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ea
lth
[
7
]
.
E
s
tim
atin
g
t
h
e
s
tate
o
f
ch
ar
g
e
is
a
c
r
itical
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
a
b
atter
y
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
s
y
s
te
m
,
with
m
o
s
t
ex
is
tin
g
ap
p
r
o
a
ch
es
p
r
ed
o
m
in
an
tly
b
ased
o
n
m
o
d
el
-
d
r
iv
e
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
[
8
]
.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
th
e
s
tat
e
o
f
ch
ar
g
e
r
e
p
r
esen
ts
a
cr
itical
p
ar
am
eter
th
at
d
eliv
er
s
ess
en
tial in
s
ig
h
ts
f
o
r
d
iv
er
s
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
in
d
icatio
n
o
f
r
e
m
ain
in
g
b
atter
y
en
er
g
y
[
9
]
.
C
o
u
lo
m
b
co
u
n
tin
g
(
C
C
)
esti
m
ates
th
e
s
tate
o
f
ch
ar
g
e
b
y
i
n
teg
r
atin
g
th
e
b
atter
y
c
u
r
r
en
t
o
v
er
tim
e;
ev
en
m
in
o
r
e
r
r
o
r
s
in
ev
itab
ly
ac
cu
m
u
late,
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
d
r
if
t
u
n
d
er
d
y
n
am
ic
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
r
ef
in
e
m
e
n
ts
h
av
e
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
m
i
tig
ate
th
is
d
r
awb
ac
k
,
co
n
v
en
t
io
n
al
cu
r
r
e
n
t
-
b
ased
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
r
em
ain
c
o
n
s
tr
ain
ed
b
y
h
ea
v
y
c
o
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
d
e
m
an
d
s
an
d
p
r
o
n
o
u
n
ce
d
s
en
s
itiv
ity
to
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
n
o
is
e,
lim
itin
g
th
eir
r
eliab
ilit
y
in
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
1
0
]
.
E
lectr
ic
v
eh
icle
(
E
V)
lith
i
u
m
-
io
n
b
atter
ies
ar
e
o
p
tim
ized
b
y
p
r
ev
en
ti
n
g
o
v
e
r
ch
ar
g
in
g
a
n
d
o
v
er
-
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
wh
ile
en
s
u
r
in
g
p
r
o
p
er
ce
ll
b
alan
cin
g
.
Acc
u
r
ate
esti
m
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
tate
o
f
ch
ar
g
e
is
cr
itical
f
o
r
b
atter
y
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
s
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
s
af
ety
,
ef
f
icien
cy
,
an
d
ex
ten
d
ed
s
er
v
ice
life
.
H
o
wev
er
,
s
tate
o
f
ch
ar
g
e
p
r
ed
i
ctio
n
is
in
h
er
e
n
tly
d
if
f
icu
lt
d
u
e
t
o
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
elec
tr
o
ch
em
ical
d
y
n
a
m
ics,
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
n
o
is
e,
an
d
d
e
g
r
ad
atio
n
ef
f
ec
ts
.
T
r
ad
itio
n
a
l
m
eth
o
d
s
,
s
u
ch
as
co
u
lo
m
b
c
o
u
n
ti
n
g
,
s
u
f
f
er
f
r
o
m
d
r
if
t
an
d
er
r
o
r
ac
cu
m
u
latio
n
,
wh
ile
ag
ed
b
atter
ies
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
f
u
r
th
er
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
th
at
co
m
p
licates
r
eliab
le
s
tate
o
f
ch
ar
g
e
esti
m
atio
n
[
1
1
]
.
Am
o
n
g
v
ar
i
o
u
s
in
f
lu
en
ci
n
g
f
ac
to
r
s
,
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
n
o
is
e
ca
n
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
er
r
o
r
in
co
u
lo
m
b
c
o
u
n
tin
g
.
T
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
Kalm
a
n
f
ilter
(
KF)
b
ased
m
eth
o
d
s
ar
e
wid
ely
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
f
o
r
sta
te
o
f
c
h
a
rg
e
esti
m
atio
n
.
E
x
ten
s
io
n
s
s
u
ch
as
th
e
ex
ten
d
ed
Kalm
a
n
f
ilter
(
E
KF)
an
d
u
n
s
ce
n
ted
K
alm
an
f
ilter
(
UKF)
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
ev
elo
p
ed
to
a
d
d
r
ess
th
e
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
b
eh
a
v
io
r
o
f
lith
iu
m
-
io
n
b
atter
ies
(
L
I
B
s
)
,
o
v
er
c
o
m
in
g
th
e
lim
itatio
n
o
f
th
e
o
r
ig
i
n
al
KF
to
lin
ea
r
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
e
E
KF,
in
p
ar
ticu
lar
,
a
p
p
lies
a
r
ec
u
r
s
iv
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
th
at
r
ed
u
ce
s
esti
m
atio
n
er
r
o
r
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
lin
ea
r
ized
T
ay
lo
r
s
er
ies ex
p
an
s
io
n
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
3
]
.
W
h
ile
b
o
th
v
ar
ian
ts
o
f
th
e
Ka
lm
an
f
ilter
co
n
tin
u
e
to
b
e
ef
f
e
ctiv
e
in
r
ed
u
cin
g
n
o
is
e
-
r
elate
d
er
r
o
r
s
in
sta
te
-
of
-
c
h
a
rg
e
esti
m
atio
n
,
th
e
em
er
g
en
ce
o
f
m
ac
h
i
n
e
lear
n
in
g
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
l
y
s
ig
n
if
ican
t.
B
y
h
ar
n
ess
in
g
lar
g
e
d
atasets
an
d
ca
p
tu
r
in
g
co
m
p
lex
n
o
n
lin
e
ar
b
eh
av
i
o
r
s
,
d
ata
-
d
r
iv
en
m
o
d
els
o
f
f
er
s
u
p
e
r
io
r
ac
cu
r
ac
y
a
n
d
a
d
ap
tab
ilit
y
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
tr
ad
itio
n
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
a
lar
g
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
r
esear
ch
is
d
ev
o
ted
t
o
ap
p
l
y
in
g
m
ac
h
in
e
-
lear
n
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
f
o
r
s
tate
-
of
-
ch
ar
g
e
esti
m
atio
n
in
lith
iu
m
-
io
n
b
atter
ies
[
1
4
]
.
C
o
n
v
en
tio
n
al
sta
te
o
f
c
h
a
r
g
e
esti
m
atio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
in
clu
d
e
co
u
lo
m
b
c
o
u
n
tin
g
,
o
p
en
-
cir
c
u
it
v
o
ltag
e
(
OC
V)
m
eth
o
d
s
,
an
d
m
o
d
el
-
b
ased
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es
s
u
ch
as
Kalm
an
f
ilter
s
KF,
E
KF
,
an
d
UKF.
T
h
es
e
m
eth
o
d
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
u
s
ef
u
l
in
s
ig
h
ts
b
u
t
ar
e
lim
ite
d
b
y
s
en
s
itiv
ity
to
n
o
is
e,
d
ep
en
d
en
ce
o
n
p
r
ec
is
e
b
atter
y
m
o
d
els,
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
d
ac
cu
r
ac
y
u
n
d
er
d
y
n
a
m
ic
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Mo
r
e
r
ec
e
n
tly
,
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
(
ML
)
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es
,
s
u
ch
as
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
v
ec
t
o
r
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
(
SVR
)
,
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
a
n
d
r
an
d
o
m
f
o
r
est
(
R
F)
h
av
e
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
s
tr
o
n
g
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
b
y
ca
p
t
u
r
i
n
g
n
o
n
l
in
e
a
r
r
e
lat
io
n
s
h
i
p
s
a
n
d
l
ev
e
r
a
g
in
g
la
r
g
e
d
at
asets
.
C
o
m
p
ar
ati
v
e
s
t
u
d
i
es
s
h
o
w
ML
m
et
h
o
d
s
ca
n
r
e
d
u
c
e
s
tat
e
-
of
-
c
h
a
r
g
e
p
r
e
d
i
cti
o
n
e
r
r
o
r
s
b
e
lo
w
1
%,
o
u
tp
e
r
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
tr
a
d
iti
o
n
a
l
tec
h
n
i
q
u
es
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
m
ac
h
i
n
e
le
ar
n
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
es
f
o
r
s
tate
-
of
-
ch
ar
g
e
esti
m
atio
n
o
f
f
e
r
s
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
ts
in
b
o
th
ac
cu
r
a
cy
an
d
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
tr
ad
itio
n
al
m
o
d
el
-
b
ased
m
eth
o
d
s
.
Data
-
d
r
iv
en
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
s
u
ch
as
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
v
e
cto
r
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
(
SVR
)
,
lin
ea
r
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
,
an
d
r
an
d
o
m
f
o
r
est
h
av
e
s
h
o
wn
s
tr
o
n
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ac
r
o
s
s
a
wid
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
o
p
er
atin
g
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
,
ca
p
tu
r
in
g
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
th
at
ar
e
o
f
ten
d
if
f
icu
lt
to
m
o
d
el
an
aly
tically
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
ese
m
eth
o
d
s
ty
p
i
ca
lly
r
eq
u
ir
e
ac
ce
s
s
to
lar
g
e
a
n
d
d
iv
e
r
s
e
d
atasets
to
ac
h
iev
e
r
eliab
le
tr
ai
n
in
g
an
d
g
en
er
aliza
tio
n
,
wh
ich
r
e
m
ain
s
a
k
ey
ch
allen
g
e
in
p
r
ac
tical
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
1
6
]
.
Ov
er
tim
e,
a
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
m
ac
h
i
n
e
lear
n
in
g
(
ML
)
a
n
d
d
ee
p
l
ea
r
n
in
g
(
DL
)
tech
n
iq
u
es
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
p
r
ed
ictio
n
o
f
b
atter
y
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
ac
r
o
s
s
d
iv
er
s
e
lo
ad
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
[
1
7
]
.
Desp
ite
th
ese
ad
v
an
ce
s
,
m
o
s
t
s
tate
-
of
-
c
h
ar
g
e
p
r
e
d
ictio
n
s
tu
d
ies
f
o
c
u
s
ex
clu
s
iv
ely
o
n
n
ew
b
atter
ies
.
L
im
ited
r
esear
ch
ad
d
r
ess
es
s
ec
o
n
d
-
life
b
atter
ies,
wh
ich
p
r
esen
t
u
n
iq
u
e
ch
all
en
g
es
d
u
e
to
ag
ein
g
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
f
ew
s
tu
d
ies
s
y
s
tem
atica
lly
co
m
p
ar
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
an
d
ML
-
b
ased
s
tate
o
f
c
h
ar
g
e
esti
m
atio
n
m
et
h
o
d
s
ac
r
o
s
s
b
o
th
n
ew
an
d
s
ec
o
n
d
-
life
ce
lls
u
n
d
er
v
ar
ied
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
r
ates a
n
d
d
y
n
am
ic
s
tr
ess
co
n
d
itio
n
s
[
1
8
]
,
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
d
ev
elo
p
s
an
d
v
alid
ates
a
r
an
d
o
m
f
o
r
est
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
s
tate
o
f
ch
ar
g
e
p
r
ed
ictio
n
in
b
o
t
h
n
ew
an
d
s
ec
o
n
d
-
life
lith
iu
m
-
io
n
b
att
er
ies.
Usi
n
g
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
d
atasets
f
r
o
m
p
u
ls
e
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
test
s
(
PDT)
,
co
n
s
tan
t
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
test
s
(
C
DT
)
,
an
d
d
y
n
am
ic
s
tr
ess
test
s
(
D
ST)
ac
r
o
s
s
m
u
ltip
le
C
-
r
ates,
th
e
r
an
d
o
m
f
o
r
est
m
o
d
el
is
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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lec
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I
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N:
2088
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atter
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(
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u
r
e
1
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atter
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d
(
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2
.
2
.
St
a
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estima
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n m
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h
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atter
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s
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h
e
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s
s
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with
ca
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lo
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wh
ich
is
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lly
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ed
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.
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ates,
wh
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lear
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alg
o
r
ith
m
s
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er
en
h
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ce
d
ad
ap
ta
b
ilit
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d
p
r
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n
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y
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lex
p
atter
n
s
in
th
e
d
ata.
B
y
ev
alu
atin
g
b
o
th
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
h
ig
h
l
ig
h
ts
th
e
s
tr
en
g
th
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
20
2
6
:
487
-
5
01
490
an
d
lim
itatio
n
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o
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o
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m
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t
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n
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m
eth
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d
s
to
ac
h
iev
e
a
m
o
r
e
r
eliab
le
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d
ac
c
u
r
ate
s
tate
o
f
c
h
ar
g
e
p
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e
d
ictio
n
[
2
1
]
.
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n
ad
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itio
n
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co
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atin
g
a
d
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atter
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n
d
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ap
p
l
icatio
n
s
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h
e
s
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ath
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atica
lly
ex
p
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ess
ed
as
(
1
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.
=
×
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W
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Q
A
r
ep
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th
e
a
v
ailab
le
ca
p
ac
ity
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elativ
e
to
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e
n
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m
in
al
ca
p
ac
ity
Q
B
s
p
ec
if
ied
b
y
th
e
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
er
.
T
h
e
d
eg
r
a
d
atio
n
o
f
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i
-
io
n
b
atter
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is
ev
alu
at
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in
ter
m
s
o
f
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p
ac
ity
lo
s
s
o
v
er
th
eir
o
p
e
r
atio
n
al
life
tim
e
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
e
s
t
at
e
o
f
c
h
a
r
g
e
is
e
v
a
l
u
at
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h
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i
g
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2
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t
h
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ti
o
n
is
s
u
es
[
2
1
]
.
2
.
2
.
2
.
B
a
t
t
er
y
t
ests
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
a
two
-
lay
er
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
th
e
au
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
esti
m
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
tate
o
f
ch
ar
g
e
in
s
ec
o
n
d
-
life
b
atter
ies
(
SL
B
s
)
,
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
o
f
t
h
eir
ca
p
a
city
o
r
ag
ei
n
g
s
tate.
I
n
th
e
f
ir
s
t
lay
er
,
a
r
an
d
o
m
f
o
r
est
m
o
d
el
is
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
an
d
t
r
ain
ed
to
ch
a
r
ac
ter
ize
b
ased
o
n
th
e
h
eter
o
g
en
eo
u
s
f
ea
tu
r
es
an
d
attr
ib
u
tes
o
f
s
ec
o
n
d
-
life
b
atter
ies.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
t
ly
,
u
p
o
n
id
en
tif
y
in
g
t
h
e
v
o
lta
g
e
cu
r
v
e
,
a
s
ec
o
n
d
r
an
d
o
m
f
o
r
est
m
o
d
el
is
tr
ain
ed
f
o
r
ea
ch
cu
r
v
e
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
n
ac
cu
r
ate
s
tate
o
f
ch
ar
g
e
esti
m
atio
n
[
1
]
.
T
h
r
ee
ty
p
es
o
f
b
atter
y
test
in
g
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cte
d
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
:
p
u
ls
e
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
test
,
co
n
s
tan
t
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
test
,
an
d
d
y
n
am
ic
s
tr
ess
test
to
ev
alu
a
te
th
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
n
ew
a
n
d
s
ec
o
n
d
-
life
lith
i
u
m
-
io
n
ce
lls
.
T
h
e
ce
lls
wer
e
ch
ar
g
ed
at
r
ates
o
f
0
.
2
C
to
2
C
u
p
to
a
cu
to
f
f
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
4
.
2
V
an
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
ed
to
2
.
5
V,
wh
ile
d
y
n
am
ic
s
tr
ess
test
s
wer
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
at
0
.
5
C
to
4
C
u
n
d
er
a
c
o
n
tr
o
lled
am
b
ien
t
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
o
f
2
5
°C
.
All
test
s
em
p
lo
y
ed
a
B
K
Pre
cisi
o
n
8
6
0
1
elec
tr
o
n
ic
lo
ad
an
d
a
B
K
Pre
cisi
o
n
9
2
0
1
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
ab
le
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
l
y
,
with
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
at
1
Hz
u
s
in
g
b
atter
y
test
er
s
o
f
twar
e.
T
em
p
e
r
atu
r
e
was
m
o
n
ito
r
ed
with
a
K
-
ty
p
e
th
er
m
o
co
u
p
le
,
an
d
all
tim
e,
v
o
ltag
e,
cu
r
r
en
t
,
an
d
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
d
ata
wer
e
l
o
g
g
e
d
an
d
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
s
av
ed
in
Mic
r
o
s
o
f
t
E
x
ce
l
f
o
r
s
to
r
ag
e,
an
aly
s
is
,
an
d
f
u
r
th
er
p
o
s
t
-
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
.
T
h
e
d
y
n
am
ic
s
tr
ess
test
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
was
m
o
d
if
ied
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
s
tab
le
cu
r
r
en
t
r
eg
u
latio
n
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
b
atter
y
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
b
y
ex
te
n
d
in
g
cu
r
r
en
t
p
u
ls
e
d
u
r
atio
n
s
,
ex
clu
d
i
n
g
d
ee
p
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
,
an
d
lim
itin
g
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
f
r
o
m
1
0
.
8
A
to
-
5
.
4
A
C
-
r
ate.
A
r
e
f
er
en
ce
cu
r
r
en
t
o
f
2
.
7
A
(
1
C
)
,
eq
u
i
v
alen
t
to
2
5
%
o
f
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
p
o
we
r
,
was
u
s
ed
,
wh
e
r
e
n
eg
ativ
e
v
alu
es
in
d
icate
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
an
d
p
o
s
itiv
e
v
alu
es
in
d
icate
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
.
T
h
e
r
ev
is
ed
d
y
n
am
ic
s
tr
ess
test
p
r
o
f
ile
was
ap
p
lied
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
to
n
ew
an
d
s
ec
o
n
d
-
life
b
atter
ies f
o
r
c
o
m
p
ar
ativ
e
ev
alu
atio
n
.
2
.
2
.
3
.
M
a
chine
l
ea
rning
(
M
L
)
T
h
e
esti
m
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
tate
o
f
ch
ar
g
e
in
lith
iu
m
-
io
n
b
atter
ies
h
as
b
ee
n
g
r
ea
tly
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
u
p
er
v
is
ed
lear
n
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
es.
T
h
is
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
s
tem
s
f
r
o
m
th
eir
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
to
ca
p
tu
r
e
th
e
b
atter
y
'
s
in
h
er
en
t
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
d
y
n
am
ics
an
d
d
eliv
er
h
i
g
h
ly
ac
cu
r
ate
s
t
ate
o
f
ch
ar
g
e
p
r
ed
ictio
n
s
u
n
d
er
d
iv
er
s
e
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
e
s
tate
o
f
ch
ar
g
e
is
esti
m
ated
v
ia
a
co
u
lo
m
b
c
o
u
n
tin
g
m
eth
o
d
,
an
d
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
m
o
d
el
is
im
p
lem
en
ted
an
d
v
alid
ated
in
MA
T
L
AB
/Si
m
u
li
n
k
u
s
in
g
ex
te
n
s
iv
e
d
atasets
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
p
u
ls
e
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
test
,
co
n
s
tan
t d
is
ch
a
r
g
e
test
,
an
d
d
y
n
am
ic
s
tr
ess
test
s
f
o
r
n
ew
an
d
s
ec
o
n
d
-
life
b
atter
ies.
-
R
an
d
o
m
f
o
r
est r
eg
r
ess
io
n
m
et
h
o
d
A
two
-
lay
er
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
f
o
r
th
e
au
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
esti
m
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
tate
o
f
ch
ar
g
e
in
s
ec
o
n
d
-
life
b
atter
ies,
in
d
e
p
en
d
en
t
o
f
t
h
eir
ag
e
o
r
r
e
m
ain
in
g
ca
p
ac
ity
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
lay
er
f
o
c
u
s
es
o
n
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
an
d
tr
ain
in
g
a
r
a
n
d
o
m
f
o
r
est
m
o
d
el
to
p
r
ed
ict
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
c
u
r
v
e
u
s
in
g
d
iv
er
s
e
f
ea
t
u
r
es
an
d
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
SLBs
.
R
ec
en
tly
,
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
es
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
th
e
r
an
d
o
m
f
o
r
est
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
h
av
e
em
e
r
g
ed
as
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
20
2
6
:
487
-
5
01
492
p
o
wer
f
u
l
t
o
o
ls
f
o
r
s
tate
o
f
c
h
ar
g
e
esti
m
atio
n
[
2
4
]
.
I
n
m
at
h
em
atica
l
ter
m
s
,
th
e
p
r
ed
ictio
n
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
th
e
r
an
d
o
m
f
o
r
est m
o
d
el
is
g
iv
en
b
y
(
3
)
.
̂
(
)
=
1
∑
=
1
(
3
)
T
h
e
(
3
)
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
f
in
al
p
r
ed
ictio
n
̂
(
)
o
f
a
r
an
d
o
m
f
o
r
est
is
th
e
av
er
ag
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
ed
ict
io
n
s
m
ad
e
b
y
all
th
e
in
d
iv
id
u
al
d
ec
is
io
n
tr
ee
s
in
th
e
en
s
em
b
le.
is
th
e
to
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
tr
ee
s
,
an
d
(
)
is
th
e
s
tate
o
f
ch
ar
g
e
v
al
u
e
p
r
ed
icted
b
y
t
h
e
ℎ
tr
ee
f
o
r
t
h
e
in
p
u
t
is
tim
e,
v
o
ltag
e,
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
,
an
d
tem
p
e
r
a
tu
r
e
.
R
an
d
o
m
Fo
r
est
was
s
elec
ted
f
o
r
s
tate
o
f
ch
ar
g
e
esti
m
atio
n
d
u
e
to
its
s
tr
o
n
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
t
o
m
o
d
el
co
m
p
lex
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
en
b
atter
y
in
p
u
t
v
ar
iab
les
an
d
s
tate
o
f
ch
ar
g
e
with
o
u
t
r
e
q
u
ir
in
g
a
clea
r
elec
tr
o
ch
em
ical
m
o
d
el.
Un
lik
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
m
eth
o
d
s
,
r
an
d
o
m
f
o
r
est
em
p
lo
y
s
an
en
s
em
b
le
o
f
d
ec
is
io
n
tr
ee
s
tr
ain
ed
o
n
r
an
d
o
m
l
y
s
am
p
led
d
ata
an
d
f
ea
tu
r
e
s
u
b
s
ets,
wh
ich
en
h
an
ce
s
g
en
er
aliza
tio
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
s
s
en
s
itiv
ity
to
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
n
o
is
e.
T
h
is
p
r
o
p
er
ty
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
im
p
o
r
tan
t
f
o
r
s
ec
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n
d
-
lif
e
b
atter
ies,
wh
er
e
ag
ein
g
-
r
elate
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v
ar
iab
ilit
y
,
ca
p
ac
ity
h
eter
o
g
en
eity
,
a
n
d
in
cr
ea
s
ed
in
ter
n
al
r
esis
tan
ce
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
u
n
ce
r
tain
ty
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
r
a
n
d
o
m
f
o
r
est
is
less
p
r
o
n
e
to
o
v
er
f
itti
n
g
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
s
in
g
le
-
tr
ee
o
r
s
h
allo
w
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
els an
d
s
h
o
ws s
ta
b
le
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
u
n
d
er
d
y
n
am
ic
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
v
a
r
ied
C
-
r
ates.
T
h
ese
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
m
ak
e
r
an
d
o
m
f
o
r
est
well
-
s
u
ited
f
o
r
r
o
b
u
s
t
s
tate
-
of
-
ch
a
r
g
e
esti
m
atio
n
in
b
o
th
n
ew
a
n
d
s
ec
o
n
d
-
life
lith
iu
m
-
io
n
b
atter
ies.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
r
a
n
d
o
m
f
o
r
est
m
o
d
el
in
p
r
ed
ictin
g
th
e
s
tate
o
f
ch
ar
g
e
is
ev
alu
ated
u
s
in
g
k
ey
m
etr
ics,
in
clu
d
in
g
m
ea
n
s
q
u
ar
ed
er
r
o
r
(
MSE
)
,
m
ea
n
ab
s
o
lu
te
e
r
r
o
r
(
MA
E
)
,
r
o
o
t
m
ea
n
s
q
u
ar
ed
e
r
r
o
r
(
R
MSE
)
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
co
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
d
eter
m
in
ati
o
n
(
R
²)
.
T
h
ese
i
n
d
icato
r
s
c
o
llectiv
ely
ass
ess
th
e
m
o
d
el’
s
ac
cu
r
ac
y
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
in
esti
m
atin
g
th
e
s
tate
o
f
ch
ar
g
e
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
.
M
SE
=
1
∑
=
1
2
(
4
)
R
M
SE
=
√
M
SE
=
1
(
5
)
MAE
=
1
∑
|
|
(
6
)
2
=
1
−
∑
=
1
2
∑
(
−
̅
)
2
,
with
̅
=
1
∑
.
(
7
)
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
E
x
perim
ent
a
l
re
s
ults a
nd
perf
o
rm
a
nce
co
m
pa
riso
n
T
o
clea
r
ly
illu
s
tr
ate
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
s
b
etwe
en
co
u
lo
m
b
co
u
n
tin
g
a
n
d
r
an
d
o
m
f
o
r
est,
s
id
e
-
by
-
s
id
e
c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
p
lo
t
s
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
f
o
r
v
o
ltag
e,
s
tate
o
f
c
h
ar
g
e
p
r
o
f
iles
,
an
d
e
r
r
o
r
m
etr
ics
u
n
d
e
r
id
en
tical
o
p
er
ati
n
g
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
is
p
r
esen
tatio
n
e
n
ab
les
a
d
ir
ec
t
v
is
u
al
ass
ess
m
en
t
o
f
e
s
tim
atio
n
ac
cu
r
ac
y
an
d
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
ac
r
o
s
s
p
u
ls
e
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
test
,
co
n
s
tan
t
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
test
,
an
d
d
y
n
am
ic
s
tr
ess
te
s
t
p
r
o
f
iles
f
o
r
b
o
th
n
ew
an
d
s
ec
o
n
d
-
life
b
atter
ies.
3
.
1
.
1
.
Co
ns
t
a
nt
dis
cha
rg
e
t
est
Fig
u
r
e
3
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
tim
e
b
eh
av
io
r
o
f
a
n
ew
a
n
d
s
ec
o
n
d
-
life
lith
iu
m
-
io
n
b
at
ter
y
d
u
r
in
g
ch
ar
g
in
g
a
n
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
at
2
5
°
C
.
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
a)
,
c
h
ar
g
in
g
p
r
o
f
iles
at
0
.
2
C
to
2
C
s
h
o
w
s
m
o
o
th
v
o
ltag
e
in
cr
ea
s
es.
Ho
wev
er
,
c
h
ar
g
in
g
f
o
r
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
-
life
ce
lls
was
lim
ited
to
4
.
0
V
to
p
r
ev
e
n
t
lith
iu
m
p
latin
g
,
ex
tr
em
e
o
v
er
p
o
ten
tial
,
an
d
ac
ce
ler
ated
ag
ein
g
ty
p
ical
ab
o
v
e
th
is
v
o
ltag
e
.
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
b
)
,
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
r
esp
o
n
s
es
r
ec
o
r
d
e
d
at
th
e
s
am
e
C
-
r
ates
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
e
cu
to
f
f
v
o
ltag
e
f
o
r
s
ec
o
n
d
-
life
ce
lls
was
s
et
to
2
.
7
V
to
av
o
id
o
v
er
-
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
,
c
o
p
p
e
r
d
is
s
o
lu
tio
n
,
an
d
th
er
m
al
in
s
tab
ilit
y
.
Acr
o
s
s
all
cu
r
r
en
t
r
ates,
n
ew
ce
l
ls
with
s
tan
d
h
ig
h
e
r
v
o
ltag
es
an
d
lo
n
g
er
ch
a
r
g
e
-
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
d
u
r
atio
n
s
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
lo
wer
in
ter
n
al
r
esis
tan
ce
an
d
s
u
p
er
io
r
ch
ar
g
e
ef
f
icien
cy
,
wh
er
ea
s
s
ec
o
n
d
-
life
ce
lls
r
ev
ea
l
g
r
ea
ter
p
o
lar
i
za
tio
n
an
d
ca
p
ac
ity
f
ad
e
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
elec
tr
o
d
e
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
ed
im
p
ed
an
ce
.
3
.
1
.
2
.
P
uls
e
dis
cha
rg
e
t
est
Af
ter
ch
ar
g
in
g
,
n
ew
a
n
d
s
ec
o
n
d
-
life
lith
iu
m
-
i
o
n
b
atter
ies
w
er
e
r
ested
b
ef
o
r
e
p
u
ls
e
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
test
in
g
.
T
h
e
n
ew
ce
ll
was
c
h
ar
g
e
d
to
1
0
0
%
SOC
,
wh
ile
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
-
life
ce
ll
was
lim
ited
to
8
0
%
SOC
to
p
r
e
v
en
t
l
i
t
h
i
u
m
p
l
at
i
n
g
,
o
v
e
r
p
o
t
e
n
t
i
al
,
a
n
d
a
d
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
a
g
e
i
n
g
,
c
o
n
s
is
t
en
t
w
i
t
h
s
a
f
e
o
p
e
r
a
ti
n
g
l
i
m
it
s
f
o
r
a
g
e
d
c
e
l
ls
.
E
a
c
h
w
a
s
d
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
e
d
a
t
0
.
2
4
C
(
0
.
6
4
8
A
)
f
o
r
6
m
i
n
u
t
es
,
f
o
l
l
o
w
e
d
b
y
a
1
2
-
m
i
n
u
t
e
r
e
s
t
t
o
a
l
l
o
w
v
o
l
ta
g
e
r
e
l
a
x
a
ti
o
n
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
is
s
eq
u
en
ce
was
r
ep
ea
ted
u
n
til
th
e
n
ew
ce
ll
r
ea
ch
ed
it
s
2
.
5
V
cu
to
f
f
a
n
d
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
-
life
ce
ll
2
.
7
V.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
S
ta
te
o
f
ch
a
r
g
e
(
S
OC
)
p
r
ed
icti
o
n
fo
r
n
ew a
n
d
s
ec
o
n
d
-
life lith
iu
m
-
io
n
b
a
tter
ies
…
(
Ma
s
o
u
d
A
.
S
a
h
h
o
u
k
)
493
Fig
u
r
es
4
an
d
5
s
h
o
w
th
e
c
o
r
r
esp
o
n
d
i
n
g
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
c
u
r
r
en
t
p
u
ls
e
p
r
o
f
iles
,
s
h
o
win
g
t
h
at
d
esp
ite
i
d
en
tical
cu
r
r
en
t
p
u
ls
es,
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
-
li
f
e
ce
ll
d
is
p
lay
s
lo
wer
v
o
lta
g
es,
g
r
ea
ter
p
o
lar
izatio
n
,
a
n
d
s
lo
wer
r
ec
o
v
e
r
y
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
in
itial
SOC
c
h
an
g
e,
th
e
c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
v
o
ltag
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
b
e
h
av
io
r
an
d
in
ter
n
al
r
esis
tan
ce
ef
f
ec
ts
u
n
d
er
id
e
n
tical
lo
ad
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
e
v
o
lta
g
e
s
ig
n
als an
d
tim
e
at
(
a)
f
o
u
r
ch
ar
g
e
cu
r
r
en
ts
f
o
r
n
ew
a
n
d
s
ec
o
n
d
-
life
ce
lls
an
d
(
b
)
f
o
u
r
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
cu
r
r
en
ts
f
o
r
n
ew
an
d
s
ec
o
n
d
-
life
ce
lls
at
25
°
C
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Vo
ltag
e
p
u
ls
e
d
is
ch
a
r
g
e
test
o
f
n
ew
a
n
d
s
ec
o
n
d
-
lif
e
lith
iu
m
-
io
n
b
atter
ies
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
C
u
r
r
e
n
t p
u
ls
e
d
is
ch
a
r
g
e
test
s
f
o
r
(
a)
a
n
ew
lith
iu
m
-
io
n
ce
ll a
n
d
(
b
)
a
s
ec
o
n
d
-
life
li
th
iu
m
-
io
n
b
atter
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
20
2
6
:
487
-
5
01
494
Fig
u
r
es
6
an
d
7
illu
s
tr
ate
th
e
s
tate
o
f
ch
ar
g
e
b
eh
av
io
r
o
f
lith
iu
m
-
io
n
b
atter
ies
f
o
r
n
ew
an
d
s
ec
o
n
d
-
life
lith
iu
m
-
io
n
b
atter
ies
u
n
d
e
r
th
e
p
u
ls
e
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
test
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
s
h
o
ws
th
e
s
tate
o
f
ch
a
r
g
e
p
r
o
f
iles
esti
m
ated
u
s
in
g
th
e
co
u
lo
m
b
co
u
n
tin
g
m
eth
o
d
.
I
n
b
o
th
ca
s
es,
th
e
s
tate
o
f
ch
ar
g
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
s
tep
wis
e
o
v
er
tim
e,
r
ef
lectin
g
s
eq
u
e
n
tial
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
s
tag
es
u
n
d
er
co
n
s
tan
t
cu
r
r
en
t
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
n
ew
ce
ll
s
h
o
ws
a
s
m
o
o
th
er
an
d
m
o
r
e
lin
ea
r
d
ec
lin
e,
in
d
icatin
g
h
ig
h
e
r
ef
f
icie
n
cy
a
n
d
l
o
wer
i
n
ter
n
al
lo
s
s
es,
wh
er
ea
s
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
-
life
ce
ll
s
h
o
ws
s
lig
h
tly
co
m
p
r
ess
ed
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
d
u
r
atio
n
s
,
r
e
v
ea
lin
g
r
ed
u
ce
d
u
s
ab
le
ca
p
ac
ity
d
u
e
to
a
g
in
g
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
p
r
esen
ts
a
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
an
aly
s
is
b
etwe
en
th
e
r
ea
l
an
d
p
r
ed
icted
s
tate
o
f
ch
ar
g
e
p
r
o
f
iles
o
b
tain
ed
u
s
in
g
th
e
r
an
d
o
m
f
o
r
est
esti
m
atio
n
m
o
d
el,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ati
n
g
s
tr
o
n
g
alig
n
m
e
n
t
b
etwe
en
t
h
e
two
cu
r
v
es
an
d
co
n
f
i
r
m
in
g
th
e
h
ig
h
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
th
e
r
a
n
d
o
m
f
o
r
est m
eth
o
d
.
T
h
e
zo
o
m
e
d
-
in
s
ec
tio
n
s
f
u
r
th
e
r
h
ig
h
lig
h
t th
e
m
o
d
el’
s
ab
ilit
y
to
ca
p
tu
r
e
s
tep
wis
e
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
tr
an
s
itio
n
s
an
d
d
y
n
am
ic
v
ar
iatio
n
s
p
r
ec
is
ely
.
C
o
llectiv
ely
,
th
ese
f
ig
u
r
es
v
alid
a
te
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
r
an
d
o
m
f
o
r
est
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
ac
cu
r
ately
esti
m
atin
g
th
e
s
tate
o
f
ch
ar
g
e
f
o
r
n
ew
a
n
d
s
ec
o
n
d
-
life
b
atter
ies
with
m
in
im
al
er
r
o
r
.
Fig
u
r
e
8
c
o
m
p
ar
es
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
r
an
d
o
m
f
o
r
est
an
d
c
o
u
lo
m
b
c
o
u
n
tin
g
m
et
h
o
d
s
f
o
r
s
tate
-
of
-
ch
ar
g
e
p
r
e
d
ictio
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
8
(
a
)
n
ew
a
n
d
Fig
u
r
e
8
(
b
)
s
ec
o
n
d
-
life
lith
iu
m
-
io
n
b
a
tter
ies.
T
h
e
r
an
d
o
m
f
o
r
est
m
eth
o
d
s
h
o
ws
lo
wer
M
AE
,
MSE
,
an
d
R
MSE
v
alu
es
t
h
an
th
e
c
o
u
lo
m
b
co
u
n
tin
g
m
et
h
o
d
.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
s
h
ig
h
er
p
r
e
d
ictio
n
ac
cu
r
ac
y
an
d
s
m
aller
esti
m
atio
n
er
r
o
r
s
.
T
h
e
R
2
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
r
an
d
o
m
f
o
r
est
m
o
d
el
is
clo
s
e
to
o
n
e,
co
n
f
i
r
m
in
g
s
tr
o
n
g
ag
r
ee
m
en
t
with
th
e
ac
tu
al
SO
C
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
th
e
co
u
lo
m
b
c
o
u
n
tin
g
m
eth
o
d
s
h
o
ws
h
ig
h
er
er
r
o
r
s
an
d
l
o
wer
R
2
v
a
lu
es.
Ov
er
all,
th
e
r
an
d
o
m
f
o
r
e
s
t
m
o
d
el
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
m
o
r
e
r
eliab
le
s
tate
o
f
ch
ar
g
e
esti
m
atio
n
f
o
r
n
ew
a
n
d
s
ec
o
n
d
-
life
b
atter
ies.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
SOC
b
y
co
u
lo
m
b
co
u
n
tin
g
f
o
r
(
a
)
n
ew
an
d
(
b
)
s
ec
o
n
d
-
life
lith
iu
m
-
io
n
b
atter
ies
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
S
ta
te
o
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ch
a
r
g
e
(
S
OC
)
p
r
ed
icti
o
n
fo
r
n
ew a
n
d
s
ec
o
n
d
-
life lith
iu
m
-
io
n
b
a
tter
ies
…
(
Ma
s
o
u
d
A
.
S
a
h
h
o
u
k
)
495
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
r
ea
l a
n
d
p
r
e
d
icted
s
tate
o
f
ch
a
r
g
e
f
o
r
(
a)
n
ew
a
n
d
(
b
)
s
ec
o
n
d
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life
li
th
iu
m
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io
n
b
atter
ies u
s
in
g
a
r
an
d
o
m
f
o
r
es
t m
o
d
el
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
m
e
tr
ics o
f
PDT
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e
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alu
ated
u
s
in
g
b
o
t
h
th
e
r
a
n
d
o
m
f
o
r
est an
d
co
u
lo
m
b
co
u
n
tin
g
m
eth
o
d
s
f
o
r
s
tate
o
f
ch
a
r
g
e
p
r
ed
ictio
n
in
(
a
)
n
ew
an
d
(
b
)
s
ec
o
n
d
-
life
lith
iu
m
-
io
n
b
atter
ies
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
20
2
6
:
487
-
5
01
496
T
ab
le
3
s
h
o
ws
th
e
c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
th
e
SOC
p
r
e
d
ictio
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
co
u
lo
m
b
c
o
u
n
tin
g
(
C
C
)
an
d
r
an
d
o
m
f
o
r
est
(
R
F)
u
n
d
er
p
u
ls
e
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
test
(
PDT)
co
n
d
itio
n
s
at
2
5
°C
f
o
r
b
o
th
n
e
w
an
d
s
ec
o
n
d
-
life
lith
iu
m
-
io
n
ce
lls
.
W
h
ile
b
o
th
m
eth
o
d
s
d
is
p
lay
h
ig
h
ac
cu
r
ac
y
(
R
²
>
0
.
9
9
7
)
,
R
F
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
s
C
C
.
Fo
r
th
e
n
ew
ce
ll,
R
F
r
ed
u
ce
s
MA
E
f
r
o
m
0
.
6
5
5
5
%
to
0
.
3
8
3
%
an
d
R
MSE
f
r
o
m
0
.
8
2
6
%
to
0
.
5
7
7
3
%,
with
a
h
ig
h
er
R
²
o
f
0
.
9
9
8
8
.
Similar
ly
,
f
o
r
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
-
life
ce
ll,
MA
E
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
f
r
o
m
0
.
5
1
9
3
%
to
0
.
2
9
4
3
%
an
d
R
MSE
f
r
o
m
0
.
6
5
6
7
%
to
0
.
4
5
1
5
%,
with
R
²
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
to
0
.
9
9
8
7
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at
R
F
p
r
o
v
id
es
s
u
p
er
io
r
ac
cu
r
ac
y
an
d
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
b
y
e
f
f
ec
tiv
ely
ca
p
tu
r
i
n
g
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
SOC
d
y
n
a
m
ics
an
d
r
ed
u
cin
g
t
h
e
cu
m
u
lativ
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
er
r
o
r
s
ass
o
ciate
d
with
C
C
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
u
n
d
e
r
ag
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
ab
le
3
.
E
r
r
o
r
m
etr
ics an
aly
s
is
o
f
s
tate
o
f
ch
ar
g
e
p
r
e
d
ictio
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
c
o
u
lo
m
b
c
o
u
n
tin
g
an
d
r
an
d
o
m
f
o
r
est
f
o
r
p
u
ls
e
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
test
Te
mp
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
2
5
°C
Ty
p
e
M
e
t
h
o
d
s
I
n
i
t
i
a
l
S
O
C
(
%)
W
o
r
k
i
n
g
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
M
A
E
(
%)
M
S
E
(
%)
R
M
S
E
(
%)
R²
N
e
w
c
e
l
l
CC
1
0
0
P
D
T
0
.
6
5
5
5
0
.
6
8
2
3
0
.
8
2
6
0
.
9
9
7
5
RF
1
0
0
P
D
T
0
.
3
8
3
0
.
3
3
3
3
0
.
5
7
7
3
0
.
9
9
8
8
S
e
c
o
n
d
l
i
f
e
CC
80
P
D
T
0
.
5
1
9
3
0
.
4
3
1
2
0
.
6
5
6
7
0
.
9
9
7
4
RF
80
P
D
T
0
.
2
9
4
3
0
.
2
0
3
9
0
.
4
5
1
5
0
.
9
9
8
7
3
.
1
.
3
.
Dy
na
m
ic
s
t
re
s
s
t
ests
Alth
o
u
g
h
t
h
ese
tech
n
iq
u
es
h
av
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
in
s
tate
-
of
-
ch
ar
g
e
esti
m
atio
n
,
th
ey
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tly
r
e
q
u
ir
e
ex
ten
s
iv
e
h
is
to
r
ical
d
atasets
f
o
r
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
b
atter
ies
o
r
o
p
er
ate
u
n
d
e
r
th
e
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
u
n
if
o
r
m
ag
in
g
b
eh
a
v
io
r
.
Su
c
h
d
ep
e
n
d
en
cies
co
n
s
tr
ain
th
e
ir
ap
p
licab
ilit
y
to
s
ec
o
n
d
-
life
b
atter
ies
(
SLBs
)
,
wh
ich
ar
e
c
h
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
r
an
d
o
m
f
o
r
est
r
ep
r
esen
t
s
a
well
-
estab
lis
h
ed
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
i
n
g
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
y
[
1
]
T
h
is
d
y
n
am
ic
d
r
iv
in
g
p
r
o
f
ile
is
wid
ely
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
ev
alu
ate
v
e
h
icle
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
to
v
alid
ate
m
o
d
el
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
o
r
alg
o
r
ith
m
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
[
2
6
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
9
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
d
y
n
am
ic
s
tr
ess
te
s
t
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
e
n
t
p
r
o
f
iles
o
f
a
n
ew
a
n
d
s
ec
o
n
d
-
l
if
e
lith
iu
m
-
io
n
b
atter
y
at
2
5
°
C
.
I
n
th
is
test
,
b
o
th
ce
lls
wer
e
s
u
b
jecte
d
to
id
en
ti
ca
l
cu
r
r
en
t
p
u
ls
e
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
alter
n
atin
g
b
etwe
en
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
an
d
ch
ar
g
e
p
h
ases
.
E
ac
h
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
p
u
ls
e
last
ed
a
p
p
r
o
x
im
ately
6
0
s
,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
a
3
0
s
r
est
an
d
a
2
0
s
c
h
ar
g
e
r
ec
o
v
e
r
y
p
er
io
d
to
s
im
u
late
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
f
lu
ctu
atin
g
lo
ad
s
.
T
h
e
d
y
n
am
ic
s
tr
ess
test
p
r
o
to
co
l
was
m
o
d
if
ied
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
s
tab
le
cu
r
r
en
t
r
eg
u
latio
n
an
d
m
in
im
ize
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
b
y
e
x
ten
d
in
g
p
u
ls
e
d
u
r
atio
n
s
,
o
m
itti
n
g
d
ee
p
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
s
eg
m
en
ts
,
an
d
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
cu
r
r
en
t
f
r
o
m
1
0
.
8
A
to
-
5
.
4
A.
A
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
cu
r
r
e
n
t
o
f
2
.
7
A
(
1
C
)
,
eq
u
iv
alen
t
t
o
2
5
%
o
f
th
e
r
ated
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
p
o
wer
,
was
u
s
ed
,
wh
er
e
n
e
g
ativ
e
c
u
r
r
en
ts
d
en
o
te
ch
a
r
g
in
g
an
d
p
o
s
itiv
e
cu
r
r
en
ts
in
d
icate
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
.
T
h
is
r
ev
iewe
d
p
r
o
f
ile
was
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
ap
p
lied
to
n
ew
an
d
s
ec
o
n
d
-
life
b
atter
ies
f
o
r
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
a
n
a
ly
s
is
.
T
h
e
n
ew
ce
ll
s
h
o
wed
s
m
o
o
th
,
s
tab
le
v
o
ltag
e
tr
a
n
s
itio
n
s
with
a
g
r
ad
u
al
d
ec
lin
e
f
r
o
m
4
.
2
V
to
2
.
4
V,
s
ig
n
if
y
in
g
lo
w
in
ter
n
al
r
esis
tan
ce
an
d
s
tr
o
n
g
elec
tr
o
ch
em
ical
s
tab
ilit
y
,
wh
ile
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
-
life
ce
ll
s
h
o
wed
lar
g
er
v
o
ltag
e
d
r
o
p
s
an
d
s
lo
wer
r
ec
o
v
er
ies,
r
e
f
lectin
g
p
o
lar
izatio
n
ef
f
ec
ts
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
d
ca
p
ac
ity
d
u
e
to
a
g
in
g
.
T
h
ese
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
s
u
g
g
e
s
t
th
at
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
-
life
ce
ll
is
u
n
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
h
ig
h
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
cu
r
r
en
t r
ates a
n
d
d
e
m
an
d
in
g
ap
p
licatio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles (
E
Vs).
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
DST
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t p
r
o
f
ile
at
2
5
°
C
f
o
r
(
a
)
n
e
w
an
d
(
b
)
s
ec
o
n
d
-
life
b
atter
ies
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
illu
s
tr
ates
co
u
lo
m
b
co
u
n
tin
g
s
tate
-
of
-
ch
ar
g
e
m
e
asu
r
em
en
ts
d
u
r
in
g
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
test
in
g
f
o
r
n
ew
v
er
s
u
s
s
ec
o
n
d
-
life
lith
iu
m
-
io
n
b
atter
ies.
Fig
u
r
e
10
(
a)
s
h
o
ws
a
n
ew
b
atter
y
s
tar
tin
g
at
1
0
0
%
SOC
an
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tead
ily
to
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
3
0
%,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
t
h
e
f
u
ll
ca
p
ac
ity
an
d
ex
ten
d
e
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
d
u
r
atio
n
ty
p
ical
o
f
n
ew
b
atter
ies.
I
n
c
o
n
tr
ast,
F
ig
u
r
e
10
(
b
)
s
h
o
ws
a
s
ec
o
n
d
-
life
b
atter
y
th
at
b
e
g
in
s
at
8
0
%
SOC
an
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.