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lec
&
Dr
i
Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
20
2
6
:
617
-
6
28
618
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
g
a
i
n
e
x
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
3
0
0
V
f
r
o
m
a
3
0
–
6
0
V
i
n
p
u
t
w
ith
o
u
t
b
u
l
k
y
m
a
g
n
e
t
i
cs
,
w
h
i
l
e
m
a
i
n
t
a
i
n
i
n
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r
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d
u
c
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d
s
w
it
c
h
s
t
r
es
s
a
n
d
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
ti
o
n
[
3
]
.
T
h
e
F
L
C
-
b
a
s
e
d
M
PP
T
f
u
r
t
h
e
r
e
n
h
a
n
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s
f
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e
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-
c
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t
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li
z
a
ti
o
n
b
y
o
f
f
e
r
i
n
g
f
a
s
t
e
r
c
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v
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g
e
n
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e
,
s
m
o
o
t
h
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t
r
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k
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n
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a
n
d
i
m
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d
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o
b
u
s
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c
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p
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wi
t
h
c
l
a
s
s
i
c
al
P
e
r
t
u
r
b
&
O
b
s
e
r
v
e
(
P
&
O
)
a
n
d
i
n
c
r
e
m
e
n
ta
l
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
a
n
c
e
(
I
C
)
m
et
h
o
d
s
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
i
n
p
u
t
a
n
d
o
u
tp
u
t
v
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
s
i
n
t
h
e
f
u
z
z
y
l
o
g
i
c
M
P
P
T
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
.
T
h
e
w
o
r
k
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
s
b
y
:
i
)
p
r
o
p
o
s
i
n
g
a
c
o
m
p
a
c
t
h
i
g
h
-
g
a
i
n
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
s
u
i
t
a
b
l
e
f
o
r
a
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t
o
m
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t
i
v
e
i
n
t
e
g
r
at
i
o
n
,
i
i
)
d
ev
e
l
o
p
i
n
g
a
n
F
L
C
-
b
as
e
d
MP
PT
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
o
p
t
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m
iz
e
d
f
o
r
n
o
n
l
i
n
e
a
r
SC
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
er
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
,
a
n
d
i
i
i
)
v
a
l
i
d
a
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
M
A
T
L
AB
/Si
m
u
l
i
n
k
s
i
m
u
l
at
i
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
r
e
s
u
lt
s
d
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
at
e
h
i
g
h
c
o
n
v
e
r
s
i
o
n
g
a
i
n
,
l
o
w
r
i
p
p
l
e
,
f
a
s
t
d
y
n
a
m
i
c
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
,
a
n
d
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
d
M
P
P
T
a
c
c
u
r
a
c
y
,
d
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
a
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
’
s
s
u
it
a
b
i
li
t
y
f
o
r
n
e
x
t
-
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
f
u
e
l
c
e
l
l
v
e
h
i
c
l
es
[
4
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
B
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
SS
HVCR
co
n
v
er
ter
with
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
MPPT
f
o
r
f
u
el
ce
ll
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
5
]
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
in
p
u
t a
n
d
o
u
tp
u
t
v
ar
iab
les in
th
e
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
M
PP
T
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
[
6
]
F
u
z
z
y
L
o
g
i
c
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
A
/
D
C
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n
v
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r
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e
r
S
w
i
t
c
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i
n
g
P
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P
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M
F
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a
c
k
+
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+
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F
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V
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x
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x
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/
D
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2
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.
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4
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5
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0
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6
0
.
9
1
D
u
t
y
c
y
c
l
e
(
d
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
A
n
o
ve
l h
i
g
h
-
g
a
in
DC
-
DC
co
n
ve
r
ter w
ith
fu
z
z
y
lo
g
ic
co
n
tr
o
l fo
r
h
yd
r
o
g
en
fu
el
…
(
Ga
d
d
a
l
a
A
n
u
s
h
a
)
619
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
F
uel
ce
ll
m
o
dellin
g
PEM
FC
s
ar
e
wid
ely
u
s
ed
i
n
au
to
m
o
tiv
e
s
y
s
tem
s
d
u
e
to
t
h
eir
lo
w
o
p
er
atin
g
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
,
f
ast
s
tar
t
-
u
p
,
an
d
h
ig
h
-
p
o
wer
d
e
n
s
ity
.
T
h
e
elec
tr
o
ch
em
ical
r
ea
ctio
n
co
n
v
er
ts
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
an
d
o
x
y
g
e
n
in
to
wate
r
wh
ile
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
elec
tr
ical
en
e
r
g
y
[
7
]
:
H
2
+
1
2
O
2
→
H
2
O
+
E
n
er
g
y
(
1
)
T
h
e
ac
tu
al
ce
ll v
o
ltag
e
is
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as
(
2
)
.
V
c
e
l
l
=
E
N
e
rn
st
−
V
a
c
t
−
V
o
hm
ic
−
V
c
o
n
c
(
2
)
T
h
e
(
1
)
d
escr
ib
es
th
e
elec
tr
o
ch
em
ical
r
ea
ctio
n
o
cc
u
r
r
in
g
in
a
PEM
f
u
el
ce
ll,
wh
er
e
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
an
d
o
x
y
g
en
co
m
b
in
e
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
wate
r
an
d
elec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
.
T
h
e
p
r
ac
tic
al
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
th
e
f
u
el
c
ell
is
d
ef
in
ed
in
(
2
)
,
wh
er
e
th
e
id
ea
l
Ner
n
s
t
v
o
ltag
e
is
r
ed
u
ce
d
b
y
ac
tiv
atio
n
,
o
h
m
ic,
an
d
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
lo
s
s
es
[
8
]
.
T
h
e
r
e
v
er
s
ib
le
o
p
en
-
cir
c
u
it v
o
ltag
e
is
ca
lcu
la
ted
u
s
in
g
th
e
Ner
n
s
t e
q
u
atio
n
g
iv
en
in
(
3
)
.
E
N
e
rn
st
=
E
0
+
RT
2F
ln
(
P
H
2
⋅
√
P
O
2
P
a
tm
)
(
3
)
Activ
atio
n
lo
s
s
es f
o
llo
w
th
e
T
af
el
:
V
a
c
t
=
RT
α
nF
ln
(
i
i
0
)
(
4
)
Oh
m
ic
lo
s
s
es,
d
o
m
in
ated
b
y
i
o
n
ic
r
esis
tan
ce
o
f
th
e
m
em
b
r
a
n
e,
in
cr
ea
s
e
lin
ea
r
ly
with
cu
r
r
en
t:
V
o
hm
ic
=
i
⋅
R
o
hm
ic
(
5
)
C
o
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
lo
s
s
es a
p
p
ea
r
at
h
ig
h
c
u
r
r
en
t
d
en
s
ities
as r
ea
ctan
ts
ar
e
d
ep
leted
at
elec
tr
o
d
e
s
u
r
f
ac
es:
V
c
o
n
c
=
−
B
l
n
(
1
−
i
i
l
im
)
(
6
)
T
h
e
r
e
v
er
s
ib
le
o
p
en
-
ci
r
cu
it
v
o
ltag
e
is
ca
lcu
lated
u
s
in
g
th
e
Ner
n
s
t
in
(
3
)
,
wh
ich
ac
co
u
n
ts
f
o
r
th
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
o
p
er
atin
g
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
an
d
r
ea
ctio
n
p
ar
tial
p
r
ess
u
r
es.
T
h
e
ac
tiv
atio
n
o
v
er
p
o
ten
ti
al,
ass
o
ciate
d
wi
th
elec
tr
o
ch
em
ical
r
ea
ctio
n
k
i
n
et
ics
at
th
e
elec
tr
o
d
es,
is
m
o
d
eled
u
s
in
g
th
e
T
af
el
in
(
4
)
.
O
h
m
ic
lo
s
s
es
ar
is
in
g
f
r
o
m
i
o
n
ic
an
d
elec
tr
o
n
ic
r
e
s
is
tan
ce
s
with
in
th
e
m
em
b
r
a
n
e
an
d
ce
ll
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
ar
e
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
(
5
)
,
s
h
o
win
g
a
lin
ea
r
d
ep
en
d
en
ce
o
n
cu
r
r
en
t.
At
h
ig
h
cu
r
r
en
t
d
en
s
ities
,
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
v
e
r
p
o
ten
tial
b
ec
o
m
es
s
ig
n
if
ican
t d
u
e
to
m
ass
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t lim
itatio
n
s
,
as e
x
p
r
ess
ed
in
(
6
)
[
9
]
.
A
ty
p
ical
f
u
el
-
ce
ll st
ac
k
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
m
u
ltip
le
ce
lls
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
s
er
ies:
V
st
a
c
k
=
N
⋅
V
c
e
l
l
(
7
)
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t p
o
we
r
is
:
P
st
a
c
k
=
V
st
a
c
k
⋅
I
(
8
)
Fo
r
p
r
ac
tical
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
m
u
ltip
le
ce
lls
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
s
er
ies
to
f
o
r
m
a
s
tack
,
an
d
th
e
r
esu
ltin
g
s
tack
v
o
ltag
e
is
g
iv
en
i
n
(
7
)
.
Fin
al
ly
,
th
e
elec
tr
ical
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
we
r
o
f
th
e
f
u
el
-
ce
ll
s
tack
is
d
et
er
m
in
ed
u
s
in
g
(
8
)
,
wh
ich
r
elate
s
th
e
s
tack
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
o
p
er
atin
g
c
u
r
r
en
t.
T
h
i
s
m
o
d
el
ca
p
tu
r
es
th
e
n
o
n
-
lin
ea
r
v
o
ltag
e
–
c
u
r
r
en
t
b
eh
av
io
u
r
o
f
PEM
FC
s
an
d
en
ab
les
ac
cu
r
ate
s
im
u
latio
n
u
n
d
er
v
ar
iab
le
lo
ad
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
[
1
0
]
.
I
t
also
p
r
o
v
id
es
th
e
b
asis
f
o
r
in
teg
r
atin
g
MPPT
co
n
tr
o
l
to
m
a
x
im
ize
en
er
g
y
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
R
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
PEM
FC
o
p
er
atio
n
[
1
1
]
.
2
.
2
.
M
a
x
i
m
um
po
wer
po
int
t
ra
ck
ing
(
M
P
P
T
)
t
ec
hn
iqu
e
Fu
el
ce
ll
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
p
o
wer
v
ar
y
with
lo
ad
,
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e,
an
d
p
r
ess
u
r
e.
T
o
e
n
s
u
r
e
m
ax
im
u
m
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
o
f
a
v
ailab
le
en
er
g
y
,
MPPT
is
e
s
s
en
tial.
T
h
r
ee
co
m
m
o
n
tech
n
i
q
u
es
,
p
er
tu
r
b
an
d
o
b
s
er
v
e
(
P&
O)
,
I
C
,
an
d
FLC
,
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
[
1
3
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
in
d
icate
s
th
e
an
n
u
a
l
p
u
b
licatio
n
tr
en
d
o
f
MPPT
-
R
elate
d
Ar
ticles
in
I
E
E
E
an
d
E
ls
ev
ier
J
o
u
r
n
als.
Fig
u
r
e
4
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
a
n
n
u
al
tr
en
d
o
f
MPPT
-
r
elate
d
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
f
r
o
m
2
0
1
2
to
2
0
2
5
.
T
h
e
x
-
a
x
is
d
en
o
tes
th
e
p
u
b
licatio
n
y
ea
r
,
wh
ile
th
e
y
-
ax
is
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
ar
ticles
p
er
y
ea
r
.
I
E
E
E
an
d
E
ls
ev
ier
jo
u
r
n
al
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
ar
e
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
ed
u
s
in
g
g
r
e
en
an
d
p
u
r
p
le
b
a
r
s
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
,
en
ab
lin
g
clea
r
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
a
n
aly
s
is
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
Sy
s
t
,
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l.
1
7
,
No
.
1
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Ma
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c
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u
r
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3
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Sch
em
atic
r
ep
r
esen
t
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n
o
f
PEM
FC
o
p
er
atio
n
[
1
2
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Fig
u
r
e
4
.
An
n
u
al
p
u
b
licatio
n
t
r
en
d
o
f
MPPT
-
r
elate
d
ar
ticles
in
I
E
E
E
an
d
E
ls
ev
ier
J
o
u
r
n
als
(
2
0
1
2
-
2
0
2
5
)
[
1
4
]
2
.
2
.
1
.
P
&O
a
lg
o
rit
hm
P&
O
p
er
tu
r
b
s
th
e
o
p
er
atin
g
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
o
b
s
er
v
es th
e
r
esu
ltin
g
p
o
we
r
ch
an
g
e:
P
=
V
⋅
I
(
9
)
If
Δ
P
/
Δ
V
>
0
,
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
is
in
cr
ea
s
ed
;
o
t
h
er
wis
e,
it
is
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
s
im
p
le,
th
is
m
eth
o
d
s
u
f
f
e
r
s
f
r
o
m
o
s
cillatio
n
s
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
MPP a
n
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
p
o
o
r
l
y
u
n
d
er
r
a
p
i
d
tr
an
s
ien
ts
.
2
.
2
.
2
.
I
C
t
ec
hn
iqu
e
I
C
im
p
r
o
v
es a
cc
u
r
ac
y
b
y
u
s
in
g
:
dP
dV
=
0
⇒
d
(
VI
)
dV
=
I
+
V
dI
dV
=
0
⇒
dI
dV
=
−
I
V
(
1
0
)
If:
dI
dV
>
−
I
V
: in
cr
ea
s
e
V
dI
dV
<
−
I
V
: d
ec
r
ea
s
e
V
I
C
r
esp
o
n
d
s
f
aster
th
an
P&
O
b
u
t r
eq
u
ir
es m
o
r
e
c
o
m
p
u
tatio
n
an
d
s
till
ex
h
ib
its
m
o
d
er
ate
r
i
p
p
les
[
1
5
]
.
2
.
2
.
3
.
F
uzzy
lo
g
ic
c
o
ntr
o
ller
(
F
L
C
)
FLC is
wel
l
-
s
u
ited
f
o
r
n
o
n
lin
e
ar
s
y
s
tem
s
lik
e
s
witch
ed
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ca
p
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ito
r
co
n
v
e
r
ter
s
.
I
t u
s
es:
E
r
r
o
r
E
(
k
)
=
dP
dV
(
1
1
)
C
h
an
g
e
in
E
r
r
o
r
Δ
E
(
k
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(
k
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−
E
(
k
−
1
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(
1
2
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F
u
e
l
E
x
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e
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s
f
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A
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l
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t
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n
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s
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d
w
a
t
e
r
a
i
r
a
n
d
h
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t
a
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l
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d
C
a
t
h
o
d
e
H
2
H
2
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O
2
H
+
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-
e
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e
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e
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e
-
R
O
S
R
C
s
R
A
S
V
O
p
e
C
+
-
+
-
+
-
+
-
D
C
-
l
o
a
d
V
F
C
I
F
C
+
-
(
a
)
(
b
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
A
n
o
ve
l h
i
g
h
-
g
a
in
DC
-
DC
co
n
ve
r
ter w
ith
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z
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y
lo
g
ic
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tr
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r
h
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(
Ga
d
d
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n
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s
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two
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ar
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les
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ed
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zz
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ate
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e
d
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ty
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cle
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s
tm
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t.
FLC
d
o
es
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o
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ir
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m
o
d
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h
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d
les
u
n
ce
r
tain
ty
ef
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ec
tiv
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an
d
p
r
o
v
id
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ast,
s
m
o
o
th
tr
ac
k
in
g
with
m
in
im
al
o
s
cillatio
n
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
o
f
th
e
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
-
b
ased
MPPT
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Fu
n
ctio
n
al
ar
c
h
itectu
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
-
b
ased
MPPT
co
n
tr
o
ller
[
1
6
]
3.
M
O
DE
L
L
I
NG
AND
P
RA
C
T
I
CA
L
I
M
P
L
E
M
E
N
T
A
T
I
O
N
O
F
T
H
E
SS
H
VC
R
CO
NV
E
RT
E
R
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
in
g
le
-
s
witch
h
ig
h
-
v
o
ltag
e
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
r
atio
(
S
SHVC
R
)
co
n
v
er
ter
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
an
in
p
u
t
in
d
u
cto
r
L
a
,
m
ain
MO
SF
E
T
s
witch
S
,
d
io
d
es,
an
d
a
s
witch
ed
-
ca
p
ac
ito
r
n
etwo
r
k
f
o
r
m
ed
b
y
C
x
,
C
d
,
C
e
,
C
q
.
T
h
is
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
e
n
ab
les
h
i
g
h
v
o
ltag
e
g
ain
b
y
tr
a
n
s
f
er
r
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g
c
h
ar
g
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r
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u
g
h
ca
s
ca
d
ed
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p
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ito
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r
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u
p
s
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
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er
en
t
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ter
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h
e
co
n
v
er
ter
o
p
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ates
in
th
r
e
e
m
o
d
es
d
ep
e
n
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
s
tate
o
f
th
e
MO
SF
E
T
.
Fig
u
r
es
6
(
a)
–
(
c)
illu
s
tr
ate
th
e
o
p
er
atin
g
s
tag
es
[
1
7
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
s
h
o
ws
th
e
o
p
er
atin
g
m
o
d
es
o
f
th
e
SS
HVCR
DC
-
DC
c
o
n
v
er
ter
.
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Op
e
r
atin
g
m
o
d
es o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
SS
HVCR
D
C
–
D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
: (
a)
s
witch
ON,
(
b
)
s
witch
OFF
(
ca
p
ac
ito
r
ch
a
r
g
in
g
)
,
an
d
(
c)
e
n
er
g
y
t
r
an
s
f
er
to
t
h
e
lo
ad
[
1
8
]
3
.
1
.
Wo
r
k
ing
o
n a
co
nv
er
t
er
a
t
t
he
m
o
de
-
I
s
t
a
g
e
W
h
en
th
e
MO
SF
E
T
i
s
tu
r
n
ed
ON,
th
e
in
p
u
t
in
d
u
cto
r
L
a
s
t
o
r
es
en
er
g
y
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ile
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
o
n
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
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id
e
m
ain
tain
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ei
r
p
r
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io
u
s
ch
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r
g
e
s
tates.
Dio
d
es
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ec
o
m
e
r
ev
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e
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b
iased
,
p
r
e
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e
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g
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r
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war
d
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t.
T
h
e
in
d
u
ct
o
r
v
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ltag
e
an
d
c
u
r
r
e
n
t d
u
r
in
g
t
h
is
s
tag
e
ar
e
o
b
tain
ed
u
s
in
g
[
1
9
]
:
F
u
z
z
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
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e
P
H
P
C
Z
E
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C
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H
µ
(
e
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e
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C
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s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
20
2
6
:
617
-
6
28
622
{
I
Ce
−
cin
g
=
I
Cz
−
d
i
n
g
=
I
Le
+
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Ld
I
Cd
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(
1
3
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{
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F
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V
Cz
−
V
Ce
V
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=
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Cz
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Cd
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V
Cq
(
1
4
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Du
r
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th
is
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ter
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th
e
in
d
u
c
to
r
cu
r
r
e
n
t in
cr
ea
s
es lin
ea
r
ly
,
an
d
n
o
p
o
wer
is
d
eliv
er
ed
to
th
e
lo
ad
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
T
h
e
co
n
v
er
ter
o
p
er
at
in
g
m
o
d
es a
r
e
(
a)
C
C
M,
p
lu
s
(
b
)
DC
M
[2
0
]
3
.
2
.
Wo
r
k
ing
o
f
t
he
co
nv
er
t
er
a
t
t
he
m
o
de
-
I
I
& II
I
s
t
a
g
es
W
h
en
th
e
MO
SF
E
T
tu
r
n
s
OF
F,
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
s
to
r
ed
in
th
e
in
d
u
cto
r
a
n
d
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
is
tr
an
s
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r
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t
o
th
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m
e
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o
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d
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iased
,
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o
r
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d
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h
e
ca
p
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cito
r
an
d
in
d
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r
d
y
n
a
m
ics d
u
r
in
g
th
is
in
ter
v
al
ar
e
g
o
v
er
n
ed
b
y
:
{
I
Ce
−
d
i
n
g
=
I
Cq
−
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i
n
g
+
I
Ld
+
I
Ld
−
cin
g
−
I
Ls
I
Cz
−
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g
=
−
I
Ce
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d
i
n
g
+
I
La
−
I
Ls
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g
I
Cg
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g
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Cz
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i
n
g
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I
Ld
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(
1
5
)
{
V
Lz
=
V
F
V
Le
=
−
V
Ce
=
−
V
Cd
V
Ld
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V
Cz
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V
Cd
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V
Cf
−
V
Ce
(
1
6
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Lz
−
m
i
n
+
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Le
−
m
i
n
+
I
Ld
−
m
i
n
=
0
(
1
7
)
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V
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0
(
1
8
)
T
h
is
s
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is
r
esp
o
n
s
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le
f
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r
th
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v
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ltip
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Sin
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th
e
o
u
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t
v
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r
is
es si
g
n
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in
p
u
t le
v
el.
3
.
3
.
Ana
ly
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Fro
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u
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e
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ilter
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ito
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v
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ltag
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in
s
tead
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ex
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r
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as
(
1
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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Dr
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s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
A
n
o
ve
l h
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h
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in
DC
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ter w
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623
G
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i
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+
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1
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(
1
9
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{
I
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−
1
3
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I
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I
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(
2
0
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T
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a
r
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(
R
MS)
v
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lu
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p
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ts
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as
(
2
1
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-
(
2
4
)
.
I
Q
RMS
=
√
(
G
a
i
n
CCM
+
2
)
(
G
a
i
n
CCM
−
1
)
∗
I
g
(
2
1
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I
Da
−
RMS
=
I
Ds
−
RMS
=
I
Dd
−
RMS
=
√
G
ai
n
CCM
+
2
3
∗
I
g
(
2
2
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I
Cs
−
RMS
=
I
Ca
−
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=
√
G
ai
n
CCM
−
1
3
2
∗
I
g
(
2
3
)
I
Cd
−
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I
Cf
−
RMS
=
I
Cg
−
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=
√
G
ai
n
CCM
−
1
3
∗
I
g
(
2
4
)
3
.
4
.
M
o
de
-
I
I
I
o
pera
t
io
n (
t
ra
ns
it
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n o
r
DCM
s
t
a
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e)
I
f
th
e
in
d
u
cto
r
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r
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en
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ea
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r
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witch
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ter
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d
is
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
c
o
n
d
u
ctio
n
m
o
d
e
(
DC
M)
.
I
n
th
is
m
o
d
e,
all
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
d
ev
ices
ar
e
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d
th
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=
1
2
(
1
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√
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2
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2
ɳ
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(
2
5
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T
ab
le
1
co
m
p
a
r
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d
if
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en
t
h
ig
h
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g
ai
n
DC
–
DC
co
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ter
to
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ter
m
s
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f
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t
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e
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t
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r
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n
t
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atu
r
e
,
an
d
d
e
v
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v
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ltag
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s
tr
ess
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
h
i
g
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
tr
ad
e
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o
f
f
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etwe
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cu
it
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m
p
lex
ity
,
ac
h
iev
ab
l
e
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ain
,
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
s
tr
ess
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
SS
HVCR
-
B
C
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
g
ain
with
u
n
if
o
r
m
o
u
tp
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
d
d
ev
ice
s
tr
ess
,
m
ak
in
g
it su
itab
le
f
o
r
f
u
el
-
ce
ll a
p
p
licatio
n
s
[2
2
].
T
ab
le
1
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
ativ
e
ass
ess
m
en
t o
f
th
e
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r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
v
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ter
cir
cu
it with
ex
is
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g
to
p
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l
o
g
ie
s
[2
1
]
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e
V
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t
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t
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s
t
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e
ss
Q
TSCN
[2
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(
1
+
3
D
)
/
(
1
-
D)
O
n
e
sw
i
t
c
h
a
n
d
t
h
r
e
e
d
i
o
d
e
s
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e
s
Tw
o
i
n
d
u
c
t
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r
s
a
n
d
c
a
p
a
c
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t
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r
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n
i
f
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r
m
1
1
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O
B
C
[
2
3
]
(3
-
D
)
/
(
1
-
D)
O
n
e
sw
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t
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h
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n
d
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r
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i
o
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e
s
No
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n
g
l
e
i
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
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n
d
f
o
u
r
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
s
D
i
st
o
r
t
e
d
Ga
i
n
CCM
−
1
2
∗
Ga
i
n
CCM
Ga
i
n
CCM
−
1
2
∗
Ga
i
n
CCM
H
I
TB
LC
[
4
]
2
/
(
1
-
D)
Th
r
e
e
sw
i
t
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h
e
s
a
n
d
t
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d
i
o
d
e
s
Y
e
s
Tw
o
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n
d
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c
t
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r
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a
n
d
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a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
s
D
i
st
o
r
t
e
d
0
.
5
0
.
5
G
B
B
C
[
2
4
]
1
/
(
1
-
D)
O
n
e
sw
i
t
c
h
a
n
d
o
n
e
d
i
o
d
e
No
O
n
e
i
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
a
n
d
o
n
e
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
U
n
i
f
o
r
m
1
1
S
S
H
V
C
R
BC
(
1
+
2
D
)
/
(
1
-
D)
O
n
e
sw
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t
c
h
a
n
d
t
h
r
e
e
d
i
o
d
e
s
Y
e
s
Th
r
e
e
i
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
s a
n
d
f
i
v
e
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
s
U
n
i
f
o
r
m
Ga
i
n
CCM
+
2
3
∗
Ga
i
n
CCM
Ga
i
n
CCM
+
2
3
∗
Ga
i
n
CCM
S
S
ZV
B
C
[
2
5
]
(
2
+
D
)
/
(
1
-
D)
Tw
o
sw
i
t
c
h
e
s
a
n
d
t
h
r
e
e
d
i
o
d
e
s
No
Th
r
e
e
i
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
s a
n
d
t
h
r
e
e
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
s
D
i
st
o
r
t
e
d
0
.
5
0
.
5
S
S
LV
B
C
[2
5
]
(
1
+
D
)
/
(
1
-
D)
O
n
e
sw
i
t
c
h
a
n
d
t
h
r
e
e
d
i
o
d
e
s
No
Tw
o
i
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
s
a
n
d
t
h
r
e
e
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
s
U
n
i
f
o
r
m
1
+
Ga
i
n
CCM
2
∗
Ga
i
n
CCM
1
+
Ga
i
n
CCM
2
∗
Ga
i
n
CCM
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S
AND
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
SS
HVCR
co
n
v
er
ter
with
f
u
zz
y
MPPT
was
ev
alu
ated
in
MA
T
L
AB
/S
im
u
lin
k
u
s
in
g
a
PEM
f
u
el
-
ce
ll
in
p
u
t
(
3
0
–
6
0
V)
.
Fig
u
r
es
8
to
1
0
s
u
m
m
ar
i
ze
th
e
k
ey
r
esu
lts
.
Fig
u
r
e
8
(
a)
s
h
o
ws th
e
V
–
I
c
h
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
PEM
F
C
,
wh
er
e
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t v
o
ltag
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
es a
t h
ig
h
er
cu
r
r
e
n
t
d
en
s
ities
d
u
e
to
ac
tiv
atio
n
,
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h
m
ic,
a
n
d
c
o
n
ce
n
t
r
atio
n
l
o
s
s
es.
T
h
is
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s
tifie
s
th
e
n
ec
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ity
o
f
a
h
ig
h
-
g
ai
n
co
n
v
er
ter
t
o
b
o
o
s
t th
e
lo
w
s
tac
k
v
o
ltag
e.
Fig
u
r
e
8
(
b
)
s
h
o
ws th
at
co
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DATA AV
AI
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Data
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[
1
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[
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[
4
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