I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
P
o
wer
E
lect
ro
nics
a
nd
Driv
e
S
y
s
t
em
(
I
J
P
E
DS)
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
2
6
,
p
p
.
49
~
57
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/ijp
ed
s
.
v
1
7
.
i
1
.
p
p
49
-
57
49
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
p
e
d
s
.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
A
no
v
el appro
a
ch
t
o
f
le
x
ible
BT
M
S
f
o
r 2
-
wh
eeler
ele
ctric
v
ehicle t
o
av
o
id
fi
re
a
cciden
ts
-
a
n In
dia
n
p
erspec
tive
M
a
hm
o
o
da
M
ub
ee
n
1
,
G
a
ng
is
het
t
i
Srini
v
a
s
2
1
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
M
u
f
f
a
k
h
a
m
J
a
h
C
o
l
l
e
g
e
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
a
n
d
Te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
G
I
TA
M
(
D
e
e
me
d
t
o
b
e
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
)
,
H
y
d
e
r
a
b
a
d
,
I
n
d
i
a
2
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
EE
C
E,
G
I
TA
M
(
D
e
e
med
t
o
b
e
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
)
,
H
y
d
e
r
a
b
a
d
,
I
n
d
i
a
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
J
u
l 2
5
,
2
0
2
5
R
ev
is
ed
Oct
2
2
,
2
0
2
5
Acc
ep
ted
Dec
1
1
,
2
0
2
5
Th
e
In
d
ian
e
lec
tri
c
v
e
h
icle
s
m
a
rk
e
t
sh
a
re
h
a
s
sig
n
ifi
c
a
n
t
ly
i
n
c
re
a
se
d
d
u
e
to
v
a
rio
u
s
g
o
v
e
rn
m
e
n
t
i
n
it
iati
v
e
s,
in
c
re
a
se
d
fu
e
l
p
rice
s,
a
n
d
c
h
a
rg
in
g
in
fra
stru
c
tu
re
.
O
n
t
h
e
c
o
n
trary
,
f
ire
a
c
c
id
e
n
ts
o
f
EV’s
i
n
I
n
d
ia
a
r
e
n
o
ra
re
r
d
u
e
to
i
n
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iate
BTM
S
a
n
d
it
s
in
a
b
il
it
y
to
wo
r
k
with
d
iffere
n
t
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
tal
c
o
n
d
it
i
o
n
s
p
re
v
a
il
in
g
i
n
In
d
ia,
so
it
h
a
s
b
e
c
o
m
e
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
a
jo
r
c
o
n
c
e
rn
s.
Tw
o
-
wh
e
e
lers
,
b
e
i
n
g
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
st
u
se
d
m
o
d
e
s
o
f
tran
sp
o
rt
,
a
re
d
o
m
in
a
t
in
g
t
h
e
I
n
d
ian
r
o
a
d
s;
it
we
ll
d
e
se
rv
e
s
a
n
i
n
n
o
v
a
ti
v
e
BTM
S
t
h
a
t
su
it
s
l
o
c
a
l
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
c
o
n
d
it
io
n
s
f
o
r
p
re
v
e
n
ti
n
g
t
h
e
rm
a
l
ru
n
a
wa
y
s
a
n
d
m
a
in
tain
in
g
b
e
tt
e
r
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
o
f
th
e
b
a
tt
e
ry
.
As
we
g
e
t
to
se
e
d
iv
e
rse
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
tal
c
o
n
d
i
ti
o
n
s
a
t
d
iffere
n
t
p
a
rts
o
f
I
n
d
ia,
it
will
b
e
g
o
o
d
if
we
c
a
n
d
e
v
e
lo
p
flex
i
b
le
BTM
S
.
M
a
jo
r
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s
b
e
in
g
f
a
c
e
d
in
t
h
e
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
su
it
a
b
le
BTM
S
a
re
sp
a
c
e
a
n
d
c
o
st
c
o
n
stra
i
n
ts.
Th
is
p
a
p
e
r
fo
c
u
se
s
o
n
t
h
e
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
B
TM
S
fo
r
e
lec
tri
c
two
-
wh
e
e
lers
,
su
it
a
b
le
f
o
r
v
a
rio
u
s
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
c
o
n
d
it
io
n
s
,
wh
ich
fi
ts
in
th
e
a
v
a
il
a
b
le
s
p
a
c
e
with
l
o
w
a
d
d
it
i
o
n
a
l
c
o
st.
I
t
a
ls
o
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
s
flex
ib
i
li
ty
to
d
r
o
p
o
r
a
d
d
s
o
m
e
o
f
th
e
fe
a
tu
re
s
b
a
se
d
o
n
o
n
e
’s
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
a
l
re
q
u
irem
e
n
ts
o
r
e
n
v
i
ro
n
m
e
n
tal
c
o
n
d
i
ti
o
n
s
p
re
v
a
il
in
g
a
t
th
e
p
lac
e
o
f
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
,
wh
ic
h
c
a
n
b
e
a
s
e
a
sy
a
s
o
n
e
c
a
n
d
ro
p
o
r
c
h
o
o
sin
g
t
o
h
a
v
e
f
o
g
lam
p
s,
sp
e
a
k
e
rs,
c
a
m
e
ra
,
a
n
d
su
n
ro
o
f
d
e
p
e
n
d
in
g
u
p
o
n
t
h
e
ir
re
q
u
irem
e
n
t
a
n
d
b
u
d
g
e
t
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
E
-
b
ik
e
b
atter
y
f
ir
e
ac
ci
d
en
t
E
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
s
Flex
ib
le
li
-
io
n
b
atter
y
t
h
er
m
al
m
an
ag
em
en
t sy
s
tem
Fo
r
ce
d
co
o
lin
g
Natu
r
al
co
o
lin
g
T
h
er
m
o
elec
tr
ic
c
o
o
lin
g
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Ma
h
m
o
o
d
a
Mu
b
ee
n
D
e
p
a
r
t
m
e
n
t
o
f
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
a
n
d
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
M
u
f
f
a
k
h
a
m
J
a
h
C
o
l
l
e
g
e
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
GI
T
AM
(
Dee
m
ed
to
b
e
U
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
)
Hy
d
er
ab
ad
,
I
n
d
ia
E
m
ail:
m
m
u
b
ee
n
@
g
itam
.
in
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
A
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
g
lo
b
al
en
er
g
y
u
s
ag
e
ca
n
b
e
attr
ib
u
ted
to
th
e
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
s
ec
to
r
,
wh
ich
ac
co
u
n
ts
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
th
an
3
0
%
o
f
o
il
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
wo
r
ld
wid
e
[
1
]
.
W
ith
r
is
in
g
g
lo
b
al
war
m
i
n
g
co
n
ce
r
n
s
d
u
e
to
au
to
m
o
b
ile
em
is
s
io
n
s
,
d
ep
let
io
n
o
f
f
o
s
s
il
f
u
els,
an
d
s
tr
ict
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
r
eg
u
latio
n
s
o
n
g
r
ee
n
h
o
u
s
e
g
as
em
is
s
io
n
s
,
E
V
is
g
ain
in
g
th
e
in
ter
est
o
f
m
an
y
.
I
n
d
ia'
s
tr
an
s
it
io
n
to
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
(
E
V)
m
o
b
ilit
y
is
p
r
o
p
elled
b
y
p
r
ess
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
c
o
n
ce
r
n
s
,
e
n
er
g
y
s
ec
u
r
ity
im
p
er
ativ
es,
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
a
d
v
an
ta
g
es,
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
p
o
licies.
B
ac
k
ed
b
y
in
itiativ
es,
I
n
d
ia
aim
s
to
r
ed
u
ce
its
ca
r
b
o
n
f
o
o
tp
r
in
t
b
y
4
5
%
b
y
2
0
3
0
,
alig
n
in
g
with
t
h
e
Par
is
Ag
r
ee
m
en
t
an
d
C
OP2
6
co
m
m
itm
e
n
ts
.
As
p
er
th
e
r
e
p
o
r
t
o
n
“
Fo
r
e
ca
s
tin
g
Pen
etr
atio
n
Of
E
lectr
ic
T
wo
-
W
h
ee
ler
s
i
n
I
n
d
ia
[
2
]
b
y
NI
T
I
Aay
o
g
in
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
with
T
I
FA
C
,
i
n
an
o
p
tim
is
tic
s
ce
n
ar
io
,
th
e
r
e
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
ec
asts
1
0
0
%
p
e
n
etr
atio
n
o
f
elec
tr
ic
tw
o
-
wh
ee
ler
s
in
th
e
I
n
d
ian
m
ar
k
et
b
y
FY
2
0
2
6
–
2
7
.
T
wo
-
wh
ee
ler
s
ar
e
th
e
d
o
m
in
an
t
s
eg
m
en
t
wh
e
n
u
n
d
er
g
o
in
g
elec
tr
if
icatio
n
,
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
ts
in
b
atter
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
20
2
6
:
49
-
57
50
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
en
h
an
ce
E
V
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
r
a
n
g
e,
an
d
af
f
o
r
d
ab
ilit
y
,
p
o
is
ed
to
m
a
k
e
I
n
d
i
a
a
lead
er
in
E
V
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
in
g
a
n
d
in
n
o
v
atio
n
.
E
V
co
m
p
r
is
es
a
b
atter
y
,
th
e
m
o
to
r
,
th
e
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ic
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
,
a
f
ew
m
o
v
in
g
p
a
r
ts
,
a
f
ew
co
m
p
lex
g
ea
r
s
,
b
ea
r
in
g
s
,
an
d
o
th
er
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
th
at
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
p
o
wer
tr
ain
.
T
h
e
in
tr
icac
y
in
p
lacin
g
co
n
tr
o
l
,
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
,
an
d
in
t
eg
r
atin
g
all
p
ar
ts
o
f
E
lectr
i
c
v
eh
icle
h
av
e
b
r
o
u
g
h
t
n
ew
ch
allen
g
es
to
th
e
au
to
m
o
b
ile
in
d
u
s
tr
y
.
T
h
e
h
ea
r
t
o
f
E
V
is
a
b
atter
y
th
at
p
r
o
v
id
es
th
e
en
e
r
g
y
d
em
a
n
d
ed
as p
er
th
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
d
r
iv
e
cy
cle,
its
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
,
an
d
v
ar
io
u
s
am
b
ien
t
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
b
atter
y
co
s
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
th
e
o
v
er
all
co
s
t a
lm
o
s
t
4
5
%
o
f
th
e
v
e
h
icle
co
s
t
is
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
en
e
r
g
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
ty
p
e
o
f
b
atter
y
,
ce
ll
c
h
em
is
tr
y
,
ce
ll
ar
r
an
g
em
en
t,
an
d
th
eir
p
r
o
p
er
ties
s
u
b
s
tan
tially
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
th
e
v
e
h
icle'
s
s
af
ety
,
co
s
t,
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
an
d
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Am
o
n
g
v
a
r
io
u
s
b
atter
ies
u
s
ed
in
E
V’
s
,
L
i
-
io
n
b
atter
ies
h
av
e
a
lo
w
r
ate
o
f
s
elf
-
d
is
ch
ar
g
e,
a
lo
n
g
life
,
a
n
d
h
i
g
h
-
p
o
wer
,
en
er
g
y
d
en
s
ity
,
m
a
k
in
g
it
b
est
s
u
ited
f
o
r
au
to
m
o
b
ile
p
u
r
p
o
s
es.
B
u
t
b
atter
y
p
r
o
tectio
n
to
war
d
s
s
af
ety
is
s
u
es
is
d
eg
r
ad
in
g
its
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
o
r
else
ca
u
s
in
g
th
e
r
m
al
r
u
n
awa
y
.
T
o
p
r
o
tect
th
e
b
atter
y
f
r
o
m
th
e
r
m
al
r
u
n
awa
y
an
d
to
en
h
a
n
ce
its
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
a
b
atter
y
th
er
m
al
m
an
ag
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
v
ar
y
in
g
/d
if
f
er
en
t
am
b
ien
t
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
es
is
th
e
n
ee
d
o
f
th
e
h
o
u
r
.
As
p
er
t
h
e
av
ailab
le
liter
atu
r
e
,
th
e
v
ar
io
u
s
ty
p
es
o
f
b
atter
y
th
er
m
al
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
s
(
B
T
M
S
)
im
p
lem
en
ted
in
4
-
wh
ee
ler
s
u
s
e
air
co
o
lin
g
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
wate
r
co
o
lin
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
p
h
ase
ch
a
n
g
in
g
m
ater
ials
,
o
r
a
n
y
o
f
th
e
s
e
co
m
b
in
atio
n
s
t
o
co
o
l
th
e
b
atter
y
,
w
h
er
ea
s
f
o
r
2
-
wh
ee
ler
s
,
th
er
e
is
n
o
s
p
ec
if
ic
B
T
MS
d
esig
n
ed
.
T
h
e
v
ar
io
u
s
B
T
MS
u
s
ed
in
E
V
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
A
B
T
MS
th
at
ca
n
m
ain
tain
th
e
b
atter
y
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
with
s
af
e
r
an
g
e
is
s
aid
to
b
e
ef
f
icien
t.
Yan
et
a
l.
in
v
esti
g
ated
th
at
th
e
b
atter
y
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
s
h
o
u
ld
n
o
t
s
u
r
p
ass
4
5
°C
with
∆T
o
f
5
°C
f
o
r
s
af
e
o
p
er
atio
n
[
3
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
B
atter
y
th
e
r
m
al
m
an
ag
em
en
t sy
s
tem
s
I
t
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
ex
ten
s
iv
e
r
esear
ch
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
d
if
f
er
en
t
au
th
o
r
s
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
L
i
-
io
n
b
atter
y
m
o
d
u
le
ef
f
icien
cy
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
co
o
lin
g
m
eth
o
d
s
p
er
tain
in
g
to
ce
ll
ar
r
a
n
g
em
e
n
t,
s
p
ac
in
g
,
ch
ar
g
e
-
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
r
ate,
an
d
ty
p
e
o
f
co
o
lin
g
.
W
an
g
et
a
l.
co
n
d
u
cted
a
n
ex
p
er
im
en
t
o
n
a
1
×
24,
3
×
8
,
5
×
5
ce
ll
m
o
d
u
le
a
n
d
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
th
at
Fo
r
ce
d
air
co
o
lin
g
wh
e
n
ce
lls
ar
e
ar
r
an
g
ed
in
a
n
ax
ially
s
y
m
m
etr
ic
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
with
f
a
n
m
o
u
n
ted
o
n
to
p
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
co
o
ls
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
[
4
]
.
Kai
et
a
l.
ex
p
e
r
im
en
ts
with
r
esp
ec
t
to
t
h
e
ce
ll
s
p
ac
in
g
d
ed
u
ce
d
th
at
th
e
b
est
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
is
wh
en
th
e
ch
an
n
els
b
esid
e
th
e
in
let
an
d
o
u
tlet
h
a
v
e
air
f
lo
w
r
ates
0
.
7
tim
es
th
at
o
f
o
t
h
er
c
h
an
n
els
[
5
]
.
Ou
y
an
g
et
a
l.
s
tu
d
ied
th
e
h
ea
t
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
in
b
atter
ies
an
d
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
ce
ll
g
ap
s
in
th
e
b
atter
y
p
ac
k
,
s
ta
te
o
f
c
h
ar
g
e
(
SOC
)
o
f
t
h
e
b
atter
y
,
an
d
p
h
ase
ch
an
g
e
m
a
ter
ial
(
PC
M
)
,
an
d
co
n
clu
d
e
d
th
at
with
th
e
b
att
er
y
s
p
ac
in
g
s
q
u
a
r
ed
,
th
e
s
p
e
ed
o
f
f
ailu
r
e
p
r
o
p
a
g
atio
n
d
e
clin
ed
[
6
]
.
Pan
ch
al
d
esig
n
ed
a
wate
r
-
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
u
s
in
g
d
u
al
co
ld
p
lates
f
r
o
m
1
°C
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
r
ate
to
4
°C
with
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
b
o
u
n
d
ar
y
co
n
d
itio
n
s
o
f
5
°C
,
1
5
°C
,
2
5
°C
,
an
d
3
5
°C
,
r
e
s
p
ec
tiv
ely
,
an
d
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
an
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
in
T
max
an
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
r
ate
with
an
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
b
o
u
n
d
ar
y
co
n
d
itio
n
s
[
7
]
.
Saw
et
a
l.
u
s
ed
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
f
lu
id
d
y
n
am
ics
(
C
FD
)
an
aly
s
is
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
of
an
d
with
o
u
t
a
lu
m
i
n
u
m
f
o
a
m
o
n
t
h
e
th
er
m
al
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
A
n
o
ve
l a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
to
flexib
le
B
TM
S
fo
r
2
-
w
h
ee
ler ele
ctri
c
v
eh
icle
to
a
vo
id
fir
e
…
(
Ma
h
mo
o
d
a
Mu
b
ee
n
)
51
co
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
o
f
L
i
-
io
n
b
atter
y
an
d
co
n
clu
d
ed
t
h
at
alu
m
i
n
u
m
f
o
a
m
with
a
h
ea
t
s
in
k
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
th
er
m
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
[
8
]
.
So
n
g
et
a
l.
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
th
er
m
o
elec
tr
ic
d
ev
ice
an
d
PC
M
-
b
ased
th
er
m
al
m
an
ag
em
en
t
an
d
n
o
ticed
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
in
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
u
n
if
o
r
m
ity
o
f
th
e
b
a
tter
y
m
o
d
u
le
an
d
p
r
o
lo
n
g
ed
th
er
m
al
r
eten
tio
n
[
9
]
.
W
an
g
et
a
l.
a
n
d
Ya
n
g
et
a
l.
r
e
v
iewe
d
a
h
y
b
r
id
co
o
lin
g
ar
r
an
g
e
m
en
t
(
th
er
m
o
elec
tr
ic
c
o
o
lin
g
(
TEC
)
-
b
ased
B
T
MS
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
)
a
n
d
ca
m
e
to
th
e
co
n
clu
s
io
n
th
at
T
E
C
in
cr
ea
s
es
th
e
co
o
lin
g
ef
f
icien
cy
a
n
d
im
p
r
o
v
es
s
y
s
tem
s
tab
ilit
y
b
y
o
b
tai
n
in
g
p
r
ec
is
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l.
T
E
C
with
air
co
o
lin
g
in
cr
ea
s
es
th
e
h
ea
t
d
is
p
er
s
io
n
ef
f
icien
cy
,
th
er
eb
y
o
v
er
co
m
in
g
th
e
d
is
ad
v
an
tag
e
o
f
u
n
ev
en
d
is
tr
ib
u
ti
o
n
o
f
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
am
o
n
g
ce
lls
in
th
e
b
atter
y
with
air
c
o
o
lin
g
alo
n
e
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
1
]
.
I
n
I
n
d
ia
,
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
p
lace
s
h
av
e
v
ar
y
i
n
g
am
b
ien
t
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
s
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
v
er
y
lo
w
in
L
ad
ak
h
an
d
Kash
m
ir
to
m
o
d
er
ate
in
B
en
g
alu
r
u
a
n
d
h
ig
h
in
R
ajasth
an
.
Mo
s
t
o
f
th
e
E
V
2
-
wh
ee
ler
f
ir
e
ac
cid
en
ts
ar
e
tak
in
g
p
lace
wh
ile
ch
a
r
g
in
g
[
1
2
]
-
[
1
4
]
,
th
e
a
m
b
ien
t
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
at
th
e
p
lace
o
f
ac
cid
en
ts
v
ar
ies
b
etwe
en
27
°
C
to
4
2
°
C
f
r
o
m
th
e
b
at
ter
y
ca
s
in
g
m
a
d
e
f
r
o
m
Mild
s
teel.
C
o
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
r
esear
c
h
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
o
n
B
T
MS
f
o
r
4
-
wh
ee
le
r
s
,
an
d
i
ts
liter
atu
r
e
is
m
ad
e
a
v
ailab
l
e
b
y
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
au
t
h
o
r
s
,
b
u
t
v
er
y
litt
le
r
esear
ch
liter
atu
r
e
is
av
ailab
le
o
n
B
T
M
S
f
o
r
elec
t
r
ic
two
-
wh
ee
ler
s
th
at
s
u
it
I
n
d
ian
r
o
ad
s
an
d
wea
th
er
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
is
is
a
p
o
te
n
tial
r
esear
ch
g
a
p
as
th
ese
B
T
MS
ar
e
r
estricte
d
to
o
n
ly
a
f
ew
s
eg
m
en
ts
o
f
E
V
a
n
d
m
ay
p
r
ac
tically
n
o
t
b
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
2
-
w
h
ee
ler
s
in
I
n
d
ia
d
u
e
to
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
am
b
ien
t
tem
p
er
atu
r
e,
co
s
t,
weig
h
t,
an
d
s
p
ac
e
ass
o
ciate
d
with
th
e
co
o
lin
g
ar
r
an
g
em
en
t.
T
h
is
p
a
p
er
p
r
esen
ts
a
n
o
v
el
f
lex
ib
le
B
T
MS
tailo
r
ed
f
o
r
2
-
wh
ee
ler
e
lectr
ic
v
eh
icles
th
at
s
u
it
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
clim
atic
an
d
lo
ad
co
n
d
itio
n
s
to
av
o
id
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
f
ir
e
ac
cid
en
ts
an
d
th
e
r
m
al
r
u
n
awa
y
.
A
f
le
x
ib
le
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
with
3
-
s
tag
e
p
r
o
tectio
n
o
f
b
atter
y
p
ac
k
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ca
n
m
itig
ate
th
e
r
is
e
i
n
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
a
m
o
n
g
ce
lls
b
y
co
m
b
in
in
g
in
ter
n
al
air
cir
c
u
l
atio
n
,
f
o
r
ce
d
ai
r
co
o
lin
g
,
an
d
a
th
e
r
m
o
elec
tr
ic
co
o
lin
g
ar
r
an
g
em
en
t
with
in
a
f
in
n
e
d
b
atter
y
ca
s
in
g
m
ad
e
o
f
a
lu
m
i
n
u
m
,
wh
ich
will
n
o
t
o
n
ly
in
cr
ea
s
e
t
h
e
b
atter
y
life
,
b
u
t a
ls
o
f
ac
ilit
ate
f
ast ch
ar
g
in
g
a
n
d
b
etter
co
o
lin
g
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
E
x
perim
ent
a
l
s
et
-
up
s
t
a
g
e
-
wis
e
T
h
e
h
ea
t g
en
e
r
ated
wh
ile
ch
ar
g
in
g
in
cr
ea
s
es th
e
b
atter
y
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
,
a
n
d
if
it is
n
o
t c
o
n
tr
o
lled
,
it
ca
n
tr
ig
g
er
th
er
m
al
escalatio
n
o
r
d
eter
io
r
ate
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
t
h
e
b
atter
y
.
T
h
e
B
T
MS
is
s
aid
to
b
e
ef
f
icien
t
if
it
ca
n
m
ain
tain
th
e
b
atter
y
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
with
in
b
atter
y
s
af
ety
li
m
its
o
f
1
5
–
45
°
C
[
3
].
T
o
ch
ec
k
th
e
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
Flex
ib
le
B
T
MS,
th
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tep
t
o
war
d
s
th
e
n
o
v
el
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
th
e
f
ab
r
icatio
n
o
f
th
e
E
V
C
h
ass
is
an
d
th
e
ass
em
b
ly
o
f
wh
ee
ls
an
d
s
u
s
p
en
s
io
n
with
th
e
ch
ass
is
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2.
T
h
e
av
ailab
le
s
p
ac
e
in
b
etwe
en
th
e
s
u
s
p
en
s
io
n
u
n
its
,
r
ea
r
wh
ee
l
,
an
d
s
ea
tin
g
is
th
en
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
to
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iately
d
e
s
ig
n
a
b
atter
y
p
ac
k
alo
n
g
with
a
c
o
o
lin
g
a
r
r
an
g
em
en
t
th
at
ca
n
f
it in
t
o
th
e
av
ailab
le
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
s
p
ac
e
,
as sh
o
wn
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
3.
T
o
o
p
tim
ize
th
e
a
v
ailab
le
s
p
ac
e
in
a
2
-
wh
ee
ler
a
n
d
s
af
eg
u
a
r
d
th
e
b
atter
y
,
a
b
atter
y
p
ac
k
o
f
1
kW
h
ca
p
ac
ity
,
an
d
its
ca
s
in
g
with
a
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
c
o
o
lin
g
ar
r
an
g
em
en
t
,
is
d
esig
n
ed
in
C
AD
s
tep
-
wis
e
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
f
o
r
h
ar
d
war
e
p
r
o
ce
e
d
in
g
s
.
Fo
r
th
is
,
a
ce
ll
h
o
ld
er
h
av
in
g
g
o
o
d
m
ec
h
a
n
ical
s
tr
en
g
th
an
d
in
s
u
latio
n
p
r
o
p
er
ties
is
u
s
ed
,
w
h
ich
tig
h
tly
h
o
ld
s
th
e
ce
lls
in
a
f
ix
ed
p
o
s
itio
n
a
n
d
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
p
r
o
p
er
s
p
ac
e
f
o
r
t
h
e
cir
cu
latio
n
o
f
air
t
o
av
o
id
a
n
y
s
h
o
r
t
cir
cu
it
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
e
1
1
2
L
i
-
io
n
ce
lls
ar
e
th
e
n
p
r
o
p
e
r
ly
s
ta
ck
ed
in
p
ar
allel
an
d
s
er
ies
to
at
tain
th
e
d
esire
d
b
atter
y
ca
p
ac
ity
an
d
s
p
ac
in
g
am
o
n
g
ce
lls
f
o
r
air
cir
cu
latio
n
to
f
ac
ilit
ate
p
r
o
p
er
co
o
lin
g
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
p
ac
k
.
P
ac
k
in
g
is
d
o
n
e
to
c
o
v
er
t
h
e
s
p
o
t
-
weld
ed
n
ic
k
el
cir
cu
itry
to
av
o
id
s
h
o
r
t
cir
cu
its
with
o
u
t b
lo
ck
i
n
g
air
cir
c
u
latio
n
p
ath
s
.
B
atter
y
ca
s
in
g
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
p
r
o
tect
b
atter
ies
f
r
o
m
s
h
o
r
t
cir
c
u
its
/d
am
ag
e
d
u
e
to
wate
r
s
p
illag
e,
d
u
s
t
s
ettlem
en
ts
,
an
d
p
h
y
s
ical
d
am
ag
e.
Hea
t
d
is
s
ip
atio
n
/co
o
lin
g
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
t
h
e
b
atter
y
c
o
o
li
n
g
s
y
s
tem
d
e
p
en
d
s
on
th
e
ca
s
in
g
m
ater
ial’
s
h
ea
t
t
r
an
s
f
er
co
ef
f
icien
t,
air
v
elo
cit
y
,
an
d
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
th
e
air
.
Fo
r
n
atu
r
ally
c
o
o
led
b
atter
y
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
s
,
am
b
ien
t
air
will
ac
t
lik
e
co
o
lin
g
air
.
At
co
m
p
ar
ativ
ely
h
i
g
h
er
am
b
ie
n
t
air
tem
p
er
atu
r
es
,
t
h
e
b
atter
y
c
o
o
li
n
g
b
ec
o
m
es
i
n
ef
f
icien
t,
an
d
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
will
r
is
e
b
ey
o
n
d
s
af
e
o
p
er
atio
n
lim
its
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
th
at
,
if
ca
s
in
g
m
ater
ials
h
av
e
a
p
o
o
r
h
ea
t
tr
an
s
f
er
co
ef
f
icien
t
an
d
a
lo
wer
co
o
lin
g
air
v
elo
city
,
th
e
n
th
e
r
e
will
b
e
h
ig
h
er
ch
an
ce
s
o
f
b
atter
y
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
r
is
in
g
t
o
d
an
g
er
o
u
s
lev
els.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
f
in
n
e
d
ca
s
in
g
o
f
d
esire
d
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
m
a
d
e
o
f
a
lu
m
in
u
m
is
u
s
ed
as
it
is
lig
h
ter
an
d
h
as
th
er
m
al
co
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
b
etter
th
an
th
e
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
ally
u
s
ed
Mi
ld
s
teel
ca
s
in
g
.
T
h
e
b
atter
y
m
o
d
u
le
is
th
en
p
lace
d
in
an
a
lu
m
in
u
m
f
in
n
ed
ca
s
in
g
.
A
well
-
d
esig
n
ed
B
T
MS
is
s
a
id
to
b
e
e
f
f
icien
t
if
it
ca
n
m
ain
tain
ce
ll
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
with
in
th
e
s
af
e
r
an
g
e
d
u
r
in
g
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
clim
ati
c
co
n
d
itio
n
s
[
1
6
]
-
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
e
h
a
r
d
war
e
m
o
d
el
o
f
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
th
er
m
al
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
s
y
s
tem
,
th
u
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
co
m
b
in
in
g
i
n
ter
n
al
air
cir
c
u
latio
n
(
I
AC
)
,
f
o
r
ce
d
air
co
o
lin
g
(
F
C
)
,
an
d
T
E
C
with
in
th
e
b
atter
y
ca
s
in
g
,
is
th
en
d
es
ig
n
ed
.
Fo
r
I
AC
,
th
e
ca
s
in
g
is
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
with
two
in
ter
n
al
f
a
n
s
ass
em
b
led
with
h
ea
t
s
in
k
s
,
o
n
e
f
ac
in
g
to
war
d
s
th
e
b
atter
y
at
th
e
r
ea
r
en
d
a
n
d
o
n
e
f
ac
i
n
g
to
war
d
s
th
e
ca
s
in
g
at
th
e
f
r
o
n
t
en
d
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
is
f
ac
ilit
ated
with
an
in
t
er
n
al
air
cir
cu
latio
n
with
in
th
e
b
atter
y
ca
s
in
g
to
d
is
s
ip
ate
h
ea
t
g
en
er
ated
b
y
ce
lls
to
th
e
h
ea
t
s
in
k
s
/casin
g
.
I
n
ter
n
al
air
cir
c
u
latio
n
also
h
elp
s
ac
h
iev
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
u
n
if
o
r
m
ity
b
etwe
en
in
d
iv
id
u
al
ce
lls
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
1
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
20
2
6
:
49
-
57
52
A
f
o
r
ce
d
air
-
co
o
lin
g
f
an
is
p
r
o
v
id
ed
at
th
e
f
r
o
n
t
en
d
o
f
th
e
c
asin
g
f
o
r
q
u
ick
h
ea
t d
is
s
ip
atio
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
b
atter
y
ca
s
in
g
.
I
t
is
a
d
ir
ec
t,
m
o
s
t
ef
f
icien
t,
ec
o
n
o
m
ical
,
a
n
d
co
m
m
er
cially
u
s
ed
co
o
lin
g
m
eth
o
d
to
m
a
n
ag
e
h
ea
t
g
en
er
ated
in
s
id
e
th
e
b
att
er
y
p
ac
k
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
wh
en
d
esig
n
s
p
ac
e
is
lim
ited
.
T
h
e
th
er
m
o
elec
tr
ic
co
o
lin
g
ar
r
an
g
em
e
n
t
is
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
at
th
e
r
ea
r
en
d
o
f
th
e
ca
s
in
g
to
c
o
o
l
th
e
b
atter
y
u
n
d
er
h
ig
h
a
m
b
ien
t
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
er
m
o
elec
tr
ic
co
o
lin
g
(
T
E
C
)
is
u
s
ed
in
th
is
p
r
o
ject
as
it
is
l
ig
h
t,
f
lex
ib
le,
q
u
ie
t
,
an
d
ca
n
ac
h
iev
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
co
n
tr
o
l
with
p
r
ec
is
io
n
with
in
th
e
b
atter
y
[
2
2
]
-
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
e
T
E
C
’
s
ar
e
ar
r
an
g
e
d
o
u
ts
id
e
th
e
ca
s
in
g
n
ea
r
th
e
r
ea
r
en
d
in
s
u
c
h
a
way
th
at
th
e
T
E
C
’
s
co
ld
s
id
e
is
f
ac
in
g
to
war
d
s
th
e
b
atter
y
an
d
th
e
h
o
t
s
id
e
is
f
ac
in
g
to
wa
r
d
s
th
e
am
b
ien
t
atm
o
s
p
h
er
e.
T
h
e
h
ea
t
s
in
k
s
ar
e
p
lace
d
o
n
th
e
h
o
t
p
late
o
f
T
E
C
s
o
th
at
th
e
g
en
er
ated
h
ea
t
is
d
is
s
ip
ated
in
to
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
with
o
u
t
h
itti
n
g
b
ac
k
th
e
ca
s
in
g
,
as
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
,
with
all
elec
tr
ical
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
7.
T
h
e
air
f
lo
w
with
in
th
e
b
atter
y
ca
s
in
g
with
all
co
o
lin
g
ar
r
an
g
em
e
n
ts
is
as
in
Fig
u
r
e
8
,
wh
ich
clea
r
ly
d
ep
icts
th
at
t
h
e
h
ea
t
g
en
e
r
ated
wh
ile
ch
a
r
g
in
g
is
d
is
s
ip
ated
to
th
e
atm
o
s
p
h
er
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
h
ea
t
s
in
k
s
an
d
co
o
lin
g
ar
r
an
g
em
en
t
th
er
e
b
y
allo
win
g
th
e
b
atter
y
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
to
b
e
with
in
a
s
af
e
r
an
g
e
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
lete
co
o
lin
g
ar
r
an
g
e
m
en
t
with
th
e
b
atter
y
is
f
itted
in
th
e
v
eh
icle
f
o
r
test
in
g
,
with
all
elec
tr
ical
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
as in
Fig
u
r
e
9.
Fig
u
r
e
2.
Fab
r
icate
d
E
V
ch
ass
is
,
ass
em
b
ly
o
f
wh
ee
ls
,
an
d
s
u
s
p
en
s
io
n
Fig
u
r
e
3.
Ass
ess
m
en
t o
f
s
p
ac
e
to
in
s
tall
a
b
atter
y
with
a
co
o
lin
g
a
r
r
an
g
em
en
t
F
i
g
u
r
e
4
.
S
t
e
p
-
w
i
s
e
-
d
e
s
i
g
n
i
n
g
o
f
h
o
l
d
e
r
,
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
p
a
c
k
m
o
d
u
l
e
,
a
l
u
m
i
n
u
m
c
a
s
i
n
g
w
i
t
h
f
i
n
s
,
a
n
d
a
l
l
c
o
o
li
n
g
a
r
r
a
n
g
e
m
e
n
t
w
i
t
h
i
n
t
h
e
a
v
a
i
la
b
l
e
s
p
a
c
e
i
n
C
A
D
Fig
u
r
e
5.
Alu
m
i
n
u
m
f
i
n
n
ed
b
a
tter
y
ca
s
in
g
with
an
in
ter
n
al
air
cir
cu
latio
n
ar
r
a
n
g
e
m
en
t
Fi
g
u
r
e
6.
Alu
m
i
n
u
m
f
i
n
n
ed
b
a
tter
y
ca
s
in
g
with
in
ter
n
al
air
cir
cu
latio
n
an
d
f
o
r
ce
d
air
co
o
lin
g
ar
r
an
g
em
e
n
t
F
i
g
u
r
e
7
.
A
l
u
m
i
n
u
m
f
i
n
n
e
d
b
a
tt
e
r
y
c
a
s
i
n
g
wi
t
h
i
n
te
r
n
a
l
a
i
r
c
i
r
c
u
l
at
i
o
n
,
f
o
r
c
e
d
a
i
r
c
o
o
l
in
g
a
n
d
t
h
e
r
m
o
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
c
o
o
l
i
n
g
a
r
r
a
n
g
e
m
e
n
t
w
i
t
h
el
e
c
tr
i
c
a
l
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
i
o
n
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
A
n
o
ve
l a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
to
flexib
le
B
TM
S
fo
r
2
-
w
h
ee
ler ele
ctri
c
v
eh
icle
to
a
vo
id
fir
e
…
(
Ma
h
mo
o
d
a
Mu
b
ee
n
)
53
Fig
u
r
e
8.
Air
f
lo
w
d
iag
r
a
m
with
all
co
o
lin
g
ar
r
an
g
em
e
n
ts
with
in
th
e
b
atter
y
ca
s
in
g
Fig
u
r
e
9.
A
lu
m
i
n
u
m
f
i
n
n
ed
b
a
tter
y
ca
s
in
g
with
all
co
o
lin
g
ar
r
an
g
e
m
en
ts
an
d
elec
tr
ical
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
,
f
itted
to
th
e
v
eh
icle
f
o
r
test
in
g
2
.
2
.
T
esting
a
nd
ex
perim
ent
a
l r
esu
lt
s
C
o
n
v
en
tio
n
al
B
MS
d
o
esn
’
t
h
av
e
an
y
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
c
o
n
tr
o
ls
.
Ho
wev
er
,
p
r
esen
t
-
d
ay
B
MS
co
m
es
with
a
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
-
b
ased
cu
t
-
o
f
f
f
ea
tu
r
e
to
p
r
o
tect
th
e
b
atter
ies
.
W
h
ile
ex
p
er
im
en
tin
g
as
p
er
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
s
etu
p
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
,
we
h
av
e
f
ix
ed
th
e
B
T
MS
p
o
wer
cu
t
-
o
f
f
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
as
7
0
°C
to
k
ee
p
th
e
s
y
s
tem
s
af
e.
T
o
test
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
ea
ch
p
r
o
tectio
n
ar
r
an
g
em
en
t
u
s
ed
in
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
,
t
h
e
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
s
y
s
tem
is
tes
ted
at
a
f
ix
ed
1
C
ch
ar
g
e
r
ate
an
d
3
5
.
7
°C
am
b
ien
t
tem
p
er
atu
r
e.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
test
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
b
y
p
lacin
g
th
e
b
atter
y
p
ac
k
in
a
m
ild
s
teel
ca
s
in
g
,
as
we
h
av
e
it
in
t
h
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
elec
tr
ic
two
-
wh
ee
ler
s
.
T
h
e
b
atter
y
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
with
th
is
a
r
r
an
g
e
m
en
t
r
o
s
e
b
ey
o
n
d
7
0
°
C
f
o
r
6
tim
es
in
a
s
in
g
le
ch
ar
g
e
cy
cle
an
d
B
T
MS
tr
ip
p
ed
ev
er
y
tim
e
as
s
h
o
wn
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
(
a
)
.
Af
ter
ev
er
y
tr
ip
,
th
e
B
T
MS
allo
wed
th
e
b
atter
ies
t
o
co
o
l
d
o
wn
to
less
th
an
6
0
°C
an
d
r
estar
t.
T
h
is
clea
r
ly
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates th
at
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
wo
u
ld
h
a
v
e
g
o
n
e
m
u
ch
b
ey
o
n
d
7
0
°C
if
B
T
MS
h
ad
n
o
t
c
u
t
o
f
f
th
e
p
o
wer
,
an
d
th
e
tim
e
ta
k
en
f
o
r
c
o
m
p
lete
ch
ar
g
e
is
3
9
m
in
s
.
W
h
en
th
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
b
y
p
laci
n
g
th
e
b
att
er
y
in
an
a
lu
m
in
u
m
f
in
n
ed
ca
s
in
g
with
in
ter
n
al
air
cir
cu
latio
n
,
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
b
atter
y
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
to
b
e
4
6
.
9
°C
,
an
d
t
h
e
tim
e
f
o
r
co
m
p
lete
ch
ar
g
e
is
2
9
m
in
s
with
a
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
5
W
d
u
e
t
o
f
an
s
u
s
ed
f
o
r
in
ter
n
al
air
ci
r
cu
latio
n
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
(
b
)
.
W
h
e
n
th
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
is
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
ed
b
y
p
la
cin
g
th
e
b
atter
y
i
n
an
alu
m
i
n
u
m
f
in
n
e
d
ca
s
in
g
with
in
ter
n
a
l
air
cir
cu
latio
n
an
d
f
o
r
ce
d
air
co
o
lin
g
,
t
h
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
b
atter
y
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
t
o
b
e
4
4
°C
,
an
d
th
e
tim
e
f
o
r
co
m
p
lete
ch
ar
g
e
is
2
8
m
in
s
with
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
1
6
W
d
u
e
t
o
f
an
s
u
s
ed
f
o
r
i
n
ter
n
al
air
cir
c
u
l
atio
n
,
f
o
r
ce
d
air
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
(
c)
.
W
h
en
th
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
b
y
p
lacin
g
b
atter
y
in
alu
m
i
n
u
m
f
in
n
ed
ca
s
in
g
with
in
ter
n
al
air
cir
cu
latio
n
,
f
o
r
ce
d
co
o
lin
g
,
t
h
er
m
o
elec
tr
ic
co
o
li
n
g
th
e
p
ea
k
b
atter
y
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
to
b
e
42
°C
an
d
tim
e
tak
en
f
o
r
c
o
m
p
lete
ch
ar
g
e
is
2
7
m
in
s
with
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
1
1
6
W
d
u
e
to
f
a
n
s
u
s
ed
f
o
r
i
n
ter
n
al
air
cir
cu
latio
n
,
f
o
r
ce
d
air
co
o
lin
g
a
n
d
t
h
e
r
m
o
elec
tr
ic
co
o
lin
g
as sh
o
wn
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
(
d
)
.
Fig
u
r
e
10.
E
x
p
e
r
im
en
tal
s
etu
p
d
u
r
in
g
ch
ar
g
in
g
with
all
elec
t
r
ical
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
a
n
d
co
o
lin
g
ar
r
an
g
em
e
n
ts
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
20
2
6
:
49
-
57
54
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
(
d
)
(
e)
Fig
u
r
e
11
.
T
i
m
e
Vs
b
a
t
te
r
y
t
em
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
:
(
a
)
M
S
c
a
s
i
n
g
,
(
b
)
A
l
c
as
i
n
g
w
it
h
I
A
C
,
(
c
)
A
l
c
as
in
g
w
i
t
h
I
AC
&
FC
,
(
d
)
A
l
ca
s
i
n
g
w
i
t
h
I
AC
,
F
C
,
&
TEC
,
a
n
d
(
e
)
c
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
A
l
c
a
s
i
n
g
wi
t
h
I
AC
,
FC
,
&
T
E
C
w
i
t
h
MS
c
as
i
n
g
2
.
3
.
Co
m
pa
ra
t
iv
e
a
na
ly
s
is
2
.
3
.
1
.
B
a
s
ed
o
n t
herm
a
l per
f
o
rm
a
nce
O
n
C
o
m
p
a
r
i
n
g
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
c
o
o
l
i
n
g
a
r
r
a
n
g
e
m
e
n
t
s
a
t
C
h
a
r
g
e
r
a
te
-
1
C
a
n
d
A
m
b
i
e
n
t
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
3
5
.
7
°
C
f
r
o
m
5
0
%
S
t
a
t
e
o
f
c
h
a
r
g
e
t
o
1
0
0
%
s
t
a
te
o
f
c
h
a
r
g
e
a
s
l
is
t
e
d
i
n
T
a
b
l
e
1
,
i
t
is
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
c
o
n
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
a
l
m
i
l
d
s
t
e
el
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
c
as
i
n
g
is
u
n
s
a
f
e
wi
t
h
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
tu
r
e
c
r
o
s
s
i
n
g
7
0
°C
a
n
d
w
as
t
r
ip
p
e
d
o
f
f
f
o
r
a
r
o
u
n
d
6
t
i
m
es
a
n
d
it
wa
s
a
l
l
o
w
e
d
b
y
B
T
MS
t
o
c
o
o
l
t
o
k
e
e
p
t
h
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
a
f
e
.
B
a
t
t
e
r
y
c
o
o
l
i
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
s
wi
t
h
I
A
C
,
FC
,
a
n
d
T
E
C
t
o
g
e
t
h
e
r
w
e
r
e
a
b
l
e
t
o
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
l
y
c
o
o
l
t
h
e
b
a
tt
e
r
y
t
o
a
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
b
e
l
o
w
4
2
°C
,
wh
i
c
h
w
a
s
t
h
e
l
o
w
es
t
a
m
o
n
g
a
l
l
c
o
o
l
i
n
g
a
r
r
a
n
g
e
m
e
n
ts
,
b
u
t
w
it
h
a
n
a
d
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
p
o
we
r
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
t
i
o
n
o
f
1
1
6
W
o
f
t
h
e
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
[
2
2
]
.
2
.
3
.
2
.
B
a
s
ed
o
n c
o
s
t
W
i
t
h
M
a
s
s
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
s
y
s
t
e
m
,
t
h
e
t
o
t
al
a
d
d
i
ti
o
n
a
l
c
o
s
t
w
i
ll
b
e
a
p
p
r
o
x
i
m
a
t
el
y
1
5
%
o
f
t
h
e
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
c
o
s
t
o
r
7
-
7
.
5
%
o
f
t
h
e
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
c
o
s
t
.
T
h
e
c
o
s
t
a
n
a
ly
s
i
s
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
n
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
a
l
v
e
r
s
es
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
s
y
s
t
e
m
i
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
T
a
b
l
e
2
.
I
n
s
t
e
a
d
o
f
u
s
i
n
g
a
l
l
3
c
o
o
l
i
n
g
a
r
r
a
n
g
e
m
e
n
t
s
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
t
h
e
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
,
w
h
i
c
h
o
t
h
e
r
wi
s
e
w
o
u
l
d
c
o
n
s
u
m
e
1
1
6
W
,
s
t
a
g
e
-
w
i
s
e
s
w
it
c
h
i
n
g
o
f
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
c
o
o
l
i
n
g
a
r
r
a
n
g
e
m
e
n
t
s
c
a
n
b
e
i
n
i
t
i
a
t
e
d
b
y
m
o
n
i
t
o
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
te
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
u
s
i
n
g
a
t
r
i
p
l
e
p
r
o
t
ec
t
i
o
n
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
b
o
a
r
d
,
w
h
i
c
h
w
i
ll
u
s
e
e
x
t
r
a
p
o
w
e
r
o
n
l
y
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
b
a
t
te
r
y
g
o
e
s
b
e
y
o
n
d
p
r
e
s
c
r
i
b
e
d
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
l
im
i
t
s
,
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
t
h
e
f
l
o
w
c
h
a
r
t
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
3
(
a
)
.
Af
ter
s
ev
er
al
test
s
,
an
o
p
tim
is
tic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
o
f
3
-
s
tag
e
p
r
o
tectio
n
is
d
er
iv
ed
to
co
o
l
th
e
b
at
ter
y
wh
ile
ch
ar
g
in
g
,
in
wh
ich
two
in
ter
n
al
f
an
s
,
wh
ich
f
ac
ilit
ate
in
ter
n
al
air
cir
cu
latio
n
,
ar
e
alwa
y
s
k
ep
t
ON.
I
f
th
e
b
atter
y
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
g
o
es
b
ey
o
n
d
3
5
°
C
(
T
s
1
)
,
th
e
f
o
r
ce
d
air
co
o
lin
g
will
b
e
in
itiated
.
Fo
r
f
o
r
ce
d
air
co
o
lin
g
,
a
f
an
is
p
r
o
v
id
ed
o
n
th
e
f
r
o
n
t
-
e
n
d
f
in
s
,
w
h
ich
will
ac
ce
ler
ate
th
e
h
ea
t
d
is
s
ip
atio
n
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
b
atter
y
ca
s
in
g
.
I
f
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
e
x
ce
ed
s
th
e
b
at
ter
y
s
af
ety
th
r
esh
o
ld
d
esp
ite
f
o
r
ce
d
air
co
o
lin
g
an
d
in
te
r
n
al
f
an
s
w
o
r
k
in
g
to
g
eth
er
,
an
d
it
in
c
r
ea
s
es
b
ey
o
n
d
4
0
°
C
(
T
s
2
)
,
T
E
C
will
b
e
in
itiated
.
I
f
th
e
b
atter
y
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
g
o
es
b
ey
o
n
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
A
n
o
ve
l a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
to
flexib
le
B
TM
S
fo
r
2
-
w
h
ee
ler ele
ctri
c
v
eh
icle
to
a
vo
id
fir
e
…
(
Ma
h
mo
o
d
a
Mu
b
ee
n
)
55
45
°
C
(
T
s
3
)
,
th
e
tr
ip
le
p
r
o
tectio
n
co
n
tr
o
l
b
o
a
r
d
will
cu
t
o
f
f
t
h
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
an
d
wait
f
o
r
th
e
b
atter
y
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
to
d
r
o
p
d
o
wn
an
d
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iatel
y
s
elec
t
th
e
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
k
ee
p
s
th
e
b
atter
y
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
u
n
d
er
s
af
e
lim
its
with
o
u
t c
o
n
s
u
m
in
g
m
u
ch
e
n
er
g
y
.
T
h
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l c
i
r
cu
it o
f
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
3
(
b
)
.
T
ab
le
1
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
d
if
f
e
r
en
t c
o
o
lin
g
ar
r
an
g
em
en
ts
with
MS/
alu
m
in
u
m
ca
s
in
g
at
c
h
a
r
g
e
r
ate
-
1
C
an
d
Am
b
ien
t T
e
m
p
er
atu
r
e
3
5
.
7
°C
C
a
si
n
g
/
t
y
p
e
o
f
c
o
o
l
i
n
g
M
i
l
d
st
e
e
l
/
n
o
c
o
o
l
i
n
g
A
l
u
m
i
n
u
m
c
a
s
i
n
g
/
i
n
t
e
r
n
a
l
a
i
r
c
i
r
c
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
A
l
u
m
i
n
u
m
c
a
s
i
n
g
/
i
n
t
e
r
n
a
l
a
i
r
c
i
r
c
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
+
f
o
r
c
e
d
a
i
r
c
o
o
l
i
n
g
A
l
u
m
i
n
u
m
c
a
s
i
n
g
/
i
n
t
e
r
n
a
l
a
i
r
c
i
r
c
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
+
f
o
r
c
e
d
a
i
r
c
o
o
l
i
n
g
+
t
h
e
r
m
o
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
c
o
o
l
i
n
g
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
t
e
mp
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
a
b
o
v
e
7
0
°
C
4
6
.
9
°C
44
°C
42
°C
Ti
me
f
o
r
5
0
-
1
0
0
%
c
h
a
r
g
e
3
9
M
i
n
s
2
9
M
i
n
s
2
8
M
i
n
s
2
7
M
i
n
s
P
o
w
e
r
c
o
n
su
mp
t
i
o
n
—
5
W
16
W
1
1
6
W
%
of
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
p
o
w
e
r
u
s
e
d
w
i
t
h
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
c
o
o
l
i
n
g
a
r
r
a
n
g
e
m
e
n
t
s
—
0
.
5
%
1
.
6
%
1
1
.
6
%
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
2
.
C
o
n
v
en
tio
n
al
B
T
MS
Vs
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
B
T
MS
:
(
a)
m
a
x
im
u
m
b
atter
y
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
an
d
(
b
)
ch
a
r
g
in
g
b
atter
y
tim
e
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
13
.
T
h
r
ee
-
s
tag
e
p
r
o
tect
io
n
:
(
a)
f
l
o
w
ch
ar
t a
n
d
(
b
)
co
n
tr
o
l c
ir
cu
it
T
a
b
l
e
2
.
C
o
s
t
c
o
m
p
a
r
i
s
o
n
o
f
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
c
o
o
l
i
n
g
a
r
r
a
n
g
e
m
e
n
t
s
i
n
a
f
i
n
n
e
d
a
l
u
m
i
n
u
m
c
a
s
i
n
g
w
i
t
h
a
m
i
l
d
s
t
e
e
l
c
a
s
i
n
g
Ty
p
e
o
f
c
a
si
n
g
/
c
o
o
l
i
n
g
a
r
r
a
n
g
e
me
n
t
I
n
t
e
r
ms
o
f
%
o
f
t
h
e
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
c
o
st
M
i
l
d
st
e
e
l
c
a
si
n
g
5%
F
i
n
n
e
d
a
l
u
mi
n
u
m
c
a
si
n
g
1
2
%
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
l
a
i
r
c
i
r
c
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
1%
F
o
r
c
e
d
a
i
r
c
o
o
l
i
n
g
2%
Th
e
r
m
o
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
c
o
o
l
i
n
g
5%
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
20
2
6
:
49
-
57
56
3.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
co
n
tr
ast
to
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
a
l
B
MS
u
s
ed
in
elec
tr
ic
two
-
w
h
ee
ler
s
,
th
e
p
r
esen
t
d
esig
n
u
s
es
a
f
in
n
ed
Alu
m
in
iu
m
ca
s
in
g
with
th
r
ee
ty
p
es
o
f
co
o
lin
g
ar
r
an
g
em
e
n
ts
(
I
n
ter
n
al
ai
r
cir
cu
latio
n
,
f
o
r
c
ed
air
co
o
lin
g
,
an
d
th
er
m
o
elec
tr
ic
co
o
lin
g
)
to
p
r
o
tect
th
e
v
eh
icle
f
r
o
m
th
er
m
a
l
r
u
n
awa
y
s
an
d
m
ain
tain
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
p
ac
k
.
Alo
n
g
with
I
n
te
r
n
al
air
cir
cu
latio
n
a
n
d
f
o
r
ce
d
co
o
lin
g
,
t
h
e
th
er
m
o
elec
tr
ic
co
o
lin
g
is
ch
o
s
en
to
k
ee
p
th
e
s
y
s
tem
lig
h
ter
an
d
c
o
m
p
ac
t.
A
lig
h
ter
b
atter
y
th
e
r
m
al
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
s
y
s
tem
m
ea
n
s
less
en
er
g
y
waste
an
d
co
m
p
ac
tn
ess
,
wh
ich
will m
ak
e
it b
est
s
u
ited
to
f
it in
to
two
-
wh
ee
ler
s
.
T
h
e
ex
p
e
r
im
en
t
s
h
o
wca
s
es
th
at
wh
ile
ch
ar
g
in
g
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
B
T
MS
f
o
r
2
-
wh
ee
ler
E
V
with
all
co
o
lin
g
ar
r
an
g
em
e
n
ts
with
in
a
f
in
n
ed
alu
m
i
n
i
u
m
ca
s
in
g
h
as
cu
t
d
o
wn
th
e
p
ea
k
b
atter
y
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
b
y
2
8
°C
an
d
ac
h
iev
es
f
ast
ch
a
r
g
in
g
b
y
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
ch
a
r
g
in
g
tim
e
b
y
1
2
Min
u
tes
wh
en
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
co
n
v
en
tio
n
all
y
u
s
ed
Mild
s
teel
ca
s
in
g
with
in
th
e
av
ailab
le
s
p
ac
e
with
ad
d
itio
n
al
co
s
t o
f
j
u
s
t 1
5
to
2
0
% o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
co
s
t
.
I
n
d
ia
h
as
v
a
r
ied
clim
atic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
an
d
th
e
co
o
lin
g
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
o
f
B
T
MS
will
b
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
f
o
r
v
ar
io
u
s
lo
ca
tio
n
s
.
T
h
at
m
ea
n
s
b
atter
y
th
er
m
al
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
r
eq
u
ir
es
ch
iller
s
alo
n
g
with
f
o
r
ce
d
co
o
lin
g
,
wh
er
e
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
is
to
o
h
o
t,
it
r
eq
u
ir
es
f
o
r
ce
d
air
,
wh
e
r
e
it
is
m
o
d
er
ately
h
o
t
,
an
d
at
s
o
m
e
o
th
er
p
lace
s
wh
er
e
it
is
r
elativ
ely
co
o
l,
n
atu
r
al
c
o
o
l
in
g
will
b
e
s
u
f
f
icien
t.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e
,
th
e
3
-
s
tag
e
p
r
o
tectio
n
f
o
r
th
e
b
atter
y
p
r
o
v
id
es
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
to
s
elec
t
o
r
d
r
o
p
s
o
m
e
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
B
T
MS
d
ep
en
d
in
g
u
p
o
n
o
p
er
atio
n
al
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
esen
t
d
esig
n
allo
ws
d
r
o
p
p
in
g
o
f
th
e
th
er
m
o
elec
tr
ic
ch
iller
o
r
f
o
r
ce
d
air
co
o
lin
g
,
o
r
b
o
th
if
n
o
t
n
ec
ess
ar
y
at
th
e
p
lace
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
.
Pro
v
id
in
g
a
th
er
m
al
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
th
at
ca
n
s
u
it
ev
er
y
co
n
d
itio
n
m
ay
lead
to
in
cr
ea
s
ed
co
s
t
as
it
r
eq
u
ir
es
s
ev
er
al
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
o
r
a
d
r
o
p
i
n
en
er
g
y
e
f
f
icien
cy
d
u
e
to
th
e
l
o
ad
o
f
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
r
b
o
th
.
As
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
is
f
lex
ib
le
(
d
etac
h
ab
le)
,
we
ca
n
cu
s
to
m
is
e
co
o
lin
g
ar
r
an
g
em
en
ts
o
n
ly
to
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
s
o
th
at
it
co
n
s
u
m
es
v
er
y
little
en
er
g
y
an
d
co
s
t.
T
h
e
p
r
esen
t
m
o
d
el,
b
ein
g
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
lo
w
-
co
s
t
co
o
lin
g
cu
m
s
af
ety
ar
r
an
g
em
e
n
ts
,
ca
n
ea
s
ily
p
en
et
r
ate
th
e
I
n
d
ian
m
ar
k
et.
(
b
e
n
ef
i
tin
g
b
o
th
b
u
y
er
s
an
d
s
eller
s
)
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
th
er
e
is
n
o
f
u
n
d
i
n
g
in
v
o
lv
ed
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
ax
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
id
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Na
m
e
o
f
Aut
ho
r
C
M
So
Va
Fo
I
R
D
O
E
Vi
Su
P
Fu
Ma
h
m
o
o
d
a
Mu
b
ee
n
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Gan
g
is
h
etti
Srin
iv
as
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
C
:
C
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
M
:
M
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
So
:
So
f
t
w
a
r
e
Va
:
Va
l
i
d
a
t
i
o
n
Fo
:
Fo
r
mal
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
I
:
I
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
R
:
R
e
so
u
r
c
e
s
D
:
D
a
t
a
C
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
O
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
O
r
i
g
i
n
a
l
D
r
a
f
t
E
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
R
e
v
i
e
w
&
E
d
i
t
i
n
g
Vi
:
Vi
su
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
Su
:
Su
p
e
r
v
i
s
i
o
n
P
:
P
r
o
j
e
c
t
a
d
mi
n
i
st
r
a
t
i
o
n
Fu
:
Fu
n
d
i
n
g
a
c
q
u
i
si
t
i
o
n
CO
NF
L
I
C
T
O
F
I
N
T
E
R
E
S
T
ST
A
T
E
M
E
NT
Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
n
o
co
n
f
lict o
f
in
t
er
est.
DATA AV
AI
L
AB
I
L
I
T
Y
T
h
e
d
ata
th
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
av
ailab
le
f
r
o
m
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
au
t
h
o
r
[
MM
]
,
u
p
o
n
r
ea
s
o
n
ab
le
r
eq
u
est.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
X
.
Z
h
a
n
g
,
L
.
L
i
,
L.
L
u
o
,
Y
.
F
a
n
,
a
n
d
Z
.
D
u
,
“
A
r
e
v
i
e
w
o
n
t
h
e
r
mal
ma
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
o
f
l
i
t
h
i
u
m
-
i
o
n
b
a
t
t
e
r
i
e
s
f
o
r
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
s
,
”
En
e
r
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
2
3
8
,
p
.
1
2
1
6
5
2
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
e
n
e
r
g
y
.
2
0
2
1
.
1
2
1
6
5
2
.
[
2
]
N
I
T
I
A
a
y
o
g
,
“
F
o
r
e
c
a
st
i
n
g
p
e
n
e
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
t
w
o
-
w
h
e
e
l
e
r
s
i
n
I
n
d
i
a
,
”
2
0
2
2
.
[
O
n
l
i
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
:
h
t
t
p
s
:
/
/
w
w
w
.
n
i
t
i
.
g
o
v
.
i
n
/
s
i
t
e
s
/
d
e
f
a
u
l
t
/
f
i
l
e
s/
2
0
2
2
-
0
6
/
F
o
r
e
c
a
s
t
i
n
g
P
e
n
e
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
-
o
f
El
e
c
t
r
i
c
2
W
_
2
8
-
0
6
.
p
d
f
[
3
]
Y
.
Y
a
n
,
Q
.
W
a
n
g
,
B
.
L
i
,
a
n
d
A
.
J
i
a
n
g
,
“
A
c
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
r
e
v
i
e
w
o
f
t
h
e
r
ma
l
m
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
m
o
d
e
l
s
a
n
d
s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
s o
f
l
i
t
h
i
u
m
-
i
o
n
b
a
t
t
e
r
i
e
s
f
o
r
p
u
r
e
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
s,”
Re
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
a
n
d
S
u
s
t
a
i
n
a
b
l
e
E
n
e
rg
y
R
e
v
i
e
w
s
,
v
o
l
.
6
4
,
p
p
.
1
0
6
–
1
2
8
,
2
0
1
6
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
r
ser.2
0
1
6
.
0
5
.
0
3
3
.
[
4
]
T.
W
a
n
g
,
K
.
Tse
n
g
,
J.
Zh
a
o
,
a
n
d
Z.
W
e
i
,
“
t
h
e
r
m
a
l
i
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
l
i
t
h
i
u
m
-
i
o
n
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
mo
d
u
l
e
w
i
t
h
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
c
e
l
l
a
r
r
a
n
g
e
me
n
t
st
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
s
a
n
d
f
o
r
c
e
d
a
i
r
-
c
o
o
l
i
n
g
s
t
r
a
t
e
g
i
e
s
,
”
A
p
p
l
i
e
d
E
n
e
r
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
1
3
4
,
p
p
.
2
2
9
–
2
3
8
,
2
0
1
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
a
p
e
n
e
r
g
y
.
2
0
1
4
.
0
8
.
0
1
3
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
A
n
o
ve
l a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
to
flexib
le
B
TM
S
fo
r
2
-
w
h
ee
ler ele
ctri
c
v
eh
icle
to
a
vo
id
fir
e
…
(
Ma
h
mo
o
d
a
Mu
b
ee
n
)
57
[
5
]
C
.
K
a
i
,
M
.
S
o
n
g
,
W
.
W
e
i
,
S
.
W
a
n
g
,
a
n
d
K
.
C
h
e
n
,
“
D
e
s
i
g
n
o
f
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
p
a
c
k
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
i
n
p
a
r
a
l
l
e
l
a
i
r
-
c
o
o
l
e
d
b
t
m
s
f
o
r
c
o
o
l
i
n
g
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
H
e
a
t
a
n
d
M
a
s
s
T
r
a
n
s
f
e
r
,
v
o
l
.
1
3
2
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
i
j
h
e
a
t
m
a
s
s
t
r
a
n
s
f
e
r
.
2
0
1
8
.
1
2
.
0
2
4
.
[
6
]
D
.
O
u
y
a
n
g
e
t
a
l
.,
“
Ex
p
e
r
i
me
n
t
a
l
i
n
v
e
st
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
r
ma
l
f
a
i
l
u
r
e
p
r
o
p
a
g
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
l
i
t
h
i
u
m
-
i
o
n
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
mo
d
u
l
e
s
,
”
T
h
e
rm
o
c
h
i
m
i
c
a
Ac
t
a
,
v
o
l
.
6
7
6
,
p
p
.
2
0
5
–
2
1
3
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
t
c
a
.
2
0
1
9
.
0
5
.
0
0
2
.
[
7
]
S
.
P
a
n
c
h
e
l
,
I
.
D
i
n
c
e
r
,
M
.
A
g
e
l
i
n
-
C
h
a
a
b
,
R
.
F
r
a
s
e
r
,
a
n
d
M
.
F
o
w
l
e
r
,
“
E
x
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
a
l
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
s
i
n
a
p
r
i
s
m
a
t
i
c
l
i
t
h
i
u
m
-
i
o
n
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
T
h
e
r
m
a
l
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
9
9
,
p
p
.
2
0
4
–
2
1
2
,
2
0
1
6
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
i
j
t
h
e
r
m
a
l
s
c
i
.
2
0
1
5
.
0
8
.
0
1
6
.
[
8
]
L.
H
.
S
a
w
,
Y
.
Y
e
,
M
.
C
.
Y
e
w
,
T.
C
.
W
e
n
,
a
n
d
T
.
C
.
N
g
,
“
C
F
D
s
i
mu
l
a
t
i
o
n
o
n
o
p
e
n
c
e
l
l
a
l
u
m
i
n
i
u
m fo
a
ms f
o
r
l
i
-
i
o
n
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
c
o
o
l
i
n
g
sy
st
e
ms
,
”
A
p
p
l
i
e
d
E
n
e
r
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
2
0
4
,
p
p
.
1
4
8
9
–
1
4
9
9
,
2
0
1
7
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
a
p
e
n
e
r
g
y
.
2
0
1
7
.
0
4
.
0
2
2
.
[
9
]
S
.
W
a
n
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
T
h
e
r
m
a
l
ma
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
s
t
a
n
d
b
y
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
f
o
r
o
u
t
d
o
o
r
b
a
se
s
t
a
t
i
o
n
s
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
r
m
o
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
d
e
v
i
c
e
s
a
n
d
p
h
a
s
e
c
h
a
n
g
e
mat
e
r
i
a
l
s
,
”
A
p
p
l
i
e
d
T
h
e
rm
a
l
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
1
3
7
,
p
p
.
2
0
3
–
2
1
2
,
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
a
p
p
l
t
h
e
r
ma
l
e
n
g
.
2
0
1
8
.
0
3
.
0
7
2
.
[
1
0
]
L.
W
a
n
g
e
t
a
l
.,
“
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
s
i
n
s
o
l
i
d
-
st
a
t
e
a
n
d
f
l
e
x
i
b
l
e
t
h
e
r
m
o
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
c
o
o
l
e
r
s
f
o
r
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
t
h
e
r
m
a
l
ma
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
sy
s
t
e
ms
,
”
S
o
f
t
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
,
v
o
l
.
4
,
p
.
3
2
,
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
0
5
1
7
/
ss
.
2
0
2
4
.
1
5
.
[
1
1
]
R
.
Y
a
n
g
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
T
h
e
r
m
a
l
ma
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
4
8
V
l
i
t
h
i
u
m
-
i
o
n
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
p
a
c
k
b
y
sem
i
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
r
e
f
r
i
g
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
Fr
o
n
t
i
e
rs
i
n
E
n
e
r
g
y
Re
se
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l
.
9
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
8
9
/
f
e
n
r
g
.
2
0
2
1
.
7
9
4
4
3
8
.
[
1
2
]
Y
.
Li
,
L
.
H
a
n
,
X
.
N
i
n
g
,
a
n
d
Y
.
X
u
,
“
F
i
r
e
r
i
s
k
o
f
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
b
i
c
y
c
l
e
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
f
u
z
z
y
B
a
y
e
si
a
n
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ph
y
si
c
s
:
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
S
e
r
i
e
s,
v
o
l
.
1
5
7
8
,
p
.
0
1
2
1
5
3
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
8
/
1
7
4
2
-
6
5
9
6
/
1
5
7
8
/
1
/
0
1
2
1
5
3
.
[
1
3
]
V
.
K
e
t
h
a
r
e
sw
a
r
a
n
a
n
d
S
.
M
o
u
l
i
k
,
“
El
e
c
t
r
i
c
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
b
u
r
n
i
n
g
q
u
e
st
i
o
n
:
r
e
a
so
n
s,
r
i
s
k
s,
r
a
m
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
a
n
d
r
e
me
d
i
e
s
—
a
n
I
n
d
i
a
n
p
e
r
s
p
e
c
t
i
v
e
,
”
Fi
r
e
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
5
9
,
p
p
.
2
1
8
9
–
2
2
0
1
,
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
s1
0
6
9
4
-
023
-
0
1
4
5
3
-
0.
[
1
4
]
K
.
Li
,
L.
C
h
e
n
,
X
.
H
a
n
,
X
.
G
a
o
,
Y
.
Lu
,
D
.
W
a
n
g
,
S
.
T
a
n
g
,
W
.
Z
h
a
n
g
,
W
.
W
u
,
Y
.
-
c
.
C
a
o
,
L.
L
u
,
J
.
W
e
n
,
S
.
C
h
e
n
g
,
a
n
d
M
.
O
u
y
a
n
g
,
“
E
a
r
l
y
w
a
r
n
i
n
g
f
o
r
t
h
e
r
ma
l
r
u
n
a
w
a
y
i
n
l
i
t
h
i
u
m
-
i
o
n
b
a
t
t
e
r
i
e
s d
u
r
i
n
g
v
a
r
i
o
u
s c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
r
a
t
e
s:
I
n
si
g
h
t
s
f
r
o
m
e
x
p
a
n
si
o
n
f
o
r
c
e
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
C
l
e
a
n
e
r P
ro
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
4
5
7
,
A
r
t
.
n
o
.
1
4
2
4
2
2
,
J
u
n
.
2
0
2
4
.
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
j
c
l
e
p
r
o
.
2
0
2
4
.
1
4
2
4
2
2
.
[1
5
]
K
.
K
u
m
a
r
a
n
d
M
.
C
h
a
u
d
h
a
r
i
,
“
D
e
s
i
g
n
o
f
c
e
l
l
s
p
a
c
i
n
g
i
n
l
i
t
h
i
u
m
-
i
o
n
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
m
o
d
u
l
e
f
o
r
i
mp
r
o
v
e
d
c
o
o
l
i
n
g
p
e
r
f
o
r
man
c
e
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Po
w
e
r
S
o
u
rc
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
4
8
1
,
p
.
2
2
9
0
1
6
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
j
p
o
w
s
o
u
r
.
2
0
2
0
.
2
2
9
0
1
6
.
[1
6
]
Y
.
Y
e
,
Y
.
S
h
i
,
N
.
C
a
i
,
J
.
Le
e
,
a
n
d
X
.
H
e
,
“
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
-
t
h
e
r
ma
l
m
o
d
e
l
l
i
n
g
a
n
d
e
x
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
a
l
v
a
l
i
d
a
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
l
i
t
h
i
u
m
-
i
o
n
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Po
w
e
r
S
o
u
rc
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
9
9
,
p
p
.
2
2
7
–
2
3
8
,
2
0
1
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
j
p
o
w
s
o
u
r
.
2
0
1
1
.
1
0
.
0
2
7
.
[
1
7
]
K
.
K
e
l
l
y
,
J
.
R
u
g
h
,
A
.
P
e
sar
a
n
,
“
I
mp
r
o
v
i
n
g
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
t
h
e
r
mal
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
u
si
n
g
d
e
si
g
n
f
o
r
s
i
x
s
i
g
ma
p
r
o
c
e
sses
,
”
i
n
:
Fo
r
Pre
se
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
t
t
h
e
2
0
t
h
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
Ve
h
i
c
l
e
S
y
m
p
o
s
i
u
m
,
L
o
n
g
Be
a
c
h
,
C
A
N
o
v
e
m
b
e
r
1
5
-
1
8
,
2
0
0
3
,
2
0
0
3
.
[1
8
]
L.
Lu
,
X
.
H
a
n
,
J.
L
i
,
J.
H
u
a
,
a
n
d
M
.
O
u
y
a
n
g
,
“
A
r
e
v
i
e
w
o
n
t
h
e
k
e
y
i
ssu
e
s
f
o
r
l
i
t
h
i
u
m
-
i
o
n
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
ma
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
i
n
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
s
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
P
o
w
e
r
S
o
u
r
c
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
2
2
6
,
p
p
.
2
7
2
–
2
8
8
,
2
0
1
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
j
p
o
w
s
o
u
r
.
2
0
1
2
.
1
0
.
0
6
0
.
[1
9
]
P
.
F
u
,
L
.
Zh
a
o
,
X
.
W
a
n
g
,
J.
S
u
n
,
a
n
d
Z.
X
i
n
,
“
A
r
e
v
i
e
w
o
f
c
o
o
l
i
n
g
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s i
n
l
i
t
h
i
u
m
-
i
o
n
p
o
w
e
r
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
t
h
e
r
mal
ma
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
sy
st
e
ms f
o
r
n
e
w
e
n
e
r
g
y
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
s
,
”
Pr
o
c
e
sses
,
v
o
l
.
1
1
,
n
o
.
1
2
,
p
.
3
4
5
0
,
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
p
r
1
1
1
2
3
4
5
0
.
[
20
]
X
.
L
i
u
,
C
.
Z
h
a
n
g
,
J
.
Z
h
o
u
,
X
.
X
i
o
n
g
,
a
n
d
Y
.
W
a
n
g
,
“
T
h
e
r
m
a
l
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
o
f
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
t
h
e
r
m
a
l
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
s
y
s
t
e
m
u
s
i
n
g
f
i
n
s
c
o
m
b
i
n
e
d
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
r
m
o
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
c
o
o
l
e
r
a
n
d
p
h
a
s
e
c
h
a
n
g
e
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
,”
A
p
p
l
i
e
d
E
n
e
r
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
3
2
2
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
a
p
e
n
e
r
g
y
.
2
0
2
2
.
1
1
9
5
0
3
.
[
2
1
]
M
.
M
u
r
u
g
a
n
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
A
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
s
i
v
e
r
e
v
i
e
w
o
f
t
h
e
r
m
a
l
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
a
n
d
i
d
e
a
l
s
y
s
t
e
m
d
e
s
i
g
n
f
o
r
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
d
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
p
a
c
k
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
s
a
f
e
t
y
,
”
E
n
e
r
g
y
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
&
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
1
3
,
p
p
.
1
0
1
1
–
1
0
3
6
,
2
0
2
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
2
/
e
s
e
3
.
2
0
8
.
[
22
]
M
.
K
.
M
a
h
e
k
,
M
.
R
a
ma
d
a
n
,
M
.
La
k
h
d
h
i
r
,
a
n
d
M
.
G
h
a
z
a
l
,
“
Ef
f
e
c
t
s
o
f
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
v
o
l
u
me
o
u
t
l
e
t
v
a
r
i
a
t
i
o
n
o
n
a
x
i
a
l
a
i
r
c
o
o
l
i
n
g
o
f
l
i
t
h
i
u
m
-
i
o
n
b
a
t
t
e
r
i
e
s,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
T
h
e
rm
o
f
l
u
i
d
s
,
p
.
1
0
0
3
7
3
,
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
i
j
f
t
.
2
0
2
3
.
1
0
0
3
7
3
.
[2
3
]
M
.
M
.
H
a
m
e
e
d
,
M
.
B
.
M
a
n
s
o
r
,
M
.
A
.
M
.
A
z
a
u
,
a
n
d
A
.
K
.
A
l
s
h
a
r
a
,
“
C
o
mp
u
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
d
e
s
i
g
n
a
n
d
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s o
f
l
i
f
e
p
o
4
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
t
h
e
r
ma
l
man
a
g
e
me
n
t
sy
s
t
e
m
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
r
mo
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
c
o
o
l
i
n
g
/
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
En
e
rg
y
S
t
o
ra
g
e
,
v
o
l
.
7
2
,
p
.
1
0
8
3
9
4
,
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
e
s
t
.
2
0
2
3
.
1
0
8
3
9
4
.
[2
4
]
D
.
L
u
o
,
Y
.
Z
h
a
o
,
J.
C
a
o
,
W
.
H
.
C
h
e
n
,
a
n
d
B
.
C
a
o
,
“
P
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
o
f
a
n
o
v
e
l
t
h
e
r
m
o
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
-
b
a
se
d
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
t
h
e
r
m
a
l
man
a
g
e
me
n
t
sy
s
t
e
m
,
”
Re
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
En
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l
.
2
2
4
,
p
.
1
2
0
1
9
3
,
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
r
e
n
e
n
e
.
2
0
2
4
.
1
2
0
1
9
3
.
[2
5
]
Q
.
D
i
n
g
,
X
.
S
u
n
,
a
n
d
Z.
Z
h
u
,
“
Lo
n
g
-
l
a
s
t
i
n
g
h
e
a
t
d
i
ssi
p
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
f
l
e
x
i
b
l
e
h
e
a
t
s
i
n
k
s
f
o
r
w
e
a
r
a
b
l
e
t
h
e
r
mo
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
d
e
v
i
c
e
s
,
”
AC
S
Ap
p
l
i
e
d
M
a
t
e
ri
a
l
s &
I
n
t
e
rf
a
c
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
6
,
p
p
.
3
1
2
2
8
–
3
1
2
3
6
,
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
2
1
/
a
c
sam
i
.
4
c
0
6
7
6
1
.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S O
F
AUTH
O
RS
Ma
h
m
o
o
d
a
Mu
b
e
e
n
g
ra
d
u
a
t
e
d
with
a
n
M
.
Tec
h
.
fro
m
JN
TU,
Hy
d
e
ra
b
a
d
,
a
n
d
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
wo
r
k
in
g
a
s
a
n
a
ss
istan
t
p
ro
fe
ss
o
r
in
M
u
ffa
k
h
a
m
Ja
h
Co
ll
e
g
e
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
in
th
e
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
p
u
rsu
i
n
g
a
Ph
.
D
.
i
n
EE
CE
a
t
G
ITAM
De
e
m
e
d
to
b
e
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
Hy
d
e
ra
b
a
d
.
He
r
re
se
a
rc
h
a
re
a
o
f
in
tere
st
in
c
lu
d
e
s
p
o
we
r
e
lec
tro
n
ic
d
ri
v
e
s,
p
o
we
r
sy
ste
m
a
n
d
e
lec
tri
c
v
e
h
icle
s.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
m
m
u
b
e
e
n
@g
it
a
m
.
in
.
G
a
n
g
ish
e
tti
S
r
in
i
v
a
s
is
p
re
se
n
tl
y
wo
rk
in
g
a
s
a
n
a
ss
istan
t
p
ro
fe
ss
o
r
a
t
G
ITAM
(De
e
m
e
d
to
b
e
Un
i
v
e
rsity
),
Hy
d
e
ra
b
a
d
c
a
m
p
u
s
,
in
t
h
e
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
.
He
wa
s
a
wa
rd
e
d
a
P
h
.
D.
fr
o
m
JN
TU
,
Hy
d
e
ra
b
a
d
,
f
o
r
h
is
re
se
a
rc
h
wo
rk
o
n
S
e
n
so
rles
s
v
e
c
to
r
c
o
n
tr
o
l
o
f
i
n
d
u
c
ti
o
n
m
o
t
o
rs.
He
h
a
s
2
5
y
e
a
rs
o
f
tea
c
h
in
g
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
a
n
d
h
a
s
a
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
st
i
n
p
o
w
e
r
e
lec
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
d
riv
e
s
,
a
n
d
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
v
e
h
icle
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
sg
a
n
g
i
sh
@g
it
a
m
.
e
d
u
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.