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all
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d
am
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ased
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8
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ar
g
e/
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies,
an
d
h
ig
h
-
p
o
we
r
d
en
s
ity
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
b
atter
ies.
Sh
ah
et
a
l.
[
9
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
n
ew
s
lid
in
g
m
o
d
e
co
n
t
r
o
l
f
o
r
UC
AP
-
in
teg
r
ated
DVR.
T
o
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
u
s
e
UC
APs
w
ith
a
DVR,
a
DC
-
DC
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
co
n
v
e
r
ter
is
ess
en
tial
to
co
n
n
ec
t
th
e
UC
AP
b
an
k
with
th
e
DC
lin
k
o
f
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
i
n
v
er
ter
(
VSI
)
.
A
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
in
v
er
ter
n
ee
d
s
an
ad
d
itio
n
al
co
n
v
er
ter
to
b
o
o
s
t th
e
v
o
ltag
e
,
w
h
ich
in
cr
ea
s
es th
e
co
s
t.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
o
f
b
id
ir
e
ctio
n
al
co
n
v
er
ter
s
h
av
e
u
n
d
er
g
o
n
e
ex
ten
s
iv
e
r
esear
ch
an
d
o
p
tim
izatio
n
r
ec
en
tly
f
o
r
v
a
r
io
u
s
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
1
0
]
.
T
o
o
b
tain
a
wid
e
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
v
o
ltag
es
an
d
elim
in
ate
s
h
o
r
t
cir
cu
it
p
r
o
b
lem
s
,
im
p
ed
an
ce
s
o
u
r
ce
in
v
er
ter
s
ar
e
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
e
d
[
1
1
]
.
T
o
d
e
v
e
lo
p
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
with
a
wid
e
v
o
ltag
e
co
n
v
e
r
s
io
n
r
an
g
e
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iate
f
o
r
in
teg
r
ated
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
s
,
b
o
th
is
o
lated
co
n
v
er
ter
s
b
ased
o
n
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
s
an
d
n
o
n
-
is
o
lated
co
n
v
er
ter
s
b
ased
o
n
im
p
ed
an
ce
n
etwo
r
k
s
ar
e
b
ei
n
g
in
v
esti
g
ated
.
I
m
p
ed
an
ce
-
s
o
u
r
ce
in
v
er
ter
s
(
Z
SI
)
a
r
e
u
s
ed
in
s
er
v
ices
lik
e
lo
w
-
v
o
ltag
e
r
id
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
(
L
VR
T
)
an
d
ad
j
u
s
tm
en
t
o
f
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
,
g
r
i
d
in
teg
r
atio
n
,
an
d
el
ec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles
[
1
2
]
-
[
1
5
]
.
Z
-
s
o
u
r
ce
in
v
er
ter
p
u
ls
e
wid
th
m
o
d
u
latio
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
ar
e
an
aly
ze
d
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
u
tco
m
es
o
f
DVR
'
s
en
h
an
ce
d
s
tr
ateg
y
ar
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
[
1
7
]
,
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
e
is
o
lated
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
co
n
v
er
te
r
to
p
o
lo
g
ies ar
e
u
s
ed
in
DVR to
co
m
p
e
n
s
ate
s
ag
an
d
s
well
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
e
a
u
t
h
o
r
s
o
f
t
h
e
p
a
p
e
r
[
2
1
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
a
s
e
l
f
-
t
u
n
e
d
f
u
z
z
y
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
t
h
a
t
is
c
o
m
p
a
r
a
b
l
e
t
o
t
h
e
PI
r
e
g
u
l
a
t
o
r
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
f
o
r
D
V
R
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
.
T
h
e
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
f
u
z
z
y
l
o
g
i
c
-
b
a
s
e
d
P
I
i
n
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
c
u
s
t
o
m
p
o
w
e
r
d
e
v
i
c
e
s
i
s
l
i
m
i
t
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
m
e
m
b
e
r
s
h
i
p
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
'
s
f
o
r
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
.
T
h
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
w
a
s
m
o
d
i
f
i
e
d
b
y
N
a
i
d
u
e
t
a
l
.
[
2
2
]
f
o
r
D
V
R
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
,
a
n
d
i
t
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
d
a
n
a
g
r
e
e
a
b
l
e
r
e
s
u
l
t
i
n
m
u
l
t
i
-
d
is
t
u
r
b
a
n
c
e
c
o
m
p
e
n
s
a
t
i
o
n
.
T
u
n
i
n
g
o
f
P
I
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
i
n
D
V
R
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
le
a
s
t
m
e
a
n
s
q
u
a
r
e
(
LMS
)
m
e
t
h
o
d
,
o
p
t
i
m
i
za
ti
o
n
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
w
a
s
d
i
s
c
u
s
s
e
d
in
t
h
e
l
it
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
[
2
3
]
,
[
2
4
]
.
R
e
c
e
n
t
r
es
e
a
r
c
h
o
n
m
o
d
e
l
p
r
e
d
i
c
t
i
v
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
g
i
v
es
b
e
t
te
r
o
p
t
i
m
i
z
a
ti
o
n
r
e
s
u
l
ts
t
h
a
n
P
I
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
s
[
2
5
]
.
I
n
th
is
p
ap
er
,
t
h
e
b
en
e
f
its
o
f
DVR
an
d
UC
AP,
a
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
im
p
ed
an
ce
s
o
u
r
ce
in
v
er
ter
,
ar
e
co
m
b
in
ed
.
I
t
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
h
o
w
a
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
im
p
ed
an
ce
co
n
v
er
ter
with
an
u
ltra
ca
p
ac
ito
r
m
ig
h
t
im
p
r
o
v
e
DVR
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Du
e
to
th
eir
lo
w
en
er
g
y
d
en
s
ity
an
d
h
ig
h
-
p
o
w
er
d
en
s
ity
,
UC
AP
ca
n
h
an
d
le
h
ig
h
er
p
o
wer
lev
els
f
o
r
lo
n
g
er
p
er
io
d
s
o
f
tim
e
,
wh
ich
ca
n
r
ed
u
ce
s
ag
s
an
d
s
w
ells
.
W
h
en
th
ese
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
ar
e
in
clu
d
ed
,
g
r
id
f
ailu
r
e
is
elim
in
ated
.
Simu
latio
n
u
s
in
g
a
PI
an
d
m
o
d
el
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
co
n
tr
o
l
(
M
PC
)
co
n
tr
o
ller
w
as
also
ex
p
lo
r
ed
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Co
nv
ent
i
o
na
l D
VR
s
y
s
t
em
T
h
e
DVR
s
ch
em
atic
f
o
r
a
lo
w
-
v
o
ltag
e
n
etwo
r
k
is
d
is
p
lay
ed
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
W
h
en
a
s
u
p
p
ly
-
s
i
d
e
v
o
ltag
e
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
o
cc
u
r
s
,
t
h
e
DVR,
a
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ic
d
ev
ice,
r
esp
o
n
d
s
b
y
in
jectin
g
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
v
o
ltag
e
at
th
e
lo
ad
s
id
e
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
DVR
m
itig
ates
s
u
p
p
ly
-
s
id
e
d
is
r
u
p
tio
n
s
f
o
r
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
a
n
d
s
en
s
itiv
e
lo
ad
s
.
T
y
p
ical
DVR
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
c
o
n
s
is
t
o
f
an
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
u
n
it
lin
k
ed
to
a
DC
-
lin
k
ca
p
ac
ito
r
,
o
u
tp
u
t
f
ilter
,
in
jectio
n
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
s
,
an
d
a
VSI
[
1
9
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
C
o
n
v
en
tio
n
al
DVR s
y
s
tem
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
P
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
ev
a
lu
a
tio
n
o
f d
y
n
a
mic
vo
lta
g
e
r
esto
r
er u
s
in
g
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
a
l
imp
ed
a
n
ce
…
(
A.
A
n
ith
a
)
467
T
h
e
lo
ad
v
o
ltag
e,
s
u
p
p
ly
-
s
id
e
v
o
ltag
e
,
an
d
in
jecte
d
v
o
ltag
e
c
o
u
ld
b
e
r
elate
d
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
(
1
)
.
=
+
(
1
)
DVR
s
y
s
tem
s
ca
n
tak
e
ad
v
an
t
ag
e
o
f
d
ir
ec
t
e
n
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
m
eth
o
d
s
lik
e
SME
S,
b
atter
ies
,
o
r
u
ltra
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
.
W
ith
th
eir
h
ig
h
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
en
e
s
s
an
d
lo
n
g
life
cy
cle,
UC
APs
ar
e
o
u
tp
e
r
f
o
r
m
in
g
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
s
to
r
ag
e
in
s
h
o
r
t
-
d
u
r
atio
n
,
h
ig
h
-
p
o
wer
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
Similar
to
a
b
atter
y
,
a
UC
AP
'
s
v
o
ltag
e
p
r
o
f
ile
ch
an
g
es
a
s
it
r
elea
s
e
s
en
er
g
y
,
h
en
ce
it
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
d
i
r
ec
tly
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
DC
lin
k
o
f
th
e
in
v
er
ter
.
T
o
r
etain
th
e
DC
-
lin
k
v
o
ltag
e
s
tead
y
,
a
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
t
er
s
er
v
es
as
an
in
ter
f
ac
e
b
e
twee
n
UC
AP
an
d
VSI
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
[
7
]
u
s
es
a
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
DC
–
DC
co
n
v
er
te
r
th
at
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
as
a
b
u
ck
c
o
n
v
er
ter
wh
ile
ch
ar
g
in
g
t
h
e
UC
AP
f
r
o
m
th
e
g
r
id
an
d
as
a
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
wh
en
r
el
ea
s
in
g
p
o
wer
f
r
o
m
th
e
UC
AP.
Av
er
ag
e
cu
r
r
en
t
m
o
d
e
co
n
tr
o
l,
wh
ich
h
as
b
ee
n
well
ex
am
in
ed
in
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
,
is
u
s
ed
to
r
eg
u
late
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
l
tag
e
o
f
th
e
b
id
ir
ec
ti
o
n
al
DC
–
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
in
b
o
th
b
u
ck
a
n
d
b
o
o
s
t m
o
d
es w
h
en
ch
ar
g
in
g
a
n
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
th
e
UC
AP b
an
k
.
Ou
tp
u
t
DC
lin
k
v
o
ltag
e
V
out
a
n
d
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
v
o
ltag
e
V
ref
ar
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
in
a
v
er
ag
e
cu
r
r
en
t
m
o
d
e
co
n
tr
o
l
[
7
]
d
is
p
lay
ed
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
,
an
d
a
v
o
ltag
e
co
m
p
en
s
ato
r
r
ec
ei
v
e
s
th
e
er
r
o
r
af
ter
th
at
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
r
ef
er
en
ce
v
alu
e
f
o
r
cu
r
r
en
t
(
I
ucref
)
.
T
h
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
s
ig
n
als ar
e
th
en
s
en
t th
r
o
u
g
h
a
c
u
r
r
en
t c
o
m
p
en
s
ato
r
,
wh
ich
g
en
er
ates th
e
p
u
ls
es f
o
r
th
e
s
witch
es.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
v
o
ltag
e
is
in
jecte
d
d
u
r
in
g
s
ag
an
d
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h
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co
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atin
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o
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er
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an
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ef
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o
f
th
ese
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n
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e
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ter
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ar
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o
t
s
u
b
s
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tially
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ce
d
.
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lth
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h
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tio
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ig
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ch
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t,
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eg
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lk
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ilter
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Fig
u
r
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2
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DC
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r
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en
t m
o
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l
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.
2
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ter
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A
P),
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ate
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itio
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atin
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h
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e
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ased
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o
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ig
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r
e
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o
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itig
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atin
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ated
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ct
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e
s
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o
o
t
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ad
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ed
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ly
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ec
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ely
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o
r
t
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ce
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k
o
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ely
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les
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g
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n
d
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ts
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e
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ter
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u
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n
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im
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ated
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ar
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ier
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h
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r
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d
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ce
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th
e
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ir
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witch
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g
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ls
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es th
e
s
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t
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g
h
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u
r
atio
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
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4
I
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t J Po
w
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Dr
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t
,
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1
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u
r
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3
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Pro
p
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ed
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T
h
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o
ltag
e
e
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u
atio
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elate
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ed
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4
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wh
er
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t f
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r
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en
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h
e
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er
ter
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s
o
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tp
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t p
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k
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v
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e
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er
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o
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u
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is
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ito
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t v
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y
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e
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t
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o
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t
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u
t
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n
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e
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n
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e
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u
r
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4
.
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h
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q
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
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s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
P
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A.
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469
2
.
2
.
1
.
P
ro
po
s
ed
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et
ho
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h
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o
ller
t
o
c
o
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l D
C
lin
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tr
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e
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s
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t.
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UC
AP
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er
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2
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2
.
2
.
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ro
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Fig
u
r
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5
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s
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ates
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n
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ically
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ar
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ased
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o
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ially
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n
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er
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ast
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atin
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Fig
u
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RE
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e
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ir
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n
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ter
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d
b
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ir
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tio
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ed
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ce
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e
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ter
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e
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im
u
lated
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h
e
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ar
a
m
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ter
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o
f
th
e
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y
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tem
em
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l
o
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ed
i
n
th
is
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g
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n
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e
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ted
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T
ab
le
1
.
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1
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y
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o
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a
n
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o
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n
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3
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VSI
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h B
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n
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o
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io
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o
m
th
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ase
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h
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q
f
r
am
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ate,
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co
m
p
o
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e
n
ts
.
B
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n
tr
o
llin
g
th
ese
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m
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o
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ts
in
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e
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en
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tly
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th
e
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er
e
n
ce
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ig
n
al
f
o
r
g
en
e
r
atin
g
PW
M
f
o
r
th
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in
v
e
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ter
is
g
en
e
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ated
.
W
ith
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u
t
PLL
,
th
e
DVR
wo
u
l
d
n
o
t
b
e
a
b
le
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n
its
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ef
e
r
e
n
ce
f
r
am
e
with
th
e
g
r
id
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wh
ich
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u
ld
r
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lt
in
p
o
o
r
co
m
p
en
s
atio
n
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
d
u
r
in
g
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
lik
e
s
ag
s
,
s
well
s
,
o
r
u
n
b
alan
ce
s
.
T
h
e
in
v
er
te
r
d
r
aw
s
en
er
g
y
f
r
o
m
UC
AP
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
co
n
v
er
ter
an
d
in
jects
th
e
m
is
s
in
g
v
o
ltag
e.
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AP
d
is
ch
ar
g
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
B
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to
th
e
DC
lin
k
o
f
VSI
.
I
n
Fig
u
r
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6
,
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lo
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o
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th
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o
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s
ag
ar
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ar
m
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ic
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h
e
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im
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t
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em
o
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ates
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at
th
e
VSI
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etu
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with
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r
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n
tr
o
l
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d
PLL
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y
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ch
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o
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izatio
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m
itig
ate
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o
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Fi
g
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e
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with
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ac
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le
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e
DC
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lin
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r
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tab
le,
an
d
T
HD
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p
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o
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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n
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c
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r
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3
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U
C
A
P
1
6
5
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4
8
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,
3
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o
s
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
VSI
with
a
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
d
u
r
in
g
s
ag
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
VSI
with
a
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
d
u
r
in
g
s
well
3
.
2
.
B
idi
re
ct
io
na
l
Z
S
I
-
ba
s
e
d
DVR
3
.
2
.
1
.
Wit
ho
ut
DC
lin
k
v
o
lt
a
g
e
co
ntr
o
l
I
n
th
is
ca
s
e,
th
e
DVR
was
test
ed
u
n
d
er
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
g
r
id
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
co
n
d
itio
n
s
with
o
u
t
em
p
lo
y
in
g
ac
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e
DC
-
lin
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v
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ltag
e
co
n
tr
o
l.
A
5
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v
o
ltag
e
s
ag
an
d
a
7
0
%
s
well
wer
e
ap
p
lied
at
p
o
in
t
o
f
co
m
m
o
n
co
u
p
lin
g
(
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C
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o
r
a
d
u
r
atio
n
o
f
0
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2
s
ea
ch
.
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h
e
DVR,
u
s
in
g
th
e
b
id
ir
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al
Z
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r
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m
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en
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atin
g
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r
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d
v
o
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e
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s
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h
e
n
o
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al
v
alu
e.
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o
o
t
th
r
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g
h
r
atio
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s
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0
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2
5
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t
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at
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o
s
t
f
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d
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V
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o
o
s
ted
to
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0
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in
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o
f
in
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te
r
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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jectio
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e
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h
e
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er
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e
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e
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o
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o
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r
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n
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ig
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e
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h
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r
o
m
8
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2
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h
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s
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e
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f
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ates
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e
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n
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itio
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Fig
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ir
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al
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SI
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
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id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
Z
SI
d
u
r
in
g
s
ag
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
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w
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Dr
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,
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l.
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7
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No
.
1
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Ma
r
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6
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r
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f
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SI
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2
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2
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ased
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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ased
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ated
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icate
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ased
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ak
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e
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r
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l
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l
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t
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4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
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is
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ap
e
r
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e
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al
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ce
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o
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ter
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ed
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teg
r
ate
UC
AP
in
to
th
e
D
VR
'
s
DC
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lin
k
.
T
em
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o
r
ar
y
v
o
ltag
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s
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r
g
e
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d
s
ag
s
ar
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itig
ated
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n
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ter
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h
ese
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o
n
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e
r
ter
s
ar
e
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s
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h
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d
le
lo
ad
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ea
k
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o
wer
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ed
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d
s
h
o
r
t
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d
u
r
atio
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b
lack
o
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ts
.
Z
SI
en
ab
les
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b
r
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ad
r
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g
e
o
f
o
p
e
r
atio
n
an
d
q
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ick
r
ec
o
v
er
y
d
u
r
i
n
g
s
well
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e,
r
esu
l
tin
g
in
h
i
g
h
g
ain
v
o
l
tag
e
at
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
d
u
r
i
n
g
s
ag
.
Du
r
in
g
s
well
tim
e,
th
e
T
HD
o
f
Z
SI
with
a
b
i
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al
co
n
v
er
ter
is
en
h
an
ce
d
f
r
o
m
7
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0
1
to
3
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6
1
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UC
AP
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ch
a
r
g
in
g
d
u
r
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g
th
e
s
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er
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d
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d
d
is
ch
ar
g
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g
d
u
r
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g
t
h
e
s
ag
p
er
io
d
.
T
h
e
UC
AP
-
DVR
s
y
s
tem
h
as
ac
tiv
e
p
o
wer
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
an
d
au
to
m
atica
lly
ad
ju
s
ts
f
o
r
tr
an
s
ien
t
s
ag
s
an
d
s
wells
with
o
u
t
r
ely
in
g
o
n
th
e
g
r
id
.
T
h
e
c
o
m
b
i
n
atio
n
o
f
p
r
e
d
ictiv
e
s
witch
in
g
an
d
DC
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lin
k
v
o
ltag
e
r
eg
u
latio
n
e
n
ab
les
th
e
DVR
to
d
eliv
er
s
u
p
er
i
o
r
p
o
wer
q
u
alit
y
to
s
en
s
itiv
e
lo
ad
s
u
n
d
er
d
y
n
a
m
ic
g
r
id
d
is
tu
r
b
an
c
es.
F
UNDING
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NF
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Au
th
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r
s
s
tate
n
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AUTHO
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h
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u
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s
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e
C
o
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ax
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th
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s
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ip
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is
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u
tes,
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f
ac
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llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
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8
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[
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A
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