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Dep
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in
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[
1
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[
2
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.
Ho
wev
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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I
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t J Po
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&
Dr
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,
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
20
2
6
:
533
-
5
52
534
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
to
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s
y
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tem
ca
n
b
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u
s
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m
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Galv
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to
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if
f
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4
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6
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[
7
]
.
R
ec
en
tly
,
th
e
th
r
ee
-
p
o
r
t
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
e
r
ter
s
with
th
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
h
av
e
b
ee
n
s
tu
d
ied
to
in
teg
r
ate
th
e
r
en
ew
ab
le
en
er
g
y
an
d
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
co
n
v
er
ter
s
in
to
o
n
e
c
o
n
v
er
t
er
with
two
in
p
u
ts
.
On
e
th
r
ee
-
p
o
r
t
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
e
r
ter
ca
n
ac
ce
p
t
two
in
p
u
ts
:
o
n
e
in
p
u
t
is
f
o
r
th
e
DC
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
th
e
PV,
a
n
d
t
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
DC
in
p
u
t,
wh
ich
is
a
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
p
o
r
t,
is
f
o
r
th
e
en
e
r
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
c
h
ar
g
in
g
an
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
ty
p
ical
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
a
th
r
ee
-
p
o
r
t c
o
n
v
er
ter
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
th
e
th
r
ee
-
p
o
r
t
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
ca
n
b
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
DC
lo
ad
d
ir
ec
tly
o
r
to
th
e
g
r
id
o
r
AC
lo
ad
b
y
a
n
in
v
er
te
r
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
DC
lin
k
ca
p
ac
ito
r
.
Ma
n
y
th
r
ee
-
p
o
r
t
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
,
wh
ich
ca
n
s
atis
f
y
th
e
MPPT
an
d
en
er
g
y
-
s
to
r
ag
e
ch
a
r
g
in
g
a
n
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
r
e
q
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
,
h
av
e
b
e
en
r
ep
o
r
ted
in
th
e
liter
atu
r
e.
T
h
ese
co
n
v
er
ter
s
ca
n
b
e
ca
teg
o
r
ized
in
to
3
ty
p
es:
n
o
n
-
is
o
lated
[
8
]
,
p
ar
tly
is
o
lated
[
9
]
,
an
d
is
o
late
d
co
n
v
er
ter
s
[
1
0
]
.
No
n
-
is
o
lated
th
r
ee
-
p
o
r
t
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
s
h
av
e
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
with
f
e
wer
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
an
d
a
s
im
p
le
r
d
esig
n
o
f
th
e
m
ag
n
etic
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
[
1
1
]
-
[
1
9
]
.
I
n
th
is
ca
s
e,
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
f
o
r
ac
h
iev
in
g
s
o
f
t
s
witch
in
g
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
,
wh
ich
ar
e
ap
p
licab
le
t
o
n
o
n
-
is
o
lated
g
alv
an
ic
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
[8
]
,
[
9
]
.
An
o
th
er
d
is
ad
v
an
ta
g
e
o
f
th
e
n
o
n
-
is
o
lated
th
r
ee
-
p
o
r
t
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
s
is
th
at
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
ese
co
n
v
er
ter
s
h
av
e
a
lim
ited
v
o
ltag
e
g
ain
s
in
ce
th
e
f
r
ee
d
o
m
o
f
m
o
d
u
latio
n
o
f
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
r
ati
o
is
o
n
l
y
th
e
d
u
t
y
cy
cle
.
So
m
e
r
ep
o
r
ted
p
ap
er
s
u
s
e
co
u
p
led
-
in
d
u
cto
r
s
to
e
x
ten
d
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
r
atio
to
o
v
er
co
m
e
th
is
is
s
u
e
[
2
0
]
-
[
2
2
]
.
C
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
n
o
n
-
is
o
lated
th
r
ee
-
p
o
r
t
co
n
v
er
ter
s
,
p
ar
tly
is
o
lated
th
r
ee
-
p
o
r
t
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
s
,
wh
ich
u
s
e
a
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
to
is
o
late
o
n
e
p
o
r
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
o
th
er
two
co
m
m
o
n
-
g
r
o
u
n
d
e
d
p
o
r
ts
,
ca
n
o
b
tain
h
i
g
h
er
v
o
ltag
e
g
ain
with
a
lar
g
er
tu
r
n
s
r
atio
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
en
e
r
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
in
th
ese
co
n
v
er
ter
s
c
o
n
tin
u
es
o
p
e
r
atin
g
in
all
o
p
er
a
tin
g
m
o
d
es,
wh
ich
ca
n
s
h
o
r
ten
th
e
life
s
p
an
o
f
th
e
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
an
d
lo
we
r
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
o
v
e
r
all
s
y
s
tem
[
2
3
]
.
W
h
en
u
s
in
g
a
h
ig
h
-
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
,
it
is
ea
s
ier
to
ac
h
iev
e
v
o
ltag
e
m
atch
in
g
b
etwe
en
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
in
d
iv
id
u
al
p
o
r
ts
[
1
9
]
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
u
s
ed
in
th
is
k
in
d
o
f
co
n
v
er
ter
is
v
er
y
lar
g
e
s
in
ce
th
e
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
ar
e
n
o
t
o
f
ten
s
h
ar
ed
[
9
]
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
b
o
t
h
p
ar
tly
is
o
lated
an
d
is
o
lated
co
n
v
er
ter
s
ca
n
b
e
o
p
er
ated
with
s
o
f
t
s
witch
in
g
o
n
th
e
s
witch
es
u
s
in
g
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
m
o
d
u
latio
n
m
eth
o
d
s
,
h
ig
h
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
m
ay
s
till
o
cc
u
r
d
u
e
to
th
e
leak
ag
e
in
d
u
cta
n
ce
o
f
th
e
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
er
[
2
3
]
.
Als
o
,
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
a
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
m
a
y
m
ak
e
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
b
u
lk
y
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
o
v
er
all
p
o
wer
d
e
n
s
ity
.
I
n
m
o
s
t
s
itu
atio
n
s
,
th
r
ee
p
o
r
t
co
n
v
er
ter
s
co
n
s
is
t
o
f
s
ev
er
al
f
u
ll/h
alf
-
b
r
id
g
e
co
n
v
er
ter
s
an
d
r
ec
tifie
r
s
,
an
d
all
th
r
ee
p
o
r
ts
ar
e
is
o
lated
f
r
o
m
o
n
e
an
o
t
h
er
u
s
in
g
o
n
e
o
r
two
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
er
s
[
2
4
]
-
[
2
7
]
.
T
h
e
m
o
r
e
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
co
n
v
er
ter
s
we
h
a
v
e
in
th
is
th
r
ee
-
p
o
r
t
s
y
s
tem
,
t
h
e
ea
s
ier
it
is
to
c
o
n
tr
o
l
en
er
g
y
f
lo
ws,
a
n
d
it
is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
ac
h
iev
e
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
lex
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
f
o
r
c
o
n
tr
o
ll
in
g
f
lo
ws
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
I
n
a
th
r
ee
-
p
o
r
t
s
y
s
tem
,
it
i
s
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
wh
en
en
er
g
y
is
tr
an
s
f
er
r
ed
b
etwe
en
two
o
f
th
e
p
o
r
ts
,
th
e
th
ir
d
p
o
r
t
is
n
o
t
ac
tiv
e.
W
h
en
u
s
in
g
a
h
ig
h
-
f
r
e
q
u
en
cy
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
er
a
n
d
a
wid
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
g
ain
ch
an
g
es
d
u
r
i
n
g
en
er
g
y
tr
an
s
f
er
,
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
co
ef
f
icien
t
m
ay
b
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
as
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
lo
s
s
es
in
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
wh
en
o
p
er
atin
g
at
d
if
f
er
en
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cies.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
er
e
i
s
a
b
ar
r
ier
to
th
e
wid
esp
r
ea
d
p
r
o
m
o
tio
n
o
f
th
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clea
n
en
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g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
i
n
ter
m
itten
t
ch
ar
ac
te
r
o
f
r
en
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b
le
s
o
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an
d
th
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u
n
p
r
ed
ictab
le
n
atu
r
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o
f
l
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d
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m
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.
I
n
o
r
d
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to
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th
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in
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p
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co
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v
er
ter
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with
en
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g
y
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to
r
ag
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s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
ty
p
ically
u
s
ed
to
co
n
v
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t
PV
p
an
el
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
to
m
atch
lo
ad
d
em
an
d
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t J Po
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&
Dr
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s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
A
th
r
ee
is
o
la
ted
p
o
r
t D
C
/DC
c
o
n
ve
r
ter fo
r
a
n
en
erg
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
s
ystem
…
(
F
a
r
u
k
A
h
meti
)
535
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
d
y
n
am
ic
a
n
d
s
tead
y
-
s
tate
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
g
r
ee
n
g
en
er
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
,
p
r
o
v
id
e
MPPT
co
n
tr
o
l,
an
d
in
teg
r
ate
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
m
eth
o
d
in
v
o
lv
es
co
n
n
ec
tin
g
t
h
e
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
to
th
e
lo
ad
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
tr
ad
itio
n
al
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
te
r
.
Fo
llo
win
g
th
is
,
t
h
e
e
n
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
in
p
u
t
o
r
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
r
t
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
DC
-
D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
v
ia
a
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
f
o
r
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
an
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
.
Du
e
to
th
e
ad
d
itio
n
a
l
co
n
v
e
r
ter
n
ee
d
ed
f
o
r
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
s
y
s
tem
,
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
d
r
awb
ac
k
o
f
th
ese
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
m
eth
o
d
s
is
th
eir
lo
w
ef
f
icien
cy
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
m
u
lti
-
s
tag
e
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
m
ig
h
t le
ad
to
a
la
r
g
er
u
n
it,
a
lo
wer
p
o
wer
d
e
n
s
ity
,
an
d
a
co
m
p
ar
ativ
ely
h
i
g
h
er
p
r
ice
[
2
8
]
-
[
3
0
]
.
Ap
p
licatio
n
s
r
eq
u
ir
in
g
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
v
a
r
io
u
s
d
is
tin
ct
in
p
u
t
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
ty
p
es,
s
u
ch
as
f
u
el
ce
lls
,
win
d
tu
r
b
in
es,
an
d
s
o
lar
PV,
ca
n
b
e
s
atis
f
ied
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
a
m
u
lti
-
in
p
u
t
co
n
v
er
ter
.
W
ith
a
s
in
g
le
-
s
tag
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
th
is
k
in
d
o
f
co
n
v
er
t
er
ca
n
s
u
p
p
l
y
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
p
o
wer
f
o
r
th
e
l
o
ad
;
h
o
we
v
er
,
s
in
ce
th
ese
m
u
lti
-
in
p
u
t
co
n
v
er
ter
s
lac
k
an
en
e
r
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
m
ig
h
t
n
o
t
b
e
ab
le
to
s
u
p
p
ly
t
h
e
r
e
q
u
i
r
ed
lo
a
d
d
e
m
an
d
in
s
itu
atio
n
s
wh
er
e
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
ex
ce
ed
s
th
e
in
p
u
t
p
o
we
r
.
T
h
is
ca
n
o
cc
u
r
d
u
r
in
g
f
u
el
ce
l
l
o
p
er
atio
n
if
t
h
er
e
is
a
s
u
d
d
en
r
is
e
in
lo
a
d
an
d
th
e
f
u
el
ce
ll'
s
ch
em
ical
r
ea
ctio
n
ca
n
n
o
t
k
ee
p
u
p
with
th
e
in
c
r
e
ase
in
lo
ad
q
u
ick
ly
en
o
u
g
h
[
3
1
]
.
W
h
en
u
s
in
g
f
u
l
l
-
b
r
id
g
e
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
s
,
it
is
ea
s
ier
to
o
b
tai
n
s
y
m
m
etr
ical
cu
r
r
en
t
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
an
d
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
e
n
er
g
y
tr
an
s
f
er
,
b
u
t
th
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
th
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
o
f
en
e
r
g
y
f
lo
ws
b
ec
o
m
es
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
lex
[
3
2
]
.
Sch
em
a
tic
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
o
lu
ti
o
n
s
t
h
at
h
av
e
b
ee
n
ap
p
lied
to
h
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
tem
s
with
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
f
u
el
ce
lls
ca
n
also
b
e
ap
p
lied
to
o
th
er
h
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
tem
s
,
s
u
ch
as
th
o
s
e
with
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaics.
Af
ter
th
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
th
is
co
n
v
er
ter
,
it
h
as
g
ain
ed
a
lo
t
o
f
atten
tio
n
f
r
o
m
o
th
e
r
r
esear
ch
e
r
s
,
in
te
r
m
s
o
f
th
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
s
o
f
th
e
c
o
n
v
er
ter
,
th
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
m
eth
o
d
s
,
t
h
e
lo
s
s
ev
alu
atio
n
s
,
an
d
its
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
3
3
]
-
[
4
0
]
.
T
o
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
r
ip
p
les
o
f
th
e
i
n
p
u
t
cu
r
r
e
n
t,
an
in
d
u
cto
r
h
as
b
ee
n
ad
d
ed
b
etwe
en
th
e
in
p
u
t
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
th
e
f
u
ll
-
b
r
id
g
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
in
th
e
in
p
u
t
p
o
r
t
[
4
1
]
.
A
n
ew
f
u
ll
-
b
r
id
g
e
-
b
ased
th
r
ee
-
p
o
r
t
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
is
r
ep
o
r
ted
in
[
4
2
]
.
C
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
at
co
n
v
er
ter
,
th
is
co
n
v
er
ter
in
cl
u
d
es
two
ad
d
itio
n
al
s
er
ies
r
eso
n
an
t
cir
cu
its
in
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
s
id
e
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
,
to
im
p
lem
en
t
th
e
s
o
f
t
s
witch
in
g
o
f
t
h
e
s
witch
es
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
s
witch
in
g
lo
s
s
es.
An
o
th
er
b
en
ef
it
o
f
th
is
co
n
v
er
ter
o
v
er
th
e
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
o
n
e
is
th
at
th
is
co
n
v
er
ter
ca
n
o
p
er
ate
with
a
h
ig
h
s
witch
in
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
with
r
ea
li
za
b
le
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
v
alu
es [
4
3
]
-
[
4
6
]
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
AND
E
XP
E
R
I
M
E
NT
AL
I
M
P
L
E
M
E
NT
A
T
I
O
N
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
th
r
ee
-
p
o
r
t
DC
/DC
co
n
v
er
ter
u
s
ed
a
to
p
o
lo
g
y
with
two
p
ai
r
s
o
f
lim
itin
g
d
io
d
es.
T
h
is
th
r
ee
-
p
o
r
t
co
n
v
e
r
ter
'
s
to
p
o
lo
g
y
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
th
r
ee
p
o
r
ts
th
at
a
r
e
p
h
y
s
ically
an
d
elec
tr
ically
i
s
o
lated
b
y
a
th
r
ee
-
win
d
in
g
h
ig
h
-
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
elec
t
r
ical
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
p
o
r
t
h
as
an
L
L
C
r
eso
n
an
t
tan
k
an
d
d
u
al
lim
itin
g
d
io
d
es
co
u
p
led
with
d
u
al
M
OSFET
h
alf
-
b
r
id
g
e
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
o
p
p
o
s
ite
ea
ch
o
th
er
,
wh
ich
s
er
v
e
as
th
e
4
8
-
v
o
lt
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
'
s
in
itial in
ter
f
ac
e
(
Fig
u
r
e
2
)
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Sch
em
atic
o
f
a
th
r
ee
-
p
o
r
t c
o
n
v
er
te
r
with
lim
itin
g
d
io
d
es a
n
d
v
al
u
es o
f
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
T
h
e
o
th
e
r
p
ar
t
o
f
t
h
e
cir
cu
it
h
as
an
o
th
er
p
o
r
t,
p
o
r
t
2
,
w
h
ich
is
k
n
o
wn
as
th
e
lo
ad
p
o
r
t
a
n
d
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
as
a
s
ig
n
al
d
r
iv
er
b
y
r
ec
tify
i
n
g
th
e
DC
v
o
ltag
e
f
o
r
th
e
lo
a
d
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
e
n
d
o
f
th
e
p
o
r
t.
Po
r
t
3
is
an
o
th
er
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
o
f
th
e
cir
c
u
it
k
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wn
as
th
e
s
u
p
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ca
p
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wh
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m
t
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T
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cir
cu
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tr
an
s
f
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s
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in
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way
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T
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is
en
e
r
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
is
ac
h
iev
e
d
b
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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8
8
-
8
6
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4
I
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t J Po
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&
Dr
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s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
20
2
6
:
533
-
5
52
536
co
n
n
ec
tin
g
6
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
ce
lls
o
f
2
v
o
lts
ea
ch
in
s
er
ies
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
a
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
1
2
v
o
lts
at
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t.
Similar
to
p
o
r
t
1
,
th
is
p
o
r
t
co
n
tain
s
th
e
L
L
C
r
eso
n
an
t
cir
cu
it,
wh
ich
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
with
h
a
lf
-
b
r
id
g
e
tr
a
n
s
is
to
r
s
an
d
th
e
n
in
ter
f
ac
ed
t
o
th
e
o
th
er
p
o
r
ts
u
s
in
g
a
3
W
in
d
in
g
elec
tr
ical
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
er
.
T
h
is
h
ig
h
-
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
with
th
r
ee
win
d
in
g
s
s
er
v
es
f
o
r
th
r
ee
b
asic
f
u
n
ct
io
n
s
:
elec
tr
ical
is
o
latio
n
,
m
ag
n
etica
lly
co
m
b
in
in
g
in
p
u
t
DC
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
an
d
s
tep
p
in
g
u
p
v
o
ltag
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
lo
w
v
o
l
tag
e
s
id
e
(
L
VS)
to
th
e
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
s
id
e
(
HVS)
.
T
h
e
elem
en
ts
o
f
en
er
g
y
tr
an
s
f
er
h
av
e
a
d
iv
e
r
s
ity
th
at
leak
s
in
d
u
ctan
ce
f
r
o
m
th
em
.
T
h
is
co
n
v
er
ter
m
ain
tain
s
a
s
tab
le
s
tate
b
y
s
witch
in
g
f
r
eq
u
en
cies
ab
o
v
e
th
e
r
eso
n
an
ce
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
.
MO
SF
E
T
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
c
r
ea
te
s
witch
es,
wi
th
Po
r
t
1
s
en
d
in
g
en
er
g
y
o
n
ly
in
o
n
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
a
n
d
Po
r
t
3
en
ab
lin
g
b
id
ir
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tio
n
al
cu
r
r
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t
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lo
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y
ch
ar
g
in
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is
ch
ar
g
in
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e
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
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a
n
k
.
T
h
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
s
etu
p
d
e
p
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
is
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lab
o
r
ato
r
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test
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n
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o
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r
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r
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t
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n
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ter
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y
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tem
u
s
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a
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m
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ter
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ased
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ter
f
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e.
At
th
e
f
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o
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t
en
d
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m
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ter
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n
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n
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L
ab
VI
E
W
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e
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p
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ed
f
o
r
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n
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er
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ac
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is
itio
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,
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n
d
co
n
tr
o
l.
I
t
in
ter
f
ac
es
with
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c
o
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t
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ata
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d
e
v
ice
f
r
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m
Natio
n
al
I
n
s
tr
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m
en
ts
(
DAQ
-
NI
),
wh
ic
h
s
er
v
es
as
a
b
r
id
g
e
b
etwe
en
th
e
d
ig
ital
co
m
m
an
d
s
an
d
th
e
p
h
y
s
ical
cir
cu
its
.
C
o
n
tr
o
l
s
ig
n
als
ar
e
p
ass
ed
to
o
p
to
co
u
p
ler
d
r
i
v
er
cir
cu
its
(
HC
PL
-
3
1
2
0
)
to
en
s
u
r
e
elec
tr
ica
l
is
o
latio
n
an
d
s
af
e
s
ig
n
al
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
to
th
e
p
o
wer
s
tag
es.
E
ac
h
o
p
to
co
u
p
ler
d
r
iv
er
is
p
o
wer
e
d
b
y
a
d
ed
ica
ted
1
5
Vd
c
ex
ter
n
al
s
u
p
p
ly
,
en
a
b
lin
g
th
e
s
af
e
s
witch
in
g
o
f
p
o
wer
d
ev
ices a
cr
o
s
s
all
s
tag
es o
f
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
(
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
)
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
B
lo
ck
s
ch
em
atic
o
f
e
x
p
er
im
en
tal
s
etu
p
a
n
d
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
T
h
e
th
r
ee
s
tag
es
o
f
th
e
r
eso
n
a
n
t
co
n
v
er
ter
ar
e
clea
r
l
y
v
is
u
ali
ze
d
as:
i)
Stag
e
1
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
a
4
8
V
DC
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
f
ee
d
in
g
a
r
es
o
n
an
t
cir
cu
it
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
d
r
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er
-
co
n
tr
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lled
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witch
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g
m
ec
h
an
is
m
;
th
is
s
ec
t
io
n
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
m
ain
p
o
wer
i
n
p
u
t
;
ii)
Stag
e
2
is
t
h
e
lo
a
d
ci
r
cu
it
,
wh
ich
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
v
ia
a
Hig
h
-
Fre
q
u
en
cy
T
r
an
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
to
en
s
u
r
e
g
alv
a
n
ic
is
o
latio
n
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
b
etwe
e
n
th
e
s
tag
e
s
;
an
d
iii)
Stag
e
3
in
v
o
lv
es
a
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
cir
c
u
it
(
S.C
.
)
,
wh
ich
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
as
an
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
b
u
f
f
er
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
to
th
e
s
y
s
tem
d
u
r
in
g
tr
a
n
s
ien
t
lo
ad
d
em
an
d
s
o
r
r
eg
en
e
r
ativ
e
p
h
a
s
es.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
L
ab
V
I
E
W
,
o
p
to
co
u
p
ler
s
,
an
d
in
d
iv
id
u
al
s
tag
e
co
n
tr
o
ls
en
ab
les
f
in
e
-
tu
n
ed
r
ea
l
-
ti
m
e
an
aly
s
is
an
d
ex
p
er
im
en
tatio
n
with
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ics b
eh
av
io
r
u
n
d
er
d
if
f
er
en
t o
p
er
atin
g
s
ce
n
ar
i
o
s
.
T
h
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
s
etu
p
,
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
,
is
th
e
p
h
y
s
ical
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
s
ch
em
atic
s
h
o
wn
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
ly
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
I
t
v
alid
ates
th
e
o
p
e
r
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
th
r
ee
-
p
o
r
t r
eso
n
an
t
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
u
n
d
er
v
ar
io
u
s
lo
a
d
an
d
s
o
u
r
ce
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
is
co
n
tr
o
lled
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
L
ab
VI
E
W
-
b
ased
v
ir
tu
al
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t,
wh
ic
h
en
a
b
les
r
e
al
-
tim
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
an
d
co
n
t
r
o
l.
T
h
is
in
ter
f
ac
e
is
c
o
n
n
ec
te
d
to
a
c
o
m
p
ac
t
d
ata
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
u
n
it
(
DAQ
-
NI
)
th
at
p
r
o
v
id
es
d
i
g
ital
o
u
tp
u
t
s
ig
n
als
to
th
e
g
ate
d
r
iv
e
r
cir
cu
i
tr
y
.
T
h
ese
co
n
t
r
o
l
s
ig
n
als
ar
e
o
p
tically
is
o
lated
u
s
in
g
HC
PL
-
3
1
2
0
o
p
to
co
u
p
ler
d
r
iv
er
s
,
en
h
an
cin
g
elec
tr
ical
s
af
ety
an
d
en
s
u
r
in
g
ac
cu
r
ate
s
witch
in
g
o
f
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
s
.
As
we
ca
n
s
ee
,
th
e
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
is
d
iv
id
ed
i
n
to
th
r
ee
h
a
r
d
war
e
s
tag
es
cir
cled
with
wh
ite
co
lo
r
:
Stag
e
1
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
s
to
th
e
in
p
u
t
s
ec
tio
n
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
a
DC
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
;
Stag
e
2
f
o
r
m
s
th
e
r
eso
n
an
t
ci
r
cu
it
an
d
s
witch
in
g
in
ter
f
ac
e
,
an
d
th
e
h
i
g
h
-
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
an
d
r
ec
tifie
r
b
lo
ck
p
r
o
v
id
es
g
al
v
an
ic
is
o
la
tio
n
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
c
o
n
v
er
s
io
n
.
T
h
e
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
b
a
n
k
,
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
as
p
o
r
t
3
,
s
er
v
es
as
th
e
b
id
i
r
ec
tio
n
al
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
elem
en
t,
a
n
d
its
v
o
ltag
e
is
m
o
n
ito
r
e
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
d
ed
icate
d
v
o
ltm
eter
.
An
e
x
ter
n
al
1
5
Vd
c
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
p
o
wer
s
th
e
g
ate
d
r
iv
er
cir
c
u
itry
.
E
xt
e
r
n
a
l
1
5
V
d
c
P
ow
e
r
S
u
p
p
l
y
E
xt
e
r
n
a
l
1
5
V
d
c
P
ow
e
r
S
u
p
p
l
y
E
xt
e
r
n
a
l
1
5
V
d
c
P
ow
e
r
S
u
p
p
l
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
A
th
r
ee
is
o
la
ted
p
o
r
t D
C
/DC
c
o
n
ve
r
ter fo
r
a
n
en
erg
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
s
ystem
…
(
F
a
r
u
k
A
h
meti
)
537
At
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t,
a
v
ar
iab
le
lo
a
d
r
esis
to
r
an
d
a
d
ig
ital
o
s
cillo
s
co
p
e
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
ev
alu
ate
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
wav
e
f
o
r
m
s
.
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
is
also
d
is
p
lay
ed
f
o
r
s
o
m
e
s
tag
es
u
s
in
g
a
d
ig
ital
m
u
ltime
ter
.
T
h
is
s
etu
p
en
ab
les
co
n
tr
o
lled
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
t
atio
n
ac
r
o
s
s
all
th
r
ee
o
p
e
r
atio
n
al
m
o
d
es,
allo
win
g
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
tr
an
s
f
er
e
f
f
icien
cy
,
s
witch
in
g
b
e
h
av
io
r
,
an
d
d
y
n
am
ic
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
n
v
er
ter
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
ex
p
er
im
en
tally
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
en
er
g
y
tr
an
s
f
er
f
r
o
m
th
e
DC
s
o
u
r
ce
to
th
e
lo
ad
d
u
r
in
g
mode
1
o
p
er
atio
n
,
in
o
r
d
er
t
o
v
er
i
f
y
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
.
T
h
e
t
o
p
cu
r
v
e
r
e
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
lo
ad
v
o
ltag
e,
wh
ile
t
h
e
b
o
tto
m
cu
r
v
e
d
is
p
lay
s
th
e
D
C
s
tag
e
cu
r
r
en
t
o
f
th
e
r
eso
n
a
n
t
tan
k
.
T
h
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
o
p
er
ate
at
a
s
tab
le
h
ig
h
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
o
f
4
0
k
Hz,
with
a
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
tim
e
in
ter
v
al
(
∆
t)
o
f
2
5
.
0
0
µs
b
etwe
en
k
ey
tr
an
s
itio
n
p
o
in
ts
,
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
ex
p
ec
ted
r
eso
n
an
t
b
eh
a
v
io
r
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
clea
n
,
p
er
io
d
ic
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
with
m
in
im
a
l
d
is
to
r
tio
n
co
n
f
ir
m
ef
f
icien
t
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
er
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
r
e
s
o
n
an
t
tan
k
an
d
HF
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
,
v
alid
atin
g
t
h
e
th
eo
r
etica
l
d
esig
n
.
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
5
,
th
e
DC
o
f
f
s
et
o
f
s
ig
n
al
2
i
s
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
a
c
u
r
r
en
t
p
r
o
b
e.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
p
r
o
v
id
e
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
tal
co
n
f
ir
m
atio
n
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
'
s
ab
ilit
y
to
m
ain
tain
s
tab
le
o
p
er
atio
n
i
n
mode
1
u
n
d
er
th
e
test
ed
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
B
lo
ck
s
ch
em
atic
o
f
e
x
p
er
im
en
tal
s
etu
p
a
n
d
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
B
lo
ck
s
ch
em
atic
o
f
e
x
p
er
im
en
tal
s
etu
p
a
n
d
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
co
n
v
er
ter
ca
n
b
e
o
p
er
ated
in
th
r
ee
m
o
d
es:
3
.
1
.
M
o
de
1
o
f
o
pera
t
io
n:
E
nerg
y
t
ra
ns
f
er
f
ro
m
t
he
DC
s
o
urce
t
o
t
he
lo
a
d
T
h
is
th
r
ee
-
p
o
r
t
DC
-
DC
r
eso
n
an
t
co
n
v
er
ter
s
y
s
tem
'
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
d
e
p
en
d
s
o
n
t
h
e
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
o
f
en
er
g
y
f
r
o
m
th
e
DC
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
to
th
e
lo
ad
.
T
h
is
p
ar
t
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
m
o
d
es
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
th
e
b
eh
av
io
r
o
f
c
u
r
r
en
ts
an
d
v
o
ltag
es
in
a
DC
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
cir
c
u
it.
Du
r
in
g
Mo
d
e
1
o
f
o
p
e
r
atio
n
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
20
2
6
:
533
-
5
52
538
wh
ich
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
h
alf
-
cy
cle
o
f
en
er
g
y
tr
an
s
f
e
r
f
r
o
m
th
e
DC
s
o
u
r
ce
to
th
e
l
o
ad
,
cu
r
r
en
t f
o
llo
ws th
e
r
ed
-
co
lo
r
ed
p
ath
in
d
icate
d
in
th
e
cir
cu
it
d
iag
r
am
,
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
I
n
itially
,
t
h
e
DC
s
o
u
r
ce
en
e
r
g
izes
th
e
r
eso
n
an
t
tan
k
f
o
r
m
e
d
b
y
ca
p
a
cito
r
C
e1
an
d
in
d
u
ct
o
r
L
k
1
,
in
itiatin
g
a
r
eso
n
an
t c
u
r
r
e
n
t f
lo
w.
As s
wit
ch
T
1
is
tu
r
n
ed
ON
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
s
ig
n
als,
th
e
r
eso
n
an
t
cu
r
r
en
t f
lo
ws
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
win
d
in
g
w1
o
f
th
e
h
ig
h
-
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
T
r
1
.
T
h
is
ex
cites
th
e
m
ag
n
etic
co
r
e,
i
n
d
u
cin
g
a
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
v
o
ltag
e
o
n
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
id
e.
O
n
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
a
r
y
,
t
r
an
s
is
to
r
T
5
i
s
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
ly
s
witch
ed
to
co
n
d
u
ct,
allo
win
g
th
e
t
r
an
s
f
er
r
ed
en
e
r
g
y
to
f
lo
w
th
r
o
u
g
h
it
an
d
in
to
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
f
ilter
ca
p
ac
ito
r
C
f
2
,
wh
ich
s
m
o
o
th
s
th
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
b
ef
o
r
e
d
eliv
er
in
g
it
to
th
e
lo
ad
.
T
h
is
cy
cle
en
s
u
r
es
h
ig
h
-
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
er
f
r
o
m
th
e
DC
s
o
u
r
ce
to
th
e
lo
ad
s
tag
e
wh
ile
m
in
im
izin
g
s
witch
in
g
lo
s
s
es
t
h
an
k
s
to
r
eso
n
an
t
s
o
f
t
s
witch
in
g
p
r
in
cip
les
,
an
d
at
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e
,
s
tag
e
3
is
n
o
t
ac
tiv
ated
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l sy
s
tem
at
all
(
Fig
u
r
e
6
)
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
T
h
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
h
al
f
-
cy
cle
o
f
en
er
g
y
tr
a
n
s
f
er
f
r
o
m
th
e
DC
s
o
u
r
ce
to
th
e
lo
ad
f
o
r
Mo
d
e
1
o
f
o
p
e
r
atio
n
Fig
u
r
e
7
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
o
b
tain
ed
d
u
r
in
g
s
im
u
latio
n
s
f
o
r
s
tag
e
1
,
DC
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
p
o
r
t
.
T
h
e
DC
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
,
wh
ich
is
th
e
m
ajo
r
en
e
r
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
f
o
r
t
h
e
en
tire
co
n
v
er
ter
s
y
s
tem
,
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
a
co
n
s
tan
t
v
o
ltag
e
o
u
tp
u
t,
as
illu
s
tr
ated
in
th
e
f
ig
u
r
e.
T
h
e
r
ed
cu
r
v
e
in
Fig
u
r
e
7
(
a)
d
ep
icts
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
im
u
lated
as
FET
D1
(
T1
)
,
wh
ich
s
er
v
es
as
a
c
o
n
tr
o
lled
s
witch
b
y
tu
r
n
in
g
o
n
an
d
o
f
f
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
(
b
)
s
h
o
ws
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
f
lo
win
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
r
eso
n
an
t
tan
k
,
wh
ich
h
as
a
n
ea
r
-
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
wav
ef
o
r
m
d
u
e
to
th
e
L
C
r
eso
n
an
ce
.
T
h
is
s
m
o
o
th
alter
n
atin
g
cu
r
r
en
t
co
n
f
ir
m
s
p
r
o
p
er
r
eso
n
a
n
t
o
p
er
atio
n
a
n
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
f
ilter
in
g
o
f
th
e
h
ig
h
-
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
s
witch
in
g
h
ar
m
o
n
ics
g
en
er
ated
b
y
T
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
(
c)
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
r
eso
n
an
t
cu
r
r
en
t
with
in
th
e
r
eso
n
an
t
tan
k
,
wh
ich
is
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
ized
with
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
tr
an
s
is
to
r
T
1
o
n
t
h
e
s
am
e
p
o
r
t.
Fig
u
r
e
7
(
d
)
s
h
o
ws
th
e
v
o
l
tag
e
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
'
s
W
in
d
in
g
s
1
an
d
2
,
wh
ich
r
ef
lects
th
e
en
er
g
y
tr
a
n
s
f
er
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Fin
ally
,
th
e
las
t
g
r
ap
h
in
Fig
u
r
e
7
(
e)
,
wh
ich
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
im
p
o
r
tan
t
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
,
s
h
o
ws
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
tr
an
s
m
itted
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
DC
s
o
u
r
ce
.
I
t
s
tab
ilizes
at
ab
o
u
t 1
2
Vd
c
with
a
s
witch
i
n
g
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
o
f
1
1
1
k
Hz,
wh
i
ch
is
m
u
ch
h
i
g
h
er
t
h
an
th
e
r
eso
n
an
t f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
d
r
awn
f
r
o
m
th
e
DC
p
o
wer
s
o
u
r
ce
f
lu
ctu
ates
with
th
e
lo
ad
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
,
as
s
ee
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
T
h
is
g
r
ap
h
em
p
h
asiz
es th
e
d
y
n
am
ic
tr
e
n
d
o
f
th
e
lo
ad
cu
r
r
e
n
t,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
v
a
r
i
atio
n
s
in
th
e
s
u
p
p
ly
cu
r
r
en
t
as
l
o
ad
d
em
an
d
s
alter
o
v
er
tim
e.
T
r
a
n
s
is
to
r
1
(
T
1
)
p
l
ay
s
a
cr
itical
r
o
le
in
r
eg
u
latin
g
en
er
g
y
f
lo
w
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
o
wer
s
o
u
r
ce
to
th
e
co
n
v
e
r
ter
,
allo
win
g
th
e
in
d
u
ce
d
en
e
r
g
y
to
p
ass
th
r
o
u
g
h
an
d
b
e
f
ilter
ed
b
y
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
ca
p
ac
ito
r
C
f
2
.
T
h
e
g
e
n
er
ated
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
s
h
o
w
t
h
at
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
d
r
awn
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
o
we
r
s
u
p
p
ly
h
as
h
alf
th
e
s
witch
in
g
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
o
f
t
r
an
s
is
to
r
T
1
.
T
h
is
b
eh
av
i
o
r
o
cc
u
r
s
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
r
em
ain
in
g
cu
r
r
en
t
i
s
co
n
d
u
cted
b
y
th
e
co
m
p
lem
en
tar
y
tr
an
s
is
to
r
,
t
r
an
s
is
to
r
2
(
T
2
)
,
with
in
th
e
p
air
.
I
n
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
,
we
an
aly
ze
d
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
al
m
o
d
es
o
f
th
e
"
th
r
ee
-
p
o
r
t
DC
-
to
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
"
s
y
s
tem
,
n
am
ely
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
tr
a
n
s
f
er
f
r
o
m
th
e
DC
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
to
th
e
l
o
ad
.
T
h
e
s
tead
y
-
s
tate
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
s
en
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
to
t
h
e
lo
ad
r
esis
tan
ce
,
to
g
eth
er
with
t
r
an
s
is
to
r
1
'
s
r
e
g
u
lated
s
witch
in
g
an
d
th
e
o
s
cillato
r
y
d
y
n
am
ics
o
f
th
e
r
eso
n
an
t
tan
k
in
th
e
L
L
C
cir
cu
it,
p
r
o
v
id
es th
e
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
h
ig
h
-
ef
f
icien
cy
en
er
g
y
c
o
n
v
er
s
io
n
.
3
.
2
.
M
o
de
2
o
f
o
pera
t
io
n:
P
o
wer
t
ra
ns
f
er
f
ro
m
t
he
s
up
er
ca
pa
cit
o
r
s
t
o
ra
g
e
po
rt
t
o
t
h
e
lo
a
d
T
h
e
o
p
er
atio
n
al
m
o
d
e
f
o
r
t
r
an
s
f
er
r
in
g
en
er
g
y
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
to
th
e
lo
a
d
in
v
o
lv
es
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
cir
cu
it
ar
r
an
g
em
e
n
t
th
at
m
ax
im
izes
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
b
an
k
'
s
s
to
r
ed
en
er
g
y
.
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
co
n
s
is
t
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
A
th
r
ee
is
o
la
ted
p
o
r
t D
C
/DC
c
o
n
ve
r
ter fo
r
a
n
en
erg
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
s
ystem
…
(
F
a
r
u
k
A
h
meti
)
539
m
o
r
e
i
n
to
t
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
m
o
d
e
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
th
e
b
eh
a
v
io
r
o
f
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
an
d
th
eir
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
th
e
cir
cu
it.
D
u
r
in
g
m
o
d
e
2
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
,
th
e
en
er
g
y
is
tr
an
s
m
itted
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
(
SC
)
to
th
e
lo
ad
,
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
h
alf
-
cy
cle
o
r
an
a
u
x
ili
ar
y
p
o
wer
d
eliv
er
y
m
o
d
e
(
Fig
u
r
e
9
)
.
T
h
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
p
ath
is
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
in
r
ed
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
v
id
ed
d
iag
r
am
.
I
n
th
is
m
o
d
e,
th
e
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
b
an
k
d
is
ch
ar
g
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
r
eso
n
an
t
tan
k
f
o
r
m
e
d
b
y
C
e2
an
d
L
k
2
,
i
n
itiatin
g
r
eso
n
an
t
o
s
cillatio
n
.
T
h
e
d
r
iv
e
r
-
co
n
tr
o
lled
s
witch
T
3
is
tu
r
n
ed
ON,
d
ir
ec
tin
g
th
e
r
eso
n
an
t
cu
r
r
en
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
win
d
in
g
w2
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
T
r
1
,
wh
ic
h
th
e
n
in
d
u
ce
s
a
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
i
n
g
v
o
lta
g
e
o
n
t
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
a
r
y
s
id
e.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Simu
lated
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
cu
r
r
en
t w
av
ef
o
r
m
s
o
f
s
tag
e
1
(
DC
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
p
o
r
t)
: (
a
)
v
o
ltag
e
ac
r
o
s
s
tr
an
s
is
to
r
T
1
an
d
its
cu
r
r
en
t,
(
b
)
r
eso
n
a
n
t ta
n
k
c
u
r
r
en
t,
(
c)
r
e
s
o
n
an
t c
u
r
r
e
n
t a
n
d
tr
an
s
is
to
r
c
u
r
r
en
t c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
,
(
d
)
v
o
ltag
e
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
an
d
s
ec
o
n
d
a
r
y
win
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
t
h
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
,
an
d
(
e)
r
eg
u
lated
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
at
1
1
1
k
Hz
s
witch
in
g
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c
)
(
d
)
(
e
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
20
2
6
:
533
-
5
52
540
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
C
u
r
r
e
n
t f
r
o
m
th
e
DC
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t th
r
o
u
g
h
t
r
an
s
is
to
r
1
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
T
h
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
h
al
f
-
cy
cle
o
f
en
er
g
y
tr
a
n
s
f
er
f
r
o
m
th
e
DC
s
o
u
r
ce
to
th
e
lo
ad
f
o
r
m
o
d
e
2
o
f
o
p
e
r
atio
n
Simu
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
,
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
a
r
y
s
witch
T
5
is
ac
tiv
ated
,
allo
win
g
th
e
in
d
u
ce
d
e
n
er
g
y
to
p
ass
th
r
o
u
g
h
an
d
b
e
tu
n
n
eled
b
y
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
ca
p
ac
ito
r
C
f
2
.
T
h
is
en
s
u
r
es
a
s
m
o
o
th
an
d
c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
p
o
we
r
f
lo
w
to
th
e
lo
ad
.
Mo
d
e
2
is
ess
en
tial
in
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
r
eq
u
ir
in
g
b
ac
k
u
p
o
r
au
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4
A
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p
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C
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c
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ter fo
r
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541
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d
a
s
witch
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o
f
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Hz.
Fig
u
r
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1
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a)
s
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t
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lled
f
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t
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ce
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s
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wn
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Fig
u
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.
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h
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r
ap
h
in
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Fig
u
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Fig
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Fig
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11
(
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r
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en
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ates
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Fig
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r
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11
(
c
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d
ep
icts
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e
r
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s
o
n
an
t
cu
r
r
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n
t
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tr
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s
is
to
r
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r
r
en
t.
T
h
e
r
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t
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t
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ld
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Fig
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1
1
(
d
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e
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icts
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t
th
r
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lim
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d
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D4
.
T
h
is
g
r
ap
h
,
s
im
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to
Fig
u
r
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11
(
b
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,
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m
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ab
o
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t
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lim
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in
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ased
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Fig
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Po
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p
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1
r
em
ain
s
in
ac
tiv
e
d
u
r
in
g
th
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m
o
d
e
Fig
u
r
e
1
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p
r
esen
ts
th
e
k
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ter
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tics
o
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,
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atin
g
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s
u
b
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ig
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r
es
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etail
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o
r
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:
tr
an
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Fig
u
r
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(
a)
d
is
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lay
s
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cu
r
r
en
t
in
th
e
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n
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t
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d
u
ct
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r
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h
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
in
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d
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r
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e
a
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u
s
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i
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ef
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m
,
as in
a
r
eso
n
an
t
cir
cu
it.
(
a
)
(
b
)
(
c
)
(
d
)
(
e
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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Fig
u
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b
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s
h
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c
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t
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t
h
e
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g
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r
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h
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r
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ig
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h
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er
g
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ase.
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e
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an
s
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r
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ed
o
f
f
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th
e
cu
r
r
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t
d
r
o
p
s
to
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r
o
,
in
d
icatin
g
a
b
r
ea
k
in
en
er
g
y
tr
an
s
f
er
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
2
(
c
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in
lef
t
d
o
wn
s
id
e
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
v
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h
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d
r
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ctio
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th
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a
n
s
is
to
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is
tu
r
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ed
o
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f
,
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
in
cr
ea
s
es
d
u
e
to
th
e
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
e
d
in
th
e
r
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n
an
t
tan
k
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ee
k
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g
a
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
p
ath
.
Mo
n
ito
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g
th
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e
is
cr
itical
f
o
r
d
eter
m
i
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g
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ess
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g
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iate
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.
Fig
u
r
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1
2
(
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,
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p
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ig
h
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ep
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cts
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s
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ich
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p
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t
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e.
T
h
is
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
lev
el
th
at
th
e
lo
ad
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ec
eiv
es
wh
ile
in
s
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o
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aly
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g
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ig
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r
e
o
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er
s
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o
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atio
n
o
n
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e
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eg
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n
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y
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tem
s
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ilit
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.
Fig
u
r
e
1
2
(
e)
d
ep
icts
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
cu
r
r
e
n
t,
wh
ich
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ea
ch
es a
m
ax
im
u
m
o
f
1
.
2
A,
in
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icatin
g
th
e
m
a
x
im
u
m
l
o
ad
cu
r
r
en
t.
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
(
d
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
.
Stag
e
1
s
im
u
lated
c
u
r
r
en
t w
av
e
f
o
r
m
s
: (
a)
r
eso
n
an
t ta
n
k
an
d
D1
cu
r
r
en
ts
,
(
b
)
D3
cu
r
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en
t,
(
c)
r
eso
n
an
t
an
d
T
1
cu
r
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en
ts
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a
n
d
(
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)
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cu
r
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en
t
d
u
r
in
g
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t o
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er
atio
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Mo
d
e
2
o
f
th
e
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eso
n
an
t e
n
er
g
y
tr
an
s
f
er
s
y
s
tem
,
s
im
ilar
to
M
o
d
e
1
,
en
a
b
les co
n
tr
o
lled
p
o
w
er
d
eliv
er
y
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
to
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ag
e
b
an
k
to
th
e
lo
ad
wh
ile
m
ain
t
ain
in
g
a
r
eg
u
lated
1
2
V
DC
o
u
tp
u
t.
I
n
th
is
m
o
d
e
,
th
e
r
eso
n
an
t
L
L
C
tan
k
in
Po
r
t
3
s
h
ap
es
th
e
en
er
g
y
tr
an
s
f
er
b
y
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
a
n
ea
r
-
s
in
u
s
o
id
a
l
r
eso
n
an
t
in
d
u
cto
r
cu
r
r
en
t,
wh
ich
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
e
f
f
icien
t
h
ig
h
-
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
p
o
wer
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
.
T
h
e
lim
itin
g
d
io
d
e
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
c
u
r
r
en
t
p
ath
o
n
ly
wh
en
th
eir
f
o
r
war
d
-
b
ias
co
n
d
itio
n
is
s
atis
f
ied
,
wh
ich
h
elp
s
p
r
e
v
en
t
r
e
v
er
s
e
en
er
g
y
f
lo
w
an
d
p
r
o
tects
th
e
cir
cu
it
ag
ain
s
t
ab
n
o
r
m
al
v
o
ltag
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
At
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e,
th
e
tr
an
s
is
to
r
o
p
er
ates
as
th
e
m
ain
s
witch
in
g
elem
en
t
th
at
co
n
tr
o
ls
wh
en
en
er
g
y
is
in
jecte
d
in
t
o
th
e
r
eso
n
an
t
n
etwo
r
k
,
d
e
f
in
in
g
th
e
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
in
ter
v
als
an
d
th
e
d
eliv
er
ed
p
o
wer
lev
el.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
ac
h
iev
es
s
tab
le
o
u
tp
u
t
o
p
er
atio
n
with
r
ed
u
ce
d
s
witch
in
g
s
tr
ess
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
o
v
er
all
r
eliab
ilit
y
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
-
to
-
lo
a
d
tr
an
s
f
er
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
3
.
3
.
M
o
de
3
o
f
o
pera
t
io
n:
Si
m
ulta
neo
us
ener
g
y
t
ra
ns
f
er
f
ro
m
t
he
DC
po
wer
s
up
ply
a
nd
po
wer
ba
nk
t
o
t
he
lo
a
d
I
n
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
,
we
an
aly
ze
th
i
s
th
r
ee
-
p
o
r
t
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
o
p
er
atio
n
al
d
y
n
a
m
ics,
with
a
f
o
cu
s
o
n
th
e
th
ir
d
m
o
d
e
o
f
o
p
e
r
atio
n
.
T
h
is
m
o
d
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
e
c
o
n
v
er
ter
'
s
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
to
ef
f
icie
n
tly
tr
an
s
f
er
en
er
g
y
ac
r
o
s
s
s
ev
er
al
p
o
r
ts
:
th
e
DC
p
o
wer
s
o
u
r
ce
(
p
o
r
t
1
)
,
th
e
lo
ad
(
p
o
r
t
2
)
,
an
d
th
e
s
u
p
e
r
ca
p
ac
ito
r
(
p
o
r
t
3
)
.
I
n
Mo
d
e
3
o
f
o
p
e
r
atio
n
,
en
e
r
g
y
is
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
d
eliv
er
e
d
f
r
o
m
b
o
th
th
e
DC
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
an
d
th
e
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
to
r
ag
e
b
an
k
to
th
e
lo
ad
,
en
h
a
n
cin
g
th
e
o
v
er
all
p
o
we
r
ca
p
ac
ity
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
tr
an
s
ien
t
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e.
T
h
is
h
y
b
r
id
m
o
d
e
is
cr
u
cial
d
u
r
in
g
h
ig
h
l
o
ad
d
em
an
d
s
o
r
s
tar
tu
p
c
o
n
d
iti
o
n
s
.
As
s
h
o
wn
in
th
e
d
ia
g
r
am
,
b
o
th
th
e
u
p
p
e
r
an
d
lo
wer
co
n
v
er
ter
s
tag
es
o
p
e
r
at
e
in
p
ar
allel.
T
h
e
DC
s
o
u
r
ce
d
r
iv
es
cu
r
r
en
t
in
p
o
s
itiv
e
h
al
f
cy
cles,
as
s
h
o
wn
i
n
r
ed
lin
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
2
,
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
r
eso
n
an
t
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
C
e1
an
d
L
k
1
,
wh
ile
th
e
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
d
is
ch
ar
g
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
its
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
r
eso
n
an
t
p
ath
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
C
e2
an
d
L
k
2
.
Po
wer
s
witch
es
T
1
,
T
3
,
an
d
T
5
ar
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iately
co
n
t
r
o
lled
to
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
ize
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
s
id
e
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
b
o
th
i
n
p
u
ts
,
en
er
g
izin
g
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
win
d
in
g
s
w1
an
d
w2
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
.
On
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
id
e
,
s
witch
es
T
5
an
d
T
6
(
f
o
r
b
o
th
cy
cles)
co
o
r
d
in
ate
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.