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1
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B
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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8
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h
a
r
g
i
n
g
r
e
s
t
r
i
c
t
i
o
n
s
,
a
n
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
d
e
n
s
i
t
y
d
e
c
l
i
n
e
[
1
0
]
.
F
u
e
l
c
e
l
l
s
h
a
v
e
b
e
e
n
u
s
e
d
a
s
a
n
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l
t
e
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n
a
t
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v
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a
n
d
s
u
s
t
a
i
n
a
b
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e
s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
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a
s
t
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e
y
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c
o
n
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i
d
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d
a
s
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r
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l
e
a
n
a
n
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o
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i
n
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o
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m
a
k
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d
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l
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o
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m
p
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o
v
i
n
g
e
n
e
r
g
y
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
[
1
1
]
.
I
n
a
d
d
i
t
i
o
n
,
m
o
d
e
r
n
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
h
a
s
f
o
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n
d
t
h
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e
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r
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n
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e
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c
e
l
l
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w
i
t
h
D
V
R
s
i
m
p
r
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v
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s
p
o
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r
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
i
n
m
o
d
e
r
n
m
i
c
r
o
g
r
i
d
s
[
1
2
]
.
O
t
h
e
r
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
e
r
s
h
a
v
e
r
e
l
i
e
d
o
n
o
p
t
i
m
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
a
n
d
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
s
t
r
a
t
e
g
i
e
s
t
o
e
n
h
a
n
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e
t
h
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e
f
f
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c
i
e
n
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y
o
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y
d
r
o
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e
n
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e
l
c
e
l
l
s
w
h
e
n
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
e
d
w
i
t
h
D
V
R
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
[
1
3
]
.
O
t
h
e
r
s
t
u
d
i
e
s
i
n
d
i
c
a
t
e
t
h
a
t
h
y
b
r
i
d
D
V
R
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
s
c
o
m
b
i
n
i
n
g
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
c
e
l
l
s
a
n
d
f
u
e
l
c
e
l
l
s
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
t
o
r
e
d
u
c
i
n
g
h
a
r
m
o
n
i
c
s
[
1
4
]
.
Ad
v
an
ce
d
co
n
t
r
o
l
m
et
h
o
d
s
s
u
ch
as
PI
ad
ap
tiv
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
ap
p
lie
d
to
DVRs
to
r
ed
u
ce
v
o
ltag
e
d
r
o
p
s
,
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
f
o
r
u
s
in
g
in
tellig
en
t
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
to
f
u
r
th
er
im
p
r
o
v
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
[
1
5
]
.
I
n
p
ar
ticu
l
ar
,
p
r
o
to
n
e
x
ch
an
g
e
m
em
b
r
an
e
f
u
el
ce
lls
(
PEM
FC
s
)
o
f
f
er
f
ast
d
y
n
am
ics,
h
ig
h
ef
f
icien
cy
,
a
n
d
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
,
w
h
ich
ar
e
ess
en
tial
f
ea
tu
r
es
f
o
r
DVR
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
1
6
]
.
T
o
s
af
eg
u
ar
d
s
en
s
itiv
e
lo
ad
s
ag
ain
s
t
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
th
at
m
ay
o
cc
u
r
in
th
e
s
u
p
p
l
y
d
u
r
i
n
g
v
o
ltag
e
s
ag
s
o
r
s
wells,
th
is
r
esear
ch
p
r
esen
ts
a
co
m
b
in
atio
n
of
th
e
DVR
an
d
an
ac
tiv
e
co
m
p
en
s
ato
r
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
b
ac
k
-
to
-
b
ac
k
.
T
h
e
two
co
m
p
e
n
s
ato
r
s
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
b
y
a
p
air
o
f
c
o
m
m
o
n
f
u
el
ce
lls
,
s
o
th
at
th
e
DV
R
in
jects
v
o
ltag
es
in
to
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
in
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
an
o
m
aly
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
af
f
ec
tin
g
th
e
elec
tr
ical
n
etwo
r
k
v
o
ltag
e,
u
s
in
g
th
e
en
er
g
y
o
f
th
e
f
u
el
ce
ll.
W
h
ile
th
e
ac
tiv
e
co
m
p
en
s
ato
r
is
u
s
ed
to
clea
r
o
u
t
th
e
ex
ce
s
s
en
er
g
y
in
th
e
D
VR
,
wh
ich
is
n
o
t
u
s
ed
,
an
d
th
e
en
er
g
y
in
th
e
f
u
el
ce
lls
,
an
d
th
is
ac
tiv
e
c
o
m
p
en
s
ato
r
also
h
elp
s
t
o
in
cr
ea
s
e
t
h
e
p
o
wer
f
ac
to
r
at
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
b
y
in
jectin
g
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
to
o
f
f
s
et
lo
ad
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
.
T
h
is
co
m
b
in
ed
s
y
s
tem
also
u
s
ed
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
th
e
DVR
co
m
p
en
s
ato
r
[
1
7
]
,
wh
ich
m
u
s
t
b
e
in
jecte
d
in
to
th
e
n
etw
o
r
k
,
an
d
th
ey
wer
e
also
u
s
e
d
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
cu
r
r
en
ts
,
wh
ich
m
u
s
t
b
e
in
jecte
d
in
to
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
to
co
m
p
en
s
ate
f
o
r
th
e
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
an
d
th
e
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
o
f
e
x
ce
s
s
ac
tiv
e
p
o
wer
in
t
h
is
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
also
ex
am
in
es
th
e
ex
c
h
an
g
e
o
f
ac
tiv
e
a
n
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
f
lo
ws
b
etwe
en
all
th
e
co
m
p
en
s
ato
r
s
a
n
d
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
,
in
all
ca
s
es:
th
e
n
o
r
m
al
s
ta
te,
o
v
e
r
v
o
ltag
e
,
an
d
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
d
ip
s
tate.
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
s
y
s
tem
to
b
e
s
tu
d
i
ed
.
T
h
e
m
ai
n
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
o
f
th
is
ar
ticle
ca
n
b
e
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
in
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
p
o
i
n
ts
:
i)
A
n
e
w
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
o
n
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
D
V
R
a
n
d
P
E
M
f
u
e
l
c
e
l
l
t
o
e
n
s
u
r
e
s
u
s
ta
i
n
a
b
l
e
a
n
d
r
e
li
a
b
l
e
v
o
lt
a
g
e
c
o
m
p
e
n
s
a
ti
o
n
;
i
i
)
Dev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
an
in
teg
r
ated
s
y
s
tem
co
n
tain
in
g
an
ac
tiv
e
co
m
p
en
s
ato
r
to
m
an
ag
e
ex
ce
s
s
en
er
g
y
f
r
o
m
th
e
f
u
el
ce
ll a
n
d
p
o
wer
f
ac
to
r
; iii)
Ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
to
ex
tr
ac
t
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
cu
r
r
en
t
in
r
ea
l
tim
e
;
an
d
iv
)
C
o
m
p
lete
s
im
u
latio
n
u
s
in
g
MA
T
L
AB
/S
im
u
lin
k
an
d
v
er
i
f
icatio
n
o
f
its
v
alid
ity
in
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
(
n
o
r
m
al,
lo
w
v
o
ltag
e,
a
n
d
h
ig
h
v
o
lta
g
e)
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Sy
s
tem
cir
cu
it c
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
2.
T
H
E
P
O
WE
R
F
L
O
W
S
T
U
DY
I
N
T
H
E
DVR
T
h
e
elec
tr
ical
p
o
wer
d
is
tr
ib
u
to
r
m
u
s
t
s
u
p
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ly
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n
o
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in
al
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in
u
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id
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co
n
s
u
m
er
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o
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o
wer
,
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n
p
a
r
ticu
lar
th
e
m
o
s
t
s
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itiv
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Oth
er
wis
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i.e
.
in
th
e
ev
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t
o
f
a
f
au
lt
a
f
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tin
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th
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c
o
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s
u
m
er
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s
v
o
ltag
e,
t
h
i
s
m
u
s
t
b
e
c
o
r
r
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,
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x
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y
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D
VR
,
w
h
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it
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a
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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&
Dr
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N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
V
o
lta
g
e
co
mp
e
n
s
a
tio
n
u
s
in
g
f
u
el
ce
ll fed
d
yn
a
mic
vo
lta
g
e
r
esto
r
er
(
R
yma
B
erb
a
o
u
i
)
665
a
n
d
t
h
i
s
b
y
i
n
j
e
ct
i
n
g
a
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
e
q
u
a
l
t
o
t
h
e
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
b
et
w
e
e
n
t
h
e
n
o
m
i
n
a
l
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
a
n
d
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
[
1
8
]
.
I
n
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
a
v
o
ltag
e
s
ag
at
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
lev
el,
t
h
e
m
o
d
u
lu
s
o
f
t
h
e
in
jecte
d
v
o
ltag
e
is
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
m
en
tio
n
ed
ab
o
v
e
an
d
th
e
p
h
as
e
s
h
if
t o
f
th
is
in
jecte
d
v
o
ltag
e
is
in
p
h
ase
with
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
v
o
ltag
e,
wh
ile
in
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
an
o
v
er
v
o
ltag
e
at
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
lev
el,
th
e
m
o
d
u
lu
s
o
f
th
e
in
jecte
d
v
o
ltag
e
is
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
m
en
tio
n
ed
ab
o
v
e
a
n
d
th
e
p
h
ase
s
h
if
t o
f
th
is
in
jecte
d
v
o
ltag
e
is
p
h
ase
s
h
i
f
ted
with
r
esp
ec
t to
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
v
o
ltag
e.
Fo
r
ef
f
icien
t
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
th
e
DVR,
th
e
p
ar
allel
ac
tiv
e
co
m
p
en
s
ato
r
(
PC
)
m
u
s
t
m
ain
tain
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
b
etwe
en
th
e
ter
m
in
als
o
f
th
e
DC
ca
p
ac
ito
r
o
r
th
e
in
ter
m
ed
i
ate
cir
cu
it
[
1
9
]
,
in
o
r
d
er
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
th
e
ac
tiv
e
p
o
wer
is
tr
an
s
m
itted
b
etwe
en
th
e
two
ac
tiv
e
co
m
p
en
s
ato
r
s
,
th
e
f
u
el
ce
lls
,
an
d
th
e
elec
tr
ical
n
etwo
r
k
,
a
s
well
as
th
e
p
ar
allel
co
m
p
en
s
ato
r
(
PC
)
also
p
r
o
v
id
es
co
m
p
en
s
ati
o
n
f
o
r
th
e
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
r
e
q
u
ested
b
y
th
e
lo
a
d
.
T
h
e
in
d
u
ctiv
e
lo
ad
u
s
ed
in
t
h
is
s
y
s
tem
is
a
lo
ad
with
a
p
o
wer
f
ac
to
r
o
f
0
.
7
0
7
.
F
ig
u
r
e
2
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
eq
u
iv
alen
t
m
o
d
el
o
f
a
n
eq
u
i
v
alen
t
s
in
g
le
-
p
h
ase
cir
cu
it.
W
ith
:
I
s
,e
s
:
T
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
c
u
r
r
en
t
a
n
d
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
;
V
s
:
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
at
th
e
p
o
in
t
o
f
co
m
m
o
n
co
u
p
lin
g
(
PC
C
)
;
I
L
,
V
L
:
T
h
e
lo
a
d
cu
r
r
e
n
t
an
d
lo
ad
v
o
ltag
e,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
; V
i
: th
e
in
jecte
d
v
o
ltag
e
b
y
DVR;
I
f
: in
jecte
d
cu
r
r
en
t
b
y
PC
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
E
q
u
iv
alen
t c
ir
c
u
it o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
T
h
e
lo
ad
v
o
ltag
e
is
tak
en
as
t
h
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
p
h
aso
r
,
th
e
lo
ad
p
o
wer
f
ac
to
r
is
,
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
eq
u
atio
n
s
ca
n
b
e
wr
itten
as (
1
)
-
(
3
)
.
=
∠
0
0
(
1
)
=
∠
−
(
2
)
=
(
1
+
)
∠
0
0
(
3
)
W
h
er
e
k
is
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
f
lu
ctu
a
tio
n
f
ac
to
r
,
it d
ef
in
ed
as
(
4
)
.
=
−
(
4
)
T
h
e
in
jecte
d
v
o
ltag
e
b
y
DVR eq
u
als:
=
−
=
∠
0
0
(
5
)
C
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
at
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
es
ar
e
n
eg
lig
ib
le
in
b
o
th
ac
ti
v
e
co
m
p
en
s
ato
r
s
,
DVR,
PC
;
i.e
.
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
s
witch
es a
r
e
id
ea
l,
th
e
p
o
wer
b
alan
ce
eq
u
atio
n
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
r
e
s
s
ed
b
y
(
6
)
-
(
9
)
.
+
=
(
6
)
.
+
=
⋅
(
7
)
.
+
=
(
1
+
)
⋅
(
8
)
=
(
1
+
)
⋅
−
(
9
)
T
h
e
last
eq
u
atio
n
s
h
o
ws
th
at
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
c
u
r
r
en
t,
wh
ich
r
e
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
p
o
wer
o
f
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
c
e,
is
d
ir
ec
tly
r
elate
d
to
th
e
lo
ad
c
u
r
r
e
n
t a
n
d
t
h
e
p
o
wer
in
jecte
d
b
y
t
h
e
f
u
el
ce
ll.
T
h
e
DVR p
o
wer
ca
n
b
e
wr
itten
as
(
1
0
)
-
(
1
2
)
.
̄
=
̄
̄
(
1
0
)
=
⋅
=
⋅
(
1
1
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
20
2
6
:
66
3
-
6
73
666
=
⋅
(
1
2
)
Sin
ce
it
is
th
e
ac
tiv
e
p
ar
allel
co
m
p
en
s
ato
r
th
at
k
ee
p
s
th
e
p
o
wer
f
ac
to
r
e
q
u
al
to
u
n
ity
a
t
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
,
th
en
:
≅
0
.
=
⋅
=
⋅
(
1
3
)
≅
0
(
1
4
)
T
h
e
PC
's
ap
p
ar
en
t p
o
wer
is
(
1
5
)
.
̄
=
̄
̄
(
1
5
)
T
h
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
s
u
p
p
l
i
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
p
a
r
a
l
l
e
l
c
o
m
p
e
n
s
a
t
o
r
c
a
n
b
e
c
a
lc
u
l
a
t
e
d
b
y
c
a
l
c
u
l
a
ti
n
g
t
h
e
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
a
n
d
t
h
e
l
o
a
d
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
,
a
n
d
i
t
c
o
n
t
a
i
n
s
t
h
e
a
ct
i
v
e
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
a
n
d
t
h
e
r
e
a
c
t
i
v
e
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
.
W
e
h
a
v
e
:
=
−
(
1
6
)
=
∠
0
0
−
∠
−
(
1
7
)
=
−
(
⋅
−
⋅
)
(
1
8
)
=
(
−
⋅
)
+
⋅
(
1
9
)
=
⋅
(
2
0
)
=
(
−
⋅
)
(
2
1
)
=
⋅
=
⋅
(
2
2
)
3.
NE
URA
L
N
E
T
WO
RK
S F
O
R
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
SO
UR
CE
AND
VO
L
T
AG
E
Am
o
n
g
th
e
q
u
ality
f
ac
to
r
s
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
en
s
ato
r
is
th
e
m
eth
o
d
o
f
d
eter
m
in
in
g
th
e
r
ef
er
e
n
c
e
cu
r
r
en
ts
an
d
v
o
ltag
es
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
is
wo
r
k
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
ar
tific
ial
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
(
AN
N)
as
a
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
an
d
d
eter
m
in
in
g
th
e
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
v
al
u
es
o
f
th
e
c
o
m
p
en
s
ato
r
.
No
wa
d
ay
s
,
r
esear
c
h
er
s
ar
e
in
ter
ested
in
m
u
ltil
ay
er
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
n
e
u
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
(
ML
FF
N)
,
wh
ich
ar
e
a
s
et
o
f
o
u
t
p
u
t
n
e
u
r
o
n
s
an
d
o
n
e
o
r
m
o
r
e
in
ter
m
ed
iate
n
eu
r
o
n
s
,
ca
lled
h
id
d
en
lay
e
r
s
.
I
t
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
th
e
in
p
u
t
lay
er
,
wh
ic
h
s
u
p
er
v
is
es
th
e
s
u
p
p
ly
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
to
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
.
T
h
is
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
is
d
ir
ec
ted
t
o
th
e
o
u
ter
lay
er
v
ia
th
e
h
id
d
en
lay
er
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
illu
s
tr
ates
th
is
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
T
h
is
co
r
r
elatio
n
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
b
y
weig
h
t
m
atr
ices
W
an
d
b
ias
v
ec
to
r
s
b
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
s
h
o
ws
th
e
DVR
co
n
tr
o
l
u
s
in
g
a
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
,
co
n
v
er
tin
g
in
p
u
t
v
o
l
tag
es
an
d
cu
r
r
e
n
ts
in
to
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
cu
r
r
en
ts
to
d
r
i
v
e
th
e
PI
co
n
tr
o
ller
an
d
PW
M
p
u
ls
es.
T
o
m
ak
e
t
h
e
er
r
o
r
o
r
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
im
a
g
e
o
r
o
u
t
p
u
t
o
f
th
e
ANN
f
u
n
ctio
n
an
d
th
e
im
ag
e
o
f
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
f
u
n
ctio
n
ze
r
o
,
th
e
ANN
u
s
es
th
e
iter
ativ
e
lear
n
in
g
m
eth
o
d
,
s
o
th
at
th
e
ANN
n
etwo
r
k
iter
ativ
ely
ch
an
g
es W an
d
b
[
2
1
]
.
Af
ter
a
ll th
e
s
y
s
tem
in
p
u
ts
ar
e
en
ter
e
d
in
to
th
e
ANN
s
y
s
tem
,
th
ese
in
p
u
ts
ar
e
weig
h
ted
with
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
weig
h
ts
W
,
th
en
th
e
r
esu
lt
is
s
u
m
m
e
d
with
b
ias
b
,
t
h
e
to
tal
o
u
tp
u
t
is
m
ad
e
u
p
as
an
an
tece
d
en
t o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
f
er
f
u
n
c
tio
n
f
.
We
ca
n
d
e
f
in
e
th
e
ac
tiv
atio
n
v
ec
to
r
"a
"
as:
=
∑
(
.
+
)
(
2
3
)
I
n
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
th
e
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
u
s
ed
,
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
u
s
ed
in
th
e
in
p
u
t
lay
er
an
d
th
e
h
id
d
en
lay
er
is
a
d
if
f
er
e
n
tiab
le
f
u
n
ctio
n
,
k
n
o
wn
as tan
-
s
ig
m
o
id
.
ta
n
(
)
=
2
1
+
−
2
−
1
(
2
4
)
As f
o
r
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t la
y
e
r
,
we
u
s
ed
th
e
lin
ea
r
ty
p
e
ac
tiv
atio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
,
p
u
r
elin
.
(
)
=
(
2
5
)
I
n
o
r
d
e
r
to
tr
ain
o
r
g
u
id
e
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
to
war
d
s
ze
r
o
e
r
r
o
r
,
th
is
n
etwo
r
k
m
u
s
t
o
p
tim
ize
th
ese
weig
h
ts
an
d
th
ese
b
iases
.
T
h
is
wo
r
k
u
s
ed
th
e
L
MS
alg
o
r
ith
m
b
ec
au
s
e
th
is
m
eth
o
d
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
lear
n
in
g
r
u
le
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
alm
o
s
t a
n
y
d
esire
d
n
etwo
r
k
b
eh
av
io
r
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
V
o
lta
g
e
co
mp
e
n
s
a
tio
n
u
s
in
g
f
u
el
ce
ll fed
d
yn
a
mic
vo
lta
g
e
r
esto
r
er
(
R
yma
B
erb
a
o
u
i
)
667
{
1
′
1
},
{
2
′
2
}
,
…
…
.
{
′
}
(
2
6
)
I
f
we
co
n
s
id
er
th
at
x
i
ar
e
th
e
v
alu
es
o
f
th
e
in
p
u
ts
o
f
t
h
e
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
,
an
d
y
i
ar
e
th
e
o
u
t
p
u
ts
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
th
ese
in
p
u
ts
.
I
m
m
ed
iately
af
ter
o
b
tain
in
g
th
ese
o
u
tp
u
ts
,
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
will
co
m
p
ar
e
t
h
e
s
e
o
u
tp
u
ts
with
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
tar
g
et
o
u
tp
u
ts
Yi,
in
o
r
d
er
to
esti
m
ate
an
d
to
ev
al
u
ate
th
ese
d
if
f
e
r
en
c
es
o
r
er
r
o
r
s
.
T
h
is
ev
alu
atio
n
d
e
p
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
a
v
e
r
ag
e
s
u
m
ca
lcu
latio
n
o
f
th
ese
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
:
=
1
∑
(
)
2
−
1
(
2
7
)
=
1
∑
(
(
)
−
′
(
)
)
2
−
1
(
2
8
)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Neu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
to
p
o
lo
g
y
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Simu
lated
m
o
d
el
o
f
t
h
e
p
ar
allel
co
m
p
en
s
ato
r
co
n
tr
o
ller
I
n
o
r
d
e
r
to
o
b
tain
th
e
ab
s
o
lu
t
e
m
in
im
u
m
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
e
r
r
o
r
,
b
y
ad
ju
s
tin
g
th
e
weig
h
ts
an
d
b
iases
o
f
th
e
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
,
th
is
s
y
s
tem
u
s
ed
t
h
e
least
m
ea
n
s
q
u
ar
e
(
LMS
)
er
r
o
r
alg
o
r
ith
m
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
lear
n
in
g
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
3
]
.
I
n
itially
,
th
e
n
e
u
r
al
n
etw
o
r
k
was u
s
ed
to
d
ete
r
m
in
e
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
c
u
r
r
en
ts
f
o
r
th
e
p
a
r
a
llel c
o
m
p
en
s
ato
r
to
m
ain
tain
th
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
v
o
ltag
e
b
etwe
en
th
e
two
co
m
p
e
n
s
ato
r
s
[
2
4
]
.
allo
win
g
ac
tiv
e
p
o
wer
to
f
lo
w.
Fo
r
th
is
,
th
is
wo
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a
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al
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k
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t
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r
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a
h
y
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ig
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r
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y
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Fo
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eter
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atio
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e
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esto
r
er
[
2
5
]
,
th
is
wo
r
k
u
s
e
:
f
o
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r
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la
y
er
n
eu
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etwo
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h
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lic
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ig
m
o
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d
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en
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with
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eu
r
o
n
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r
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er
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ely
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tp
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ith
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n
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r
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n
s
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d
a
p
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r
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f
u
n
ctio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
s
im
u
lated
DVR
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
b
ased
o
n
a
n
e
u
r
al
n
etwo
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k
,
w
itch
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en
er
ates
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
v
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ltag
es
f
r
o
m
th
e
m
ea
s
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r
ed
t
h
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p
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ase
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v
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g
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m
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ate
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is
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r
b
an
ce
s
v
ia
PW
M
co
n
t
r
o
l.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Simu
lated
m
o
d
el
o
f
t
h
e
DVR co
n
tr
o
ller
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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M
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s
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h
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s
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p
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lies
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l
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ate
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at
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.
5
k
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d
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k
VA,
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atin
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at
a
n
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m
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al
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eq
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o
f
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Hz.
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h
is
s
etu
p
aim
s
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
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v
er
all
p
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q
u
ality
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y
m
in
im
izin
g
v
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e
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eg
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lar
ities
.
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h
e
DVR
is
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
in
s
er
ies
b
etwe
en
th
e
s
u
p
p
ly
a
n
d
th
e
lo
ad
,
wh
ile
its
DC
lin
k
is
en
e
r
g
i
ze
d
b
y
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p
r
o
to
n
ex
c
h
an
g
e
m
em
b
r
an
e
f
u
el
ce
ll
(
PEM
FC
)
s
tack
s
.
E
ac
h
s
tack
p
r
o
v
id
es
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
6
2
5
V
DC
at
a
n
o
m
i
n
al
p
o
wer
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
5
0
k
W
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
s
u
f
f
icien
t
en
er
g
y
f
o
r
co
m
p
en
s
atio
n
d
u
r
in
g
v
o
ltag
e
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
.
T
h
e
two
f
u
el
ce
ll
s
tack
s
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
i
n
a
p
ar
allel
ar
r
an
g
e
m
en
t th
r
o
u
g
h
a
DC
–
DC
co
n
v
e
r
ter
s
tag
e
r
ated
at
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ate
ly
1
5
0
0
VDC.
T
h
is
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
en
s
u
r
es
a
s
tab
le
in
ter
m
ed
iate
DC
lin
k
v
o
ltag
e
r
e
q
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
DVR
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
.
T
h
e
elec
tr
o
ch
em
ical
s
y
s
tem
o
p
er
ates
with
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
a
n
d
o
x
y
g
e
n
u
tili
za
tio
n
r
ates
o
f
a
r
o
u
n
d
9
9
.
2
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d
5
6
.
6
7
%,
r
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tiv
el
y
.
E
ac
h
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tack
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m
p
r
is
es
ab
o
u
t
9
0
0
in
d
iv
id
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al
ce
lls
,
with
an
av
er
ag
e
Ner
n
s
t
p
o
ten
tial c
lo
s
e
to
1
.
1
3
8
v
o
lts
p
er
ce
ll,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
t
h
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
en
er
g
y
d
e
n
s
ity
f
o
r
d
y
n
am
ic
v
o
ltag
e
r
esto
r
atio
n
.
T
h
e
DVR
o
p
e
r
ates
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
co
n
v
er
ter
(
VSC
)
th
at
is
g
o
v
e
r
n
ed
b
y
a
n
in
tellig
en
t
co
n
tr
o
l
alg
o
r
ith
m
b
ased
o
n
ANN.
T
h
e
ANN
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
tr
ain
ed
t
o
d
eter
m
in
e
t
h
e
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
co
m
p
en
s
atio
n
v
o
ltag
e,
wh
ich
is
s
u
b
s
eq
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en
tly
a
p
p
lie
d
to
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
lin
e
w
h
en
ev
er
v
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ltag
e
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
—
s
u
ch
as
s
ag
s
o
r
s
wells
—
o
cc
u
r
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
a
s
h
u
n
t
co
m
p
e
n
s
ato
r
is
in
co
r
p
o
r
ated
in
to
th
e
s
y
s
tem
to
r
eg
u
late
s
u
r
p
lu
s
en
er
g
y
d
eliv
er
ed
b
y
th
e
f
u
el
ce
lls
wh
ile
s
u
p
p
ly
in
g
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
to
en
h
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ce
th
e
o
v
e
r
all
p
o
wer
f
ac
to
r
o
f
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
.
T
h
e
o
v
er
all
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
was
im
p
lem
en
te
d
a
n
d
a
n
aly
ze
d
u
s
in
g
th
e
MA
T
L
AB
/S
im
u
lin
k
s
im
u
latio
n
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t.
T
h
e
m
ain
o
p
er
atin
g
p
ar
am
eter
s
wer
e
a
d
ju
s
ted
as
f
o
llo
ws
:
i)
T
h
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
s
u
p
p
ly
v
o
ltag
e
:
2
2
0
V
R
MS
;
ii)
I
n
d
u
ctiv
e
l
o
ad
:
3
1
.
5
k
W
/
3
1
.
5
k
VA
;
iii)
T
o
tal
s
im
u
latio
n
d
u
r
atio
n
:
2
s
;
iv
)
Nu
m
er
ical
s
o
lv
er
:
o
d
e2
3
s
(
s
tiff
,
m
o
d
if
ie
d
R
o
s
en
b
r
o
ck
)
;
an
d
v
)
Ap
p
li
ed
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
:
a
v
o
ltag
e
s
ag
o
cc
u
r
r
i
n
g
b
etwe
e
n
0
.
2
s
an
d
0
.
4
s
,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
a
s
well
b
etwe
en
0
.
6
s
an
d
0
.
7
5
s
.
A
d
etailed
s
ch
em
atic
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
lete
m
o
d
el
—
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
,
DVR
m
o
d
u
le,
PEM
f
u
el
ce
ll
s
tack
s
,
DC
–
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
tag
e,
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
a
n
d
th
e
p
ar
allel
co
m
p
en
s
ato
r
(
Fig
u
r
e
6
)
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Pro
p
o
s
ed
DVR
–
PEM
f
u
el
ce
ll sy
s
tem
m
o
d
eled
i
n
Simu
lin
k
5.
RE
SU
L
T
S
AND
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
t
o
b
e
s
t
u
d
i
e
d
c
o
n
ta
i
n
s
a
t
h
r
e
e
-
p
h
a
s
e
s
i
n
u
s
o
i
d
a
l
v
o
l
t
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g
e
s
o
u
r
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e
w
it
h
a
n
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
o
f
2
2
0
v
o
l
t
s
a
n
d
a
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
o
f
5
0
H
z
.
T
h
is
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
u
p
p
li
e
s
a
n
in
d
u
c
t
i
v
e
l
o
a
d
o
f
(
3
1
.
5
k
W
a
n
d
3
1
.
5
k
V
A
)
f
o
r
e
a
c
h
p
h
a
s
e
.
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h
i
s
s
y
s
t
e
m
u
s
es
a
D
VR
i
n
s
e
r
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es
b
e
t
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n
t
h
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o
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t
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n
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t
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t
a
f
f
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ts
t
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e
v
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t
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f
t
h
e
l
o
a
d
.
T
h
e
DV
R
i
s
p
o
we
r
e
d
b
y
t
w
o
f
u
el
c
e
lls
,
e
a
c
h
f
u
el
c
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ll
is
d
es
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g
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d
a
t a
v
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t
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f
6
2
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V
d
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d
a
p
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f
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.
t
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c
e
l
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c
o
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e
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te
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n
p
a
r
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t
h
a
DC
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o
n
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e
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t
e
r
o
f
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0
0
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d
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t
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,
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a
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h
e
v
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t
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e
(
n
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o
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g
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r
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s
h
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,
D
VR
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f
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F
i
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s
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o
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h
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ac
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I
n
Fig
u
r
e
7
(
a
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,
t
h
e
s
t
a
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k
v
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t
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g
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c
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a
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F
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s
d
u
r
in
g
DVR o
p
er
atio
n
(
p
h
ase
a
)
: (
a)
s
u
p
p
l
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r
r
en
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(
b
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f
u
el
ce
ll a
n
d
PC
)
in
jecte
d
cu
r
r
e
n
t,
an
d
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c)
th
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r
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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&
Dr
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t
I
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N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
V
o
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e
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mp
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n
s
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tio
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g
f
u
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er
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lts
s
h
o
w
th
at
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p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
DVR
-
f
u
el
ce
ll
s
y
s
te
m
en
s
u
r
es
r
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id
v
o
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ec
o
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er
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≈
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0
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ec
o
n
d
s
)
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d
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tain
s
t
h
e
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e
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in
±
2
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d
u
r
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g
v
o
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ag
an
d
s
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r
g
es.
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o
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
tr
ad
itio
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al
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u
n
its
th
at
r
ely
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n
b
atter
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o
r
s
u
p
er
ca
p
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s
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th
e
f
u
el
ce
ll
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wer
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u
n
it
p
r
o
v
id
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a
s
u
s
tain
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l
e
an
d
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
with
o
u
t
r
ec
h
ar
g
e
lim
itatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
in
te
g
r
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
VSC
an
d
n
e
u
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
co
n
tr
o
l b
lo
ck
f
u
r
th
er
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
th
is
wo
r
k
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ics
an
d
p
r
o
p
u
ls
io
n
s
y
s
tem
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
f
o
r
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
m
o
to
r
s
an
d
m
icr
o
g
r
id
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
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wev
e
r
,
c
h
alle
n
g
es
r
em
ai
n
to
b
e
ad
d
r
ess
ed
,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
co
s
t
o
f
f
u
el
ce
lls
an
d
s
tar
tu
p
d
y
n
am
ics.
Fu
tu
r
e
wo
r
k
will
ex
p
lo
r
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
an
d
h
y
b
r
id
en
e
r
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
to
en
h
a
n
c
e
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
s
m
ar
t
g
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id
s
an
d
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
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o
wer
f
lo
w
b
etwe
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th
e
s
y
s
tem
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m
p
o
n
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ts
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
.
R
ea
ctiv
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p
o
wer
f
l
o
w
b
etwe
en
th
e
s
y
s
tem
co
m
p
o
n
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ts
Fig
u
r
e
1
2
.
Po
wer
f
ac
to
r
v
ar
iat
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s
(
s
o
u
r
ce
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id
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Fig
u
r
e
1
3
.
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h
e
a
v
er
ag
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v
o
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ac
r
o
s
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el
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ter
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als
6.
CO
NCLU
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O
N
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
u
s
e
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b
le
en
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r
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in
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ical
f
ield
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,
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h
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r
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ch
p
r
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atte
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t
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s
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o
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e
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y
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am
ic
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er
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t
th
at
th
e
latter
wo
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ld
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e
ex
p
o
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o
ltag
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f
au
lts
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R
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as
al
s
o
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ie
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to
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ely
o
n
n
eu
r
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k
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au
lts
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d
d
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m
in
e
r
ea
ctiv
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cu
r
r
en
ts
in
in
d
u
ctiv
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l
o
ad
s
to
co
m
p
en
s
ate
f
o
r
th
em
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
p
o
wer
f
a
cto
r
n
ex
t
to
th
e
p
o
wer
s
o
u
r
ce
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
h
as
also
co
n
tr
i
b
u
ted
to
th
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
ac
tiv
e
an
d
r
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ctiv
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o
wer
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ws
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etwe
en
th
e
DVR
s
er
ies
co
m
p
en
s
ato
r
an
d
th
e
elec
tr
ic
al
n
etwo
r
k
in
all
its
o
p
er
atin
g
ca
s
es
to
r
e
p
air
f
au
lts
th
at
af
f
ec
t
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
v
o
ltag
e.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
f
lo
ws
in
th
e
DVR
s
er
ies
co
m
p
en
s
ato
r
an
d
th
e
p
ar
alle
l
co
m
p
en
s
ato
r
also
co
n
tr
ib
u
ted
to
d
eter
m
in
in
g
th
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
an
d
s
izes
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
o
f
th
ese
co
m
p
en
s
ato
r
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
co
n
f
ir
m
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
DVR
f
u
el
ce
ll
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
is
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
in
m
o
d
er
n
elec
tr
ical
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
Fu
tu
r
e
s
tu
d
i
es
co
u
ld
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
tally
v
er
if
y
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
DVR
-
f
u
el
ce
ll
s
y
s
tem
u
n
d
er
r
ea
l
o
p
er
ati
n
g
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
ad
v
an
ce
d
co
n
tr
o
l
tech
n
iq
u
es,
s
u
ch
as
ad
ap
tiv
e
o
r
p
r
e
d
ictiv
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
,
co
u
ld
f
u
r
t
h
er
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
s
y
s
tem
'
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
E
x
ten
d
in
g
th
e
s
tu
d
y
to
h
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
tem
s
th
at
c
o
m
b
in
e
f
u
el
ce
lls
with
o
th
er
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
s
u
ch
as
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaics
o
r
win
d
p
o
wer
,
co
u
ld
p
r
o
v
id
e
ev
en
g
r
ea
ter
f
le
x
ib
ilit
y
an
d
r
esil
ien
ce
f
o
r
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
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6
9
4
I
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w
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&
Dr
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F
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eq
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RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
F
.
R
.
M
.
L
ó
p
e
z
,
“
H
a
r
mo
n
i
c
q
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a
l
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t
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n
a
l
y
s
i
s o
f
a
l
o
w
p
o
w
e
r
st
a
t
i
c
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
,
”
i
n
Pro
c
e
e
d
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n
g
s o
f
t
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e
2
0
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EEE
PES
T
ra
n
sm
i
ss
i
o
n
a
n
d
D
i
st
r
i
b
u
t
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o
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o
n
f
e
r
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c
e
a
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E
x
p
o
si
t
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o
n
–
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a
t
i
n
Am
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ri
c
a
(
T
&D
-
L
A)
,
L
i
ma,
P
e
r
u
,
S
e
p
.
1
8
–
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1
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p
p
.
1
–
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.
[
2
]
S
.
L
a
k
s
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m
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.
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