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5
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Dec
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1
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A
n
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c
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
se
ries
-
p
a
ra
ll
e
l
p
l
u
g
-
i
n
h
y
b
rid
v
e
h
icle
f
o
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ter
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sp
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k
n
o
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s
th
e
p
l
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g
-
i
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h
y
b
r
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P
a
y
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n
g
W
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ter
Tax
i
(P
HEP
WT
),
is
d
e
sig
n
e
d
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
v
e
h
icle
fu
e
l
e
c
o
n
o
m
y
a
n
d
sig
n
ifi
c
a
n
t
ly
lo
we
r
b
o
a
t
e
m
issio
n
s
.
T
h
is
a
rti
c
le
a
ims
to
a
n
a
ly
z
e
th
e
f
u
e
l
e
c
o
n
o
m
y
a
n
d
e
m
issio
n
s
o
f
P
HE
P
WT
,
wh
ich
a
re
Hy
d
ro
c
a
rb
o
n
s
(HC),
Ca
rb
o
n
M
o
n
o
x
i
d
e
(CO)
,
a
n
d
Nitr
o
g
e
n
O
x
id
e
s
(NO
x
)
,
wi
th
6
d
riv
i
n
g
c
y
c
les
in
c
lu
d
i
n
g
P
u
lau
Warisa
n
r
iv
e
r
ro
u
te,
Ku
a
la
Ter
e
n
g
g
a
n
u
r
iv
e
r
ro
u
te,
Ka
m
p
u
n
g
Lau
t
riv
e
r
ro
u
te,
S
e
b
e
ra
n
g
Tak
ir
r
iv
e
r
ro
u
te,
P
u
lau
Ka
p
a
s
riv
e
r
ro
u
te
,
a
n
d
Tas
ik
Ke
n
y
ir
riv
e
r
ro
u
te.
Th
e
a
n
a
ly
sis
o
f
t
h
e
P
HEP
WT
m
o
d
e
l
will
b
e
c
o
m
p
a
re
d
wit
h
t
h
e
e
x
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g
p
o
we
rtrain
a
rc
h
it
e
c
tu
re
s
u
sin
g
wa
ter
d
r
iv
e
c
y
c
les
b
y
u
sin
g
t
h
e
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
v
e
h
icle
sim
u
lat
o
r
(AD
VISOR).
Th
e
re
su
lt
s
will
b
e
e
x
p
e
c
ted
b
a
se
d
o
n
t
h
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fu
e
l
e
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o
n
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m
y
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n
d
e
m
issi
o
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s
a
n
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ly
sis
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t
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sh
o
w
a
b
o
u
t
3
0
–
5
0
%
imp
ro
v
e
m
e
n
t
in
d
r
iv
i
n
g
c
y
c
le
fo
r
e
a
c
h
d
riv
i
n
g
c
y
c
le
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
fu
e
l
e
c
o
n
o
m
y
o
f
th
e
P
HEP
WT
will
i
n
d
ica
te
a
b
o
u
t
1
5
-
2
0
%
h
i
g
h
e
r
t
h
a
n
t
h
a
t
o
f
th
e
AD
VISOR
m
o
d
e
l.
Als
o
,
f
o
r
e
m
is
sio
n
,
th
e
P
HEP
WT
a
n
d
AD
VISO
R
m
o
d
e
ls
ar
e
b
a
se
d
o
n
th
e
re
su
lt
o
f
th
re
e
-
ty
p
e
e
m
issio
n
s
u
c
h
a
s
HC,
CO
,
a
n
d
NOx
,
a
n
d
sh
o
w
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
P
HE
P
WT
m
o
d
e
l
h
a
s
a
lo
we
r
e
m
issio
n
c
o
m
p
a
re
d
to
t
h
e
AD
VISOR
m
o
d
e
l.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Dr
iv
in
g
cy
cle
Dr
iv
er
b
eh
a
v
io
r
s
E
m
is
s
io
n
s
Fu
el
ec
o
n
o
m
y
Hy
b
r
id
elec
tr
ic
v
e
h
icles
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Salis
a
Ab
d
u
l Rah
m
an
Facu
lty
o
f
Oce
an
E
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
Un
i
v
er
s
iti Ma
lay
s
ia
T
er
en
g
g
an
u
2
1
0
3
0
Ku
ala
Ner
u
s
,
T
e
r
en
g
g
a
n
u
,
Ma
lay
s
ia
E
m
ail:
s
alis
a
@
u
m
t.e
d
u
.
m
y
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Fu
el
ec
o
n
o
m
y
an
d
em
is
s
io
n
s
b
ec
o
m
e
th
e
m
ain
c
o
n
ce
r
n
s
o
f
civ
ilizatio
n
n
o
wad
a
y
s
,
as
well
as
g
lo
b
al
war
m
in
g
an
d
p
o
llu
tio
n
,
wh
i
ch
h
av
e
led
m
a
n
y
au
t
o
m
o
ti
v
e
m
an
u
f
ac
t
u
r
er
s
to
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
v
eh
icles
u
tili
zin
g
alter
n
ativ
e
en
er
g
ies s
u
ch
as e
l
ec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles
(
E
V)
,
h
y
b
r
id
el
ec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles
(
HE
V)
,
an
d
p
lu
g
-
in
h
y
b
r
id
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles
(
PHEV
)
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
S
u
ch
v
eh
icles
ar
e
m
o
r
e
f
u
el
ef
f
icien
t
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tally
f
r
ien
d
ly
with
o
u
t
s
ac
r
if
icin
g
th
e
co
m
f
o
r
t
an
d
d
r
iv
in
g
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
f
er
ed
b
y
I
n
ter
n
al
C
o
m
b
u
s
tio
n
E
n
g
i
n
e
(
I
C
E
)
p
o
wer
ed
v
eh
icles
[
3
]
.
As
th
e
wo
r
ld
m
o
v
es
to
war
d
s
a
m
o
r
e
s
u
s
tain
a
b
le
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tally
f
r
ien
d
ly
en
e
r
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
,
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
th
e
im
p
o
r
ta
n
ce
o
f
PHEV
i
s
es
s
en
tial
[
2
]
.
P
HE
Vs
ar
e
b
ec
o
m
in
g
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
p
o
p
u
lar
d
u
e
to
th
eir
ab
ilit
y
to
r
e
d
u
ce
f
u
el
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
an
d
ca
r
b
o
n
d
i
o
x
i
d
e
em
is
s
io
n
s
wh
ile
also
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
an
a
f
f
o
r
d
ab
le
alter
n
ativ
e
to
tr
ad
itio
n
al
p
etr
o
l
an
d
d
iesel v
eh
icles [
4
]
,
[
5
]
.
PHEV
s
ar
e
a
ty
p
e
o
f
HE
V
t
h
at
in
teg
r
ates
an
in
ter
n
al
c
o
m
b
u
s
tio
n
en
g
in
e,
t
y
p
ically
p
o
wer
ed
b
y
g
aso
lin
e
o
r
d
iesel,
with
a
n
el
ec
tr
ic
m
o
to
r
an
d
a
r
ec
h
ar
g
ea
b
le
b
atter
y
p
ac
k
.
W
h
at
s
ets
PHEV
s
ap
ar
t
f
r
o
m
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
h
y
b
r
id
v
e
h
icles is
th
eir
ab
ilit
y
to
r
ec
h
ar
g
e
th
e
b
atter
y
f
r
o
m
a
n
ex
ter
n
al
p
o
wer
s
o
u
r
ce
,
u
s
u
ally
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
20
2
6
:
25
-
36
26
elec
tr
ical
g
r
id
[
6
]
.
T
h
is
f
ea
tu
r
e
en
ab
les
PHEV
to
o
p
er
ate
in
elec
tr
ic
-
o
n
ly
m
o
d
e
f
o
r
a
ce
r
tain
d
is
tan
ce
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
I
C
E
is
u
tili
ze
d
.
T
h
e
elec
t
r
ic
m
o
to
r
,
p
o
wer
e
d
b
y
th
e
b
a
tter
y
,
wo
r
k
s
in
tan
d
em
with
th
e
I
C
E
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
ef
f
icien
t a
n
d
f
lex
ib
le
p
o
wer
tr
a
in
o
p
tio
n
s
[
7
]
.
T
h
is
p
a
p
e
r
b
e
g
i
n
s
b
y
an
al
y
z
in
g
th
e
p
o
w
er
r
e
q
u
ir
em
en
ts
o
f
t
h
e
p
l
u
g
-
i
n
h
y
b
r
id
e
le
ct
r
ic
Pa
y
an
g
W
ate
r
T
a
x
i
(
P
HE
PW
T
)
b
as
ed
o
n
k
e
y
v
eh
icl
e
p
ar
a
m
et
er
s
.
Usi
n
g
v
eh
i
cl
e
d
y
n
a
m
ics
eq
u
a
ti
o
n
s
,
t
h
e
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
d
p
o
w
e
r
f
o
r
th
e
b
o
at
is
d
et
e
r
m
i
n
ed
.
T
h
e
s
iz
in
g
o
f
c
r
i
tic
al
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
,
i
n
c
lu
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
el
ec
tr
i
c
m
a
ch
in
e
(
E
M)
,
e
n
er
g
y
s
t
o
r
a
g
e
s
y
s
te
m
(
E
S
S)
,
a
n
d
I
C
E
,
is
co
n
d
u
ct
ed
b
ase
d
o
n
t
h
es
e
p
o
we
r
r
eq
u
i
r
e
m
e
n
ts
[
8
]
,
[
9
]
.
T
h
e
s
e
le
c
ted
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
ar
e
th
e
n
ev
al
u
at
e
d
u
s
in
g
a
wat
e
r
-
b
as
ed
d
r
i
v
i
n
g
c
y
cl
e
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
e
a
cc
u
r
a
cy
o
f
t
h
e
d
e
v
e
lo
p
ed
m
o
d
el
is
v
ali
d
a
te
d
b
y
co
m
p
a
r
i
n
g
its
r
es
u
lts
wi
th
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
v
e
h
i
cle
s
i
m
u
la
to
r
(
ADV
I
SO
R
)
u
n
d
e
r
s
ta
n
d
a
r
d
d
r
iv
in
g
cy
cles
[
1
1
]
.
A
d
d
iti
o
n
all
y
,
th
e
PH
E
PW
T
m
o
d
e
l
est
im
a
tes
e
m
is
s
i
o
n
s
,
i
n
cl
u
d
i
n
g
h
y
d
r
o
c
ar
b
o
n
s
(
HC
)
,
ca
r
b
o
n
m
o
n
o
x
i
d
e
(
C
O)
,
a
n
d
n
i
tr
o
g
e
n
o
x
i
d
es
(
NO
x
)
,
ac
r
o
s
s
s
i
x
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
d
r
i
v
i
n
g
c
y
cl
es
[
1
2
]
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
At
th
e
in
itial
s
tag
e
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
,
it
is
ess
en
tial
to
id
en
tify
an
d
d
ef
in
e
th
e
p
a
r
am
et
er
s
o
f
th
e
PHEPW
T
in
o
r
d
er
to
d
eter
m
in
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
s
izin
g
f
o
r
i
ts
p
o
wer
tr
ain
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
U
s
in
g
v
eh
icle
p
o
wer
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
u
n
d
er
s
tead
y
-
s
tate
v
elo
city
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
th
e
s
izin
g
o
f
k
ey
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
(
E
M,
E
SS
,
an
d
I
C
E
)
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
ese
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
ar
e
th
en
ev
alu
ate
d
a
n
d
co
m
p
ar
e
d
u
s
in
g
a
r
ep
r
ese
n
tativ
e
wate
r
-
b
ased
d
r
iv
in
g
c
y
cle
to
en
s
u
r
e
o
p
tim
a
l p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
c
en
ter
s
o
n
th
e
s
y
s
tem
atic
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
a
s
im
u
latio
n
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
th
e
PHEPW
T
,
g
u
id
ed
b
y
t
h
e
d
ef
i
n
ed
p
ar
am
eter
s
.
T
h
is
m
o
d
el
is
th
en
u
s
ed
t
o
an
aly
ze
f
u
el
ec
o
n
o
m
y
a
n
d
em
is
s
io
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
ap
p
li
ca
tio
n
o
f
th
e
ADVI
SOR
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
ADVI
SOR
en
ab
les
a
d
etaile
d
ass
es
s
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
PHEPW
T
’
s
o
p
er
atio
n
al
e
f
f
icien
cy
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
im
p
ac
t
u
n
d
er
v
ar
io
u
s
d
r
iv
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
e
o
v
er
all
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
c
o
n
d
u
cted
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
as
f
o
llo
ws
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
f
lo
w
ch
ar
t
2
.
1
.
M
o
del
d
ev
elo
pm
ent
Pay
an
g
W
ater
T
ax
i
(
PW
T
)
s
er
v
ice
o
p
er
atin
g
in
Pu
lau
W
ar
is
an
,
Ku
ala
T
er
en
g
g
an
u
in
v
o
lv
es
th
e
Pu
lau
W
ar
is
an
r
o
u
te
u
s
in
g
a
r
ec
r
ea
tio
n
al
b
o
at
p
r
o
p
elled
b
y
a
d
u
al
p
etr
o
l
en
g
in
e
th
at
ca
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
ab
o
u
t
4
0
p
ass
en
g
er
s
at
a
tim
e
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
e
p
h
y
s
ical
lay
o
u
t
an
d
d
esig
n
o
f
th
e
b
o
at
ar
e
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
its
d
y
n
am
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
an
d
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t sizin
g
in
th
e
s
im
u
lati
o
n
m
o
d
el
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
is
b
o
at
was m
o
d
elled
in
to
a
n
ew
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
s
er
ies
-
p
ar
allel
p
lu
g
-
in
h
y
b
r
id
v
e
h
icle
f
o
r
wate
r
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
.
T
h
e
PHEPW
T
p
o
wer
tr
ain
m
o
d
el
is
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
C
o
mp
a
r
a
tive
s
tu
d
y
o
f fu
el
ec
o
n
o
my
a
n
d
emiss
io
n
s
fo
r
…
(
A
h
ma
d
Lu
q
ma
n
u
l H
a
kim
A
h
m
a
d
Ta
r
miz
i
)
27
m
o
d
elled
in
t
h
e
MA
T
L
AB
/S
im
u
lin
k
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
b
ased
o
n
th
e
PHEPW
T
p
o
wer
tr
ain
d
esig
n
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
t
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
f
o
r
th
e
p
lu
g
-
i
n
h
y
b
r
id
elec
tr
ic
Pay
an
g
W
ater
T
ax
i
(
PHEPW
T
)
h
av
e
b
ee
n
co
llected
an
d
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
1
t
o
d
eter
m
i
n
e
th
e
p
o
wer
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
o
f
t
h
e
v
ess
el.
T
h
ese
p
ar
am
eter
s
,
alo
n
g
with
th
e
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
o
f
ea
ch
p
o
wer
tr
ain
co
m
p
o
n
en
t,
ar
e
u
s
e
d
in
a
p
o
wer
f
lo
w
an
aly
s
is
t
o
id
en
tify
s
u
itab
le
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
f
o
r
th
e
E
M,
E
SS
,
an
d
I
C
E
[
2
0
]
.
T
ab
le
1
.
PHEPW
T
p
ar
am
eter
s
,
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
,
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
r
eq
u
i
r
em
en
ts
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
P
e
r
f
o
r
ma
n
c
e
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
m
e
n
t
s
D
e
scri
p
t
i
o
n
D
i
me
n
si
o
n
D
e
scri
p
t
i
o
n
D
i
me
n
si
o
n
Le
n
g
t
h
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
p
e
r
p
e
n
d
i
c
u
l
a
r
,
L
PP
1
2
.
2
m
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
S
p
e
e
d
5
0
k
m
h
-
1
Le
n
g
t
h
a
t
w
a
t
e
r
l
i
n
e
,
L
WL
1
2
.
5
m
EV
r
a
n
g
e
9
0
0
0
m
Le
n
g
t
h
o
v
e
r
a
l
l
,
L
OA
1
3
m
B
r
e
a
d
t
h
o
n
w
a
t
e
r
l
i
n
e
,
B
WL
3
m
D
r
a
u
g
h
t
,
D
0
.
4
6
m
D
e
n
si
t
y
o
f
w
a
t
e
r
,
1
0
2
6
k
g
m
-
3
D
i
sp
l
a
c
e
me
n
t
,
W
1
2
0
8
0
k
g
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
a
r
ea
lis
tic
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
ac
tu
al
o
p
er
atio
n
s
,
th
e
PHEP
W
T
d
r
iv
in
g
cy
cles
ar
e
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
to
r
ef
lect
th
ese
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
co
n
d
itio
n
s
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
is
en
ab
les
a
m
o
r
e
ac
cu
r
ate
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ass
es
s
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
PHEPW
T
m
o
d
el
u
s
in
g
th
e
Ad
v
an
ce
d
Veh
icle
Simu
lato
r
(
ADVI
SOR
)
[
2
2
]
.
T
ab
le
2
s
u
m
m
ar
izes
th
e
s
ix
d
r
iv
in
g
cy
cles
d
ev
elo
p
ed
f
o
r
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
ea
c
h
c
o
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
t
o
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
o
p
er
atio
n
al
r
o
u
te.
Fig
u
r
e
2
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
ac
tu
al
r
o
u
tes
u
s
ed
,
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
d
r
iv
in
g
cy
cle
d
ata
o
u
tlin
ed
i
n
T
ab
l
e
3
.
T
h
ese
d
r
iv
in
g
cy
cles
wer
e
g
en
e
r
ated
b
ased
o
n
e
m
p
ir
ical
d
ata
co
llected
f
r
o
m
ea
ch
r
o
u
te,
ca
p
tu
r
in
g
d
iv
er
s
e
tr
a
v
el
an
d
o
p
er
atio
n
al
co
n
d
itio
n
s
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
e
r
esu
ltin
g
d
r
iv
in
g
cy
cles
wer
e
im
p
lem
en
ted
in
to
th
e
PHE
PW
T
m
o
d
el
with
in
th
e
MA
T
L
AB
/S
im
u
lin
k
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
u
s
in
g
ADVI
SOR
s
o
f
twar
e,
en
ab
lin
g
d
etailed
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
f
u
el
ec
o
n
o
m
y
an
d
em
is
s
io
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
[
2
4
]
.
T
ab
le
2
.
Dr
iv
i
n
g
cy
cle
u
s
ed
an
d
its
ab
b
r
ev
iatio
n
D
r
i
v
i
n
g
c
y
c
l
e
R
o
u
t
e
n
a
m
e
PW
P
u
l
a
u
W
a
r
i
s
a
n
r
o
u
t
e
KT
K
u
a
l
a
T
e
r
e
n
g
g
a
n
u
r
o
u
t
e
ST
S
e
b
e
r
a
n
g
Ta
k
i
r
r
o
u
t
e
KL
K
a
m
p
u
n
g
La
u
t
r
o
u
t
e
TK
Ta
si
k
K
e
n
y
i
r
r
o
u
t
e
PK
P
u
l
a
u
K
a
p
a
s r
o
u
t
e
T
ab
le
3
.
T
h
e
d
r
iv
i
n
g
cy
cle
p
ar
am
eter
D
r
i
v
i
n
g
c
y
c
l
e
D
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
(
s)
D
i
st
a
n
c
e
(
k
m)
PW
1
1
2
4
9
.
0
7
k
m
KT
2
0
5
7
1
1
.
4
2
k
m
ST
7
8
7
1
.
5
8
k
m
KL
1
3
6
0
2
.
6
8
k
m
TK
2
2
9
3
3
.
9
6
k
m
PK
6
5
5
6
.
1
6
km
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
(
d
)
(
e)
(f)
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
R
ea
l r
o
u
te
f
o
r
ea
ch
d
r
iv
in
g
cy
cle
:
(
a)
Pu
lau
W
ar
is
an
,
(
b
)
Ku
ala
T
er
e
n
g
g
a
n
u
,
(
c
)
Seb
er
an
g
T
ak
ir
,
(
d
)
Kam
p
u
n
g
L
au
t
,
(
e
)
T
asik
Ken
y
ir
,
an
d
(
f
)
Pu
lau
Kap
as
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
20
2
6
:
25
-
36
28
2
.
2
.
Ca
lcula
t
i
o
n o
f
pa
ra
m
et
er
s
a
nd
s
pecif
ica
t
io
n f
o
r
P
H
E
P
WT
T
h
e
p
o
wer
r
e
q
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
f
o
r
t
h
e
PHEPW
T
p
o
wer
tr
ain
a
r
e
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
ca
lcu
latin
g
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
p
r
o
p
u
ls
io
n
p
o
wer
.
I
n
th
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
it
i
s
es
s
en
tial
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
r
esis
tan
ce
f
o
r
ce
s
ac
ti
n
g
o
n
th
e
b
o
at
an
d
ac
cu
r
ately
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
o
v
er
all
p
r
o
p
u
ls
iv
e
ef
f
icien
c
y
.
Sin
c
e
em
p
ir
ical
m
eth
o
d
s
ar
e
c
o
m
m
o
n
ly
u
s
ed
in
th
ese
ca
lcu
latio
n
s
,
it
is
cr
itical
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
ea
ch
elem
en
t
i
n
v
o
lv
e
d
to
m
a
k
e
a
b
etter
esti
m
atio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
u
ls
io
n
p
o
wer
an
d
th
e
u
n
ce
r
tain
ty
i
n
th
e
r
esu
lts
[
5
]
-
[
7
]
.
On
ce
all
ca
lcu
latio
n
s
ar
e
c
o
m
p
leted
,
th
e
m
o
s
t
s
u
itab
le
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
f
o
r
th
e
I
C
E
,
E
M,
an
d
E
SS
will
b
e
d
e
ter
m
in
ed
to
ac
h
iev
e
an
o
p
tim
al
b
alan
ce
b
etwe
e
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
en
e
r
g
y
e
f
f
ici
en
cy
.
B
y
u
s
in
g
an
eq
u
atio
n
th
at
h
as b
ee
n
d
ef
i
n
ed
[
5
]
to
f
in
d
t
h
e
to
t
al
r
esis
tan
ce
co
ef
f
icien
t.
=
+
+
+
=
1
2
2
(
1
)
W
h
er
e
C
F
=
f
r
ictio
n
al
r
esis
tan
ce
,
C
A
=
i
n
cr
em
en
tal
r
esis
tan
ce
,
C
AA
=
a
ir
r
esis
tan
ce
,
C
R
=
r
esid
u
al
r
esis
tan
ce
,
an
d
C
T
=
t
o
tal
r
esis
tan
ce
co
ef
f
icien
t.
Valu
e
o
f
wetted
s
u
r
f
ac
e,
S c
an
b
e
esti
m
ated
with
d
if
f
er
en
t m
eth
o
d
s
an
d
f
o
r
m
u
las
ex
is
t b
ased
o
n
o
n
ly
th
e
b
o
at'
s
m
ain
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
.
=
1
.
025
×
(
+
1
.
7
)
(
2
)
T
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
f
r
ictio
n
al
r
esis
tan
ce
,
C
F
ca
n
b
e
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
u
s
in
g
(
3
)
.
=
0
.
075
(
−
2
)
2
=
1
2
2
(
3
)
T
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
to
tal
r
esis
tan
ce
,
R
TT
,
ca
n
b
e
d
ef
in
ed
as
(
4
)
.
=
1
2
2
(
4)
T
o
tal
p
r
o
p
u
ls
iv
e
ef
f
icien
c
y
ca
n
b
e
d
e
f
in
ed
as
(
5
)
.
η
=
η
+
η
+
η
+
η
(
5)
W
h
er
e
H
=
h
u
ll
ef
f
icien
cy
,
o
=
p
r
o
p
eller
in
o
p
en
wate
r
co
n
d
itio
n
,
R
=
r
elativ
e
r
o
tat
iv
e
ef
f
icien
cy
,
an
d
s
=
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
ef
f
icien
c
y
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
u
ls
io
n
p
o
wer
,
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
p
o
wer
ca
n
b
e
ca
lcu
l
ated
u
s
in
g
(
6
)
[
5
]
-
[
7
]
.
P
=
R
×
V
(
6)
W
h
er
e
=
t
o
tal
r
esis
tan
ce
a
n
d
V
=
b
o
at
v
elo
city
.
Po
wer
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
t
f
o
r
p
r
o
p
u
ls
io
n
ca
n
b
e
esti
m
ated
,
P
P
u
s
in
g
(
7
)
.
P
=
P
×
η
(
7)
W
h
er
e
P
E
=
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
p
o
wer
a
n
d
=
t
o
tal
p
r
o
p
u
ls
iv
e
ef
f
ici
en
cy
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
p
o
wer
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
PHEPW
T
at
s
tead
y
-
s
tate
s
p
ee
d
s
.
T
h
is
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
d
eter
m
i
n
in
g
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iate
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
izin
g
an
d
s
y
s
tem
o
p
tim
izatio
n
[
2
5
]
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
p
o
wer
r
e
q
u
ir
em
en
t
o
f
PHEPW
T
f
o
r
s
t
ea
d
y
s
tate,
th
e
m
ain
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
s
u
ch
as E
M,
E
SS
,
an
d
I
C
E
ar
e
s
elec
ted
.
2
.
2
.
1
.
E
lect
ric
m
a
chine
T
h
e
p
o
wer
r
e
q
u
ir
em
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
elec
tr
ic
m
ac
h
in
e
p
r
o
p
u
ls
io
n
(
P
EM
)
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
s
p
ee
d
o
f
th
e
b
o
at.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
ed
m
ax
im
u
m
s
p
ee
d
is
ass
u
m
ed
to
b
e
5
0
k
m
/h
(
r
ed
cir
cle)
.
All
ca
lcu
latio
n
s
ar
e
u
n
d
er
tak
e
n
with
m
ax
im
u
m
m
a
s
s
.
T
o
ac
h
iev
e
5
0
k
m
/h
,
th
e
P
EM
is
:
P
EM
(
5
0
k
m
/
h
)
=
1
4
.
7
8
k
W
(
8
)
I
f
th
e
s
p
ee
d
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
t
is
r
elax
ed
,
th
e
m
o
to
r
s
ize
an
d
co
s
t
ca
n
b
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
.
T
o
g
iv
e
an
ex
am
p
le,
o
n
e
co
u
ld
d
esig
n
th
e
b
o
at
to
r
u
n
at
a
c
r
u
is
in
g
s
p
ee
d
o
f
3
5
k
m
/h
(
as
in
d
icate
d
b
y
t
h
e
r
e
d
c
ir
cle)
,
wh
ich
wo
u
ld
s
till
m
ee
t
u
n
d
er
tak
in
g
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
,
an
d
y
o
u
’
d
b
e
a
b
le
to
u
s
e
a
s
m
aller
(
ch
ea
p
er
)
p
r
o
p
u
ls
i
o
n
m
o
t
o
r
.
P
EM,
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
=
P
EM
(
4
0
k
m
/
h
)
=
7
.
7
5
k
W
(
9
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
C
o
mp
a
r
a
tive
s
tu
d
y
o
f fu
el
ec
o
n
o
my
a
n
d
emiss
io
n
s
fo
r
…
(
A
h
ma
d
Lu
q
ma
n
u
l H
a
kim
A
h
m
a
d
Ta
r
miz
i
)
29
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
PHEPW
T
p
o
wer
r
e
q
u
ir
em
en
t f
o
r
s
tead
y
s
tate
v
elo
c
ity
2
.
2
.
2
.
E
nerg
y
s
t
o
ra
g
e
s
y
s
t
em
T
h
er
e
ar
e
two
p
r
im
ar
y
en
e
r
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
n
ee
d
s
:
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
w
er
an
d
av
ailab
le
en
er
g
y
.
Fro
m
Fig
u
r
e
3
,
th
e
p
r
o
v
i
d
ed
en
er
g
y
is
ex
p
ec
t
ed
to
b
e
en
o
u
g
h
f
o
r
1
0
k
m
(
g
r
ee
n
cir
cle
)
in
p
u
r
e
elec
tr
ic
an
d
d
r
iv
in
g
m
o
d
e
.
I
ts
av
er
ag
e
v
el
o
city
is
o
f
th
e
o
r
d
e
r
o
f
1
0
k
m
/h
,
an
d
f
o
r
a
s
im
p
li
f
ied
ca
lcu
latio
n
,
a
s
p
ee
d
o
f
1
0
k
m
/h
is
ass
u
m
ed
.
T
h
is
is
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
av
er
ag
e
s
p
ee
d
d
ep
e
n
d
s
o
n
a
h
ig
h
e
r
p
lat
ea
u
s
p
ee
d
b
eh
a
v
io
r
with
a
h
ig
h
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
tar
ts
an
d
s
to
p
s
.
T
h
e
P
EM
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
to
d
r
iv
e
th
e
b
o
at
at
a
s
p
ee
d
o
f
1
0
k
m
/h
is
as f
o
llo
ws:
P
EM
(
1
0
k
m
/
h
)
=
0
.
1
4
k
W
(
10)
B
ased
o
n
th
e
r
ea
d
in
g
,
th
e
o
v
e
r
all
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
d
r
iv
etr
ai
n
is
ab
o
u
t
8
4
.
1
%.
Ass
u
m
in
g
th
e
o
v
e
r
all
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
d
r
iv
etr
ain
is
8
0
%.
E
s
s
,
m
in
(
2
0
k
m
/ 2
0
k
m
/h
)
×
(
0
.
1
4
k
W
/0
.
8
)
=
0
.
2
k
W
h
(
1
1
)
T
h
e
b
atter
y
p
o
wer
(
P
ESS
)
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
s
u
f
f
icien
t
to
b
o
o
s
t
th
e
p
r
o
p
u
ls
io
n
m
o
to
r
to
its
h
ig
h
es
t
p
o
wer
.
Ma
x
im
u
m
m
o
to
r
p
o
wer
is
1
.
5
tim
es
th
e
c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
m
o
to
r
p
o
wer
.
P
ESS,
m
ax
=
1
.
5
×
P
EM,
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
–
P
ICE,
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
1
.
5
×
7
.
7
5
k
W
–
7
k
W
=
4
.
6
k
W
(
1
2
)
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
ac
h
iev
e
f
u
ll p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
a
m
a
x
im
u
m
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
o
f
3
C
(
3
tim
es th
e
r
ated
ca
p
ac
i
ty
)
was a
s
s
u
m
ed
.
E
ESS,
m
ax
=
P
ESS,
m
ax
/
3
x
h
=
1
.
5
4
k
W
2
.
2
.
3
.
I
nte
rna
l c
o
m
bu
s
t
io
n e
ng
ine
T
h
e
I
C
E
d
em
a
n
d
s
ar
e
b
ased
o
n
th
e
av
er
a
g
e
p
o
wer
d
e
m
an
d
s
f
o
r
th
e
s
er
ies
PHEPW
T
p
o
wer
tr
ain
co
n
ce
p
t
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
e
m
ax
im
u
m
s
p
ee
d
is
ass
u
m
ed
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
th
e
av
e
r
ag
e
p
o
wer
at
o
p
tim
al
ca
s
e,
cr
u
is
in
g
at
3
0
k
m
/h
(
b
lu
e
cir
cle)
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
r
e
q
u
ir
em
en
t f
o
r
th
e
I
C
E
(
P
ICE
)
is
g
i
v
en
b
y
:
P
ICE,
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
=
P
EM
(
3
0
k
m
/h
)
=
3
.
3
7
k
W
T
h
e
elec
tr
ic
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
we
r
is
4
k
W
,
with
an
esti
m
ated
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
8
5
%
.
T
h
e
m
ec
h
an
ical
i
n
p
u
t
p
o
wer
h
as
t
o
b
e
7
k
W
.
T
h
is
is
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
P
ICE
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
t:
P
ICE,
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
=
7
k
W
T
ab
le
4
lis
ts
th
e
esti
m
ated
m
ain
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
th
e
PHEPW
T
p
o
wer
tr
ain
,
wh
ich
ar
e
E
M,
I
C
E
,
an
d
E
SS
,
b
ased
o
n
ea
ch
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t'
s
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
an
d
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
s
izin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
v
alu
e
is
esti
m
ated
to
b
e
ar
o
u
n
d
1
5
k
W
f
o
r
I
C
E
,
3
0
k
W
f
o
r
E
M
,
an
d
7
k
W
f
o
r
E
SS
.
2
.
3
.
Adv
a
nced
v
ehicle
s
im
ula
t
o
r
(
ADVISOR
)
s
o
f
t
wa
re
Simu
latio
n
to
o
ls
ar
e
cr
itical
f
o
r
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
an
d
v
e
r
if
icatio
n
o
f
th
ese
s
tr
ateg
ies
ah
ea
d
o
f
r
ea
l
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
Hen
ce
,
i
n
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
,
th
e
v
eh
icle
s
im
u
lato
r
s
t
h
at
wer
e
u
s
ed
i
n
th
e
i
n
itial
p
h
ase
f
o
r
th
e
s
tr
ateg
y
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
v
e
h
icles
ar
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
.
E
f
f
ec
tiv
e
an
d
r
e
liab
le
s
o
f
twar
e
to
o
ls
p
lay
a
cr
itical
r
o
le
in
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
20
2
6
:
25
-
36
30
o
p
tim
izatio
n
o
f
v
eh
icle
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
an
d
th
e
v
er
if
icatio
n
o
f
c
o
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
to
o
ls
th
at
h
av
e
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
f
o
r
a
d
v
an
ce
d
h
y
b
r
id
elec
tr
ic
p
o
wer
tr
ain
r
esear
ch
a
r
e
ADVI
SOR
[
9
]
.
ADVI
SOR
,
an
ab
b
r
e
v
iatio
n
o
f
Ad
v
a
n
ce
d
Veh
icle
Simu
lato
r
,
was
d
e
v
elo
p
e
d
b
y
th
e
Un
it
ed
States
Natio
n
al
R
en
ewa
b
le
E
n
er
g
y
L
ab
o
r
ato
r
y
.
I
t w
as d
ev
elo
p
e
d
f
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C
E
,
an
d
E
SS
f
o
r
ea
ch
d
r
iv
in
g
cy
cl
e
is
s
tated
in
T
ab
le
5
.
T
h
e
o
v
er
all
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
PHEPW
T
i
s
r
elev
an
t
an
d
f
its
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e.
Fro
m
th
e
s
elec
ted
co
m
p
o
n
en
t,
t
h
e
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
o
f
PHEPW
T
is
s
u
itab
le
an
d
in
th
e
e
x
p
ec
ted
r
an
g
e
f
o
r
ev
er
y
d
r
i
v
in
g
c
y
cle
ex
ce
p
t
th
e
Pu
lau
Kap
as
d
r
iv
i
n
g
r
o
u
te
d
u
e
to
th
e
h
ig
h
p
o
wer
n
ee
d
ed
to
m
ee
t th
e
s
p
ee
d
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
t f
o
r
a
s
p
ee
d
b
o
at
.
T
ab
le
5
.
C
o
m
p
o
n
en
t sizin
g
f
o
r
r
iv
er
d
r
iv
in
g
c
y
cle
D
r
i
v
i
n
g
c
y
c
l
e
PW
KT
ST
KL
TK
PK
EM
P
E
M
(
k
W
)
9
.
7
2
1
3
.
0
5
1
.
3
0
1
7
.
0
9
1
9
.
6
8
4
5
.
8
1
P
EM
,
c
o
n
t
i
n
u
o
u
s
=
P
E
M
(
k
W
)
5
.
5
9
8
.
0
2
0
.
9
2
8
.
6
0
1
1
.
0
1
3
8
.
3
4
I
C
E
P
ICE
,
c
o
n
t
i
n
u
o
u
s
=
P
EM
(
k
W
)
1
.
5
0
1
.
1
9
0
.
3
4
3
.
9
8
5
.
2
9
2
0
.
6
2
P
ICE
,
c
o
n
t
i
n
u
o
u
s (
k
W
)
3
.
0
0
2
.
5
0
0
.
7
0
8
.
0
0
1
0
.
0
0
3
5
.
0
0
ESS
P
E
M
(
k
W
)
0
.
1
0
0
.
2
0
0
.
1
8
0
.
1
9
0
.
5
0
1
0
.
3
6
E
E
S
S
,
m
i
n
(
k
W
h
)
0
.
1
3
0
.
3
5
0
.
2
3
0
.
2
4
0
.
6
3
1
2
.
9
5
P
E
S
S
,
ma
x
(
k
W
)
3
.
3
8
9
.
5
3
0
.
1
6
4
.
9
0
6
.
5
2
1
7
.
5
1
E
E
S
S
(
k
W
h
)
1
.
1
3
3
.
1
8
0
.
1
1
.
7
0
2
.
2
0
9
.
1
7
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
C
o
mp
a
r
a
tive
s
tu
d
y
o
f fu
el
ec
o
n
o
my
a
n
d
emiss
io
n
s
fo
r
…
(
A
h
ma
d
Lu
q
ma
n
u
l H
a
kim
A
h
m
a
d
Ta
r
miz
i
)
33
3
.
2
.
Ana
ly
s
is
o
f
f
uel e
co
no
my
a
nd
em
is
s
io
ns
A
s
er
ies
o
f
s
im
u
latio
n
s
was
c
o
n
d
u
cte
d
u
s
in
g
s
ix
d
r
iv
in
g
c
y
cles:
P
W
r
iv
er
d
r
iv
in
g
cy
cle,
KT
r
iv
er
d
r
iv
in
g
cy
cle,
ST
r
iv
er
d
r
iv
in
g
cy
cle,
KL
r
iv
er
d
r
iv
in
g
cy
c
le,
T
K
r
iv
er
d
r
iv
in
g
cy
cle,
a
n
d
PK
r
iv
er
d
r
iv
in
g
cy
cle.
T
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
is
an
aly
s
is
is
to
co
m
p
ar
e
th
e
f
u
el
ec
o
n
o
m
y
an
d
e
m
is
s
io
n
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
HC
,
C
O,
an
d
NO
X
,
f
o
r
v
ar
io
u
s
v
eh
icle
p
o
wer
tr
ain
s
am
o
n
g
t
h
e
PHEPW
T
an
d
ADVI
SOR
m
o
d
els
.
T
ab
le
6
lis
ts
th
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
PHEPW
T
m
o
d
el
an
d
th
e
ADVI
SOR
m
o
d
el.
T
ab
le
6
.
T
h
e
p
o
wer
t
r
ain
s
p
ec
i
f
icatio
n
s
C
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
P
H
EPW
T
S
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
A
D
V
I
S
O
R
S
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
I
C
E
2
0
k
W
@
3
0
0
0
r
p
m
C
o
m
p
r
e
ss
i
o
n
-
I
g
n
i
t
i
o
n
m
o
d
e
2
0
k
W
@
3
0
0
0
r
p
m
EM
1
5
k
W
3
-
p
h
a
se
m
o
t
o
r
To
r
q
u
e
:
4
9
N
m
1
5
k
W
A
C
I
n
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
m
o
t
o
r
ESS
Li
t
h
i
u
m
M
e
t
a
l
B
a
t
t
e
r
y
7
k
W
,
3
k
W
h
Li
,
7
k
W
,
3
k
W
h
T
h
e
f
u
el
ec
o
n
o
m
y
o
f
th
e
PHE
PW
T
m
o
d
el
is
ca
lcu
lated
as
(
1
3
)
,
=
(
1
3
)
wh
er
e
D
is
th
e
test
d
is
tan
ce
in
m
iles
,
an
d
is
th
e
v
o
l
u
m
e
o
f
f
u
el
c
o
n
s
u
m
ed
in
g
all
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
FE
o
f
th
e
PHEPW
T
i
s
ca
lcu
lated
b
y
(
1
4
)
.
=
+
ℎ
(
1
4
)
W
h
er
e
is
a
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
f
ac
to
r
eq
u
al
to
7
9
.
2
5
k
W
h
/g
allo
n
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
e
en
er
g
y
eq
u
iv
a
len
t
o
f
p
etr
o
l
an
d
elec
tr
icity
,
an
d
ℎ
is
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
elec
tr
ical
r
ec
h
ar
g
e
en
er
g
y
(
in
k
W
h
)
.
T
o
ca
lcu
late
th
is
v
alu
e,
th
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
ten
t
o
f
a
g
allo
n
o
f
p
etr
o
l
is
ex
p
r
ess
ed
in
ter
m
s
o
f
elec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
,
wh
ich
is
7
9
.
2
5
k
W
h
p
er
g
allo
n
.
=
|
−
|
×
100
(
1
5
)
T
h
e
f
u
el
ec
o
n
o
m
y
o
f
th
e
PHEPW
T
p
o
wer
tr
ain
f
o
r
th
e
Pu
la
u
W
ar
is
an
r
iv
er
d
r
iv
e
c
y
cle
is
im
p
r
o
v
ed
b
y
ab
o
u
t
4
7
.
3
m
p
g
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
th
e
ADVI
SOR
m
o
d
el
,
wh
ich
is
3
1
.
1
3
m
p
g
,
s
h
o
win
g
PHEPW
T
i
s
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
t
b
y
3
4
.
2
%.
T
h
e
n
,
th
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
b
y
6
7
.
5
m
p
g
f
r
o
m
PHEPW
T
an
d
5
4
.
4
9
m
p
g
f
r
o
m
th
e
ADVI
SOR
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
t
h
e
KT
r
iv
er
d
r
i
v
e
cy
cle
s
h
o
ws
an
FE
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
b
y
1
9
.
3
%.
Fo
r
th
e
ST
d
r
i
v
e
cy
cle,
4
3
.
3
m
p
g
f
r
o
m
PHEPW
T
an
d
3
3
.
1
m
p
g
f
r
o
m
th
e
ADVI
SOR
m
o
d
el
.
T
h
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
FE
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
f
o
r
t
h
e
ST
d
r
iv
in
g
cy
cle
is
1
2
.
7
%.
T
h
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
o
f
f
u
el
ec
o
n
o
m
y
wa
s
also
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
f
o
r
th
e
Kam
p
u
n
g
L
au
t
r
iv
er
d
r
iv
e
cy
cle
,
wh
ich
is
2
3
.
3
%
m
o
r
e
t
h
an
th
e
ADVI
SOR
m
o
d
el
,
w
h
ile
f
o
r
th
e
T
K
d
r
iv
e
cy
cle
,
th
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
was
f
r
o
m
4
7
.
2
m
p
g
f
o
r
th
e
PHEPW
T
m
o
d
el
an
d
3
2
.
9
3
%
f
o
r
th
e
ADVI
SO
R
m
o
d
el.
L
astl
y
,
f
o
r
th
e
Pu
lau
Kap
as
d
r
iv
e
cy
cle,
th
e
f
u
el
ec
o
n
o
m
y
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
PHEPW
T
m
o
d
el
was
4
1
.
4
m
p
g
,
wh
ile
f
r
o
m
th
e
ADVI
SOR
m
o
d
el
was
3
0
.
4
3
m
p
g
.
Mo
s
t
o
f
th
e
f
u
el
ec
o
n
o
m
y
f
o
r
th
e
PH
E
PW
T
p
o
wer
tr
ain
is
r
ed
u
ce
d
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
th
e
ADVI
SOR
m
o
d
el
,
u
p
to
1
2
.
7
% to
3
4
.
2
%.
T
a
b
le
7
s
h
o
ws
th
e
f
u
el
ec
o
n
o
m
y
f
o
r
6
d
r
iv
in
g
c
y
cles.
T
ab
le
7
.
Fu
el
ec
o
n
o
m
y
f
o
r
6
d
r
iv
in
g
cy
cles
D
r
i
v
i
n
g
c
y
c
l
e
F
u
e
l
e
c
o
n
o
my
(
mp
g
)
P
H
EPW
T
A
D
V
I
S
O
R
PW
4
7
.
3
3
1
.
1
3
KT
6
7
.
5
5
4
.
4
9
ST
4
3
.
3
3
7
.
7
9
KL
4
4
.
6
3
4
.
2
3
TK
4
7
.
2
3
2
.
9
3
PK
4
1
.
4
3
0
.
4
3
T
h
e
cr
iter
ia
p
o
llu
tan
t
em
is
s
io
n
s
g
en
er
ate
d
f
r
o
m
f
u
el
co
m
b
u
s
tio
n
b
y
I
C
E
in
clu
d
e
HC
,
C
O
,
an
d
NO
x
.
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
em
is
s
io
n
s
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
u
s
in
g
th
e
PHEPW
T
m
o
d
el
an
d
th
e
ADVI
SOR
m
o
d
el.
T
h
e
PHEPW
T
an
d
ADVI
SO
R
m
o
d
el
is
b
ased
o
n
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
o
f
em
is
s
io
n
s
s
u
ch
a
s
HC
,
C
O,
an
d
NO
x
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
20
2
6
:
25
-
36
34
T
h
ese
g
r
ap
h
s
s
h
o
w
t
h
e
em
is
s
io
n
s
o
f
th
ese
p
o
llu
tan
ts
f
o
r
th
e
d
r
iv
in
g
c
y
cle
,
in
clu
d
in
g
PW
r
i
v
er
r
o
u
te,
KT
r
iv
e
r
r
o
u
te,
KL
r
i
v
er
r
o
u
te,
ST
r
iv
e
r
r
o
u
te,
PK r
iv
e
r
r
o
u
te
,
an
d
T
K
r
iv
er
r
o
u
te.
T
h
e
em
is
s
io
n
s
o
f
th
e
PHEPW
T
wer
e
b
ased
o
n
th
e
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
d
ata
r
ec
o
r
d
e
d
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
v
o
y
a
g
e.
Du
r
in
g
th
e
v
o
y
ag
e
,
th
e
s
p
ee
d
o
f
th
e
b
o
at
was
n
o
t
co
n
s
is
ten
t
;
th
u
s
,
t
h
e
em
is
s
io
n
lev
el
was
ir
r
eg
u
lar
.
T
h
e
g
r
a
p
h
s
h
o
ws
an
o
th
er
p
o
llu
tan
t
em
is
s
io
n
s
wh
ich
is
p
ar
ticu
late
m
atter
(
PM)
.
Par
ticu
late
m
atter
is
n
o
t
co
n
s
id
er
ed
in
th
is
p
ap
er
.
T
h
at
is
th
e
r
ea
s
o
n
wh
y
th
e
lev
el
o
f
PM
r
em
ai
n
s
at
th
e
lo
west lev
el
in
th
e
g
r
a
p
h
.
T
h
e
Seb
er
an
g
T
a
k
ir
d
r
i
v
in
g
c
y
cle
r
elea
s
ed
th
e
h
ig
h
est
em
i
s
s
io
n
o
f
HC
,
wh
ich
is
2
.
6
2
8
g
/m
.
Pu
lau
Kap
as
d
r
iv
in
g
cy
cle
r
elea
s
ed
th
e
C
O
a
s
m
u
ch
as
5
.
6
2
4
g
/m
,
wh
ich
is
th
e
h
ig
h
est
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
o
th
e
r
d
r
iv
in
g
cy
cles
.
T
h
e
PK
d
r
iv
in
g
cy
cle
also
r
elea
s
ed
th
e
h
ig
h
est
NO
x
as
m
u
ch
as
0
.
4
6
6
g
/m
.
T
h
e
f
ac
to
r
th
at
ca
u
s
es
th
e
PK
d
r
iv
in
g
cy
cle
is
th
e
h
ig
h
est
d
r
iv
in
g
c
y
cle
th
at
r
elea
s
es
C
O
an
d
NO
x
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
u
s
ag
e
o
f
th
e
h
ig
h
est p
o
wer
to
p
r
o
p
el
th
e
b
o
at.
T
ab
le
8
s
h
o
ws th
e
o
v
er
all
e
m
is
s
io
n
s
f
o
r
6
d
r
i
v
in
g
c
y
cles.
T
ab
le
8
.
E
m
is
s
io
n
s
f
o
r
th
e
s
ix
d
r
iv
in
g
c
y
cles
D
r
i
v
i
n
g
c
y
c
l
e
Emi
ssi
o
n
s (
g
r
a
ms
/
mi
l
e
)
HC
CO
NOx
P
H
EPW
T
A
D
V
I
S
O
R
P
H
EPW
T
A
D
V
I
S
O
R
P
H
EPW
T
A
D
V
I
S
O
R
PW
1
.
1
5
6
1
.
8
4
6
1
.
0
0
9
1
.
5
9
2
0
.
1
0
8
0
.
1
2
8
KT
0
.
6
7
6
1
.
1
4
0
.
6
8
8
1
.
0
5
6
0
.
1
1
6
0
.
1
0
5
ST
2
.
6
2
8
4
.
6
8
7
2
.
5
8
1
3
.
9
7
7
0
.
2
3
5
0
.
0
8
1
KL
0
.
8
3
8
1
.
4
9
7
1
.
2
6
9
2
.
1
1
9
0
.
3
7
7
0
.
5
5
2
TK
0
.
6
3
2
1
.
3
1
1
2
.
4
6
7
1
.
2
2
1
0
.
2
5
0
0
.
1
8
5
PK
1
.
2
8
1
1
.
6
2
4
5
.
6
2
4
1
.
8
5
7
0
.
4
6
6
0
.
4
7
8
B
y
in
s
er
tin
g
th
e
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
o
f
PHEPW
T
,
lik
e
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
I
C
E
,
E
M,
an
d
E
SS
,
th
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
f
u
el
ec
o
n
o
m
y
an
d
em
is
s
io
n
f
o
r
ea
ch
d
r
iv
i
n
g
cy
cle
was
d
ef
in
ed
.
Fro
m
th
e
a
n
aly
s
is
o
f
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
les
7
an
d
8
,
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
d
r
iv
in
g
c
y
cles
s
h
o
wed
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
r
esu
lts
o
f
f
u
el
ec
o
n
o
m
y
an
d
em
is
s
io
n
s
d
u
e
to
th
e
p
o
wer
u
s
ed
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
v
o
y
a
g
e.
Fro
m
th
e
r
esu
lt,
an
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
was
ac
h
iev
ed
b
y
th
e
PHEPW
T
m
o
d
el
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
th
e
ADVI
SOR
m
o
d
el
b
ec
au
s
e
it
was
ab
le
to
g
et
a
g
o
o
d
f
u
el
ec
o
n
o
m
y
,
wh
ich
was
u
p
t
o
3
0
%
an
d
,
o
n
a
v
er
ag
e
,
1
0
% h
ig
h
er
th
an
ADVI
SOR
.
Fo
r
em
is
s
io
n
,
th
e
PHEPW
T
m
o
d
el
s
h
o
ws
th
e
r
esu
lt
o
f
th
r
ee
-
ty
p
e
em
is
s
io
n
,
s
u
ch
as
HC
,
C
O,
an
d
NO
x
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
e
PHEPW
T
m
o
d
el
h
as
a
lo
wer
em
is
s
io
n
,
n
o
t
m
o
r
e
th
an
2
g
r
am
s
/m
ile
,
ex
ce
p
t
f
o
r
th
e
em
is
s
io
n
o
f
C
O
f
r
o
m
Pu
lau
Kap
as
(
PK)
d
r
iv
in
g
cy
cle
,
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
T
K
an
d
PK
wer
e
u
s
in
g
a
s
p
ee
d
b
o
at
,
wh
ich
ca
u
s
es
m
o
r
e
p
o
wer
to
b
e
u
s
ed
co
m
p
a
r
ed
t
o
th
e
o
th
e
r
d
r
i
v
in
g
c
y
cles
th
at
u
s
ed
a
r
ec
r
ea
tio
n
al
b
o
at.
T
h
e
em
is
s
io
n
o
f
r
e
g
u
lat
ed
p
o
llu
ta
n
ts
f
r
o
m
th
e
ADVI
SOR
m
o
d
el
is
m
u
ch
h
ig
h
e
r
t
h
an
th
e
PHEPW
T
m
o
d
el
th
at
ca
u
s
es e
v
en
h
ig
h
e
r
p
o
llu
tio
n
r
ates to
o
cc
u
r
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
th
e
p
r
esen
t
tim
e,
co
m
m
er
ci
al
r
ec
r
ea
tio
n
al
b
o
ats
u
s
e
f
u
el
an
d
I
C
E
as
th
ei
r
m
ain
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
in
o
r
d
er
to
d
r
iv
e
th
e
b
o
at;
h
o
wev
er
,
th
is
is
h
ar
m
f
u
l
an
d
d
a
n
g
er
o
u
s
to
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
L
o
o
k
in
g
to
war
d
s
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e,
r
esear
c
h
o
n
th
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
o
f
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies
th
at
ca
n
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
PHEPW
T
s
u
ch
as
b
etter
b
atter
y
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
o
p
tim
ized
p
o
wer
tr
a
in
d
esig
n
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
d
o
n
e
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
th
e
p
o
te
n
tial
o
f
PHEV
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
an
d
r
e
d
u
ce
em
is
s
io
n
s
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
h
as
s
h
o
wn
th
at
th
e
PHEPW
T
m
o
d
el
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
im
p
r
o
v
es
th
e
v
eh
icle
f
u
el
ec
o
n
o
m
y
an
d
lo
wer
s
th
e
b
o
at
em
is
s
io
n
b
y
d
esig
n
in
g
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
p
o
w
er
tr
ain
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tally
f
r
ien
d
ly
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
t
h
e
ADVI
SOR
m
o
d
el.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
was
b
u
ilt
b
ased
o
n
th
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
,
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
,
an
d
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
to
th
e
PHEPW
T
co
n
d
itio
n
.
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
f
o
r
th
e
f
u
el
ec
o
n
o
m
y
an
d
em
is
s
io
n
s
h
as
b
ee
n
d
o
n
e
in
ADVI
SOR
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
PHEPW
T
m
o
d
el
r
elea
s
ed
a
s
m
all
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
em
is
s
io
n
s
an
d
h
as
h
ig
h
f
u
e
l
ec
o
n
o
m
y
in
all
6
-
d
r
iv
in
g
c
y
cles.
Fin
ally
,
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
th
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
PHEV
an
d
th
eir
p
o
ten
tial
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
co
s
t
o
f
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
.
O
v
er
all,
th
is
p
ap
er
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
v
alu
a
b
le
in
s
ig
h
t
s
in
to
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
PHEV
to
r
ed
u
ce
em
is
s
io
n
s
an
d
f
u
el
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
M
E
N
T
S
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
wo
u
ld
lik
e
to
t
h
a
n
k
Un
iv
er
s
iti
Ma
lay
s
ia
T
er
en
g
g
an
u
(
UM
T
)
an
d
th
e
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
Hig
h
e
r
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
o
f
Ma
lay
s
ia
f
o
r
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
th
is
r
esear
c
h
.
T
h
e
a
u
t
h
o
r
s
also
ex
p
r
ess
th
eir
s
in
ce
r
e
ap
p
r
ec
iatio
n
t
o
th
e
Facu
lty
o
f
Oce
an
E
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
(
FTKK
)
,
UM
T
,
f
o
r
all
th
eir
h
el
p
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t.
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