
es
ass
o
ciate
d
with
C
h
atGPT
,
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
r
ea
d
in
ess
r
em
ain
s
u
n
ev
en
.
Stu
d
ies
em
p
h
asize
t
h
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
d
ev
elo
p
i
n
g
clea
r
p
o
licies
d
ef
in
in
g
eth
ical
u
s
e,
ac
ad
em
ic
in
teg
r
ity
b
o
u
n
d
ar
ies,
an
d
d
at
a
p
r
iv
ac
y
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
to
g
u
id
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
a
d
o
p
tio
n
[
8
]
.
Ma
n
y
i
n
s
titu
tio
n
s
s
tr
u
g
g
le
to
im
p
lem
e
n
t
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
g
o
v
er
n
an
ce
d
u
e
to
am
b
i
g
u
ities
in
h
o
w
AI
-
g
e
n
er
ated
co
n
ten
t
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
r
eg
u
lated
o
r
cited
,
lead
in
g
t
o
in
co
n
s
is
ten
cies
in
ac
ad
em
i
c
p
r
ac
tice.
Facu
lty
tr
ain
in
g
i
s
ess
en
tial
b
ec
au
s
e
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
lack
s
u
f
f
icien
t
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
r
co
n
f
i
d
en
ce
to
in
teg
r
ate
AI
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
in
to
th
eir
teac
h
i
n
g
.
I
n
s
titu
tio
n
s
th
at
o
f
f
er
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
AI
-
liter
ac
y
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
r
ep
o
r
t
im
p
r
o
v
ed
ad
o
p
tio
n
an
d
b
etter
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
o
u
tco
m
es.
Ho
wev
er
,
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
al
d
is
p
ar
iti
es
p
er
s
is
t
g
lo
b
ally
.
I
n
s
titu
tio
n
s
with
lim
ited
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
,
o
u
td
ate
d
h
ar
d
w
ar
e,
o
r
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t
f
u
n
d
in
g
f
ac
e
ch
allen
g
es
in
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
eq
u
itab
le
ac
ce
s
s
to
AI
-
p
o
wer
ed
to
o
ls
,
wh
ich
m
a
y
wid
en
ex
is
tin
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
e
q
u
alities
if
u
n
ad
d
r
ess
ed
[
9
]
.
3.
4
.
Cha
lleng
es f
o
r
educa
t
o
r
s
a
nd
lea
rner
s
W
h
i
l
e
C
h
a
t
GP
T
e
n
h
a
n
c
es
le
a
r
n
i
n
g
,
i
t
a
ls
o
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
s
s
ev
e
r
a
l
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s
t
h
a
t
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
c
a
r
e
f
u
l
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
.
E
d
u
c
at
o
r
s
e
x
p
r
e
s
s
c
o
n
c
e
r
n
t
h
a
t
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
m
ay
r
e
l
y
e
x
c
e
s
s
i
v
e
l
y
o
n
A
I
,
l
ea
d
i
n
g
t
o
d
e
c
r
e
a
s
e
d
o
r
i
g
i
n
a
l
i
t
y
,
r
e
d
u
c
e
d
c
r
i
t
i
c
al
t
h
in
k
i
n
g
,
a
n
d
d
i
m
i
n
i
s
h
e
d
c
o
g
n
i
t
i
v
e
e
f
f
o
r
t
[
1
0
]
.
O
v
e
r
r
e
l
i
a
n
c
e
o
n
C
h
a
t
GP
T
m
a
y
r
e
s
u
l
t
i
n
s
u
p
e
r
f
i
c
i
a
l
e
n
g
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
w
i
th
a
c
a
d
e
m
i
c
m
a
t
e
r
i
al
,
u
n
d
e
r
m
i
n
i
n
g
d
e
e
p
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
e
s
.
A
n
o
t
h
e
r
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
is
h
a
l
l
u
c
i
n
a
t
e
d
o
r
f
a
b
r
i
c
a
te
d
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
,
w
h
i
c
h
r
e
m
a
i
n
s
a
d
o
c
u
m
e
n
te
d
i
s
s
u
e
i
n
g
e
n
e
r
a
ti
v
e
A
I
s
y
s
t
em
s
a
n
d
c
a
n
m
i
s
l
ea
d
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
w
h
o
a
r
e
u
n
a
w
a
r
e
o
f
h
o
w
t
o
v
e
r
i
f
y
A
I
o
u
t
p
u
t
s
[
1
1
]
.
A
s
C
h
a
t
GP
T
b
e
c
o
m
es
m
o
r
e
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
e
d
i
n
t
o
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
w
o
r
k
f
l
o
w
s
,
e
n
s
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
a
t
l
e
a
r
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e
r
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p
o
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e
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A
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t
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ac
y
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o
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
9
3
8
I
n
t J Ar
tif
I
n
tell
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
20
26
:
12
-
19
14
3.
5
.
Co
m
pa
ra
t
iv
e
perf
o
r
m
a
nce
o
f
Cha
t
G
P
T
a
nd
o
t
her
AI
s
y
s
t
em
s
A
g
r
o
win
g
b
o
d
y
o
f
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
r
esear
ch
h
as
ass
ess
ed
C
h
atGPT
alo
n
g
s
id
e
o
th
er
ad
v
an
ce
d
AI
m
o
d
els
s
u
ch
as
G
o
o
g
le
Gem
in
i,
Mic
r
o
s
o
f
t
C
o
p
ilo
t/B
in
g
C
h
at,
an
d
An
th
r
o
p
ic
C
lau
d
e
.
Fi
n
d
in
g
s
in
d
icate
th
at
C
h
atGPT
co
n
tin
u
es
to
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
co
m
p
etito
r
s
in
lo
n
g
-
f
o
r
m
ac
ad
em
ic
wr
itin
g
,
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
task
s
,
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
s
y
n
th
esis
,
an
d
lin
g
u
is
tic
co
h
er
en
ce
[
1
2
]
.
W
h
ile
Gem
in
i
o
f
f
er
s
s
tr
o
n
g
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
s
ea
r
ch
-
b
ased
r
etr
iev
al
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies,
it
s
tr
u
g
g
les
in
ex
ten
d
ed
r
ea
s
o
n
i
n
g
o
r
n
a
r
r
a
tiv
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
.
C
o
p
ilo
t’
s
s
tr
en
g
th
lies
in
it
s
in
teg
r
atio
n
with
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
s
o
f
twar
e,
m
a
k
in
g
it
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
d
o
c
u
m
en
t
cr
ea
tio
n
an
d
s
u
m
m
ar
izatio
n
task
s
,
b
u
t
its
g
en
er
ativ
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
is
ty
p
ically
r
ated
b
elo
w
th
at
o
f
C
h
atGPT
.
C
lau
d
e
p
r
o
v
id
es
s
tr
o
n
g
s
af
ety
alig
n
m
en
t
an
d
lo
n
g
-
c
o
n
tex
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
,
m
ak
in
g
it
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
f
o
r
s
u
m
m
ar
izin
g
lar
g
e
d
o
cu
m
e
n
ts
,
b
u
t
its
ec
o
s
y
s
tem
an
d
g
lo
b
al
a
v
ailab
ilit
y
r
em
ain
m
o
r
e
lim
ited
[
1
3
]
.
Ov
er
all,
C
h
atG
PT’
s
ar
ch
itectu
r
al
r
e
f
in
em
en
t
an
d
r
ei
n
f
o
r
ce
m
en
t
lear
n
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
co
n
tr
ib
u
t
e
to
its
s
u
p
er
io
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
in
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
co
n
tex
ts
r
eq
u
ir
in
g
d
ep
th
,
n
u
an
ce
,
a
n
d
c
o
h
er
en
ce
.
3.
6
.
E
t
hica
l c
o
ncer
ns
,
bia
s
,
a
nd
a
ca
dem
ic
inte
g
rit
y
T
h
e
r
a
p
i
d
r
is
e
o
f
C
h
a
tGPT
h
a
s
i
n
t
en
s
if
ie
d
e
th
ica
l
d
e
b
at
es
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
A
I
i
n
ed
u
c
ati
o
n
.
Da
ta
p
r
i
v
ac
y
an
d
s
u
r
v
eil
la
n
c
e
c
o
n
c
er
n
s
ar
e
am
o
n
g
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
tl
y
cit
ed
is
s
u
es,
as
la
r
g
e
l
a
n
g
u
ag
e
m
o
d
els
m
a
y
s
to
r
e
o
r
p
r
o
ce
s
s
s
e
n
s
it
iv
e
u
s
er
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
wi
th
o
u
t
f
u
l
l
tr
a
n
s
p
ar
e
n
c
y
[
1
4
]
.
B
i
as
em
b
ed
d
ed
i
n
t
r
ai
n
i
n
g
d
atas
ets
c
an
l
ea
d
to
d
is
t
o
r
te
d
r
es
p
o
n
s
es
t
h
at
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
s
te
r
e
o
t
y
p
es
o
r
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
in
ac
cu
r
a
ci
es
in
c
u
lt
u
r
al
ly
s
e
n
s
i
ti
v
e
t
o
p
ics
.
Aca
d
e
m
i
c
i
n
te
g
r
it
y
co
n
ce
r
n
s
a
r
e
p
a
r
t
ic
u
la
r
l
y
p
r
o
m
i
n
e
n
t
b
ec
a
u
s
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
ca
n
u
s
e
C
h
atGP
T
to
g
e
n
er
ate
ess
a
y
s
,
r
e
p
o
r
ts
,
o
r
ass
i
g
n
m
e
n
t
s
o
l
u
t
io
n
s
th
at
b
y
p
ass
a
u
t
h
e
n
t
ic
le
ar
n
in
g
.
T
h
ese
r
is
k
s
n
ec
ess
it
ate
u
p
d
at
ed
ass
ess
m
en
t
s
tr
a
te
g
ies
,
i
n
c
lu
d
i
n
g
o
r
al
e
x
a
m
i
n
at
io
n
s
,
m
o
n
it
o
r
e
d
w
r
iti
n
g
task
s
,
a
n
d
ass
ig
n
m
e
n
ts
t
h
a
t
r
e
q
u
ir
e
p
r
o
c
ess
-
b
ase
d
d
o
c
u
m
en
tat
io
n
r
at
h
e
r
t
h
a
n
p
r
o
d
u
ct
-
b
ase
d
e
v
al
u
ati
o
n
[
1
5
]
.
E
d
u
c
at
o
r
s
an
d
i
n
s
ti
tu
ti
o
n
s
m
u
s
t
c
o
ll
a
b
o
r
a
ti
v
el
y
d
esi
g
n
f
r
a
m
e
wo
r
k
s
t
h
at
a
d
d
r
es
s
f
ai
r
n
ess
,
t
r
a
n
s
p
a
r
e
n
c
y
,
a
n
d
e
t
h
ic
al
r
es
p
o
n
s
i
b
i
lit
y
in
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
g
e
n
e
r
a
ti
v
e
A
I
.
3
.
7
.
I
m
ple
m
ent
a
t
io
n
ba
rr
ier
s
a
nd
t
ec
hn
ica
l lim
it
a
t
io
ns
Sev
er
al
p
r
ac
tical
b
ar
r
ier
s
h
in
d
er
th
e
wid
esp
r
ea
d
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
C
h
atGPT
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
i
n
s
titu
tio
n
s
.
Fin
an
cial
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
lim
it
ac
ce
s
s
to
p
r
em
iu
m
AI
to
o
ls
,
c
y
b
er
s
ec
u
r
ity
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e,
a
n
d
r
eq
u
ir
ed
tr
ain
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
.
E
d
u
ca
to
r
r
esis
tan
ce
r
em
ain
s
c
o
m
m
o
n
,
o
f
ten
s
tem
m
in
g
f
r
o
m
f
ea
r
s
o
f
tech
n
o
l
o
g
i
ca
l
d
is
p
lace
m
en
t
o
r
u
n
ce
r
tain
ty
ab
o
u
t
p
ed
a
g
o
g
i
ca
l
in
teg
r
atio
n
.
T
ec
h
n
ical
lim
itatio
n
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
h
allu
cin
atio
n
s
,
o
u
td
ated
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
an
d
u
n
r
eliab
le
c
itatio
n
g
en
e
r
atio
n
,
m
ea
n
th
a
t
C
h
atGPT
ca
n
n
o
t
o
p
e
r
ate
as
an
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
k
n
o
wled
g
e
a
u
th
o
r
ity
.
I
n
s
tead
,
it
r
eq
u
ir
es
h
u
m
an
o
v
er
s
ig
h
t
an
d
cr
itical
ev
alu
atio
n
at
ev
er
y
s
tag
e
o
f
u
s
e
[
1
6
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
u
n
i
f
ied
g
lo
b
al
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
f
o
r
AI
u
s
e
in
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
c
r
e
ates
d
is
p
ar
ities
in
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
,
leav
i
n
g
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
to
in
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
tly
d
eter
m
in
e
th
eir
o
wn
r
u
les an
d
g
u
id
elin
es.
4.
DIS
CU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
b
o
d
y
o
f
e
v
i
d
e
n
ce
p
o
s
it
io
n
s
C
h
a
tGP
T
as
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
i
n
f
lu
en
tia
l
t
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
i
ca
l
in
n
o
v
ati
o
n
s
s
h
a
p
i
n
g
c
o
n
te
m
p
o
r
a
r
y
h
i
g
h
e
r
ed
u
c
ati
o
n
,
y
et
s
c
h
o
la
r
s
c
o
n
s
is
te
n
t
ly
e
m
p
h
asi
ze
t
h
at
its
p
e
d
a
g
o
g
ic
al
b
e
n
e
f
i
ts
c
a
n
n
o
t
b
e
e
x
a
m
i
n
e
d
i
n
is
o
la
ti
o
n
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
e
th
i
ca
l
,
co
g
n
it
iv
e,
a
n
d
in
s
tit
u
ti
o
n
al
c
o
m
p
le
x
it
ies
it
in
t
r
o
d
u
ce
s
.
A
m
aj
o
r
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
ti
o
n
h
ig
h
l
ig
h
t
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
lit
er
at
u
r
e
is
C
h
atG
PT
’
s
a
b
i
lit
y
t
o
p
e
r
s
o
n
ali
ze
le
ar
n
i
n
g
a
t
s
ca
l
e.
B
y
g
e
n
e
r
a
ti
n
g
a
d
a
p
ti
v
e
e
x
p
la
n
a
ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
a
d
j
u
s
ti
n
g
lin
g
u
is
t
ic
co
m
p
le
x
i
ty
t
o
m
a
tch
le
ar
n
er
n
ee
d
s
,
C
h
atG
PT
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
c
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
al
m
aste
r
y
i
n
wa
y
s
t
h
at
c
o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
a
l
lec
tu
r
e
-
b
as
ed
m
o
d
els
o
f
ten
c
a
n
n
o
t
a
ch
ie
v
e
[
3
]
,
[
4
]
.
T
h
is
ali
g
n
s
w
it
h
b
r
o
a
d
e
r
p
e
d
ag
o
g
i
ca
l
t
r
e
n
d
s
f
a
v
o
r
in
g
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
ti
ate
d
i
n
s
t
r
u
cti
o
n
an
d
co
m
p
et
e
n
c
y
-
b
ase
d
lea
r
n
i
n
g
.
H
o
we
v
er
,
s
e
v
e
r
a
l
r
esea
r
c
h
er
s
c
a
u
ti
o
n
th
at
t
h
is
h
i
g
h
l
y
p
er
s
o
n
al
ize
d
s
c
a
f
f
o
l
d
i
n
g
m
a
y
a
ls
o
r
e
d
u
c
e
co
g
n
iti
v
e
s
tr
u
g
g
le
,
a
p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
n
t
eg
r
a
l
to
d
e
e
p
le
ar
n
i
n
g
,
p
ar
t
ic
u
la
r
l
y
w
h
e
n
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
r
el
y
e
x
c
ess
i
v
el
y
o
n
A
I
in
s
t
ea
d
o
f
e
n
g
a
g
i
n
g
d
i
r
e
ctl
y
wit
h
ch
all
en
g
i
n
g
c
o
n
te
n
t
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
w
h
il
e
C
h
atGP
T
en
h
an
ce
s
ac
ce
s
s
i
b
i
lit
y
a
n
d
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
i
o
n
,
it
s
im
u
l
ta
n
e
o
u
s
ly
r
is
k
s
we
a
k
e
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
r
o
d
u
c
tiv
e
d
is
co
m
f
o
r
t
ess
e
n
tia
l
f
o
r
c
o
n
c
ep
tu
al
g
r
o
wt
h
.
An
o
th
er
d
o
m
in
an
t
th
e
m
e
co
n
ce
r
n
s
C
h
atGPT
’
s
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
ac
ad
em
ic
wr
itin
g
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t.
Sev
er
al
s
tu
d
ies d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at
C
h
atGPT
ca
n
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
r
o
v
e
co
h
er
en
ce
,
s
en
ten
ce
f
lu
e
n
cy
,
ar
g
u
m
e
n
t stru
ctu
r
e,
an
d
ac
ad
em
ic
v
o
ca
b
u
lar
y
,
esp
ec
ially
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
li
n
g
u
is
tically
d
iv
er
s
e
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
[
5
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[
8
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,
[
9
]
.
M
u
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u
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su
p
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:
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l
a
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a
r
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s
[
5
]
.
Lo
ss
o
f
h
u
ma
n
i
n
t
e
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
:
h
e
a
v
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A
I
u
sag
e
ma
y
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d
u
c
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t
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a
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d
p
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b
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n
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
R
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se
a
r
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h
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w
r
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w
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q
u
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l
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t
y
[
6
]
,
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
3
]
.
H
i
g
h
c
o
s
t
a
n
d
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f
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o
f
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w
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r
e
,
a
n
d
t
r
a
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n
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n
g
[
9
]
,
[
2
1
]
S
c
a
l
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
:
A
I
t
o
o
l
s
r
e
s
p
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n
d
t
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m
u
l
t
i
p
l
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l
e
a
r
n
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r
s
si
m
u
l
t
a
n
e
o
u
sl
y
,
mak
i
n
g
t
h
e
m
e
f
f
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t
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v
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l
a
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g
e
-
c
l
a
ss
e
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v
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r
o
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me
n
t
s
[
1
]
,
[
3
]
.
A
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
i
c
b
i
a
s
:
A
I
sy
st
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ms
t
r
a
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n
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d
o
n
b
i
a
se
d
d
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scr
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s
[
1
4
]
.
A
r
ec
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r
r
in
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d
eb
ate
in
th
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r
ev
i
ewe
d
liter
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r
e
c
o
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ce
r
n
s
t
h
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a
cc
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r
ac
y
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n
d
r
eliab
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o
f
AI
-
g
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ated
co
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ten
t.
W
h
ile
C
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atGPT
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s
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p
ass
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o
m
p
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m
o
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tu
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ies
also
d
o
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t
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allu
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,
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ab
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icate
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citatio
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d
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m
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ca
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lead
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,
p
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ticu
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th
o
s
e
lack
in
g
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d
v
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ce
d
ev
alu
ativ
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k
ills
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
is
u
n
r
eliab
ilit
y
u
n
d
er
s
c
o
r
es
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
in
teg
r
atin
g
cr
itical
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
liter
ac
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in
to
cu
r
r
icu
l
a
s
o
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
lear
n
to
v
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if
y
AI
-
g
e
n
er
ated
r
esp
o
n
s
es
u
s
in
g
au
th
o
r
itativ
e
s
o
u
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ce
s
.
W
ith
o
u
t
s
y
s
tem
atic
AI
-
liter
ac
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d
ev
elo
p
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g
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ati
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with
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ac
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.
AI
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ssi
st
a
n
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
2
5
2
-
8
9
3
8
I
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t J Ar
tif
I
n
tell
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
20
26
:
12
-
19
16
C
o
m
p
ar
ativ
e
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
v
id
es
f
u
r
th
er
n
u
a
n
ce
to
th
e
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
.
Stu
d
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co
n
s
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ten
tly
s
h
o
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at
C
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tp
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A
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ch
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Go
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Gem
in
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Mic
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o
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An
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o
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lau
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ac
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ce
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n
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in
te
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d
is
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th
esis
[
1
2
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
Ho
wev
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r
,
ea
ch
s
y
s
tem
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
d
is
tin
ct
s
tr
en
g
th
s
.
Gem
in
i
ex
ce
ls
in
r
ea
l
-
tim
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r
etr
iev
al
d
u
e
to
its
in
teg
r
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n
with
s
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r
ch
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in
es;
C
o
p
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t
p
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f
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s
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p
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d
u
ctiv
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d
a
ca
d
em
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task
s
;
C
lau
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f
f
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s
en
h
an
ce
d
s
af
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alig
n
m
en
t
an
d
lo
n
g
-
co
n
tex
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
.
T
h
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s
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g
ests
th
at
a
m
u
lti
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to
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s
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,
r
ath
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ca
tio
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R
ev
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th
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co
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ar
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tr
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s
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it
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s
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all,
b
u
t
h
o
w
v
ar
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u
s
to
o
ls
ca
n
b
e
o
r
ch
estra
ted
e
f
f
ec
tiv
ely
t
o
co
m
p
lem
en
t e
ac
h
o
th
e
r
with
in
p
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ag
o
g
ical
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o
s
y
s
tem
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th
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co
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n
s
r
em
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tr
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lar
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d
is
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e.
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s
s
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es
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
d
ata
p
r
iv
ac
y
,
a
lg
o
r
ith
m
ic
b
ias,
an
d
s
u
r
v
eillan
ce
s
h
ap
e
t
h
e
d
eb
ate
o
n
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
AI
in
teg
r
atio
n
.
Sev
e
r
al
s
tu
d
ies
em
p
h
asize
th
at
d
ata
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
AI
s
y
s
tem
s
m
ay
b
e
s
to
r
ed
o
r
u
s
ed
in
way
s
th
at
lack
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
c
y
,
r
aisi
n
g
r
is
k
s
o
f
p
r
i
v
ac
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b
r
ea
ch
es
o
r
u
n
a
u
th
o
r
ize
d
d
ata
u
s
e
[
1
4
]
.
B
ias
em
b
ed
d
ed
in
tr
ain
in
g
d
atasets
ca
n
in
f
lu
en
ce
r
esp
o
n
s
es,
af
f
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tin
g
f
air
n
ess
an
d
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
f
o
r
m
i
n
o
r
ity
g
r
o
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p
s
.
Aca
d
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in
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r
ity
c
o
n
s
titu
tes
p
er
h
ap
s
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
r
o
m
in
e
n
t
eth
ical
co
n
ce
r
n
,
as
C
h
atGPT
en
ab
les
r
ap
id
g
en
e
r
atio
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o
f
p
o
lis
h
ed
ac
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em
ic
wo
r
k
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
m
ay
s
u
b
m
it
with
o
u
t
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
en
g
ag
e
m
en
t
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
e
r
ev
iewe
d
liter
atu
r
e
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
ar
g
u
es
th
at
eth
ical
in
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r
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n
m
u
s
t
r
el
y
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n
in
s
titu
tio
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al
tr
an
s
p
a
r
en
cy
,
m
a
n
d
at
o
r
y
d
is
clo
s
u
r
e
p
o
licies,
an
d
a
s
s
es
s
m
en
t
r
ed
esig
n
th
at
p
r
io
r
itizes
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
o
v
er
r
o
te
r
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
.
A
f
in
al
an
d
o
v
er
ar
ch
i
n
g
is
s
u
e
r
aised
ac
r
o
s
s
s
tu
d
ies
is
th
e
ch
a
n
g
in
g
r
o
le
o
f
e
d
u
ca
to
r
s
.
As
AI
b
ec
o
m
es
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
ca
p
a
b
le
o
f
ex
p
la
in
in
g
,
s
u
m
m
a
r
izin
g
,
a
n
d
g
en
e
r
atin
g
co
n
ten
t,
in
s
tr
u
cto
r
s
ar
e
tr
an
s
itio
n
in
g
f
r
o
m
k
n
o
wled
g
e
t
r
an
s
m
itter
s
to
f
a
cilitato
r
s
o
f
an
aly
tical
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
,
eth
ical
ju
d
g
m
en
t,
a
n
d
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
th
in
k
in
g
[
1
]
,
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
is
s
h
if
t
d
em
a
n
d
s
n
ew
co
m
p
eten
cies,
in
clu
d
in
g
AI
liter
ac
y
,
d
ig
ital
p
ed
a
g
o
g
y
,
an
d
cr
itical
o
v
er
s
ig
h
t
o
f
alg
o
r
ith
m
ic
s
y
s
tem
s
.
W
ith
o
u
t
ad
eq
u
ate
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
m
ay
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ee
l
d
is
p
lace
d
o
r
u
n
d
er
p
r
e
p
ar
ed
,
lea
d
in
g
to
r
esis
tan
ce
o
r
in
co
n
s
is
ten
t
AI
a
d
o
p
tio
n
.
R
ev
iew
-
b
ased
s
ch
o
lar
s
h
ip
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
AI
in
teg
r
atio
n
m
u
s
t
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
n
o
t
d
im
in
is
h
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
h
u
m
a
n
ex
p
er
tis
e,
s
itu
atin
g
AI
as
an
au
g
m
en
tativ
e
to
o
l th
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
r
elatio
n
al,
cr
ea
tiv
e,
an
d
m
eta
co
g
n
itiv
e
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
s
o
f
teac
h
i
n
g
[
2
5
]
.
T
ak
en
to
g
eth
er
,
th
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
at
C
h
atGPT
’
s
i
m
p
ac
t
o
n
h
i
g
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
is
p
r
o
f
o
u
n
d
l
y
m
u
ltid
im
en
s
io
n
al
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
e
liter
atu
r
e
p
o
r
tr
a
y
s
C
h
atGPT
n
o
t
m
er
ely
as
a
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
in
n
o
v
atio
n
b
u
t
as
a
ca
taly
s
t
p
r
o
m
p
tin
g
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tal
r
ec
o
n
s
id
er
atio
n
o
f
p
e
d
ag
o
g
y
,
ass
ess
m
en
t,
ac
ad
em
ic
eth
ics,
an
d
th
e
ed
u
ca
to
r
’
s
r
o
le.
I
ts
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
a
tiv
e
p
o
ten
tial
ca
n
b
e
r
ea
lized
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n
ly
th
r
o
u
g
h
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
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p
o
licy
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
,
eq
u
itab
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ac
ce
s
s
in
itiativ
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teac
h
er
tr
ain
i
n
g
,
an
d
o
n
g
o
in
g
cr
itical
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
its
co
g
n
itiv
e
an
d
eth
ica
l
im
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
th
er
e
f
o
r
e
p
o
s
itio
n
s
C
h
at
GPT
as
a
p
o
wer
f
u
l
b
u
t
n
u
an
ce
d
to
o
l
w
h
o
s
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
in
teg
r
atio
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g
r
o
u
n
d
e
d
i
n
h
u
m
a
n
-
ce
n
ter
e
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
2
7
]
.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
C
h
atGPT
r
ep
r
esen
ts
a
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
i
n
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
u
n
p
r
ec
ed
en
ted
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
f
o
r
p
e
r
s
o
n
alize
d
lear
n
in
g
,
ac
a
d
em
ic
wr
itin
g
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
an
d
i
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
in
n
o
v
atio
n
.
I
ts
s
u
p
er
io
r
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
ca
p
a
b
ilit
ies
m
ak
e
it
a
p
r
ef
er
r
ed
t
o
o
l
am
o
n
g
cu
r
r
e
n
t
AI
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Nev
er
th
eless
,
i
ts
ad
o
p
tio
n
m
u
s
t
b
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
ed
with
ca
u
tio
n
,
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
co
n
ce
r
n
s
r
elate
d
to
ac
ad
em
ic
in
teg
r
ity
,
a
cc
u
r
ac
y
,
eth
ics,
an
d
d
ig
ital
eq
u
ity
.
Fu
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
m
u
s
t
ex
p
lo
r
e
lo
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g
-
te
r
m
co
g
n
itiv
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f
ec
ts
,
cr
o
s
s
-
cu
ltu
r
al
ad
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p
t
io
n
p
atter
n
s
,
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d
in
clu
s
iv
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AI
d
esig
n
p
r
in
cip
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th
at
en
s
u
r
e
ac
ce
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s
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.
W
ith
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ar
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h
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n
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ib
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te
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ea
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lly
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ig
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u
ali
ty
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h
u
m
a
n
-
ce
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ter
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d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
M
E
N
T
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T
h
e
au
t
h
o
r
s
e
x
ten
d
th
eir
s
in
ce
r
e
ap
p
r
ec
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n
to
th
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r
e
s
p
ec
tiv
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in
s
titu
tio
n
s
f
o
r
p
r
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v
id
in
g
th
e
ac
ad
em
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s
u
p
p
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r
t a
n
d
r
esear
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h
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
co
n
d
u
ct
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
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N
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h
is
wo
r
k
d
id
n
o
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ec
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th
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co
m
m
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cial,
o
r
not
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f
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-
p
r
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f
it secto
r
s
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
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NS ST
A
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M
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N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
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s
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th
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C
o
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
R
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les
T
ax
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y
(
C
R
ed
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to
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in
d
iv
id
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al
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th
o
r
co
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tr
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tio
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,
r
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ce
au
th
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r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
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n
.
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jects.
DATA AV
AI
L
AB
I
L
I
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Y
All
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ata
g
en
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r
a
n
aly
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d
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r
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th
is
s
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d
y
ar
e
in
cl
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d
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d
with
in
th
e
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ticle.
A
d
d
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a
l
m
ater
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r
clar
if
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eq
u
est.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
O
.
Z
.
-
R
i
c
h
t
e
r
,
V
.
I
.
M
a
r
í
n
,
M
.
B
o
n
d
,
a
n
d
F
.
G
o
u
v
e
r
n
e
u
r
,
“
S
y
s
t
e
m
a
t
i
c
r
e
v
i
e
w
o
f
r
e
sea
r
c
h
o
n
a
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
i
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
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n
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e
a
p
p
l
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c
a
t
i
o
n
s
i
n
h
i
g
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
–
w
h
e
r
e
a
r
e
t
h
e
e
d
u
c
a
t
o
r
s?,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
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a
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T
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h
n
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o
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y
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n
H
i
g
h
e
r
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
1
6
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n
o
.
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0
1
9
,
d
o
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:
1
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1
1
8
6
/
s
4
1
2
3
9
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1
9
-
0
1
7
1
-
0.
[
2
]
W
.
H
o
l
mes
a
n
d
K
.
P
.
-
P
o
mst
a
,
T
h
e
e
t
h
i
c
s
o
f
a
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
i
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
c
e
i
n
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
:
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
e
s,
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
s
,
a
n
d
d
e
b
a
t
e
s
.
O
x
f
o
r
d
,
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n
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t
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d
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g
d
o
m
:
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e
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2
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,
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o
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:
1
0
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4
3
2
4
/
9
7
8
0
4
2
9
3
2
9
0
6
7
.
[
3
]
J.
H
.
-
C
a
r
r
o
z
a
a
n
d
R
.
S
t
o
i
c
a
,
“
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r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
i
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
c
e
i
n
h
i
g
h
e
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e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
.
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l
i
t
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
r
e
v
i
e
w
,
”
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o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
P
u
b
l
i
c
Ad
m
i
n
i
s
t
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t
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o
n
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n
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w
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l
.
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p
.
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4
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o
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:
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0
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j
o
p
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f
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2
0
2
3
-
30
-
0
9
.
[
4
]
J.
S
u
a
n
d
W
.
Y
a
n
g
,
“
U
n
l
o
c
k
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
o
w
e
r
o
f
C
h
a
t
G
P
T
:
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f
r
a
mew
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k
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g
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A
I
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e
d
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t
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o
n
,
”
EC
N
U
Re
v
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e
w
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f
Ed
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,
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l
.
6
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3
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:
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7
7
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2
0
9
6
5
3
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1
2
3
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6
8
4
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3
.
[
5
]
A
.
D
o
u
,
W
.
X
u
,
X
.
L
i
,
S
.
Zh
a
n
g
,
a
n
d
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,
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r
t
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a
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g
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n
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a
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:
b
r
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d
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5
.
[
1
9
]
J.
K
i
m,
H
.
Le
e
,
a
n
d
Y
.
H
.
C
h
o
,
“
Le
a
r
n
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-
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c
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a
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:
p
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I
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d
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,
”
E
d
u
c
a
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a
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d
I
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f
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rm
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o
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2
0
]
C
.
P
e
r
r
o
t
t
a
a
n
d
N
.
S
e
l
w
y
n
,
“
D
e
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p
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g
g
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t
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sc
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:
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,
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a
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g
,
M
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7
.
[
2
1
]
C
.
K
.
Y
.
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h
a
n
,
“
A
c
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,
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n
t
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r
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a
t
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a
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o
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l
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0
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-
3.
[
2
2
]
E.
A
.
A
l
a
s
a
d
i
a
n
d
C
.
R
.
B
a
i
z
,
“
G
e
n
e
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a
t
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v
e
A
I
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n
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d
u
c
a
t
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n
a
n
d
r
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s
e
a
r
c
h
:
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
i
t
i
e
s,
c
o
n
c
e
r
n
s,
a
n
d
s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
s
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
C
h
e
m
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c
a
l
E
d
u
c
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t
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v
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l
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0
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o
.
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p
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s.j
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m
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d
.
3
c
0
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2
3
.
[
2
3
]
G.
-
J.
H
w
a
n
g
,
H
.
X
i
e
,
B
.
W
.
W
a
h
,
a
n
d
D
.
G
a
š
e
v
i
ć
,
“
V
i
s
i
o
n
,
c
h
a
l
l
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g
e
s
,
r
o
l
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s
a
n
d
r
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se
a
r
c
h
i
ssu
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s
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f
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t
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f
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l
l
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g
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c
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n
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d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
rs
a
n
d
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
:
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i
f
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c
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a
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t
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1
.
[
2
4
]
N
.
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e
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b
i
,
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ma
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d
A
.
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a
l
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n
,
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su
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mac
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l
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C
M
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m
p
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t
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n
g
S
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s
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4
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0
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.
[
2
5
]
S
.
A
k
t
a
y
,
“
T
h
e
u
sa
b
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
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ma
g
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g
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l
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g
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e
(
A
I
)
i
n
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d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
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n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
T
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c
h
n
o
l
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g
y
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Ed
u
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t
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o
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v
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l
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p
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t
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6
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4
8
4
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8
6
.
[
2
6
]
F
.
O
u
y
a
n
g
a
n
d
P
.
J
i
a
o
,
“
A
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
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n
t
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l
l
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g
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c
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n
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d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
:
t
h
e
t
h
r
e
e
p
a
r
a
d
i
g
ms
,
”
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
rs
a
n
d
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
:
Art
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
I
n
t
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l
l
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g
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c
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,
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l
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,
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o
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:
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0
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6
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j
.
c
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2
0
2
1
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0
0
0
2
0
.
[
2
7
]
A
.
G
u
i
l
h
e
r
m
e
,
“
A
I
a
n
d
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
:
t
h
e
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mp
o
r
t
a
n
c
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t
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a
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r
a
n
d
st
u
d
e
n
t
r
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l
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
”
AI
&
S
O
C
I
ETY
,
v
o
l
.
3
4
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
4
7
–
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4
,
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0
1
7
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
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1
0
0
7
/
s0
0
1
4
6
-
0
1
7
-
0
6
9
3
-
8.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S O
F
AUTH
O
RS
Dr
.
S
iv
a
Pra
sa
d
Re
d
d
y
K
.
V.
is
a
n
a
ss
istan
t
p
r
o
fe
ss
o
r
in
t
h
e
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
Co
m
p
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
En
g
in
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e
rin
g
,
Ad
it
y
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U
n
iv
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rsit
y
,
A
d
it
y
a
n
a
g
a
r
,
AD
B
ro
a
d
,
S
u
ra
m
p
a
lam
,
Ka
k
in
a
d
a
d
istri
c
t
,
An
d
h
ra
P
ra
d
e
sh
,
In
d
ia
.
He
e
a
rn
e
d
h
is
B.
E.
in
Co
m
p
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
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n
d
En
g
i
n
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e
rin
g
fro
m
M
a
d
a
n
a
p
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ll
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I
n
stit
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te
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f
Tec
h
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o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
S
c
ien
c
e
s
(M
ITS
)
a
n
d
h
is
M
.
E
.
fro
m
Ra
jee
v
Ga
n
d
h
i
M
e
m
o
ria
l
Co
ll
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o
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n
g
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e
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rin
g
a
n
d
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
(RG
M
CET
),
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n
d
y
a
la
,
In
d
ia
.
He
c
o
m
p
lete
d
h
is
P
h
.
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i
n
Co
m
p
u
ter
S
c
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n
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En
g
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g
fro
m
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ls
In
stit
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te
o
f
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c
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n
c
e
,
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o
l
o
g
y
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n
d
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
S
t
u
d
ies
(VIST
A
S
),
C
h
e
n
n
a
i
,
I
n
d
ia
.
W
it
h
1
3
y
e
a
rs
o
f
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h
in
g
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e
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c
e
,
h
e
h
a
s
p
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b
li
sh
e
d
1
0
in
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
jo
u
rn
a
l
p
a
p
e
rs,
i
n
c
lu
d
in
g
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n
e
in
S
CI/S
c
o
p
u
s,
fi
v
e
c
o
n
fe
re
n
c
e
p
a
p
e
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a
n
d
a
b
o
o
k
c
h
a
p
ter
wit
h
IG
I
G
lo
b
a
l.
His
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
d
a
ta
m
i
n
in
g
,
b
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g
d
a
ta,
m
a
c
h
in
e
lea
rn
i
n
g
,
ima
g
e
p
ro
c
e
ss
in
g
,
AI,
a
n
d
d
e
e
p
lea
rn
in
g
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
siv
a
lak
k
y
1
9
9
1
@g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
Dr
.
Pa
r
v
a
th
i
M
a
lepa
ti
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
wo
rk
in
g
f
o
r
M
ITS
(De
e
m
e
d
to
b
e
Un
iv
e
rsity
)
,
M
a
d
a
n
a
p
a
ll
e
,
An
d
h
ra
P
ra
d
e
s
h
,
In
d
ia
.
Wi
t
h
o
v
e
r
twe
n
ty
-
fi
v
e
y
e
a
rs
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f
tea
c
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in
g
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x
p
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,
sh
e
sp
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c
ialize
s
in
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n
g
li
sh
lan
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u
a
g
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t
e
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c
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in
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fo
r
tec
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stu
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ts.
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h
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c
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m
p
lete
d
a
UG
C
-
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m
in
o
r
re
se
a
rc
h
p
ro
jec
t
o
n
“
Wi
se
u
sa
g
e
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f
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
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i
n
th
e
En
g
li
s
h
c
las
sro
o
m
”
a
n
d
su
b
m
it
ted
h
e
r
P
h
.
D.
t
h
e
sis
to
S
.
V.
Un
i
v
e
rsity
,
Ti
ru
p
a
ti
,
o
n
In
d
o
-
Am
e
rica
n
Li
tera
tu
re
,
c
o
m
p
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ri
n
g
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K
.
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ra
y
a
n
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n
d
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ll
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F
a
u
lk
n
e
r.
S
h
e
h
a
s
twe
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ty
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si
x
p
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s
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n
d
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s
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rti
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p
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ted
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v
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r
six
ty
a
c
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d
e
m
ic ev
e
n
ts.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
p
a
rv
a
th
im@
m
it
s.a
c
.
in
.
K
h
a
d
a
r
b
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d
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r
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ll
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m
m
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n
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p
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p
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rtme
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t
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f
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m
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ter
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c
e
En
g
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n
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g
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Da
ta
S
c
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c
e
)
a
t
Vid
y
a
Jy
o
t
h
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I
n
stit
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te
o
f
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lo
g
y
.
S
h
e
h
a
v
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g
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y
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x
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h
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p
lete
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h
.
fr
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tell
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.
S
h
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c
a
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c
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tac
ted
a
t
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m
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k
b
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8
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3
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p
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rtme
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Tec
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On
g
o
le,
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d
h
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P
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sh
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n
d
ia.
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o
b
tai
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d
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h
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D.
d
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re
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p
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rtme
n
t
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Ap
p
li
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M
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c
h
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n
ics
)
fro
m
th
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n
d
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In
st
it
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f
Tec
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n
o
lo
g
y
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s
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TM
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in
th
e
y
e
a
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.
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re
se
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rc
h
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re
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s
in
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lu
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a
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h
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n
ics
,
n
a
n
o
m
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teria
ls,
p
o
ly
m
e
r
th
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m
s,
a
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s
o
ft
m
a
teria
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re
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h
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m
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fro
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Os
m
a
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d
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ra
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h
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B.
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d
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ra
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d
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n
d
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n
2
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.
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e
wo
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k
e
x
p
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c
e
in
c
lu
d
e
s
a
p
o
st
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d
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to
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l
fe
ll
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ip
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p
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rtme
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m
ic
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DBT,
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d
AICTE.
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c
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n
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c
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m
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in
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n
k
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fro
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ls
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n
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5
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is
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h
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is
a
m
e
m
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e
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IEI
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c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
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t
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m
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il
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ra
m
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m
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m
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l
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u
m
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r
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icia
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r
c
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r
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f
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h
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rm
a
c
e
u
ti
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s.
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c
o
m
p
lete
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h
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P
h
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rm
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in
2
0
1
3
a
n
d
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.
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h
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rm
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in
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fro
m
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ra
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d
ia,
a
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h
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5
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m
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ITAM
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e
m
e
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to
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e
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).
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it
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1
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h
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g
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n
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rk
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n
g
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s
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n
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ss
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c
iate
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r
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S
c
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P
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rm
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y
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o
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ri
G
lo
b
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l
Un
iv
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rsity
,
Ra
jah
m
u
n
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y
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I
n
d
ia
.
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re
se
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lu
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o
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d
r
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li
v
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s,
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lets,
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u
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li
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y
b
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e
sig
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D)
,
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d
f
o
rm
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lati
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n
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e
v
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lo
p
m
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t
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las
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g
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l
o
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g
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h
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terd
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ip
li
n
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ry
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x
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e
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se
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n
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rti
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icia
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i
n
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g
e
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e
,
m
a
c
h
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e
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g
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n
d
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tern
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t
o
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th
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s
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d
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ta
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d
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n
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u
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l
s
y
ste
m
s.
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c
a
n
b
e
c
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n
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ted
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t
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n
il
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a
d
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@
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m
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il
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o
m
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a
i
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k
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o
d
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v
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lo
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e
m
e
rg
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g
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n
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c
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d
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m
ic
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e
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h
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l
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a
rti
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ig
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lt
h
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re
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h
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s
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l
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ra
n
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h
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e
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g
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u
c
e
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a
d
v
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re
a
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ti
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n
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sy
c
h
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n
d
v
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c
c
in
e
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th
ro
m
b
o
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h
o
larly
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n
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to
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o
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s,
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y
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ti
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c
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o
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l
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v
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m
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ts.
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a
ims
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se
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se
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l
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