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ield
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v
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clu
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d
o
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ield
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o
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m
o
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an
d
s
u
p
er
i
o
r
th
e
r
m
al
co
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
[
1
]
.
T
h
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alu
m
in
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m
g
alliu
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(
AlGaN
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/G
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s
tr
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in
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ac
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s
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as
(
2
DE
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at
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ter
f
ac
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with
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t
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ir
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g
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ten
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h
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n
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witch
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g
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n
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g
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al
am
p
lific
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[
2
]
.
Alth
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h
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lectr
o
n
m
o
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ilit
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tr
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s
is
to
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s
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MT
s
)
ex
h
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it
ex
ce
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p
e
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f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
th
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r
eliab
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lized
elec
tr
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ield
cr
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r
th
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ate,
ca
u
s
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r
ly
b
r
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d
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d
cu
r
r
en
t
c
o
llap
s
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
tr
ap
f
o
r
m
atio
n
[
3
]
,
[
4
]
.
C
ar
r
ier
tr
a
p
p
in
g
,
ag
g
r
av
ated
b
y
s
elf
-
h
ea
tin
g
,
in
cr
ea
s
es
o
n
-
r
esis
tan
ce
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
s
ef
f
icien
cy
[
5
]
.
Fu
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e
,
ac
h
iev
in
g
en
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t
-
m
o
d
e
o
p
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atio
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r
em
ai
n
s
ch
allen
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d
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e
to
s
tr
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g
p
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la
r
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n
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f
ec
ts
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at
s
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tain
a
c
o
n
d
u
ctiv
e
ch
an
n
el
with
o
u
t g
at
e
b
ias [
6
]
,
[
7
]
.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
ese
is
s
u
es,
g
r
ad
ed
AlGaN
b
ar
r
ier
s
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
to
s
m
o
o
th
th
e
p
o
lar
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ch
ar
g
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d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
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an
d
im
p
r
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v
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m
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b
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d
th
r
esh
o
ld
c
o
n
tr
o
l
wh
ile
m
in
im
izin
g
d
ef
ec
ts
[
8
]
‒
[
1
0
]
.
R
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ess
ed
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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8
8
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6
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4
I
n
t J Po
w
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lec
&
Dr
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s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
20
2
6
:
1
-
10
2
g
ate
d
esig
n
s
with
p
-
GaN
ca
p
s
f
u
r
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h
an
ce
g
ate
c
o
n
tr
o
l
an
d
r
e
d
u
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leak
ag
e
[
1
1
]
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
f
ield
-
p
late
(
FP
)
s
tr
u
ctu
r
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ed
is
tr
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te
t
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ield
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cr
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ile
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itig
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r
r
e
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t
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s
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[
4
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,
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
3
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,
with
r
ep
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r
ts
o
f
b
r
ea
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d
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wn
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p
r
o
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n
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tim
ized
c
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ig
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r
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s
[
1
4
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[
1
5
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.
Du
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ield
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ates
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u
r
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elp
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ala
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witch
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g
s
p
ee
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an
d
g
ate
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g
e
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
g
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ap
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cin
g
p
ar
asit
ic
ef
f
ec
ts
[
1
7
]
.
W
h
ile
ea
ch
o
f
th
ese
tech
n
iq
u
es,
s
u
ch
as
g
r
ad
ed
b
ar
r
ier
s
,
r
ec
ess
ed
g
ates,
f
ield
p
lates,
an
d
g
r
ap
h
en
e
p
ass
iv
atio
n
,
o
f
f
er
s
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
ts
in
is
o
latio
n
,
th
eir
f
u
ll
p
o
ten
tial
r
em
ain
s
u
n
d
er
e
x
p
lo
r
e
d
in
a
s
in
g
le
co
-
o
p
tim
ized
ar
c
h
itectu
r
e
.
T
h
e
ch
allen
g
e
lies
in
t
h
eir
in
teg
r
atio
n
,
w
h
ich
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
co
m
p
lex
ities
r
elate
d
to
s
tr
ain
m
an
ag
em
en
t,
elec
tr
o
s
tatic
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
,
an
d
f
ab
r
icatio
n
co
m
p
atib
ilit
y
.
T
o
d
ate,
f
ew
s
tu
d
ies
in
teg
r
ate
g
r
ad
ed
AlGaN
b
ar
r
ie
r
s
,
r
ec
ess
ed
p
-
GaN
g
ates,
d
u
al
f
ield
p
lates,
an
d
g
r
a
p
h
en
e
p
as
s
iv
atio
n
in
o
n
e
c
o
-
o
p
tim
ized
ar
c
h
itectu
r
e.
I
n
p
ar
t
icu
lar
,
it
r
e
m
ain
s
u
n
clea
r
wh
et
h
er
s
u
ch
in
teg
r
atio
n
y
ield
s
m
e
r
ely
ad
d
itiv
e
g
ain
s
o
r
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
s
y
n
e
r
g
is
tic
b
eh
av
i
o
r
wh
er
e
th
e
co
m
b
in
ed
ef
f
ec
t
ex
ce
ed
s
th
e
s
u
m
o
f
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
o
p
tim
izatio
n
s
.
Mo
tiv
ated
b
y
th
is
g
a
p
,
th
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
a
GaN
HE
MT
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
th
at
in
teg
r
ates
a
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
ally
g
r
a
d
ed
AlGaN
b
ar
r
ier
with
an
alu
m
in
u
m
p
r
o
f
ile
tr
an
s
itio
n
in
g
f
r
o
m
0
.
3
5
to
0
.
1
8
,
a
r
ec
ess
ed
p
-
GaN
g
ate,
a
d
u
al
d
is
cr
ete
f
ield
p
late
d
esig
n
,
an
d
g
r
ap
h
en
e
o
n
SiN
p
ass
iv
atio
n
.
Simu
lat
io
n
r
esu
lts
v
alid
ate
th
at
th
is
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
ac
h
iev
es
m
u
ltip
le
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
m
iles
to
n
e
s
:
i)
E
n
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t
-
m
o
d
e
o
p
er
atio
n
:
ℎ
=
+
2
.
6
V
with
s
tr
o
n
g
tr
an
s
co
n
d
u
cta
n
ce
(
=
335
m
S/mm
)
;
ii)
Hig
h
-
v
o
ltag
e
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
:
≈
1001
V
;
an
d
iii)
R
F
r
ea
d
in
ess
:
=
42
.
57
GHz
;
r
ed
u
ce
d
g
ate
-
to
-
d
r
ain
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
(
C
gd
)
.
T
h
ese
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
ts
r
ef
lect
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
a
s
u
m
m
atio
n
o
f
en
h
a
n
ce
m
en
ts
b
u
t
also
th
e
e
m
er
g
e
n
ce
o
f
s
y
n
er
g
is
tic
ef
f
ec
ts
wh
er
e
in
te
g
r
ated
o
p
tim
izatio
n
lead
s
to
n
o
n
-
lin
ea
r
,
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
ed
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
g
ain
s
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
f
u
r
th
e
r
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
n
ex
t
-
g
en
er
atio
n
h
ig
h
-
p
o
wer
R
F/p
o
wer
GaN
elec
tr
o
n
ics
b
y
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
in
teg
r
atio
n
-
f
o
cu
s
ed
d
esig
n
g
u
id
an
ce
with
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
d
r
elia
b
ilit
y
m
ar
g
in
s
ag
ain
s
t f
ield
cr
o
wd
in
g
an
d
tr
a
p
-
r
elate
d
i
n
s
tab
ilit
ies.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
d
e
v
ice
is
m
o
d
eled
u
s
in
g
Sil
v
ac
o
T
C
AD,
with
AT
HE
NA
h
an
d
lin
g
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
s
im
u
latio
n
co
v
er
in
g
d
e
p
o
s
itio
n
,
d
if
f
u
s
io
n
,
etch
in
g
,
an
d
AT
L
AS
p
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
th
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
elec
tr
ical
an
d
q
u
a
n
tu
m
-
m
ec
h
an
ical
an
aly
s
es.
Fab
r
icatio
n
b
eg
in
s
o
n
a
2
5
0
µm
SiC
s
u
b
s
tr
ate,
ch
o
s
en
f
o
r
its
s
u
p
er
io
r
th
er
m
al
co
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
a
n
d
a
b
ilit
y
to
s
u
s
tain
h
ig
h
-
p
o
wer
o
p
er
atio
n
.
A
3
0
n
m
AlN
n
u
clea
tio
n
lay
er
p
r
o
m
o
tes
lattice
m
atch
in
g
an
d
h
ig
h
-
q
u
ality
ep
i
tax
ial
g
r
o
wth
,
f
o
ll
o
wed
b
y
a
5
%
AlGaN
b
u
f
f
er
lay
er
th
at
e
n
h
an
ce
s
cr
y
s
tallin
e
q
u
ality
an
d
r
e
d
u
ce
s
d
is
lo
ca
tio
n
d
e
n
s
ity
.
On
t
o
p
o
f
th
is
,
a
3
5
n
m
GaN
c
h
an
n
el
is
f
o
r
m
ed
to
s
er
v
e
as
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
elec
tr
o
n
tr
a
n
s
p
o
r
t r
e
g
io
n
.
T
h
e
b
ar
r
ie
r
lay
er
is
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
ally
g
r
a
d
ed
,
with
al
u
m
in
u
m
co
n
ten
t
g
r
ad
u
ally
d
ec
r
ea
s
in
g
f
r
o
m
3
5
%
to
1
8
%.
T
h
is
s
m
o
o
th
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
al
tr
an
s
itio
n
m
itig
ates
p
o
lar
izatio
n
-
in
d
u
ce
d
ch
ar
g
e
s
p
i
k
es
an
d
s
tr
en
g
th
e
n
s
elec
tr
o
n
co
n
f
i
n
em
en
t a
t th
e
h
e
ter
o
in
ter
f
ac
e,
r
esu
ltin
g
i
n
im
p
r
o
v
ed
ca
r
r
ie
r
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t.
Ab
o
v
e
th
e
b
ar
r
ier
lies
a
p
-
GaN
ca
p
lay
er
(
1
1
8
n
m
)
d
o
p
e
d
with
m
a
g
n
esiu
m
at
5
×
1
0
18
cm
-
3
,
wh
ich
en
ab
les
n
o
r
m
ally
-
o
f
f
(
en
h
an
ce
m
en
t
-
m
o
d
e)
b
eh
a
v
io
r
.
T
h
e
p
-
GaN
r
eg
io
n
u
n
d
er
th
e
g
ate
is
p
r
ec
is
ely
r
ec
ess
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
A
T
HE
NA’
s
etch
in
g
s
im
u
latio
n
to
ac
h
iev
e
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
th
r
esh
o
ld
v
o
ltag
e,
o
f
f
er
in
g
tig
h
ter
g
ate
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
en
h
an
ce
d
s
witch
in
g
s
tab
ilit
y
.
On
ce
th
e
ep
itax
ial
lay
er
s
ar
e
co
m
p
lete,
m
etalliza
tio
n
,
d
if
f
u
s
io
n
,
a
n
d
d
ielec
tr
ic
p
ass
iv
atio
n
s
tep
s
ar
e
s
im
u
lated
to
f
in
alize
th
e
d
e
v
ic
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
p
r
i
o
r
to
elec
tr
ical
t
esti
n
g
.
A
Ni/Au
Sch
o
ttk
y
g
ate
co
n
tact
with
a
wo
r
k
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
5
.
1
eV
p
r
o
v
id
es
s
tr
o
n
g
g
ate
m
o
d
u
latio
n
,
wh
ile
T
i/Al/Ni
/Au
o
h
m
ic
co
n
tacts
with
a
wo
r
k
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
4
.
0
4
eV
en
s
u
r
e
lo
w
co
n
ta
ct
r
esis
tan
ce
at
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
d
r
ain
.
T
h
e
g
ate
le
n
g
th
is
s
et
to
1
.
4
µm
,
with
1
µm
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
d
r
ain
co
n
tacts,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
a
t
o
tal
d
ev
ice
len
g
th
o
f
1
0
.
4
µm
.
Key
d
ev
ice
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
u
s
ed
i
n
T
C
AD
s
im
u
latio
n
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
1
.
Mo
r
eo
v
e
r
,
a
3
4
p
ass
iv
atio
n
lay
er
is
in
clu
d
e
d
,
an
d
d
u
al
f
ield
p
lates
co
n
n
e
cted
to
th
e
g
ate
an
d
s
o
u
r
ce
ar
e
p
o
s
itio
n
ed
o
v
er
th
e
p
ass
iv
atio
n
to
r
ed
is
tr
ib
u
te
th
e
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
,
r
ed
u
ce
g
ate
-
ed
g
e
cr
o
wd
i
n
g
,
an
d
s
u
p
p
r
ess
tr
ap
-
ass
is
te
d
cu
r
r
en
t
co
llap
s
e.
Fu
r
t
h
er
r
elia
b
ilit
y
is
ac
h
iev
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
a
m
o
n
o
lay
er
g
r
ap
h
en
e
s
h
ee
t
ato
p
th
e
Si
3
N
4
p
ass
iv
atio
n
.
Gr
ap
h
en
e
o
n
Si
3
N
4
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
as
an
ato
m
ically
th
in
,
co
n
d
u
ctiv
e,
an
d
ch
em
ically
in
er
t
ca
p
th
at
s
cr
ee
n
s
s
u
r
f
ac
e
ch
a
r
g
e,
p
ass
iv
ates
d
an
g
lin
g
-
b
o
n
d
/d
ef
ec
t
s
tates,
an
d
s
tab
ilizes
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
Fer
m
i
lev
el
,
th
er
eb
y
s
u
p
p
r
ess
in
g
tr
ap
-
ass
is
t
ed
cu
r
r
e
n
t c
o
llap
s
e
u
n
d
er
h
ig
h
f
ield
.
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
i
ll
u
s
t
r
at
e
s
t
h
e
s
t
r
u
c
tu
r
a
l
d
e
s
i
g
n
a
n
d
s
i
m
u
l
a
ti
o
n
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
A
lG
a
N
/G
aN
H
E
M
T
.
T
h
e
r
e
c
es
s
e
d
a
n
d
g
r
a
d
e
d
b
a
r
r
i
e
r
c
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
a
ti
o
n
,
t
o
g
e
th
e
r
w
i
t
h
g
r
a
p
h
e
n
e
a
n
d
S
i
₃
N₄
p
a
s
s
i
v
a
t
i
o
n
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
(
a
)
,
i
s
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
e
d
t
o
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
s
t
a
ti
c
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
a
n
d
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
-
f
i
el
d
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
ti
o
n
,
a
s
c
o
n
f
i
r
m
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
3
D
l
a
y
e
r
a
n
d
d
o
p
i
n
g
p
r
o
f
i
l
e
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
(
b
)
.
F
u
r
t
h
e
r
m
o
r
e
,
t
h
e
f
i
n
e
l
y
r
e
s
o
l
v
e
d
m
e
s
h
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
(
c
)
e
n
a
b
l
e
s
p
r
e
c
is
e
e
x
t
r
a
ct
i
o
n
o
f
d
i
r
e
c
t
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
(
DC
)
a
n
d
R
F
c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
is
t
i
cs
b
y
c
a
p
t
u
r
i
n
g
p
e
a
k
e
le
c
t
r
i
c
-
f
i
el
d
r
e
g
i
o
n
s
a
n
d
p
a
r
a
s
i
t
i
c
c
a
p
a
ci
t
a
n
c
es
wi
t
h
h
i
g
h
f
i
d
e
l
i
t
y
.
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ℎ
w
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
Mo
d
ellin
g
en
h
a
n
ce
men
t
-
mo
d
e
Ga
N
HE
MT
s
w
ith
g
r
a
d
ed
A
lGa
N
b
a
r
r
ier
…
(
Mo
h
imin
u
r
R
a
h
ma
n
I
fty
)
3
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Stru
ctu
r
al
co
n
f
ig
u
r
at
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
AlGaN
/GaN
HE
MT
: (
a)
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
2
D
s
c
h
e
m
at
i
c
v
i
ew
o
f
A
l
G
a
N/
G
a
N
H
E
M
T
w
i
t
h
AlG
a
N
b
a
r
r
i
e
r
,
Ga
N
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
,
Si
3
N
4
p
as
s
i
v
a
t
i
o
n
,
g
r
a
p
h
e
n
e
c
a
p
,
an
d
c
o
n
t
a
c
t
s
;
(
b
)
3
D
d
o
p
i
n
g
a
n
d
l
a
y
e
r
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
u
s
e
d
t
o
v
e
r
i
f
y
t
h
e
r
e
c
ess
e
d
a
n
d
g
r
a
d
e
d
r
e
g
i
o
n
s
;
a
n
d
(
c
)
m
e
s
h
e
d
s
i
m
u
l
at
i
o
n
d
o
m
a
i
n
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n
A
T
L
AS
u
s
e
d
f
o
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DC
a
n
d
R
F
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
t
o
a
c
c
u
r
a
t
el
y
c
a
p
t
u
r
e
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e
a
k
e
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e
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t
r
ic
f
i
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d
s
a
n
d
p
a
r
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it
i
c
c
a
p
a
ci
t
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n
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es
T
h
e
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ec
ess
ed
p
-
GaN
g
ate
en
f
o
r
ce
s
en
h
an
ce
m
en
t
-
m
o
d
e
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eh
a
v
io
r
b
y
d
ep
letin
g
th
e
c
h
an
n
el
at
=
0
V
an
d
r
ed
u
cin
g
leak
ag
e.
Du
al
f
ield
p
lates
s
h
if
t
an
d
s
p
r
ea
d
t
h
e
p
ea
k
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
awa
y
f
r
o
m
th
e
g
ate
ed
g
e,
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
an
d
r
e
d
u
cin
g
tr
a
p
p
in
g
-
in
d
u
ce
d
d
is
p
er
s
io
n
.
Gr
a
p
h
en
e
p
ass
iv
atio
n
s
u
p
p
r
ess
es
s
u
r
f
ac
e
tr
ap
p
in
g
an
d
s
tab
ilizes
th
e
g
ate
–
d
r
ain
s
u
r
f
ac
e
p
o
ten
tial,
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
im
p
r
o
v
ed
d
y
n
am
ic
b
e
h
av
i
o
r
an
d
r
e
d
u
ce
d
co
u
p
lin
g
.
T
h
e
f
i
n
alize
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
is
im
p
o
r
ted
in
to
S
ilv
ac
o
AT
L
AS
f
o
r
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
elec
tr
ical
ch
ar
ac
ter
izatio
n
.
W
ith
in
AT
L
AS,
th
e
Po
is
s
o
n
-
Sch
r
ö
d
in
g
er
an
d
d
r
if
t
-
d
i
f
f
u
s
io
n
eq
u
atio
n
s
ar
e
s
o
lv
ed
s
elf
-
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
u
n
d
er
Fer
m
i
–
Dir
ac
s
tatis
t
ics to
ca
p
tu
r
e
b
o
th
q
u
a
n
tu
m
co
n
f
in
em
en
t a
n
d
ca
r
r
ier
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t [
1
8
]
.
T
h
e
Sh
o
ck
ley
-
R
ea
d
-
Hall
r
ec
o
m
b
in
atio
n
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
is
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
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to
m
o
d
el
ca
r
r
ie
r
g
en
er
atio
n
an
d
r
ec
o
m
b
in
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es,
wh
ile
a
f
in
e
m
esh
g
r
id
en
s
u
r
es n
u
m
er
ical
p
r
ec
is
io
n
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
th
e
r
ec
ess
ed
g
ate
r
eg
io
n
wh
e
r
e
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
s
ar
e
m
o
s
t in
ten
s
e.
−
ℏ
2
1
2
1
∗
(
)
(
)
+
(
)
(
)
=
(
)
(
1
)
.
(
)
=
−
[
(
)
−
(
)
]
(
2
)
(
)
=
−
(
3
)
=
1
⃗
⃗
⃗
+
−
(
4
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
20
2
6
:
1
-
10
4
=
−
1
⃗
⃗
⃗
+
−
(
5
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Simu
latio
n
r
esu
lts
co
n
f
ir
m
th
at
th
e
p
-
GaN
r
ec
ess
ed
,
g
r
ad
e
d
b
a
r
r
ier
AlGaN
/GaN
HE
M
T
ac
h
iev
es
h
ig
h
b
r
ea
k
d
o
wn
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o
ltag
e,
s
tr
o
n
g
g
ate
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o
n
tr
o
llab
ilit
y
,
an
d
m
in
im
al
cu
r
r
e
n
t
co
llap
s
e.
T
h
e
co
m
b
in
ed
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
th
e
g
r
ad
ed
b
a
r
r
ier
,
d
u
al
f
ield
p
lates,
an
d
g
r
ap
h
e
n
e
p
ass
iv
atio
n
cr
ea
te
a
b
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ce
d
ar
c
h
itectu
r
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o
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tim
ized
f
o
r
h
ig
h
-
p
o
wer
a
n
d
h
ig
h
-
f
r
e
q
u
en
cy
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
in
n
o
v
atio
n
an
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
-
lev
el
r
ef
in
em
e
n
t in
ad
v
an
cin
g
GaN
-
b
ased
tr
an
s
is
to
r
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Key
d
ev
ice
p
a
r
am
ete
r
s
u
s
ed
in
T
C
AD
F
e
a
t
u
r
e
M
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
Th
i
c
k
n
e
ss/
d
i
m
e
n
si
o
n
s
(
μ
m
)
S
u
b
s
t
r
a
t
e
S
i
C
2
5
0
N
u
c
l
e
a
t
i
o
n
A
l
N
0
.
0
3
B
u
f
f
e
r
Al
0.
05
Ga
0.
95
N
2
C
h
a
n
n
e
l
G
a
N
0.
0
35
B
a
r
r
i
e
r
(
g
r
a
d
e
d
)
Al
x
Ga
1
-
x
N
(
x
:
0
.
3
5
→
0
.
1
8
)
0
.
0
0
8
B
a
r
r
i
e
r
(
un
g
r
a
d
e
d
)
Al
x
Ga
1
-
x
N
(
x
:
0
.
2
8
)
0
.
0
1
5
p
-
G
a
N
c
a
p
p
-
G
a
N
(
M
g
)
0.
1
1
8
G
a
t
e
c
o
n
t
a
c
t
(
L
g
)
N
i
/
A
u
S
c
h
o
t
t
k
y
1
.
4
O
h
mi
c
c
o
n
t
a
c
t
(
L
s
&
L
d
)
Ti
/
A
l
/
N
i
/
A
u
1
F
i
e
l
d
p
l
a
t
e
s
(
L
s
F
P
&
L
gF
P
)
Ti
/
A
l
/
N
i
/
A
u
0
.
6
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
Fig
u
r
e
2
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
b
an
d
d
ia
g
r
am
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
d
e
v
ice
u
n
d
er
ON
-
s
tate
b
ias
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
en
er
g
y
p
r
o
f
ile
at
th
e
AlGaN
/GaN
h
eter
o
in
ter
f
ac
e
r
ev
ea
ls
a
n
o
ticea
b
le
d
r
o
p
in
th
e
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
b
an
d
b
en
ea
th
th
e
Fer
m
i
lev
el
in
t
h
e
ON
-
s
tate,
s
ig
n
if
y
in
g
s
tr
o
n
g
ac
cu
m
u
latio
n
o
f
th
e
2
DE
G
w
ith
ef
f
icien
t
cu
r
r
en
t
f
lo
w
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
ch
an
n
el.
T
h
is
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
n
is
p
r
im
a
r
ily
g
o
v
er
n
ed
b
y
p
o
lar
izatio
n
-
in
d
u
ce
d
ch
ar
g
e
ac
cu
m
u
latio
n
in
t
h
e
g
r
a
d
ed
AlGaN
b
ar
r
ier
,
with
th
e
ap
p
lied
g
ate
b
ias
ac
tiv
ely
m
o
d
u
latin
g
th
e
ch
a
r
g
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
an
d
elec
tr
o
s
tatic
p
o
ten
tial
p
r
o
f
ile.
T
h
is
b
eh
av
io
r
r
esu
lts
f
r
o
m
th
e
co
m
b
in
ed
e
f
f
ec
ts
o
f
th
e
p
-
GaN
ca
p
lay
er
,
wh
ich
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
a
s
u
r
f
ac
e
d
ep
letio
n
r
eg
io
n
,
an
d
th
e
r
ec
ess
ed
g
ate,
wh
ich
en
h
an
ce
s
g
ate
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
e
n
s
u
r
es
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
th
r
esh
o
ld
v
o
ltag
e.
T
h
e
g
r
ad
e
d
b
ar
r
i
er
f
u
r
th
er
s
m
o
o
th
s
th
e
b
a
n
d
tr
an
s
itio
n
,
r
e
d
u
cin
g
in
ter
f
ac
e
s
tates a
n
d
en
h
a
n
cin
g
th
e
ON
-
s
tate
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
a)
s
h
o
ws
ch
an
g
es
in
th
e
d
r
ain
cu
r
r
en
t
(
I
D
)
with
v
ar
y
in
g
d
r
ai
n
v
o
ltag
e
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
g
ate
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to
-
s
o
u
r
ce
v
o
ltag
es
v
ar
y
in
g
f
r
o
m
2
V
to
8
V
in
s
tep
s
o
f
1
V.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
c
o
m
b
in
ed
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
ac
h
iev
es
an
im
p
r
ess
iv
e
d
r
ain
cu
r
r
en
t
o
f
0
.
6
3
8
2
5
A/m
m
,
s
h
o
win
g
p
o
te
n
tial
f
o
r
h
an
d
lin
g
h
ig
h
p
o
we
r
.
At
g
ate
-
to
-
s
o
u
r
ce
v
o
ltag
e
(
V
gs
)
=
3
V,
th
e
I
D
af
ter
r
ea
ch
in
g
s
atu
r
atio
n
s
h
o
ws
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
cu
r
r
en
t
d
r
o
o
p
u
p
to
V
DS
=
2
0
V,
in
d
icatin
g
h
ig
h
er
th
e
r
m
al
s
tab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
tr
an
s
f
e
r
ch
ar
ac
t
er
is
tics
o
f
Al
x
Ga
1
-
x
N/Ga
N
HE
MT
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
b
)
ex
h
ib
it
a
clea
r
en
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t
-
m
o
d
e
b
eh
a
v
io
r
,
with
d
r
ain
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r
r
e
n
t
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
with
V
gs
b
ey
o
n
d
th
r
esh
o
ld
v
o
ltag
e.
T
h
e
d
esi
g
n
ed
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
ac
h
ie
v
es
a
d
r
ain
cu
r
r
en
t
I
D
-
on
o
f
0
.
5
4
8
7
4
A/m
m
at
a
n
Al
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
0
.
3
5
wh
e
n
th
e
d
r
ain
v
o
ltag
e
is
f
ix
e
d
at
1
5
V.
T
h
is
h
ig
h
er
d
r
ai
n
cu
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I
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-
8
6
9
4
Mo
d
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en
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mo
d
e
Ga
N
HE
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s
w
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A
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(
a)
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Fig
u
r
e
6
.
C
ap
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p
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l
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e
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r
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o
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o
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p
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n
t
a
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y
d
e
s
i
g
n
s
t
r
a
t
e
g
i
e
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
-
in
teg
r
ated
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
also
o
f
f
er
s
p
r
ac
tica
l
g
u
id
an
ce
f
o
r
f
ab
r
icatio
n
b
y
s
ep
ar
atin
g
wh
ich
p
r
o
ce
s
s
“k
n
o
b
s
”
co
n
t
r
o
l
wh
ich
d
ev
ice
o
u
tco
m
es.
I
n
p
ar
ticu
lar
,
th
e
r
ec
ess
ed
p
-
GaN
g
ate
d
ep
th
a
n
d
Mg
ac
tiv
atio
n
p
r
im
a
r
ily
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et
en
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t
-
m
o
d
e
b
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io
r
(
ℎ
)
an
d
g
ate
leak
ag
e
,
th
e
g
r
ad
e
d
b
a
r
r
ier
p
r
o
v
id
es
an
ad
d
itio
n
al
h
a
n
d
le
to
tu
n
e
ele
ctr
o
s
tatics
an
d
m
ain
tain
a
s
tab
le
p
r
o
f
ile,
an
d
t
h
e
d
u
al
f
ield
p
lates
m
ain
ly
g
o
v
er
n
p
ea
k
-
f
ield
r
ed
is
tr
ib
u
ti
o
n
an
d
.
Gr
ap
h
en
e
an
d
SiN
p
a
s
s
iv
atio
n
th
en
tar
g
ets
s
u
r
f
ac
e
-
tr
ap
s
u
p
p
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to
lim
it
cu
r
r
e
n
t
co
llap
s
e
a
n
d
d
y
n
am
ic
.
T
h
is
r
o
le
-
b
ased
m
ap
p
in
g
r
ed
u
c
es
tr
ial
-
an
d
-
e
r
r
o
r
d
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r
in
g
e
p
itax
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
20
2
6
:
1
-
10
8
an
d
lith
o
g
r
a
p
h
y
b
y
n
ar
r
o
win
g
th
e
s
et
o
f
cr
itical
v
ar
iab
les
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
c
o
-
o
p
tim
izatio
n
p
ath
wh
en
tr
an
s
f
er
r
i
n
g
th
e
d
esig
n
f
r
o
m
T
C
AD
to
h
ar
d
wa
r
e.
Sin
ce
th
is
wo
r
k
is
T
C
AD
-
b
as
ed
,
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
m
ay
d
ev
iate
d
u
e
to
p
r
o
ce
s
s
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
p
-
GaN
ac
tiv
atio
n
an
d
r
ec
ess
co
n
tr
o
l,
o
h
m
ic
co
n
tact
r
esis
tan
ce
,
an
d
in
ter
f
ac
e/su
r
f
ac
e
tr
a
p
d
en
s
ities
.
I
m
p
lem
en
tin
g
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
e
n
h
an
ce
m
en
t
-
m
o
d
e
GaN
HE
MT
is
f
ea
s
ib
le,
b
u
t
p
r
ac
tical
f
ab
r
icatio
n
ca
n
d
e
v
iate
f
r
o
m
T
C
AD
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
.
Ac
h
iev
in
g
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
d
o
p
in
g
p
r
o
f
iles
is
c
h
allen
g
in
g
:
p
-
ty
p
e
GaN
f
o
r
n
o
r
m
ally
-
o
f
f
o
p
er
atio
n
r
eq
u
ir
es
h
i
g
h
-
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
ac
ce
p
to
r
ac
tiv
atio
n
(
u
p
to
~1
2
0
0
°C
)
,
an
d
h
ea
v
y
n
-
ty
p
e
d
o
p
in
g
f
o
r
lo
w
-
r
esis
tan
ce
co
n
tacts
is
also
d
if
f
icu
lt.
I
n
p
r
ac
tice,
l
o
w
-
r
esis
tan
ce
ac
ce
s
s
r
eg
io
n
s
ty
p
ically
r
ely
o
n
allo
y
ed
m
etalliza
tio
n
(
e.
g
.
,
T
i/Al/Ni/
Au
)
,
y
et
co
n
ta
ct
r
esis
tan
ce
s
o
f
~0
.
5
–
1
Ω
·
m
m
an
d
in
ter
f
ac
e
o
r
s
u
r
f
ac
e
tr
ap
s
ca
n
d
eg
r
a
d
e
m
o
b
ilit
y
an
d
in
c
r
ea
s
e
d
y
n
am
ic
,
d
em
an
d
in
g
ca
r
ef
u
l
p
ass
iv
atio
n
.
I
n
teg
r
atin
g
p
-
GaN
r
ec
ess
an
d
b
a
r
r
ier
en
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
with
f
ield
-
m
an
ag
em
en
t
f
ea
tu
r
es
r
eq
u
ir
es
tig
h
t
e
p
itax
y
a
n
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
co
n
tr
o
l,
s
o
in
ter
f
ac
e
r
o
u
g
h
n
ess
an
d
tr
ap
p
in
g
m
a
y
ca
u
s
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
b
etwe
en
s
im
u
la
ted
an
d
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Nev
er
t
h
eless
,
s
i
m
ilar
n
o
r
m
ally
-
o
f
f
AlGaN
/GaN
HE
MT
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
in
liter
atu
r
e
,
an
d
o
n
g
o
in
g
a
d
v
an
ce
s
in
GaN
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
(
s
u
ch
as
im
p
r
o
v
ed
lith
o
g
r
ap
h
y
,
s
elec
tiv
e
ar
ea
d
o
p
in
g
,
an
d
r
eg
r
o
wth
tech
n
iq
u
es)
c
o
n
t
in
u
e
to
m
itig
ate
th
ese
f
a
b
r
icatio
n
ch
allen
g
es
.
I
n
s
p
ite
o
f
th
e
f
ab
r
icatio
n
-
r
ela
ted
lim
itatio
n
s
,
p
r
ac
tical
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
r
em
ain
s
f
ea
s
ib
le
b
ec
au
s
e
th
is
T
C
AD
s
tu
d
y
is
b
ased
o
n
f
ab
r
icatio
n
-
r
elev
an
t
m
ater
ials
an
d
v
alid
ated
p
h
y
s
ical
m
o
d
els.
T
h
e
k
ey
o
u
tco
m
e
is
th
at
s
y
n
er
g
is
tic
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
tech
n
iq
u
es
ca
n
b
e
co
-
o
p
tim
ized
to
b
alan
ce
n
o
r
m
ally
-
o
f
f
c
o
n
tr
o
l,
b
r
ea
k
d
o
wn
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
,
an
d
R
F
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
with
in
a
s
in
g
le
d
ev
ice.
Ov
er
all,
t
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
u
g
g
est
a
m
o
v
e
b
ey
o
n
d
a
d
d
itiv
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
to
war
d
a
co
-
e
n
g
in
ee
r
ed
d
ev
ic
e
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
th
at
m
an
ag
es
m
u
ltip
le
tr
ad
e
-
o
f
f
s
i
n
a
u
n
if
ied
a
n
d
s
ca
lab
le
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
co
-
d
esig
n
e
d
a
n
d
v
alid
ated
v
ia
T
C
AD
an
en
h
an
ce
m
en
t
-
m
o
d
e
GaN
HE
MT
in
t
eg
r
atin
g
a
g
r
ad
ed
b
ar
r
ier
,
r
ec
ess
ed
p
-
Ga
N
g
ate,
d
u
al
f
ield
p
lates,
an
d
g
r
ap
h
en
e
p
ass
iv
atio
n
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
lated
d
ev
ice
r
esu
lts
co
n
f
ir
m
t
h
at
th
is
co
-
in
teg
r
ati
o
n
ca
n
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
s
tr
en
g
th
en
g
ate
co
n
tr
o
l,
en
h
an
ce
b
r
ea
k
d
o
wn
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
,
an
d
p
r
eser
v
e
R
F
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e.
A
k
ey
lim
itatio
n
o
f
th
is
wo
r
k
is
th
at
th
e
r
esu
lts
ar
e
s
im
u
latio
n
-
o
n
l
y
,
an
d
p
r
ac
tical
r
ea
lizatio
n
m
ay
b
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
f
ab
r
icatio
n
c
o
n
s
tr
ain
ts
s
u
ch
as
p
-
GaN
ac
tiv
atio
n
an
d
r
ec
ess
co
n
tr
o
l,
o
h
m
ic
co
n
tact
r
esis
tan
ce
,
an
d
in
ter
f
ac
e/su
r
f
ac
e
tr
a
p
d
en
s
ities
.
Nev
er
th
eless
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
r
ch
itectu
r
e
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
r
o
u
te
f
o
r
n
ex
t
-
g
en
er
atio
n
GaN
p
o
wer
a
n
d
R
F
elec
tr
o
n
ics,
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
5
G
R
F
f
r
o
n
t
-
e
n
d
s
,
E
V
p
o
wer
c
o
n
v
e
r
s
io
n
,
a
n
d
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
-
en
er
g
y
in
v
er
ter
s
wh
e
r
e
h
ig
h
ef
f
icien
c
y
,
h
ig
h
v
o
lta
g
e
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
,
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
ar
e
c
r
itical.
Fu
tu
r
e
wo
r
k
will
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
f
ab
r
icatio
n
an
d
v
alid
atio
n
,
i
n
clu
d
in
g
lar
g
e
-
s
ig
n
al
R
F
ch
ar
ac
ter
izatio
n
,
s
tr
ess
o
r
r
eliab
ilit
y
test
in
g
(
e.
g
.
,
d
y
n
a
m
ic
R
on
an
d
b
ias
-
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
s
tr
ess
)
,
an
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
p
tim
izatio
n
to
r
ed
u
ce
leak
ag
e
an
d
tr
ap
p
i
n
g
ef
f
ec
ts
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
h
as
n
o
t
r
ec
eiv
e
d
an
y
s
p
ec
if
ic
g
r
an
t
f
r
o
m
f
u
n
d
in
g
a
g
en
cies
in
t
h
e
p
u
b
lic,
c
o
m
m
er
cial,
o
r
n
o
t
-
f
o
r
-
p
r
o
f
it
s
ec
to
r
s
.
T
h
e
ar
ticle
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
ch
ar
g
es
an
d
p
u
b
licatio
n
ex
p
e
n
s
es
ar
e
p
r
iv
ately
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
Ab
d
u
llah
Al
Fah
a
d
,
Pias
h
Sh
ar
m
a,
an
d
Md
.
Sad
ik
Al
R
ay
h
an
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
ax
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
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l
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e
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tro
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ic
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m
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h
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l
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a
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n
iv
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y
o
f
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g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
&
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
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ET
),
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u
ln
a
,
Ba
n
g
lad
e
sh
.
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re
se
a
rc
h
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c
u
se
s
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n
s
m
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rt
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g
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n
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l
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stru
m
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n
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e
lo
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g
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o
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le
o
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l
se
n
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o
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teg
ra
te
d
with
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o
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e
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rm
s
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re
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l
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e
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li
c
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ti
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h
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se
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s
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r
m
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teria
l
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n
d
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h
e
m
ica
l
a
n
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ly
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a
d
d
it
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o
n
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l
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se
a
rc
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sts
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lu
d
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g
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tro
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o
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il
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ty
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sist
o
rs
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Ts),
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ico
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u
c
to
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a
teria
l
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ro
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e
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n
d
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o
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c
d
e
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ice
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c
tu
re
s.
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c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
t
a
c
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
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y
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0
3
1
0
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t
u
d
.
k
u
e
t.
a
c
.
b
d
.
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u
ll
a
h
Al
F
a
h
a
d
h
a
s
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e
n
a
lec
tu
re
r
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n
th
e
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e
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tri
c
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l
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n
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lec
tro
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g
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n
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g
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p
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rtme
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e
r
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Un
i
v
e
rsity
o
f
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si
n
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ss
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h
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g
y
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u
l
n
a
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0
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re
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e
iv
e
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th
e
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S
c
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n
g
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d
e
g
r
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e
in
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e
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tri
c
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l
a
n
d
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tro
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E
n
g
i
n
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e
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g
fro
m
KU
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in
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0
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3
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n
d
is
c
u
rre
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rsu
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e
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.
S
c
.
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g
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d
e
g
re
e
a
t
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se
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rc
h
fo
c
u
se
s
o
n
e
lec
tro
n
ic
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e
v
ice
s
,
RF
a
n
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ly
sis,
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e
tero
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n
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ti
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n
s
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m
a
teria
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n
d
d
e
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ice
s
,
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icro
g
ri
d
sta
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il
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a
n
a
ly
sis
,
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n
d
e
lec
tro
m
a
g
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e
ti
c
s
(
p
a
tch
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n
te
n
n
a
d
e
sig
n
)
.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
a
lso
e
x
p
lo
re
s
v
a
rio
u
s
a
sp
e
c
ts
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f
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
t
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m
o
d
e
a
n
d
d
e
p
letio
n
-
m
o
d
e
tran
sisto
r
d
e
v
ic
e
s
.
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rre
n
tl
y
,
h
e
is
wo
r
k
in
g
o
n
a
su
sta
in
a
b
le
d
e
v
e
lo
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m
e
n
t
-
b
a
se
d
o
b
jec
ti
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e
p
r
o
g
ra
m
.
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is
a
co
-
a
u
th
o
r
o
f
m
a
n
y
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u
b
li
s
h
e
d
p
a
p
e
rs
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g
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rd
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g
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a
N
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b
a
se
d
HEM
Ts.
H
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
a
b
d
u
l
lah
a
lfah
a
d
0
1
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m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
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n
a
b
Ta
l
u
k
d
e
r
h
a
s
re
c
e
n
tl
y
c
o
m
p
lete
d
h
is
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.
Sc
.
in
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e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
fr
o
m
Kh
u
l
n
a
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
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h
n
o
lo
g
y
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ET
),
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n
e
o
f
t
h
e
lea
d
in
g
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
in
stit
u
ti
o
n
s
i
n
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n
g
la
d
e
sh
.
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re
se
a
rc
h
in
ter
e
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
se
m
ico
n
d
u
c
to
r
m
a
teria
ls
a
n
d
d
e
v
ice
s,
h
ig
h
e
l
e
c
tro
n
m
o
b
i
li
ty
tran
sisto
rs
(HE
M
Ts),
o
p
ti
c
a
l
se
n
sin
g
a
n
d
in
stru
m
e
n
tati
o
n
,
sp
e
c
tro
sc
o
p
y
,
a
n
d
c
o
l
o
rime
try
.
He
is
a
lso
d
e
e
p
ly
i
n
tere
ste
d
in
e
p
it
a
x
ial
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
n
a
n
o
p
h
o
to
n
ics
,
a
n
d
n
a
n
o
fa
b
r
ica
ti
o
n
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
a
rn
a
b
talu
k
d
e
r1
0
2
@
g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
S
a
ty
a
z
it
G
h
o
sh
is
a
n
u
n
d
e
r
g
r
a
d
u
a
te
stu
d
e
n
t
a
t
Kh
u
ln
a
Un
i
v
e
rsity
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
&
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
(KU
ET
),
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
lea
d
in
g
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
u
n
iv
e
r
siti
e
s
in
Ba
n
g
la
d
e
sh
.
He
is
p
u
rsu
i
n
g
a
d
e
g
re
e
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
with
a
stro
n
g
re
se
a
rc
h
i
n
tere
st
in
se
m
ico
n
d
u
c
to
r
d
e
v
ice
s
a
n
d
wid
e
b
a
n
d
g
a
p
m
a
teria
ls.
His
fo
c
u
s
li
e
s
in
e
x
p
lo
ri
n
g
d
e
v
ice
a
rc
h
it
e
c
tu
re
s
a
n
d
m
a
teria
ls
fo
r
h
i
g
h
-
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
e
n
e
rg
y
-
e
ffic
ien
t
e
lec
tro
n
ic
a
p
p
l
ica
ti
o
n
s.
He
a
ims
to
c
o
n
tri
b
u
te
t
o
th
e
fiel
d
o
f
p
o
we
r
e
lec
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
se
m
ico
n
d
u
c
to
r
re
se
a
rc
h
th
ro
u
g
h
in
n
o
v
a
ti
o
n
,
h
a
n
d
s
-
o
n
e
x
p
e
rime
n
t
a
ti
o
n
,
a
n
d
a
c
a
d
e
m
ic
e
x
c
e
ll
e
n
c
e
.
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c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
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h
o
s
h
2
0
0
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0
7
7
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t
u
d
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k
u
e
t
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a
c
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b
d
.
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a
sh
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h
a
r
m
a
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
se
r
v
in
g
a
s
a
n
a
ss
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t
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n
g
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e
e
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th
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l
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n
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e
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tro
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n
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in
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rin
g
De
p
a
rtm
e
n
t
a
t
B
.
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.
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o
we
rg
e
n
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d
.
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RP
L)
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g
o
v
e
rn
m
e
n
t
-
o
w
n
e
d
p
o
we
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g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
c
o
m
p
a
n
y
i
n
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a
n
g
lad
e
sh
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n
c
e
2
0
2
4
.
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n
th
is
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o
le,
h
e
h
a
s
g
a
in
e
d
h
a
n
d
s
-
o
n
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
with
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
S
CAD
A
sy
ste
m
s,
P
LCs,
a
n
d
m
o
d
e
r
n
s
witch
g
e
a
r
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
.
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e
a
rn
e
d
h
is
B.
S
c
.
d
e
g
re
e
i
n
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tri
c
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l
a
n
d
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e
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tro
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n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
fro
m
Kh
u
ln
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U
n
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
&
Tec
h
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o
l
o
g
y
(KU
ET
),
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n
g
la
d
e
sh
,
i
n
2
0
2
3
.
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p
r
ima
ry
re
se
a
rc
h
fo
c
u
s
li
e
s
in
c
o
m
m
u
n
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n
sy
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m
s,
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a
rti
c
u
larly
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n
o
n
-
li
n
e
-
of
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si
g
h
t
(N
LOS
)
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
.
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a
d
d
it
i
o
n
a
l
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
i
n
c
lu
d
e
se
m
ico
n
d
u
c
to
r
h
e
tero
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