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C
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[
1
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[
2
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I
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2088
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8
6
9
4
A
n
efficien
t g
r
id
-
co
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ted
s
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la
r
P
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s
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w
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fa
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Ja
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ku
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283
Ad
d
itio
n
al
ad
v
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tag
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p
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atin
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s
(
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in
to
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k
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[
3
]
.
DG
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h
a
r
m
o
n
ic
s
in
ten
s
ity
at
th
e
PC
C
with
ev
er
y
u
s
er
with
in
allo
wab
le
b
o
u
n
d
s
as
m
an
d
at
ed
b
y
g
r
id
r
u
les
to
g
u
ar
a
n
tee
h
ig
h
-
q
u
ality
p
o
we
r
d
eliv
er
ed
to
th
e
u
s
er
s
[
4
]
.
Har
m
o
n
ics
r
elate
d
t
o
in
ter
a
ctin
g
in
v
er
te
r
s
an
d
th
eir
c
o
m
p
lex
g
r
id
in
ter
ac
tio
n
n
ec
ess
itate
ad
d
itio
n
al
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
in
th
is
s
p
ec
if
ic
a
r
ea
d
u
e
to
th
e
g
r
o
win
g
in
te
g
r
a
tio
n
o
f
R
E
Ss
,
in
clu
d
in
g
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
,
in
to
to
d
ay
'
s
p
o
wer
n
etwo
r
k
s
[
5
]
.
T
o
p
r
eser
v
e
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
(
PQ)
i
n
th
e
g
r
id
th
at
in
ter
f
ac
es
with
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
eq
u
ip
m
en
t,
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
g
lo
b
al
r
eg
u
latio
n
s
e
x
is
t.
T
o
e
n
s
u
r
e
PQ
an
d
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
m
itig
ate
PQ
d
if
f
icu
lties
,
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
d
is
to
r
tio
n
s
an
d
in
te
r
-
h
ar
m
o
n
ics
o
n
t
r
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
f
ee
d
er
v
o
ltag
e
ab
n
o
r
m
alities
is
ex
am
in
ed
to
m
ee
t
I
E
E
E
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
f
o
r
d
is
tr
i
b
u
tio
n
f
ee
d
er
elec
tr
ical
c
u
r
r
e
n
ts
.
A
s
m
ar
t
an
d
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
co
n
tr
o
l
m
ec
h
an
is
m
m
u
s
t b
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
f
o
r
th
e
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
,
wh
ich
is
in
ter
f
ac
ed
with
th
e
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
[
6
]
.
T
h
e
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
cu
r
r
en
t
s
o
u
r
ce
in
v
e
r
ter
s
(
C
SI)
with
o
u
t
a
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
ca
n
b
en
ef
it
f
r
o
m
a
s
tr
aig
h
tf
o
r
war
d
tech
n
i
q
u
e
f
o
r
m
itig
atin
g
g
r
o
u
n
d
leak
ag
e
cu
r
r
en
t
[
7
]
.
T
h
e
h
i
g
h
v
o
ltag
e
le
v
el
at
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ir
ec
t c
u
r
r
en
t (
DC
)
b
u
s
is
ac
h
iev
ed
v
ia
a
Kalm
an
-
b
ased
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t tr
ac
k
in
g
(
MPPT)
m
eth
o
d
with
a
n
i
n
t
e
ll
i
g
e
n
t
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
r
e
g
u
l
a
t
o
r
f
o
r
t
h
e
g
r
i
d
-
i
n
t
e
r
f
a
ci
n
g
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
(
VS
I
)
a
n
d
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
-
g
a
i
n
DC
–
D
C
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
[
8
]
.
T
h
e
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
a
b
a
s
i
c
s
i
n
g
l
e
-
p
h
a
s
e
g
r
id
-
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
P
V
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
u
s
e
s
a
d
y
n
a
m
i
c
h
a
r
m
o
n
i
c
c
o
m
p
e
n
s
a
t
i
o
n
m
e
c
h
a
n
i
s
m
f
o
r
l
o
w
e
r
-
o
r
d
e
r
h
a
r
m
o
n
i
c
a
d
j
u
s
t
m
e
n
t
[
9
]
.
T
h
e
p
o
w
e
r
f
u
l
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
i
s
u
s
e
d
t
o
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
th
e
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
cu
r
r
e
n
t
in
jecte
d
f
r
o
m
g
r
id
-
d
ep
en
d
en
t
s
in
g
le
-
p
h
as
e
in
v
er
ter
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
es
o
n
s
in
g
le
-
p
h
ase
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
[
1
0
]
.
T
o
en
h
a
n
ce
p
o
we
r
q
u
ality
an
d
with
s
tan
d
v
o
ltag
e
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
,
th
er
e
ar
e
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
m
itig
atio
n
s
tr
at
eg
ies.
T
o
e
n
h
an
ce
th
e
PQ
o
f
o
n
-
g
r
i
d
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
,
th
e
T
r
an
s
-
Z
-
s
o
u
r
ce
in
v
er
ter
-
b
ased
d
y
n
am
ic
v
o
ltag
e
r
esto
r
e
r
(
DVR)
p
o
wer
ed
b
y
s
o
lar
PV
was
cr
ea
ted
[
1
1
]
.
Fo
r
a
m
u
ltip
u
r
p
o
s
e
d
u
al
-
s
tag
e
g
r
id
-
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t
s
o
lar
PV
s
y
s
tem
,
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
en
h
an
ce
d
co
m
p
licated
Kalm
an
f
ilter
-
b
ased
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
is
u
s
ed
t
o
ac
h
iev
e
th
is
u
n
d
e
r
u
n
u
s
u
al
g
r
id
cir
cu
m
s
tan
ce
s
[
1
2
]
.
T
o
m
itig
ate
f
au
lt
-
in
d
u
ce
d
d
elay
e
d
v
o
ltag
e
r
ec
o
v
e
r
y
(
FID
VR
)
,
a
d
ay
-
an
d
-
n
ig
h
t
co
n
tr
o
ller
k
n
o
wn
as
PV
-
s
tatic
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
co
m
p
en
s
ato
r
(
ST
AT
C
OM
)
was
b
u
ilt
f
o
r
an
ex
ten
s
iv
e
PV
s
o
lar
f
ield
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
wo
r
k
s
ju
s
t
as
well
as
a
STAT
C
OM
attac
h
ed
lo
ca
lly
at
m
o
to
r
lo
ad
s
an
d
s
tr
en
g
t
h
en
s
m
o
to
r
s
at
n
ig
h
t,
wh
ich
is
ab
o
v
e
a
n
d
b
ey
o
n
d
g
r
id
c
o
d
e
s
tan
d
a
r
d
s
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
,
af
f
o
r
d
ab
ili
ty
,
an
d
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
o
f
g
r
id
-
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
s
o
lar
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
h
av
e
m
ad
e
th
em
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
r
en
ewa
b
le
e
n
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
Un
s
tab
le
p
o
wer
g
en
er
atio
n
r
esu
lts
f
r
o
m
th
eir
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
b
ei
n
g
g
r
ea
tly
i
m
p
ac
ted
b
y
ch
an
g
es
in
am
b
ien
t
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
an
d
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
.
W
h
en
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
g
r
id
d
is
r
u
p
tio
n
s
lik
e
f
au
lts
,
s
wel
ls
,
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
s
ag
s
,
th
ese
v
ar
iatio
n
s
d
eter
io
r
ate
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
an
d
co
m
p
r
o
m
is
e
th
e
en
tire
g
r
id
n
etwo
r
k
'
s
d
ep
en
d
a
b
ilit
y
.
Dy
n
am
ic
f
au
lt
ev
e
n
ts
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tly
ca
u
s
e
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
an
d
n
o
n
-
co
m
p
lian
c
e
with
I
E
E
E
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
r
eg
u
latio
n
s
d
u
e
to
th
e
in
ab
ilit
y
o
f
cu
r
r
en
t
co
n
tr
o
l
m
eth
o
d
s
an
d
co
m
p
en
s
atin
g
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
to
m
ain
tain
co
n
s
tan
t
v
o
ltag
e
r
eg
u
latio
n
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
m
ain
tain
g
r
i
d
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
g
u
ar
an
tee
h
ig
h
-
q
u
ality
p
o
wer
d
eliv
er
y
,
a
f
au
lt
-
to
ler
an
t
g
r
id
-
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
s
o
lar
PV
s
y
s
tem
th
at
ca
n
d
y
n
am
ically
c
o
m
p
en
s
ate
f
o
r
v
o
ltag
e
d
is
r
u
p
tio
n
s
is
ess
en
tial.
A
DVR
is
in
co
r
p
o
r
ated
in
to
t
h
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
wo
r
k
'
s
f
au
lt
-
to
ler
a
n
t
an
d
ef
f
icien
t
g
r
i
d
-
co
n
n
ec
te
d
s
o
lar
PV
s
y
s
tem
to
ef
f
icien
tly
m
itig
ate
g
r
id
-
s
id
e
v
o
ltag
e
d
is
tu
r
b
an
c
es
lik
e
s
ag
,
s
wel
l,
an
d
f
au
lt
cir
cu
m
s
tan
ce
s
.
Fo
r
s
tab
le
o
p
er
atio
n
an
d
o
p
tim
al
p
o
wer
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
u
s
es
a
2
0
0
W
W
aa
r
ee
E
n
er
g
ies
W
SM
-
3
1
5
PV
m
o
d
u
le
t
h
at
is
m
o
d
elled
u
s
in
g
a
p
e
r
tu
r
b
an
d
o
b
s
er
v
e
(
P&
O)
MPPT
co
n
tr
o
ller
an
d
a
V
SC
-
b
ased
av
er
ag
e
co
n
v
er
ter
.
T
o
p
r
eser
v
e
v
o
lt
ag
e
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
,
t
h
e
DVR
d
y
n
am
ically
in
jects
co
m
p
en
s
ato
r
y
v
o
ltag
es
b
etwe
en
th
e
g
r
id
a
n
d
t
h
e
lo
ad
.
T
h
e
s
u
g
g
ested
FT
-
DVR
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
r
ed
u
ce
s
to
tal
h
a
r
m
o
n
ic
d
i
s
to
r
tio
n
(
T
HD)
,
as
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
b
y
s
im
u
latio
n
r
e
s
u
lts
o
b
tain
ed
in
MA
T
L
AB
/S
im
u
lin
k
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
wo
r
k
ac
h
iev
es
b
etter
T
HD
u
n
d
er
v
a
r
io
u
s
s
ag
/s
well/f
au
lt
co
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
also
with
in
th
e
I
E
E
E
5
1
9
s
tan
d
ar
d
lim
its
.
All
th
in
g
s
co
n
s
id
er
ed
,
th
is
wo
r
k
o
f
f
er
s
a
s
tr
o
n
g
,
d
ep
e
n
d
ab
le,
a
n
d
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
f
au
lt
-
t
o
ler
an
t
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
en
h
an
cin
g
PQ
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
in
g
r
i
d
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
e
o
r
g
an
iza
tio
n
o
f
th
e
p
ap
e
r
is
as
f
o
llo
ws
:
i)
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
wo
r
k
is
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
s
ec
tio
n
2
;
ii)
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
g
r
id
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
s
o
la
r
PV
s
y
s
tem
,
in
clu
d
in
g
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
,
ar
e
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
in
s
ec
tio
n
3
; a
n
d
ii
i)
L
astl
y
,
th
e
o
v
e
r
all
wo
r
k
is
c
o
n
clu
d
e
d
in
s
ec
tio
n
4
with
a
f
u
tu
r
is
tic
s
co
p
e.
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
d
is
cu
s
s
es
th
e
r
elate
d
wo
r
k
o
f
th
e
g
r
id
-
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
s
o
lar
PV
s
y
s
tem
an
d
its
r
elate
d
tech
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1
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Ma
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a
[
1
6
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,
p
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f
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m
ed
b
etter
in
p
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im
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B
an
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et
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l.
[
1
7
]
’
s
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tific
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n
eu
r
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k
(
ANN)
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1
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s
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[
1
9
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d
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[
2
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p
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h
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l.
[
2
2
]
d
e
v
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p
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d
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[
2
3
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cr
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p
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b
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Kib
r
ia
et
a
l.
[
2
4
]
to
lo
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leak
ag
e
cu
r
r
en
t w
h
il
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p
r
eser
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tr
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th
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et
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l.
[
2
5
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k
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u
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W
es
s
elin
g
et
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l.
[
2
6
]
ex
am
in
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d
th
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
in
te
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r
ated
PVs
,
h
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[
2
7
]
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2.
M
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Fig
u
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tr
ates
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p
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A
2
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W
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ased
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izatio
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1
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.
6
6
k
V
is
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ates
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2
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1
.
VSC
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ba
s
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m
Fig
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ates
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th
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ased
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ased
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ates
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ate
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ased
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r
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f
Fig
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2
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tr
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ller
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t
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b
ased
in
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ter
in
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
2
.
2
.
F
a
ult
-
t
o
ler
a
nt
m
ec
ha
nis
m
us
ing
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t
ec
hn
iq
ue
T
h
e
FT
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b
ased
DVR
tech
n
iq
u
e
tak
es
in
to
ac
c
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u
n
t
th
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a
m
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r
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n
d
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ase
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th
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t
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ates
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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&
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N:
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en
th
er
e
is
n
o
s
ag
o
r
s
well,
th
e
ty
p
ical
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
T
HD
o
f
t
h
e
lo
ad
v
o
ltag
e
is
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
0
.
0
1
.
At
5
0
% sag
/s
well,
th
e
av
er
ag
e
p
er
ce
n
ta
g
e
T
HD
o
f
th
e
lo
ad
v
o
ltag
e
is
ar
o
u
n
d
0
.
5
9
,
an
d
at
1
0
0
%
s
ag
/s
well,
it
is
1
.
1
6
.
W
h
en
th
er
e
is
n
o
s
ag
o
r
s
well,
th
e
av
er
ag
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
T
HD
o
f
lo
ad
v
o
ltag
e
is
lo
w;
wh
en
th
e
r
e
is
1
0
0
%
s
ag
o
r
s
well,
th
e
T
HD
is
lar
g
er
.
T
h
e
f
a
u
lt
b
etwe
en
p
h
ases
A,
B
,
an
d
C
an
d
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
is
cr
ea
ted
b
y
th
e
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
f
a
u
lt
m
o
d
el.
I
n
d
i
v
id
u
al
f
au
lts
b
et
wee
n
p
h
ases
(
A,
B
,
C
,
AB
,
B
C
,
AC
,
o
r
AB
C
)
an
d
g
r
o
u
n
d
ar
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
.
T
ab
le
3
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
T
HD
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
s
y
s
tem
u
n
d
er
d
if
f
er
en
t
f
a
u
lt
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
o
u
tco
m
es
o
f
th
e
g
r
id
-
c
o
n
n
ec
t
ed
s
o
lar
PV
s
y
s
tem
em
p
lo
y
in
g
th
e
FT
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
u
n
d
er
v
ar
io
u
s
f
au
lt scen
ar
io
s
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Simu
latio
n
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
at
(
a)
1
0
0
%
s
ag
co
n
d
itio
n
an
d
(
b
)
1
0
0
% swell c
o
n
d
itio
n
T
ab
le
2
.
T
HD
an
al
y
s
is
u
s
in
g
lo
ad
v
o
lta
g
es a
t
s
ag
/s
well
co
n
d
itio
n
s
S
a
g
/
s
w
e
l
l
P
h
a
se
-
A
P
h
a
se
-
B
P
h
a
se
-
C
A
v
g
.
N
o
sa
g
/
s
w
e
l
l
0
.
0
1
0
.
0
1
0
.
0
1
0
.
0
1
5
0
%
0
.
0
2
0
.
8
6
0
.
8
7
0
.
5
9
1
0
0
%
0
.
0
3
1
.
7
3
1
.
7
4
1
.
1
6
T
ab
le
3
.
Vo
ltag
e
a
n
d
T
HD
a
n
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
u
n
d
er
v
ar
io
u
s
f
au
lt c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
F
a
u
l
t
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
p
h
a
s
e
s (a
,
b
,
c
)
a
n
d
g
r
o
u
n
d
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
s (V
p
u
)
TH
D
(
%)
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
Lo
a
d
I
n
j
e
c
t
e
d
P
h
a
se
-
A
P
h
a
se
-
B
P
h
a
se
-
C
A
v
g
.
A
0
.
9
9
8
0
.
0
9
9
8
4
1
.
1
3
0
.
0
1
0
.
0
1
0
.
3
8
4
B
0
.
9
9
8
0
.
0
9
9
8
3
0
.
0
1
1
.
1
3
0
.
0
2
0
.
3
8
6
C
0
.
9
9
8
0
.
0
9
9
8
1
0
.
0
1
0
.
0
3
2
.
3
8
0
.
8
0
6
AB
0
.
9
9
8
0
.
0
9
9
8
5
1
.
1
3
1
.
2
5
0
.
0
2
0
.
8
BC
0
.
9
9
7
0
.
0
7
7
0
.
0
2
1
.
1
3
2
.
3
8
1
.
1
7
AC
0
.
9
9
6
0
.
0
7
9
1
.
1
3
0
.
0
3
2
.
3
8
1
.
1
8
A
B
C
0
.
9
9
8
0
.
0
9
9
8
2
1
.
1
3
1
.
1
3
2
.
3
8
1
.
5
5
T
h
e
f
au
lt
b
etwe
en
p
h
ase
-
AB
an
d
g
r
o
u
n
d
is
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
in
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
b
etwe
en
0
.
0
6
an
d
0
.
1
2
s
ec
o
n
d
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
a)
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
DVR
tech
n
iq
u
e
with
a
PI
co
n
tr
o
ller
at
f
a
u
lt
(
p
h
ase
-
AB
an
d
g
r
o
u
n
d
)
,
with
th
r
ee
v
o
ltag
es
(
g
r
id
,
l
o
ad
,
a
n
d
in
jecte
d
)
.
T
o
co
m
p
en
s
ate
f
o
r
th
e
lo
ad
v
o
ltag
es
in
th
e
g
r
id
-
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
s
o
lar
PV
s
y
s
tem
in
th
e
ev
en
t
o
f
a
f
au
lt,
an
in
jecte
d
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
0
.
0
9
9
8
5
Vp
u
is
o
b
tain
ed
at
p
h
a
s
e
A
B
.
Similar
ly
,
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
b
)
d
ep
icts
th
e
f
au
lt
s
itu
atio
n
(
p
h
ase
-
AB
C
an
d
g
r
o
u
n
d
)
r
esu
lts
u
tili
zin
g
th
e
DVR
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
B
etwe
en
0
.
0
6
a
n
d
0
.
1
2
s
ec
o
n
d
s
,
p
h
ase
-
AB
C
's
g
r
id
v
o
ltag
e
is
s
et
to
ze
r
o
.
T
o
co
m
p
en
s
ate
f
o
r
th
e
l
o
ad
v
o
ltag
es
in
th
e
g
r
id
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
s
o
lar
PV
s
y
s
tem
in
th
e
ev
en
t
o
f
a
f
au
lt,
a
n
in
jecte
d
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
0
.
0
9
9
8
2
Vp
u
is
o
b
tain
ed
at
p
h
ase
AB
C
.
T
h
e
DVR
r
esp
o
n
s
e
tim
e
o
f
5
0
%
an
d
1
0
0
%
s
ag
/
s
well
co
n
d
itio
n
s
is
0
.
4
5
m
s
an
d
0
.
5
m
s
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
Similar
ly
,
th
e
av
er
ag
e
DVR
r
esp
o
n
s
e
tim
e
o
f
0
.
4
3
m
s
,
0
.
5
6
ms
,
an
d
0
.
8
m
s
f
o
r
th
e
s
in
g
le
-
p
h
ase
f
au
lt,
th
e
two
-
p
h
ase
f
au
lt,
a
n
d
th
e
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
f
au
lt in
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
.
T
ab
le
3
ad
d
itio
n
ally
tab
u
lates
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ass
ess
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
p
e
r
ce
n
tag
e
T
HD
e
x
am
in
atio
n
o
f
th
e
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
lo
ad
v
o
ltag
e
u
tili
zin
g
th
e
DVR
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
at
d
if
f
er
en
t
f
au
lt
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
Af
ter
f
au
lt
co
n
d
itio
n
ad
ju
s
tm
en
ts
,
th
e
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
l
o
ad
v
o
ltag
e'
s
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
T
HD
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
.
Af
ter
c
o
m
p
en
s
atio
n
,
th
e
T
HD
f
o
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
20
2
6
:
282
-
2
92
288
s
in
g
le
-
p
h
ase
f
au
lts
s
u
ch
as
th
o
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e
at
A,
B
,
an
d
C
is
1
.
1
3
(
p
h
ase
-
A)
,
1
.
2
5
(
p
h
ase
-
B
)
,
an
d
2
.
3
8
(
p
h
ase
-
C
)
f
o
r
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ad
v
o
ltag
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Af
ter
ad
ju
s
tm
e
n
t,
th
e
av
er
a
g
e
T
HD
f
o
r
two
-
p
h
ase
f
au
lts
,
s
u
c
h
as
th
o
s
e
at
AB
,
B
C
,
an
d
AC
,
is
0
.
8
,
1
.
1
7
,
an
d
1
.
1
8
f
o
r
l
o
ad
v
o
ltag
es.
Af
ter
ad
ju
s
tm
en
t,
th
e
a
v
er
ag
e
T
HD
f
o
r
t
h
e
th
r
ee
-
p
h
a
s
e
f
au
lt
-
lik
e
f
au
lt
at
AB
C
is
1
.
5
5
f
o
r
lo
a
d
v
o
ltag
es.
W
h
er
ev
er
f
au
lts
o
cc
u
r
at
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
p
h
ases
,
th
e
T
HD
i
s
alwa
y
s
h
ig
h
.
T
h
e
av
er
ag
e
T
HD
f
o
r
s
in
g
le
-
,
two
-
,
an
d
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
f
au
lt c
ir
cu
m
s
tan
ce
s
is
0
.
5
2
5
,
1
.
0
5
,
a
n
d
1
.
5
5
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
d
is
p
lay
s
a
g
r
ap
h
ic
d
ep
ictio
n
o
f
th
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
T
HD
o
f
lo
ad
v
o
ltag
es
d
u
r
i
n
g
v
o
ltag
e
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
.
I
E
E
E
5
1
9
r
e
q
u
ir
em
en
ts
ar
e
m
et
b
y
th
e
v
o
lt
ag
e
d
is
tu
r
b
an
c
es,
s
u
ch
as
s
a
g
,
s
well,
an
d
f
au
lt
cir
cu
m
s
tan
ce
s
.
T
h
e
FT
m
ec
h
an
is
m
with
DVR
co
m
p
en
s
ates
f
o
r
all
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
an
d
s
atis
f
ies
I
E
E
E
5
1
9
cr
iter
ia
f
o
r
T
HD
o
f
less
th
an
5
%.
T
h
e
s
ag
/s
well
-
5
0
%
u
s
in
g
p
h
ase
-
C
,
s
ag
/s
well
-
1
0
0
%
u
s
in
g
p
h
ase
-
C
,
f
au
lt
@
AB
u
s
in
g
p
h
ase
-
B
,
an
d
f
au
l
t @
AB
C
u
s
in
g
p
h
ase
-
A
ar
e
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Simu
latio
n
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
: (
a)
f
au
lt
@
AB
an
d
(
b
)
f
au
lt @
AB
C
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
(
d
)
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
R
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
T
HD
a
n
aly
s
is
: (
a)
s
ag
/s
well
-
5
0
% (
p
h
ase
-
C
)
,
(
b
)
s
ag
/s
well
-
1
0
0
% (
p
h
ase
-
C
),
(
c)
f
au
lt
@
AB
(
p
h
ase
-
B
)
,
an
d
(
d
)
f
a
u
lt
@
AB
C
(
p
h
ase
-
A
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
A
n
efficien
t g
r
id
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
s
o
la
r
P
V
s
ystem
w
ith
a
fa
u
lt
-
to
le
r
a
n
t m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
to
…
(
N
.
Ja
y
a
ku
ma
r
)
289
A
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
DVR
-
b
ased
f
au
lt
-
to
ler
a
n
t
g
r
id
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
s
o
lar
PV
s
y
s
tem
an
d
o
th
er
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
s
o
lar
PV
co
m
p
e
n
s
atin
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
d
o
cu
m
e
n
ted
in
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
i
s
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
4
.
Par
am
eter
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
c
o
m
p
en
s
atio
n
s
tr
ateg
y
,
co
n
tr
o
lle
r
ty
p
e,
d
is
tu
r
b
a
n
ce
co
n
d
itio
n
,
an
d
m
atch
in
g
T
HD
lev
els,
ar
e
all
tak
en
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t
in
th
e
co
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
.
A
UP
QC
with
FLC
co
n
tr
o
l
was
u
s
ed
in
d
esig
n
[
2
8
]
,
wh
ich
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
T
HD
v
al
u
e
s
o
f
1
.
3
2
%
in
s
ag
,
1
.
0
8
%
in
s
well,
an
d
2
.
5
2
%
in
f
au
lt
cir
cu
m
s
tan
ce
s
.
Setty
et
a
l.
[
2
9
]
em
p
lo
y
ed
a
D
VR
with
T
HD
v
ar
y
in
g
f
r
o
m
1
.
5
5
%
to
2
.
1
2
%
th
at
was
r
e
g
u
l
ated
u
s
in
g
PI
a
n
d
P
+
FLC
tech
n
iq
u
es.
T
o
ac
h
iev
e
1
.
2
%
T
HD
u
n
d
er
m
i
x
ed
s
ag
/s
well
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
Nallaiy
ag
o
u
n
d
e
r
et
a
l.
[
3
0
]
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
a
STAT
C
OM
wi
th
a
m
u
ltil
ay
er
d
is
cr
ete
n
o
is
e
-
elim
in
atin
g
s
ec
o
n
d
-
o
r
d
e
r
g
e
n
er
alize
d
in
teg
r
ato
r
(
MD
NE
SOGI
)
.
Srid
h
ar
et
a
l.
[
2
2
]
r
e
p
o
r
ted
2
.
3
4
%
T
HD
u
n
d
er
s
well
an
d
2
.
2
7
%
u
n
d
er
s
ag
af
ter
o
p
tim
izin
g
s
y
s
tem
s
tab
ilit
y
u
s
in
g
an
MN
N
-
PI
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
T
HD
o
f
2
.
2
7
%
was
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
[
2
3
]
u
s
in
g
a
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
-
r
eso
n
an
t
(
PR
)
-
b
ased
cu
r
r
e
n
t
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
wh
ile
1
.
1
%
was
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
[
2
5
]
u
s
in
g
a
s
h
u
n
t
ac
tiv
e
p
o
wer
f
ilter
(S
-
APF)
b
ased
o
n
th
e
AOS
-
F
AT
tech
n
iq
u
e.
W
h
en
UPQC
was
u
s
ed
f
o
r
co
m
b
in
ed
s
ag
/s
well
cir
cu
m
s
tan
ce
s
,
a
s
tu
d
y
in
[
3
1
]
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
a
g
r
ea
ter
T
HD
o
f
2
.
9
%.
T
h
e
s
u
g
g
ested
DVR
-
PI
-
co
n
tr
o
lled
s
y
s
tem
,
in
co
n
tr
ast,
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
b
etter
an
d
h
as th
e
s
m
allest av
er
ag
e
T
HD
v
alu
es,
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
1
.
1
6
% u
n
d
er
s
ag
/s
well
an
d
1
.
5
5
% u
n
d
e
r
f
au
lt
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
co
n
tr
o
l
ac
cu
r
ac
y
an
d
c
o
m
p
en
s
atio
n
ef
f
icien
cy
,
th
is
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
m
eth
o
d
o
u
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
cu
r
r
en
t
m
eth
o
d
s
wh
ile
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
m
ain
tain
in
g
v
o
ltag
e
s
tab
ilit
y
,
m
in
im
izin
g
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
,
an
d
ad
h
e
r
in
g
to
I
E
E
E
5
1
9
cr
iter
ia.
T
ab
le
4
.
Per
f
o
r
m
an
ce
co
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
wo
r
k
with
ex
is
tin
g
s
o
lar
PV sy
s
tem
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
D
e
si
g
n
s
/
y
e
a
r
S
y
st
e
m
C
o
m
p
e
n
s
a
t
i
o
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a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
D
i
st
u
r
b
a
n
c
e
t
y
p
e
TH
D
(
%)
[
2
8
]
,
2
0
2
2
S
o
l
a
r
PV
U
P
Q
C
F
LC
S
a
g
1
.
3
2
S
w
e
l
l
1
.
0
8
F
a
u
l
t
2
.
5
2
[
2
9
]
,
2
0
2
3
S
o
l
a
r
P
V
(
2
0
0
W
)
DVR
PI
S
a
g
2
.
1
2
S
w
e
l
l
2
.
1
1
P
I
+
F
LC
S
a
g
1
.
5
5
S
w
e
l
l
1
.
5
4
[
3
0
]
,
2
0
2
4
S
o
l
a
r
PV
S
TA
TC
O
M
M
D
N
ESO
G
I
S
a
g
/
sw
e
l
l
1
.
2
[
2
2
]
,
2
0
2
5
S
o
l
a
r
P
V
(
1
k
W
)
O
p
t
i
mi
z
a
t
i
o
n
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
M
N
N
-
PI
S
a
g
3
S
w
e
l
l
2
[
2
3
]
,
2
0
2
5
S
o
l
a
r
P
V
(
1
k
W
)
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
PR
S
a
g
2
.
2
7
[
2
5
]
,
2
0
2
5
S
o
l
a
r
P
V
(
1
2
k
W
)
S
h
u
n
t
a
c
t
i
v
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p
o
w
e
r
f
i
l
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r
(S
-
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P
F
)
AOS
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F
A
T
S
a
g
1
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1
F
LC
S
a
g
2
[
3
1
]
,
2
0
2
5
S
o
l
a
r
PV
U
P
Q
C
NA
S
a
g
/
sw
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l
2
.
9
Th
i
s
w
o
r
k
S
o
l
a
r
P
V
(
2
0
0
W
)
DVR
PI
S
a
g
1
.
1
6
S
w
e
l
l
1
.
1
6
F
a
u
l
t
1
.
5
5
3
.
1
.
Dis
cus
s
io
n
T
h
e
s
u
g
g
ested
g
r
id
-
c
o
n
n
ec
te
d
s
o
lar
-
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
s
y
s
tem
with
a
DVR
s
h
o
ws
ex
ce
p
tio
n
al
v
o
ltag
e
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
s
u
p
p
r
ess
io
n
u
n
d
er
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
g
r
i
d
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast
to
p
ass
iv
e
m
itig
atio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
th
at
o
n
ly
a
b
s
o
r
b
o
r
f
ilter
h
ar
m
o
n
ics,
th
e
DVR
u
s
es
a
s
er
ies
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
VSI
to
d
y
n
am
ically
in
ject
co
m
p
en
s
ato
r
y
v
o
ltag
es
in
r
ea
l
-
tim
e,
th
er
ef
o
r
e
b
r
in
g
in
g
th
e
lo
ad
v
o
ltag
e
b
ac
k
to
its
n
o
m
in
al
lev
el.
T
h
e
DVR
m
ain
tain
s
a
s
tead
y
lo
ad
v
o
lt
ag
e
d
u
r
in
g
v
o
ltag
e
s
ag
s
itu
a
tio
n
s
b
y
d
etec
tin
g
th
e
am
p
litu
d
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
an
d
p
r
o
m
p
tly
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
a
co
m
p
e
n
s
atin
g
v
o
ltag
e
in
p
h
ase
wi
th
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
.
E
v
en
at
1
0
0
%
s
ag
,
th
is
ac
tiv
e
co
m
p
en
s
atio
n
m
eth
o
d
r
ed
u
ce
s
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
d
eg
r
a
d
atio
n
,
a
s
s
ee
n
b
y
th
e
lo
w
T
HD
o
f
0
.
5
9
%
to
1
.
1
6
%.
T
h
e
f
ee
d
-
f
o
r
war
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
th
e
DVR
an
d
th
e
q
u
ick
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
th
e
PI
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
wh
ich
g
u
ar
a
n
tee
s
ea
m
less
m
o
d
u
latio
n
i
n
d
ex
m
o
d
i
f
icatio
n
with
o
u
t
o
v
er
s
h
o
o
t
o
r
d
elay
,
a
r
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
th
e
h
ig
h
-
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
d
u
r
i
n
g
s
ag
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
s
.
T
h
e
DVR
s
u
p
p
r
ess
es
o
v
er
v
o
ltag
e
at
th
e
lo
ad
b
y
in
j
ec
tin
g
a
v
o
ltag
e
th
at
is
1
8
0
°
o
u
t
o
f
p
h
ase
with
th
e
ex
ce
s
s
s
u
p
p
ly
v
o
ltag
e
d
u
r
in
g
v
o
ltag
e
s
well
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
.
W
av
ef
o
r
m
in
teg
r
ity
an
d
a
s
tead
y
v
o
ltag
e
am
p
litu
d
e
ar
e
th
e
o
u
tco
m
es
o
f
th
is
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
's
d
ep
en
d
ab
ilit
y
u
n
d
er
in
ter
m
itten
t
g
r
id
s
itu
atio
n
s
is
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
b
y
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
y
m
m
etr
y
an
d
h
a
r
m
o
n
ic
co
n
ten
t,
w
h
ich
s
tay
well
with
in
I
E
E
E
5
1
9
b
o
u
n
d
s
in
b
o
th
s
ag
an
d
s
well
cir
cu
m
s
tan
ce
s
.
T
h
e
DVR's
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
is
s
till
s
tr
o
n
g
in
f
au
lt
s
itu
atio
n
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
two
-
an
d
t
h
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
-
to
-
g
r
o
u
n
d
f
au
lts
,
with
T
HD
o
n
ly
s
lig
h
tly
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
(
u
p
t
o
1
.
5
5
%).
T
h
is
h
ap
p
en
s
as
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
th
e
DVR
ac
tiv
ely
co
r
r
ec
tin
g
th
e
p
h
ase
an
g
le
v
ar
iatio
n
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
th
e
u
n
e
v
en
g
r
id
v
o
ltag
es
i
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
co
m
p
en
s
atin
g
f
o
r
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
m
a
g
n
itu
d
e.
T
h
e
in
co
r
p
o
r
atio
n
o
f
a
PW
M
in
v
er
ter
with
f
ast
s
witch
in
g
ca
p
ac
ity
g
u
ar
a
n
tees
q
u
ic
k
co
m
p
en
s
atio
n
an
d
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
is
o
latio
n
,
wh
ile
th
e
s
im
p
li
city
o
f
th
e
PI
co
n
t
r
o
ller
f
ac
ilit
ates
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
ad
ju
s
tm
en
t.
T
h
e
s
u
g
g
ested
D
VR
s
y
s
tem
y
ield
s
a
lo
wer
T
H
D
th
an
m
o
r
e
s
o
p
h
is
ticated
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies
lik
e
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic,
n
e
u
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
o
r
PR
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
wh
en
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
r
ec
en
t
r
esear
ch
(
T
ab
le
4
)
.
T
h
is
illu
s
tr
ates
th
at
ex
ce
llen
t
co
m
p
en
s
atio
n
ac
cu
r
ac
y
ca
n
b
e
attain
ed
b
y
th
e
DVR's
s
tr
ea
m
lin
ed
co
n
tr
o
l
lo
o
p
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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8
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4
I
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t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
20
2
6
:
282
-
2
92
290
with
o
u
t
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
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h
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h
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r
esu
lts
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e
co
n
s
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t
with
r
esear
ch
b
y
[
2
8
]
an
d
[
3
0
]
,
wh
ic
h
h
ig
h
lig
h
te
d
t
h
at
d
y
n
am
ic
co
m
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ato
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ased
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en
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T
h
e
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r
o
p
o
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ed
DVR
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in
teg
r
ated
PV
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y
s
tem
'
s
f
ast
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an
s
ien
t
r
esp
o
n
s
e,
s
tr
o
n
g
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
r
ejec
tio
n
,
an
d
p
h
ase
-
co
m
p
e
n
s
ated
v
o
ltag
e
in
jectio
n
all
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
t
o
its
o
v
er
all
s
u
p
er
io
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
wh
ic
h
g
u
ar
a
n
tees
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
lo
ad
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
ev
e
n
in
t
h
e
ev
en
t
o
f
g
r
id
an
o
m
alies.
I
ts
f
au
lt
-
to
ler
an
t
an
d
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iaten
ess
f
o
r
d
i
s
p
e
r
s
e
d
r
e
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
,
w
h
e
r
e
g
r
i
d
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
a
r
e
o
f
t
e
n
l
e
s
s
t
h
a
n
p
e
r
f
e
c
t
,
a
r
e
b
o
t
h
c
o
n
f
i
r
m
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
An
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
g
r
i
d
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
s
o
lar
PV
s
y
s
tem
with
a
f
au
lt
-
to
ler
an
t
(
FT)
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
th
at
u
s
es
a
DVR
to
r
ed
u
ce
g
r
id
-
s
id
e
v
o
ltag
e
d
i
s
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
lik
e
s
ag
,
s
well,
an
d
f
au
lt
co
n
d
itio
n
s
was
p
r
esen
ted
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
A
2
0
0
W
W
aa
r
ee
E
n
er
g
ies
W
SM
-
3
1
5
m
o
d
u
le,
a
VSC
-
b
ased
DC
–
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
,
an
d
an
M
PP
T
co
n
tr
o
ller
with
th
e
P&
O
alg
o
r
ith
m
wer
e
u
s
e
d
in
th
e
s
y
s
tem
to
g
u
ar
a
n
tee
s
tab
le
o
p
er
atio
n
an
d
id
ea
l
p
o
wer
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
.
T
h
e
s
u
g
g
ested
DVR
-
b
ased
FT
co
n
tr
o
l
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
co
r
r
ec
ted
f
o
r
v
o
ltag
e
v
ar
iatio
n
s
,
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
s
im
u
latio
n
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
o
b
tain
in
g
T
HD
v
alu
es
well
with
in
th
e
I
E
E
E
5
1
9
lim
it
o
f
5
%
—
1
.
1
6
%
u
n
d
e
r
s
ag
/s
well
an
d
0
.
5
2
5
%,
1
.
0
5
%,
an
d
1
.
5
5
%
u
n
d
er
s
in
g
le
-
,
two
-
,
an
d
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
f
a
u
lts
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
e
in
n
o
v
atio
n
is
in
in
clu
d
in
g
a
q
u
ick
an
d
lig
h
tweig
h
t
DVR
co
n
tr
o
l
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
th
at
im
p
r
o
v
es
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
lo
wer
s
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
,
a
n
d
in
cr
ea
s
es
v
o
ltag
e
s
tab
ilit
y
with
o
u
t
r
e
q
u
ir
in
g
in
tr
icate
ca
lc
u
l
atio
n
s
.
Fo
r
d
is
tr
ib
u
te
d
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
th
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
p
r
o
v
id
es
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
an
d
af
f
o
r
d
ab
le
v
o
ltag
e
ad
ju
s
tm
en
t.
I
t
is
r
estricte
d
to
s
im
u
latio
n
-
b
ased
v
alid
atio
n
,
th
o
u
g
h
,
an
d
m
o
r
e
r
esear
ch
in
to
h
ar
d
war
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
co
n
tr
o
ller
lat
en
cy
,
an
d
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
v
iab
ilit
y
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
.
T
h
e
s
u
g
g
ested
f
au
lt
-
to
ler
an
t
g
r
id
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
s
o
lar
PV
s
y
s
t
em
with
a
DV
R
b
ase
ef
f
icien
tly
r
ed
u
ce
s
v
o
ltag
e
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
an
d
k
ee
p
s
T
HD
with
in
I
E
E
E
5
1
9
b
o
u
n
d
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
with
o
u
t
h
ar
d
war
e
-
in
-
th
e
-
lo
o
p
(
HI
L
)
o
r
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
im
p
le
m
en
tatio
n
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
is
r
estricte
d
to
s
im
u
latio
n
-
b
ased
v
alid
atio
n
.
Fu
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
u
ld
in
v
esti
g
ate
in
teg
r
atio
n
with
s
m
ar
t
in
v
er
ter
s
o
r
g
r
id
-
f
o
r
m
in
g
co
n
v
er
ter
s
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
ed
g
r
id
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
as
well
as
co
n
tr
o
ller
laten
cy
,
s
am
p
lin
g
r
ate,
an
d
em
b
e
d
d
ed
p
r
ac
ticality
u
s
in
g
FP
GA
o
r
DSP
-
b
ased
p
latf
o
r
m
s
.
A
m
o
r
e
r
ea
lis
tic
ev
alu
atio
n
wo
u
ld
b
e
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
ex
p
an
d
i
n
g
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
m
o
d
el
to
i
n
clu
d
e
h
y
b
r
id
s
ag
/s
well
–
f
au
lt
s
itu
atio
n
s
as
well
as
r
en
ewa
b
l
e
-
r
ich
o
r
wea
k
-
g
r
id
s
ettin
g
s
,
a
s
it
n
o
w
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
ates
o
n
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
d
is
tu
r
b
a
n
ce
s
.
Dy
n
am
ic
tu
n
in
g
an
d
f
au
lt
r
ec
o
v
er
y
s
p
ee
d
co
u
ld
b
e
f
u
r
th
er
en
h
an
ce
d
b
y
in
teg
r
atin
g
f
au
lt
class
if
icatio
n
an
d
ad
ap
tiv
e
co
n
tr
o
l
u
s
in
g
AI
-
d
r
i
v
en
tech
n
iq
u
es
(
ANN,
ANFI
S).
I
t
is
ad
v
is
ed
th
at
r
esear
ch
b
e
d
o
n
e
at
t
h
e
g
r
id
lev
el
o
n
th
e
b
est
way
to
d
e
p
lo
y
DVRs
,
co
o
r
d
in
ate
d
is
tr
i
b
u
ted
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
,
an
d
ad
h
e
r
e
to
n
atio
n
al
PQ
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
p
r
ac
ti
ca
l
ap
p
licab
ilit
y
will
b
e
s
tr
en
g
th
en
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
ex
a
m
in
atio
n
o
f
s
witch
in
g
lo
s
s
es,
th
er
m
al
s
tr
ess
,
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
v
iab
ilit
y
.
Ov
er
all,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
'
s
p
r
ep
ar
e
d
n
ess
f
o
r
s
m
ar
t
-
g
r
id
in
teg
r
atio
n
a
n
d
th
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
o
f
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
e
n
er
g
y
s
tab
ilit
y
will
b
e
a
d
v
an
ce
d
b
y
m
o
v
in
g
to
war
d
r
ea
l
-
ti
m
e,
ad
ap
ta
b
le,
an
d
s
ca
lab
le
DVR co
n
tr
o
l m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
n
o
f
u
n
d
in
g
in
v
o
lv
ed
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
ax
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
id
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Na
m
e
o
f
Aut
ho
r
C
M
So
Va
Fo
I
R
D
O
E
Vi
Su
P
Fu
N.
J
ay
ak
u
m
ar
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
B
.
Dev
i V
ig
h
n
esh
war
i
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
V.
Pre
m
a
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
C
:
C
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
M
:
M
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
So
:
So
f
t
w
a
r
e
Va
:
Va
l
i
d
a
t
i
o
n
Fo
:
Fo
r
mal
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
I
:
I
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
R
:
R
e
so
u
r
c
e
s
D
:
D
a
t
a
C
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
O
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
O
r
i
g
i
n
a
l
D
r
a
f
t
E
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
R
e
v
i
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w
&
E
d
i
t
i
n
g
Vi
:
Vi
su
a
l
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a
t
i
o
n
Su
:
Su
p
e
r
v
i
s
i
o
n
P
:
P
r
o
j
e
c
t
a
d
mi
n
i
st
r
a
t
i
o
n
Fu
:
Fu
n
d
i
n
g
a
c
q
u
i
si
t
i
o
n
CO
NF
L
I
C
T
O
F
I
N
T
E
R
E
S
T
ST
A
T
E
M
E
NT
Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
n
o
co
n
f
lict o
f
in
t
er
est.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
A
n
efficien
t g
r
id
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
s
o
la
r
P
V
s
ystem
w
ith
a
fa
u
lt
-
to
le
r
a
n
t m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
to
…
(
N
.
Ja
y
a
ku
ma
r
)
291
DATA AV
AI
L
AB
I
L
I
T
Y
T
h
e
d
ata
th
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
a
v
ailab
l
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
i
n
g
a
u
t
h
o
r
,
[
NJ],
u
p
o
n
r
ea
s
o
n
ab
le
r
eq
u
est.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
Z.
M
.
A
l
a
a
s
,
“
Th
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
s
o
f
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
o
n
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
a
n
d
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
mi
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
:
a
r
e
v
i
e
w
,
”
I
E
EE
Ac
c
e
ss
,
v
o
l
.
1
2
,
p
p
.
1
8
0
3
0
9
–
1
8
0
3
2
7
,
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
A
C
C
ESS
.
2
0
2
4
.
3
5
0
4
0
0
9
.
[
2
]
M
.
Jal
a
l
,
I
.
U
.
K
h
a
l
i
l
,
A
.
U
.
H
a
q
,
A
.
F
l
a
h
,
a
n
d
S
.
A
.
M
.
A
b
d
e
l
W
a
h
a
b
,
“
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
t
s
i
n
P
V
a
r
r
a
y
r
e
c
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
:
r
e
v
i
e
w
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
,
”
I
EEE
Ac
c
e
ss
,
v
o
l
.
1
2
,
p
p
.
1
8
3
7
5
1
–
1
8
3
7
7
8
,
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
A
C
C
ESS
.
2
0
2
4
.
3
5
0
9
9
5
5
.
[
3
]
P
.
S
i
n
g
h
,
U
.
K
u
mar,
N
.
K
.
C
h
o
u
d
h
a
r
y
,
a
n
d
N
.
S
i
n
g
h
,
“
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
t
s
i
n
p
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
c
o
o
r
d
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
mi
c
r
o
g
r
i
d
s:
a
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
si
v
e
r
e
v
i
e
w
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6
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