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B
MS)
[
1
]
f
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s
af
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,
lo
n
g
life
,
a
n
d
b
est
p
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[
2
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Gr
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R
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3
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C
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b
en
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Vs
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v
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a
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d
s
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.
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e
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atter
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s
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m
etim
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ca
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p
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ailu
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[
4
]
.
B
atter
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n
im
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b
atter
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f
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[
5
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an
d
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im
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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4
I
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Dr
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,
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
20
2
6
:
383
-
393
384
p
o
ten
tial
r
is
k
s
.
I
n
ac
cu
r
ate
SOC
esti
m
atio
n
in
co
n
v
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t
io
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al
m
eth
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s
ca
n
s
ig
n
if
ic
an
tly
b
r
in
g
d
o
wn
p
er
f
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r
m
an
ce
[
6
]
.
On
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
to
th
is
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r
o
b
lem
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to
in
clu
d
e
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e
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g
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n
d
co
n
tr
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l a
lg
o
r
ith
m
s
f
o
r
B
MS
[
7
]
.
T
o
d
ay
,
B
MSs
ar
e
r
eq
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ir
ed
to
f
ea
t
u
r
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b
o
t
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ac
tiv
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d
p
ass
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ce
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alan
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g
to
en
s
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r
e
u
n
if
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p
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f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
b
atter
ies an
d
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
eir
life
[
8
]
.
Mo
s
t
lo
w
-
co
s
t
B
MS
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
s
eith
er
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
h
ar
d
w
ar
e
p
r
o
t
o
ty
p
es
with
o
u
t
a
n
aly
zi
n
g
en
er
g
y
an
d
th
er
m
al
tr
ad
e
-
o
f
f
s
,
o
r
o
n
s
im
u
latio
n
s
with
o
u
t
ex
p
er
i
m
en
tal
v
er
if
icatio
n
.
Few
s
tu
d
ies
p
r
o
v
id
e
cr
o
s
s
-
v
alid
atio
n
b
etwe
en
h
a
r
d
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e
an
d
s
im
u
latio
n
p
latf
o
r
m
s
to
ev
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ate
SOC
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m
atio
n
a
cc
u
r
ac
y
,
b
alan
cin
g
ef
f
icien
cy
,
an
d
th
er
m
al
im
p
a
ct.
Ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
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ch
allen
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th
e
p
r
esen
t
wo
r
k
im
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lem
e
n
ts
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al
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p
latf
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m
B
MS
with
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etailed
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icien
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,
t
h
er
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al
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
an
d
SOC
esti
m
atio
n
ac
cu
r
ac
y
[
9
]
-
[
1
1
]
.
2.
CO
M
P
O
NE
N
T
S A
ND
H
AR
DWARE
SE
T
UP
T
h
e
b
atter
y
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an
a
g
em
en
t
s
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s
t
em
(
B
MS)
p
r
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e
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e
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.
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jo
r
s
en
s
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r
s
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clu
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an
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S7
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ef
f
ec
t
cu
r
r
en
t
m
o
d
u
le,
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1
te
m
p
er
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r
e
s
en
s
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r
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d
a
v
o
lta
g
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-
d
iv
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r
n
etwo
r
k
f
o
r
in
d
iv
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d
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al
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ce
ll
m
o
n
ito
r
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g
.
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m
icr
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-
SD
ca
r
d
in
ter
f
ac
e
r
e
co
r
d
s
v
o
ltag
e,
c
u
r
r
en
t,
a
n
d
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
d
ata
[
1
2
]
f
o
r
later
an
al
y
s
is
in
MA
T
L
AB
/Si
m
u
lin
k
(
T
ab
le
1
)
.
Me
asu
r
em
en
t
lim
its
an
d
ca
lib
r
atio
n
:
Usi
n
g
Ar
d
u
in
o
’
s
5
V
r
ef
er
en
ce
with
th
e
AC
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1
2
-
2
0
A
v
er
s
io
n
(
1
0
0
m
V/A
s
en
s
itiv
ity
)
,
o
n
e
ADC
s
tep
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
s
to
ab
o
u
t
0
.
0
4
9
A.
E
v
en
t
h
e
5
A
v
ar
ian
t
(
1
8
5
m
V/A)
r
eso
lv
es
ab
o
u
t
0
.
0
2
6
A.
Hen
ce
,
a
tr
ip
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
0
1
5
A
lies
b
elo
w
m
ea
s
u
r
ab
le
r
eso
lu
tio
n
.
T
o
m
ak
e
p
r
o
tectio
n
r
eliab
le,
eith
er
a
h
i
g
h
er
-
r
eso
lu
tio
n
s
en
s
o
r
s
u
ch
as
I
NA2
1
9
/I
NA2
2
6
o
r
ADS1
1
1
5
(
1
6
-
b
it
ADC)
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
u
s
ed
,
o
r
t
h
e
tr
ip
th
r
esh
o
ld
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
s
et
with
in
0
.
0
3
–
0
.
0
5
A
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
es
en
t
h
ar
d
war
e.
T
h
is
clar
if
icatio
n
im
p
r
o
v
es r
ep
r
o
d
u
cib
ilit
y
an
d
h
ar
d
war
e
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
.
T
ab
le
1
.
C
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
S
.
N
o
.
C
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
D
e
scri
p
t
i
o
n
1
Li
t
h
i
u
m
-
I
o
n
B
a
t
t
e
r
y
P
a
c
k
C
o
m
p
r
i
s
i
n
g
t
h
r
e
e
c
e
l
l
s,
n
o
m
i
n
a
l
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
3
.
7
V
,
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
y
2
2
0
0
mA
h
2
A
r
d
u
i
n
o
M
e
g
a
2
5
6
0
C
e
n
t
r
a
l
m
i
c
r
o
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
f
o
r
d
a
t
a
a
c
q
u
i
si
t
i
o
n
,
p
r
o
c
e
s
si
n
g
a
n
d
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
.
3
D
C
C
o
o
l
i
n
g
F
a
n
(
5
V
)
M
a
n
a
g
e
s
t
h
e
r
m
a
l
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s,
e
n
s
u
r
i
n
g
safe
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
4
A
C
S
7
1
2
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
S
e
n
s
o
r
[
1
3
]
M
o
n
i
t
o
r
s c
u
r
r
e
n
t
f
l
o
w
t
o
a
n
d
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
5
D
H
T
Te
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
S
e
n
s
o
r
[
1
4
]
M
e
a
su
r
e
s a
m
b
i
e
n
t
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
f
o
r
t
h
e
r
mal
m
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
a
n
d
saf
e
t
y
p
r
o
t
o
c
o
l
s.
6
M
i
c
r
o
S
D
C
a
r
d
R
e
a
d
e
r
M
o
d
u
l
e
[
1
5
]
En
a
b
l
e
s
d
a
t
a
l
o
g
g
i
n
g
a
n
d
s
t
o
r
a
g
e
o
f
p
e
r
f
o
r
ma
n
c
e
me
t
r
i
c
s a
n
d
s
y
st
e
m s
t
a
t
u
s
.
7
HC
-
0
5
B
l
u
e
t
o
o
t
h
M
o
d
u
l
e
[
1
6
]
F
a
c
i
l
i
t
a
t
e
s w
i
r
e
l
e
ss
c
o
m
mu
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
r
e
a
l
-
t
i
m
e
m
o
n
i
t
o
r
i
n
g
a
n
d
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
.
8
P
o
t
e
n
t
i
o
me
t
e
r
U
sed
f
o
r
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
me
n
t
a
n
d
a
d
j
u
s
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
b
r
i
g
h
t
n
e
ss
o
f
t
h
e
d
i
sp
l
a
y
.
9
1
6
x
2
D
i
g
i
t
a
l
D
i
sp
l
a
y
D
i
sp
l
a
y
s re
a
l
-
t
i
me
sy
s
t
e
m
me
t
r
i
c
s l
i
k
e
S
O
C
,
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
,
a
n
d
st
a
t
u
s
i
n
d
i
c
a
t
o
r
s.
10
7
8
0
5
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
R
e
g
u
l
a
t
o
r
P
r
o
v
i
d
e
s s
t
a
b
l
e
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
t
o
mi
c
r
o
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
a
n
d
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
11
R
e
l
a
y
s
S
w
i
t
c
h
e
s
f
o
r
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
i
n
g
p
o
w
e
r
f
l
o
w
,
c
r
u
c
i
a
l
f
o
r
safe
t
y
me
c
h
a
n
i
sms
d
u
r
i
n
g
f
a
u
l
t
.
12
D
C
M
o
t
o
r
(
L
o
a
d
)
S
i
mu
l
a
t
e
s r
e
a
l
-
w
o
r
l
d
l
o
a
d
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s f
o
r
s
y
st
e
m t
e
st
i
n
g
a
n
d
v
a
l
i
d
a
t
i
o
n
.
13
LED
s a
n
d
B
u
z
z
e
r
V
i
su
a
l
a
n
d
a
u
d
i
b
l
e
i
n
d
i
c
a
t
o
r
s fo
r
s
y
s
t
e
m st
a
t
u
s
a
n
d
f
a
u
l
t
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s.
14
C
o
n
n
e
c
t
i
n
g
W
i
r
e
s
En
s
u
r
e
r
e
l
i
a
b
l
e
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
i
o
n
s
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s.
2
.
1
.
P
r
o
t
ec
t
io
n
t
hresh
o
lds
a
pp
lied
T
o
k
ee
p
t
h
e
b
atter
y
s
af
e
an
d
m
ak
e
it
last
lo
n
g
er
,
we
u
s
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
lim
its
f
o
r
v
o
ltag
e,
tem
p
er
atu
r
e,
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t.
Her
e
ar
e
th
e
k
ey
th
r
esh
o
ld
s
ap
p
lied
:
-
Vo
ltag
e
win
d
o
w
3
.
1
–
4
.
0
V
p
er
ce
ll
:
M
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
er
s
q
u
o
t
e
4
.
2
V
as
f
u
ll
ch
a
r
g
e,
b
u
t
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
ws
lim
itin
g
to
4
.
0
V
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
ex
ten
d
s
cy
cle
life
.
-
T
em
p
er
atu
r
e
win
d
o
w
1
5
–
3
5
°C
:
T
h
i
s
r
an
g
e
is
wid
ely
r
ep
o
r
ted
as
th
e
s
af
e
o
p
er
atin
g
zo
n
e
f
o
r
L
i
-
io
n
ce
lls
,
p
r
ev
en
tin
g
b
o
t
h
p
latin
g
a
n
d
ac
ce
ler
ated
ag
in
g
.
-
C
u
r
r
en
t
lim
it
:
D
ef
in
ed
r
elativ
e
to
ce
ll
ca
p
ac
ity
.
Fo
r
a
2
.
2
A
h
ce
ll,
1
C
=
2
.
2
A;
a
s
af
e
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
cu
r
r
en
t
is
0
.
5
C
(
≈
1
.
1
A)
,
a
n
d
p
r
o
tecti
o
n
ca
n
ac
tiv
ate
at
2
–
3
×
t
h
is
(
≈
2
.
2
–
3
.
3
A)
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
ap
p
licatio
n
.
T
h
ese
r
an
g
es f
o
llo
w
d
ata
f
r
o
m
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
er
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
an
d
B
atter
y
Un
iv
er
s
ity
s
af
ety
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
.
Simu
latio
n
m
o
d
el:
t
h
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
MA
T
L
AB
/Si
m
u
lin
k
s
etu
p
u
s
es
a
T
h
e
v
en
in
-
e
q
u
i
v
alen
t
ce
ll
with
p
ar
am
eter
s
(
R
₀,
R
₁,
C
₁)
id
en
tifie
d
f
r
o
m
a
0
.
2
C
6
0
s
p
u
ls
e
-
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
test
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
r
elax
atio
n
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
tim
e
s
tep
is
0
.
1
s
.
T
wo
b
alan
cin
g
to
p
o
l
o
g
ies
wer
e
s
tu
d
ied
:
i)
a
p
as
s
iv
e
s
h
u
n
t
r
esis
to
r
(
5
0
–
1
0
0
Ω
)
an
d
ii)
an
ac
tiv
e
b
u
c
k
-
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
with
≈
8
5
%
ef
f
icie
n
cy
.
Har
d
war
e
-
lo
g
g
ed
d
ata
wer
e
im
p
o
r
ted
in
t
o
Simu
lin
k
f
o
r
c
r
o
s
s
-
v
alid
atio
n
.
T
h
is
in
teg
r
ated
d
escr
ip
tio
n
clar
if
ies
s
en
s
o
r
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
s
am
p
lin
g
,
t
h
r
esh
o
ld
s
elec
tio
n
,
an
d
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
–
h
ar
d
war
e
lin
k
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
t
h
at
th
e
s
y
s
tem
ca
n
b
e
r
ep
r
o
d
u
ce
d
a
n
d
b
en
ch
m
a
r
k
ed
b
y
o
th
e
r
r
esear
ch
e
r
s
with
o
u
t
am
b
ig
u
ity
.
T
h
e
h
ar
d
war
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
B
MS
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
th
e
Ar
d
u
in
o
Me
g
a
2
5
6
0
,
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
an
d
L
C
D
d
is
p
lay
,
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
is
s
etu
p
en
ab
les
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
o
f
v
o
ltag
e,
cu
r
r
e
n
t,
an
d
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e,
wh
ile
p
r
o
v
i
d
in
g
au
to
m
ate
d
p
r
o
tectiv
e
ac
tio
n
s
to
m
ain
tain
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atter
y
s
af
ety
.
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385
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u
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Har
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i
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p
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B
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3.
M
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o
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k
[
1
7
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with
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[
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o
p
o
s
e
d
h
y
b
r
id
ap
p
r
o
ac
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o
f
f
er
s
a
g
o
o
d
t
r
ad
e
-
o
f
f
b
etwe
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r
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o
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p
u
tatio
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ilit
y
f
o
r
lo
w
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co
s
t e
m
b
ed
d
ed
s
y
s
tem
s
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Simu
latio
n
o
f
SOC
b
y
(
a)
OC
V
m
eth
o
d
an
d
(
b
)
C
C
m
eth
o
d
3
.
3
.
Act
i
v
e
a
nd
pa
s
s
iv
e
ce
ll ba
la
ncing
Activ
e
an
d
p
ass
iv
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ce
ll
b
alan
cin
g
ar
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
im
p
o
r
tan
t
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es
to
m
ak
in
g
th
e
v
o
lt
ag
e
o
f
all
ce
lls
in
a
b
atter
y
p
ac
k
u
n
if
o
r
m
.
Pas
s
iv
e
b
alan
cin
g
eq
u
alize
s
h
ig
h
er
v
o
ltag
e
ce
lls
b
y
d
is
s
ip
atin
g
ex
ce
s
s
en
er
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t
to
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atch
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ce
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s
u
ally
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r
o
u
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r
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s
to
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s
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h
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ap
p
r
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s
im
p
le
b
u
t
ca
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e
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ef
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t
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
wasted
en
er
g
y
b
ec
o
m
es
h
ea
t
[
2
1
]
.
A
ctiv
e
b
alan
cin
g
tech
n
iq
u
es
s
h
i
f
t
en
er
g
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b
etwe
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lls
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r
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m
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ig
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to
l
o
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n
o
r
m
ally
with
eith
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ca
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ac
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o
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in
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u
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cir
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its
.
I
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i
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o
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e
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icien
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ce
th
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e
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em
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with
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u
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s
m
o
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m
p
le
x
ity
an
d
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
to
th
e
s
y
s
tem
[
2
2
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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:
2
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8
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4
I
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1
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atter
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atter
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atter
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ates
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k
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o
r
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etter
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d
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atter
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p
a
n
b
y
av
o
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g
ce
ll
im
b
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ce
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
(
b
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s
h
o
ws
th
e
ac
tiv
e
b
al
an
cin
g
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
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a
tter
y
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ac
k
.
At
th
e
b
eg
in
n
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g
,
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atter
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1
h
as
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h
ig
h
er
SOC
with
an
in
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alu
e
o
f
5
0
%,
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ile
b
atter
y
2
is
at
4
0
%;
b
o
th
co
n
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e
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g
e
to
4
2
.
4
3
%.
T
h
is
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r
ly
s
h
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ws th
at
an
ac
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b
alan
cin
g
s
y
s
te
m
ca
n
tr
an
s
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er
ch
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r
g
e
f
r
o
m
o
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e
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atter
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an
o
t
h
er
in
o
r
d
e
r
to
m
a
k
e
th
e
p
ac
k
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n
if
o
r
m
ly
ch
a
r
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ed
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Activ
e
ce
ll b
ala
n
cin
g
:
(
a)
s
im
u
latio
n
a
n
d
(
b
)
o
u
tp
u
t
3
.
3
.
2
.
P
a
s
s
iv
e
ce
ll ba
la
ncing
I
n
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
f
o
r
p
ass
iv
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ce
ll
b
alan
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,
b
atter
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1
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et
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ch
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le
v
el
o
f
5
0
%,
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er
ea
s
b
atter
y
2
was
ad
ju
s
ted
to
4
0
%.
T
h
is
allo
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f
o
r
th
e
test
in
g
o
f
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
b
a
lan
cin
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
i
n
eq
u
alizin
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c
h
ar
g
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lev
els
with
i
n
th
e
ce
lls
b
y
tr
an
s
f
er
r
in
g
ex
c
ess
en
er
g
y
f
r
o
m
th
e
b
atter
y
at
th
e
h
ig
h
er
ch
a
r
g
e
lev
el
to
th
e
o
n
e
at
th
e
lo
wer
ch
ar
g
e
lev
el,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
7
(
a)
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
(
b
)
d
ep
icts
th
at
th
e
g
r
ap
h
f
o
r
p
ass
iv
e
ce
ll
b
alan
cin
g
d
escr
ib
es
th
at
th
e
SO
C
o
f
B
at
ter
y
1
r
ed
u
ce
s
f
r
o
m
5
0
%
wh
ile
th
at
o
f
B
atter
y
2
r
em
ain
s
co
n
s
tan
t
at
4
0
%.
T
h
e
SOC
co
n
v
er
g
es
at
a
v
alu
e
o
f
3
9
.
9
4
%,
p
o
in
tin
g
to
th
e
f
ac
t
th
at
th
e
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ass
iv
e
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ala
n
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g
m
ec
h
an
is
m
m
ain
ly
d
is
s
ip
ates t
h
e
SOC
o
f
th
e
h
ig
h
ly
ch
ar
g
e
d
b
atter
y
with
o
u
t m
ajo
r
ly
a
f
f
ec
ti
n
g
th
e
SOC
o
f
th
e
lo
wly
ch
ar
g
e
d
b
atter
y
.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
1
4
1
6
18
20
40
42
44
46
48
50
Act
i
v
e
C
ell
B
alan
c
in
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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Po
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&
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s
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I
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N:
2088
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Op
timiz
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Ha
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(
A
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r
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i
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389
(
a)
(
b
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Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Pas
s
iv
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ce
ll b
alan
cin
g
(
a)
s
im
u
latio
n
a
n
d
(
b
)
o
u
tp
u
t
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
4
.
1
.
O
v
er
curr
ent
pro
t
ec
t
io
n
T
h
e
o
v
er
cu
r
r
en
t
p
r
o
tectio
n
s
y
s
tem
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
d
etec
ts
an
d
r
esp
o
n
d
s
to
cu
r
r
e
n
t
in
ex
ce
s
s
o
f
th
e
s
et
lim
it
o
f
1
5
m
A.
Fro
m
Fig
u
r
e
8
(
a)
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
clea
r
o
v
er
cu
r
r
en
t
d
etec
tio
n
s
ig
n
al,
s
h
o
wn
b
y
th
e
r
e
d
lin
e
ea
ch
tim
e
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t,
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
th
e
b
lu
e
lin
e,
ex
ce
ed
s
th
e
th
r
esh
o
ld
.
T
h
is
s
wif
t
r
esp
o
n
s
e
th
u
s
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
in
p
r
o
tectin
g
th
e
b
atter
y
p
ac
k
f
r
o
m
f
u
r
th
e
r
d
am
ag
es
th
at
m
ay
b
e
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
cu
r
r
en
t f
lo
w.
4
.
2
.
O
v
er
v
o
lt
a
g
e
pro
t
ec
t
io
n
T
h
e
o
v
er
v
o
ltag
e/u
n
d
e
r
v
o
ltag
e
p
r
o
tectio
n
s
y
s
tem
p
r
o
tect
s
th
e
b
atter
y
ce
lls
f
r
o
m
a
n
y
v
o
ltag
e
ex
cu
r
s
io
n
s
b
e
y
o
n
d
th
e
p
r
escr
ib
ed
lim
its
,
4
.
0
V
an
d
3
.
0
V,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
8
(
b
)
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
will
cr
ea
te
p
r
o
p
er
p
r
o
tectio
n
s
ig
n
als
in
r
ed
wh
en
th
e
ce
ll
v
o
ltag
e
i
n
b
lu
e
r
ea
c
h
es
an
y
o
f
t
h
ese
lim
its
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
s
af
eg
u
ar
d
s
th
e
b
a
tter
y
p
ac
k
ag
ain
s
t
o
v
er
c
h
ar
g
e
an
d
d
ee
p
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
d
a
m
ag
es
f
o
r
its
b
est
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
life
s
p
an
.
4
.
3
.
O
v
er
t
e
m
pera
t
ure
pro
t
e
ct
io
n
T
h
e
d
esig
n
ed
o
v
er
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
p
r
o
tectio
n
s
y
s
tem
will
k
ee
p
th
e
b
atter
y
ce
ll
tem
p
er
at
u
r
es
with
in
th
e
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
o
p
er
atin
g
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
1
5
°C
to
3
5
°C
.
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
8
(
c)
,
wh
en
th
e
ce
ll tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
th
e
b
lu
e
lin
e
ex
ce
ed
s
th
e
u
p
p
er
li
m
it
o
r
g
o
es
b
elo
w
th
e
lo
wer
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it,
a
p
r
o
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n
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ig
n
al
is
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
,
in
d
icate
d
b
y
th
e
r
ed
lin
e.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ac
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e
ap
p
r
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ac
h
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h
ield
th
e
b
att
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k
f
r
o
m
th
e
r
m
al
r
u
n
a
way
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en
s
u
r
e
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
lo
n
g
ev
ity
o
f
th
e
p
ac
k
.
0
100
2
00
3
00
4
00
5
00
6
00
4
0
42
44
46
48
50
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
20
2
6
:
383
-
393
390
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
R
esu
lts
o
f
(
a)
o
v
er
c
u
r
r
en
t,
(
b
)
o
v
er
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
(
c
)
o
v
er
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
p
r
o
tectio
n
t
r
ig
g
er
4
.
4
.
St
a
t
e
o
f
c
ha
rg
e
(
SO
C)
T
h
e
SOC
_
OC
V
cu
r
v
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
s
tep
wis
e
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
OC
V
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
is
d
is
cr
ete,
w
h
er
ea
s
th
e
SOC
_
C
C
cu
r
v
e
in
d
icate
s
a
s
m
o
o
th
,
c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
d
ec
a
y
.
T
h
e
ir
f
in
al
SOC
s
ar
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
f
r
o
m
ea
ch
o
t
h
er
;
wh
ile
SOC
_
O
C
V
co
n
v
er
g
es
to
1
0
.
5
6
%,
SOC
_
C
C
r
esu
lt
s
in
2
2
.
7
5
%
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
9
(
a)
.
T
h
is
is
m
ain
ly
b
ec
au
s
e
ea
ch
o
f
th
e
m
eth
o
d
s
h
as
its
in
h
er
en
t
lim
itatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
OC
V
-
b
ased
m
eth
o
d
is
ea
s
ily
s
u
b
ject
to
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
an
d
ag
i
n
g
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
s
,
th
u
s
lea
d
in
g
to
less
ac
cu
r
ate
SOC
esti
m
atio
n
s
.
Fo
r
C
C
-
b
ased
esti
m
atio
n
,
ac
cu
r
ate
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
o
f
c
u
r
r
en
t
an
d
a
n
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
m
o
d
el
o
f
b
atter
y
ca
p
ac
ity
ar
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
,
wh
ic
h
ca
n
s
eld
o
m
b
e
f
u
lf
illed
in
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
0
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6
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40
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
Op
timiz
in
g
b
a
tter
y
s
a
fety
a
n
d
p
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
:
Ha
r
d
w
a
r
e
imp
leme
n
ta
tio
n
…
(
A
tu
l Ku
ma
r
S
i
n
g
h
)
391
4
.
5
.
E
nh
a
ncing
ba
t
t
er
y
hea
lt
h t
hro
ug
h e
f
f
ec
t
iv
e
m
a
na
g
e
m
ent
s
t
ra
t
eg
ies
4
.
5
.
1
.
Sta
t
e
o
f
cha
rg
e
m
o
nit
o
ring
wit
h 8
0
/2
0
Rule
T
h
e
im
p
lem
en
ted
SOC
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
s
tr
ateg
y
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
m
an
ag
ed
to
k
ee
p
th
e
b
atter
y
SOC
with
in
th
e
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
2
0
-
8
0
%
r
an
g
e,
as
ev
id
en
t
f
r
o
m
Fig
u
r
e
9
(
b
)
.
T
h
is
also
f
o
llo
ws
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
o
n
b
etter
b
atter
y
h
ea
lth
a
n
d
co
u
ld
p
o
ten
tially
p
r
o
lo
n
g
b
atter
y
life
[
2
3
]
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
R
esu
lts
o
f
(
a)
SOC
esti
m
atio
n
b
y
OC
V
an
d
C
C
m
eth
o
d
an
d
(
b
)
8
0
/
2
0
E
V
c
h
ar
g
in
g
r
u
le
tr
ig
g
er
4
.
5
.
2
.
Act
iv
e
a
nd
pa
s
s
iv
e
ce
ll ba
la
ncing
C
o
m
p
ar
in
g
Fig
u
r
e
6
(
b
)
an
d
Fig
u
r
e
7
(
b
)
r
e
f
lects
q
u
ite
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
f
o
r
t
h
e
a
ctiv
e
an
d
p
ass
iv
e
b
alan
cin
g
s
tr
ateg
ies.
I
n
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
ac
tiv
e
b
alan
cin
g
,
th
er
e
is
f
ast
an
d
ac
cu
r
ate
SOC
eq
u
aliza
tio
n
.
C
ell
im
b
alan
ce
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
s
u
cc
e
s
s
f
u
lly
s
u
p
p
r
ess
ed
,
en
h
an
cin
g
b
atter
y
life
[
2
4
]
.
Pas
s
iv
e
b
alan
cin
g
,
h
o
wev
er
,
co
n
v
er
g
es
to
eq
u
ilib
r
i
u
m
a
b
it
m
o
r
e
s
lo
wly
.
T
h
e
en
er
g
y
lo
s
t
as
r
esis
tiv
e
d
is
s
ip
atio
n
m
a
y
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
in
th
is
ca
s
e.
W
h
ile
b
o
th
m
eth
o
d
s
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
,
ac
tiv
e
b
alan
ci
n
g
en
s
u
r
es
m
u
ch
b
etter
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
ter
m
s
o
f
s
p
ee
d
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
,
th
e
r
eb
y
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
an
ex
ce
llen
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p
at
h
way
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o
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ex
ten
d
in
g
th
e
u
s
ef
u
l
o
p
er
atin
g
life
o
f
tr
ac
tio
n
b
atter
ies an
d
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
o
v
e
r
all
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
ac
tiv
e
b
alan
cin
g
c
o
n
v
er
g
es
f
aster
b
y
ab
o
u
t
3
7
%
an
d
d
is
s
ip
ates
0
.
1
2
W
h
/cy
cle
co
m
p
ar
e
d
with
0
.
2
7
W
h
/cy
cle
in
p
ass
iv
e
b
alan
cin
g
,
h
e
n
ce
p
r
o
v
in
g
to
b
e
m
o
r
e
en
er
g
y
-
ef
f
icien
t.
T
h
e
t
h
er
m
al
r
is
e
is
also
co
m
p
ar
ativ
ely
l
o
wer
in
ac
tiv
e
b
alan
cin
g
,
2
.
3
°C
as o
p
p
o
s
ed
t
o
4
.
6
°C
,
th
u
s
co
n
f
ir
m
in
g
r
ed
u
ce
d
th
er
m
al
s
tr
ess
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
u
n
d
er
lin
e
ac
tiv
e
b
alan
cin
g
f
o
r
e
x
ten
d
ed
b
atter
y
life
in
an
E
V
a
p
p
licatio
n
.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
wo
r
k
v
alid
ated
a
L
i
-
io
n
B
MS
o
n
two
p
latf
o
r
m
s
:
Ar
d
u
in
o
h
a
r
d
war
e
a
n
d
MA
T
L
AB
s
im
u
latio
n
.
Ov
er
v
o
ltag
e,
o
v
er
c
u
r
r
e
n
t,
an
d
o
v
er
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
p
r
o
tectio
n
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
p
r
ev
e
n
ted
f
a
u
lts
;
SOC
est
im
atio
n
was
ac
cu
r
ate
with
in
±
2
%.
Activ
e
b
alan
cin
g
r
esu
lted
in
5
7
%
h
ig
h
er
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
c
y
an
d
3
7
%
f
aster
co
n
v
e
r
g
en
ce
th
an
p
ass
iv
e
b
alan
cin
g
.
T
h
e
r
m
al
r
is
e
r
em
ain
ed
b
elo
w
5
°C
.
0
2000
4
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6
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6
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4
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5
0
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6
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.
8
0
.
9
1
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
20
2
6
:
383
-
393
392
L
im
itatio
n
s
in
clu
d
e
f
ix
e
d
p
r
o
tectio
n
th
r
esh
o
ld
s
,
lack
o
f
m
o
d
elin
g
f
o
r
b
atter
y
ag
in
g
,
an
d
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
f
au
lt
-
d
iag
n
o
s
is
m
o
d
elin
g
.
Fu
tu
r
e
wo
r
k
will
ad
d
Kalm
an
-
f
ilter
-
b
ased
SOC
esti
m
atio
n
,
ad
a
p
tiv
e
b
alan
cin
g
,
a
n
d
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
m
ain
ten
an
ce
an
al
y
tics
to
m
ak
e
th
e
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
m
o
r
e
r
o
b
u
s
t
an
d
E
V
-
lev
el
ap
p
licab
le.
Fu
t
u
r
e
e
x
ten
s
io
n
s
ar
e
p
lan
n
ed
r
eg
a
r
d
in
g
I
SO 2
6
2
6
2
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
s
af
ety
an
d
I
E
C
6
1
8
5
1
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tan
d
ar
d
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
f
u
ll E
V
-
le
v
el
in
teg
r
atio
n
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
M
E
N
T
S
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
g
r
atef
u
lly
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
e
Am
r
ita
Sch
o
o
l
o
f
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
Am
r
ita
Vis
h
wa
Vid
y
ap
ee
th
am
,
C
o
im
b
ato
r
e,
I
n
d
ia,
f
o
r
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
tech
n
o
lo
g
ic
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
a
n
d
r
esear
ch
f
ac
ili
ties
th
at
m
ad
e
th
is
s
tu
d
y
p
o
s
s
ib
le.
T
h
e
in
s
titu
tio
n
’
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
in
o
f
f
er
in
g
ad
eq
u
ate
s
p
ac
e
an
d
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
f
o
r
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
th
e
r
esear
ch
is
s
in
ce
r
ely
ap
p
r
ec
iat
ed
an
d
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
ted
s
ig
n
if
ican
tl
y
to
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l c
o
m
p
letio
n
o
f
th
is
wo
r
k
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
d
ec
lar
e
th
at
n
o
ex
ter
n
al
f
u
n
d
in
g
was r
ec
eiv
e
d
f
o
r
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
ax
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT
)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
id
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Na
m
e
o
f
Aut
ho
r
C
M
So
Va
Fo
I
R
D
O
E
Vi
Su
P
Fu
Atu
l K
u
m
ar
Sin
g
h
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
C
.
P.
B
o
o
p
ath
y
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
C
:
C
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
M
:
M
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
So
:
So
f
t
w
a
r
e
Va
:
Va
l
i
d
a
t
i
o
n
Fo
:
Fo
r
mal
a
n
a
l
y
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i
s
I
:
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n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
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:
R
e
so
u
r
c
e
s
D
:
D
a
t
a
C
u
r
a
t
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o
n
O
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
O
r
i
g
i
n
a
l
D
r
a
f
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E
:
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r
i
t
i
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&
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t
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t
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a
t
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Fu
:
Fu
n
d
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a
c
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o
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NF
L
I
C
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T
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R
E
S
T
ST
A
T
E
M
E
NT
Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
n
o
co
n
f
lict o
f
in
t
er
est.
DATA AV
AI
L
AB
I
L
I
T
Y
Data
av
ailab
ilit
y
is
n
o
t
ap
p
li
ca
b
le
to
th
is
p
ap
er
as
n
o
n
e
w
d
ata
wer
e
cr
ea
ted
o
r
an
aly
ze
d
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
B
.
B
a
l
a
s
i
n
g
a
m
,
M
.
A
h
m
e
d
,
a
n
d
K
.
P
a
t
t
i
p
a
t
i
,
“
B
a
t
t
e
r
y
m
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
sy
st
e
m
s:
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
s
a
n
d
s
o
me
so
l
u
t
i
o
n
s
,
”
E
n
e
r
g
i
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