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r
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
t
an
d
p
r
ec
is
e
tr
an
s
f
er
o
f
en
er
g
y
,
as
well
as
p
o
ten
tially
r
ed
u
cin
g
in
ter
f
e
r
en
ce
an
d
a
llo
win
g
f
o
r
s
m
aller
s
izes
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
0
]
.
W
h
en
it
co
m
es
to
m
in
im
izin
g
s
ize
an
d
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
lo
s
s
es,
g
r
ea
ter
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
is
th
e
p
r
ef
er
ab
le
o
p
tio
n
[
2
1
]
.
I
t'
s
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
k
ee
p
in
m
in
d
th
at
th
e
p
r
ec
is
e
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
ch
o
s
en
f
o
r
W
PT
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
th
e
p
ar
ticu
la
r
a
p
p
licatio
n
an
d
s
y
s
tem
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
,
with
o
th
er
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
s
af
ety
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
an
d
leg
al
r
e
g
u
latio
n
s
also
p
la
y
in
g
a
r
o
le.
T
h
e
HF
i
n
v
er
ter
i
s
a
k
ey
elem
en
t
in
an
y
W
PT
s
y
s
tem
[
2
2
]
.
R
ec
en
t
p
r
o
g
r
ess
in
r
esear
ch
a
n
d
m
et
h
o
d
s
h
as
f
ac
ilit
ated
th
e
cr
ea
tio
n
o
f
s
m
aller
an
d
m
o
r
e
p
o
r
ta
b
le
elec
tr
o
n
ics
[
2
3
]
.
Po
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ics
c
o
n
v
er
te
r
s
h
av
e
b
ec
o
m
e
in
d
is
p
en
s
ab
le
in
co
n
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
elec
tr
o
n
ic
d
ev
ic
es
d
u
e
t
o
th
eir
v
ital
r
o
les,
en
h
an
ci
n
g
th
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
a
lity
an
d
ap
p
ea
l o
f
th
ese
d
ev
ice
s
.
I
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
co
m
p
ac
t
an
d
p
o
r
tab
le
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ics
ar
e
n
ee
d
ed
as
s
y
s
tem
s
f
o
r
W
PT
b
ec
o
m
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
c
o
m
m
o
n
p
lace
i
n
d
aily
life
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
e
HF
in
v
er
te
r
is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
W
PT
ap
p
licatio
n
in
th
is
p
r
o
ject,
with
th
e
P
W
M
co
n
tr
o
ller
in
v
er
ter
b
ein
g
th
e
ch
o
s
en
co
n
v
er
ter
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
a
h
ig
h
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
s
witch
in
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
s
ize
o
f
cir
cu
it
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
,
s
u
ch
as
tr
an
s
m
itti
n
g
an
d
r
ec
eiv
in
g
in
d
u
cto
r
s
o
r
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
[
2
6
]
.
B
ec
au
s
e
th
e
PW
M
tech
n
iq
u
e
r
e
d
u
ce
s
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
(
E
MI
)
a
n
d
s
witch
in
g
p
r
ess
u
r
e,
it
is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
s
witch
in
g
b
ec
au
s
e
it
is
s
tr
aig
h
tf
o
r
war
d
an
d
ef
f
e
ctiv
e.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
p
r
esen
ts
an
o
p
tim
al
1
1
0
k
Hz
in
v
er
ter
lay
o
u
t
f
o
r
W
PT
d
ev
ic
es
with
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
wo
r
k
u
n
d
er
a
wid
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t
lo
ad
s
f
r
o
m
5
0
Ω
t
o
1
0
0
0
Ω
.
W
h
ile
v
ar
io
u
s
in
v
er
ter
t
o
p
o
l
o
g
ies
,
s
u
ch
as
f
u
ll
-
b
r
id
g
e
a
n
d
m
u
lti
-
lev
el
in
v
er
ter
s
,
o
f
f
er
s
u
p
er
io
r
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
t
h
ey
o
f
ten
in
t
r
o
d
u
ce
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
co
m
p
lex
ity
a
n
d
c
o
s
t,
m
ak
i
n
g
t
h
em
s
u
b
o
p
tim
al
f
o
r
lo
w
-
p
o
wer
,
co
s
t
-
s
en
s
itiv
e
W
P
T
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
Similar
ly
,
p
r
io
r
s
in
g
le
-
s
witch
d
esig
n
s
h
av
e
o
f
ten
b
ee
n
lim
ited
to
n
ar
r
o
w
l
o
ad
o
r
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
r
an
g
es.
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
t
h
is
wo
r
k
is
th
e
r
ef
o
r
e
n
o
t
t
h
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
a
n
ew
to
p
o
lo
g
y
,
b
u
t
r
ath
e
r
th
e
s
y
s
tem
atic
d
esig
n
,
o
p
tim
izatio
n
,
an
d
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
v
alid
atio
n
o
f
a
s
im
p
le,
s
in
g
le
-
MO
SF
E
T
in
v
er
ter
th
at
ac
h
iev
es
a
u
n
iq
u
e
b
alan
ce
o
f
h
ig
h
e
f
f
icien
cy
(
>
9
6
%),
r
o
b
u
s
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
a
cr
o
s
s
an
ex
ce
p
tio
n
ally
wid
e
lo
a
d
r
an
g
e
(
5
0
Ω
to
1
0
0
0
Ω
)
,
an
d
tu
n
ab
le
h
ig
h
-
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
o
p
er
atio
n
(
4
0
-
1
1
0
k
Hz)
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
a
p
r
ac
tic
al
an
d
r
ep
r
o
d
u
ci
b
le
s
o
lu
tio
n
th
at
d
i
r
ec
tly
ad
d
r
ess
es
th
e
tr
ad
e
-
o
f
f
b
etwe
en
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
co
m
p
lex
ity
,
a
n
d
co
s
t
f
o
r
em
er
g
in
g
lo
w
-
p
o
wer
W
PT
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
e
r
est
o
f
th
e
p
ap
er
is
o
r
g
an
ize
d
as
f
o
llo
ws:
i)
Sectio
n
2
ex
p
lain
s
in
d
etail
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
wo
r
k
in
g
d
esig
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
v
iewp
o
in
t
o
f
s
im
u
latio
n
an
d
ex
p
er
im
en
t
d
esig
n
;
ii)
T
h
e
o
b
tain
ed
r
esu
lts
ar
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
s
ec
tio
n
3
;
an
d
iii)
Fin
ally
,
th
e
co
n
clu
s
io
n
o
f
th
is
wo
r
k
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
s
ec
tio
n
4.
2.
SI
M
UL
A
T
I
O
N
A
ND
E
XP
E
RIM
E
N
T
AL
D
E
S
I
G
N
T
o
d
esig
n
th
e
ad
o
p
ted
in
v
er
ter
,
th
e
L
T
s
p
ice
s
im
u
lato
r
was
u
s
ed
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
v
e
r
ter
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
a
DC
s
o
u
r
ce
(
2
0
DC
V)
,
wh
ich
wo
u
l
d
b
e
in
v
er
te
d
in
to
AC
p
o
wer
,
a
PW
M
co
n
tr
o
ller
(
L
T
C
4
4
4
4
)
,
a
n
d
a
s
witch
in
g
cir
cu
it
(
t
h
e
m
ain
ele
m
en
t
is
th
e
MO
SF
E
T
)
.
T
h
e
PW
M
is
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
g
e
n
er
atin
g
t
h
e
s
q
u
ar
e
wa
v
e
with
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
to
d
r
iv
e
t
h
e
MO
SF
E
T
tr
an
s
is
to
r
v
ia
th
e
g
ate
ter
m
in
al.
At
th
e
b
eg
in
n
in
g
,
th
e
wo
r
k
in
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
o
f
t
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
s
etu
p
r
an
g
ed
f
r
o
m
4
0
k
Hz
to
1
1
0
k
Hz,
wh
er
ea
s
th
e
lo
ad
r
esis
to
r
was
f
ix
ed
t
o
b
e
1
0
0
Ω
.
Af
ter
th
a
t,
th
e
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
in
b
o
t
h
p
r
ac
t
ical
an
d
s
im
u
latio
n
was f
ix
ed
to
b
e
1
0
0
k
Hz,
an
d
t
h
e
ch
an
g
e
in
th
e
l
o
ad
r
esis
tan
ce
v
alu
e
was f
r
o
m
5
0
Ω
to
1
0
0
0
Ω
.
2
.
1
.
E
x
perim
ent
a
l set
up
E
x
p
er
im
en
tally
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
in
v
e
r
ter
c
o
n
s
is
ted
o
f
th
r
e
e
ess
en
tial
cir
cu
its
.
T
h
ese
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
in
clu
d
e
a
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
an
d
a
PW
M
co
n
tr
o
ller
d
esig
n
ed
f
o
r
s
ig
n
al
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t.
Fu
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e,
a
s
witch
in
g
cir
cu
it wa
s
in
teg
r
ated
,
wh
ich
i
n
co
r
p
o
r
ates b
o
th
a
g
ate
d
r
iv
er
an
d
MO
SF
E
T
cir
cu
it to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
th
e
f
in
al
o
u
tp
u
t.
2.
1
.
1
.
B
o
o
s
t
c
o
nv
er
t
er
T
h
e
XL
6
0
0
9
m
o
d
u
le,
a
n
o
n
-
is
o
lated
s
tep
-
u
p
b
o
o
s
t
v
o
lta
g
e
co
n
v
er
ter
with
an
ad
ju
s
ta
b
le
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
g
o
o
d
ef
f
icien
cy
,
i
s
th
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
(
B
C
)
em
p
lo
y
ed
in
th
is
wo
r
k
an
d
is
d
e
p
icted
.
I
t
ch
an
g
es
a
5
–
2
0
VDC in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
to
a
4
–
3
0
VDC o
u
tp
u
t v
o
ltag
e
.
A
r
esis
to
r
d
iv
id
er
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
XL
6
0
0
9
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
p
in
co
n
tr
o
ls
th
e
o
u
t
p
u
t v
o
ltag
e
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t v
o
ltag
e
ca
n
b
e
d
e
ter
m
in
ed
u
s
in
g
(
1
)
.
V
o
ut
=
V
Ref
1+
(
R
5
R
4
)
(
1
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
Hig
h
efficien
t D
C
-
A
C
in
ve
r
ter
fo
r
lo
w
w
ir
ele
s
s
p
o
w
e
r
tr
a
n
s
f
er a
p
p
lica
tio
n
s
(
K
yril
lo
s
K
.
S
elim
)
455
W
h
er
e
(
V
Ref
)
is
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
v
o
ltag
e,
(
R
4
)
an
d
(
R
5
)
ar
e
th
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
r
esis
to
r
s
.
T
h
e
ad
v
an
ta
g
es
o
f
u
s
in
g
B
C
o
v
er
a
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
ar
e
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
ed
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
lo
s
s
es
in
th
e
s
witch
,
d
io
d
e,
an
d
in
d
u
cto
r
all
af
f
ec
t th
e
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
ter
'
s
ef
f
icien
cy
(
ƞ
)
ca
n
b
e
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
u
s
i
n
g
(
2
)
.
Ƞ
=
V
o
u
t
×
I
o
u
t
V
in
×
I
in
(
2
)
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
m
in
im
ize
cu
r
r
en
t
r
ip
p
le
an
d
ass
u
r
e
c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
c
o
n
d
u
ctio
n
m
o
d
e
(
C
C
M)
f
u
n
ct
io
n
in
g
,
t
h
e
in
d
u
cto
r
v
alu
e
is
s
elec
ted
.
I
t is p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
co
m
p
u
te
th
e
in
d
u
c
to
r
v
alu
e
u
s
in
g
(
3
)
.
L
=
V
in
×
(
V
o
u
t
−
V
in
)
Δ
I
l
×
F
s
V
o
u
t
(
3
)
W
h
er
e
(
Δ
I
l
)
is
th
e
p
ea
k
-
to
-
p
ea
k
in
d
u
cto
r
cu
r
r
en
t
r
ip
p
le,
(
F
s
)
is
t
h
e
s
witch
in
g
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
in
d
u
cto
r
is
in
a
c
ir
cle
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
c
o
n
s
is
ts
o
f
a
n
in
d
u
cto
r
o
f
4
7
0
m
H,
a
c
ap
ac
ito
r
o
f
2
2
0
µF
o
n
th
e
in
p
u
t
s
id
e
an
d
1
0
0
µF
o
n
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
s
id
e,
a
p
o
te
n
tio
m
eter
o
f
1
0
k
Ω
,
an
d
a
MO
SF
E
T
XL
6
0
0
9
W
h
en
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
is
co
n
n
ec
te
d
to
th
e
B
C
cir
cu
it,
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
f
lo
ws
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
co
il,
co
n
v
er
tin
g
s
o
m
e
e
n
er
g
y
in
to
m
a
g
n
etic
e
n
er
g
y
.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
p
ass
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
d
io
d
e,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
c
o
r
r
ec
t
d
ir
ec
tio
n
an
d
lead
in
g
to
th
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
o
f
ca
p
ac
ito
r
C
6
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
ca
p
ac
ito
r
lo
wer
s
r
ip
p
le
in
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
b
y
s
m
o
o
th
in
g
it
o
u
t
.
T
h
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
ca
n
b
e
d
ete
r
m
in
ed
u
s
in
g
(
4
)
.
C
o
ut
=
I
o
u
t
×
D
V
r
ippl
e
×
F
s
(
4
)
W
h
er
e
(
)
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
is
cu
r
r
en
t,
(
V
r
i
p
p
l
e
)
is
th
e
ac
ce
p
tab
le
r
ip
p
le
v
o
ltag
e
o
n
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t.
T
h
e
v
ar
iab
le
r
esis
tan
ce
R
5
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
v
alu
e
ca
n
b
e
ad
ju
s
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
m
id
d
le
en
d
o
f
th
e
v
ar
iab
le
r
esis
tan
ce
,
wh
ich
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
a
ter
m
in
al
ca
lled
FB
.
FB
i
s
u
s
ed
to
co
m
p
ar
e
th
e
o
u
t
p
u
t v
o
ltag
e
v
alu
e
with
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
v
o
ltag
e
v
alu
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
ter
m
in
al
No
.
5
in
th
e
I
C
XL
6
0
0
9
,
wh
ich
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
a
ter
m
i
n
al
(
FB
)
.
W
h
en
t
h
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
v
o
ltag
e
eq
u
als
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e,
th
e
er
r
o
r
d
ec
r
ea
s
es,
b
u
t
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
r
e
m
ain
s
co
n
s
tan
t.
T
h
e
VC
C
o
u
tp
u
t
is
co
n
n
ec
te
d
to
t
h
e
d
r
i
v
er
cir
c
u
it
at
th
e
en
d
o
f
th
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
,
wh
ich
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
d
r
ain
e
n
d
o
f
th
e
MO
SF
E
T
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
lated
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
v
er
ter
b
y
th
e
L
T
Sp
ice
p
latf
o
r
m
2
.
1
.
2
.
P
WM
co
ntr
o
ller
des
ig
n
A
PW
M
co
n
tr
o
ller
b
ased
o
n
th
e
T
L
4
9
4
was
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
,
wh
ich
is
an
ad
j
u
s
tab
le
m
u
lti
-
v
alu
ed
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
p
u
ls
e
wid
th
m
o
d
u
la
tio
n
co
n
tr
o
l
cir
cu
it
(
f
r
o
m
4
0
k
Hz
to
1
1
0
k
Hz)
.
T
L
4
9
4
'
s
m
ain
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
ar
e
d
escr
ib
ed
as
f
o
llo
ws.
C
o
m
p
lete
co
n
tr
o
l
cir
cu
itry
f
o
r
p
u
ls
e
wid
th
m
o
d
u
latio
n
,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
a
n
o
n
-
c
h
ip
o
s
cillato
r
with
m
aster
o
r
s
lav
e
o
p
er
ati
o
n
,
o
n
-
ch
ip
e
r
r
o
r
a
m
p
lifie
r
s
,
an
o
n
-
c
h
ip
5
V
r
e
f
er
en
ce
,
a
d
ju
s
tab
le
d
ea
d
-
tim
e
co
n
tr
o
l,
a
n
d
u
n
co
m
m
itted
o
u
t
p
u
t tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
with
a
500
-
mA
s
o
u
r
ce
o
r
s
in
k
r
atin
g
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
20
2
6
:
453
-
4
64
456
T
h
e
b
lo
c
k
d
iag
r
am
o
f
th
e
T
L
4
9
4
o
u
tp
u
t
p
u
ls
e
wid
th
m
o
d
u
latio
n
,
wh
ich
is
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
co
m
p
ar
in
g
th
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
'
s
(
C
T
)
p
o
s
itiv
e,
s
aw
to
o
th
v
o
ltag
e
with
th
e
o
th
e
r
two
co
n
tr
o
l
s
ig
n
al
v
o
ltag
es.
T
r
an
s
is
to
r
s
Q1
an
d
Q2
ca
n
o
n
ly
b
e
d
r
iv
en
b
y
th
e
NOR
g
ate
wh
en
th
e
f
lip
-
f
lo
p
'
s
clo
ck
in
p
u
t
s
ig
n
al
is
l
o
w.
T
h
e
o
s
cillato
r
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
is
ch
o
s
en
b
y
two
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
:
th
e
r
esis
to
r
(
R
RT
)
an
d
t
h
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
(
C
CT
)
.
T
h
e
esti
m
ated
o
s
cillato
r
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
(
F
o
s
c
)
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
(
5
)
[
2
7
]
.
f
Osc
=
1
.
1
R
RT
×
C
CT
(
5
)
W
h
er
e
(
F
O
S
C
)
th
e
o
s
cillato
r
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
in
Hz
is
,
(
R
rt
)
is
th
e
tim
in
g
r
es
is
to
r
in
o
h
m
,
(
C
CT
)
is
th
e
tim
in
g
ca
p
ac
ito
r
in
f
a
r
ad
s
.
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
ap
p
lied
to
th
e
T
L
4
9
4
'
s
co
n
tr
o
l
in
p
u
t
,
as
well
as
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
v
o
ltag
e
d
et
er
m
in
e
th
e
PW
M
s
ig
n
al
'
s
d
u
ty
cy
cle.
T
h
e
r
atio
o
f
th
e
PW
M
s
ig
n
al'
s
o
n
-
tim
e
to
its
o
v
er
all
p
er
io
d
is
k
n
o
w
n
as
th
e
d
u
t
y
cy
cle,
o
r
D.
T
h
e
d
u
ty
cy
cle
D
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as (
6
)
.
D
=
t
on
T
P
WM
(
6
)
W
h
er
e
(
t
on
)
th
e
d
u
r
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
s
tate
o
f
is
th
e
PW
M
s
ig
n
a
l,
(
T
PWM
)
is
th
e
to
tal
p
er
i
o
d
o
f
th
e
PW
M
s
ig
n
al
(
i
.
e
.
,
T
PWM
=
1
F
o
s
c
)
.
T
h
e
d
u
t
y
cy
cle
D
o
f
a
p
ar
tic
u
lar
PW
M
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
also
d
ep
en
d
e
n
t
o
n
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
at
t
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
in
p
u
t
an
d
th
e
r
e
f
er
en
ce
v
o
ltag
e
V
r
ef
.
T
h
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
n
etwo
r
k
an
d
r
ef
er
en
ce
v
o
lta
g
e
ar
e
f
r
eq
u
en
tly
in
ch
ar
g
e
o
f
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
.
I
f
(
V
co
n
t
r
o
l
)
is
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
at
t
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
i
n
p
u
t,
th
e
d
u
ty
cy
cl
e
ca
n
b
e
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ated
b
y
(
7
)
.
D
=
(
V
c
o
nt
r
o
l
−
V
m
in
V
m
ax
−
V
m
in
)
(
7
)
W
h
er
e
(
V
co
n
t
r
o
l
)
is
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
ap
p
lied
to
th
e
PW
M
co
n
tr
o
l
in
p
u
t,
(
V
m
i
n
)
an
d
(
V
m
i
x
)
ar
e
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
an
d
m
ax
im
u
m
v
o
ltag
es
c
o
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
t
o
0
%
an
d
1
0
0
%
d
u
t
y
c
y
cle,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
Pra
ctica
lly
,
in
th
is
cir
c
u
it,
th
e
o
s
cillatio
n
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
co
u
ld
b
e
ad
ju
s
ted
v
ia
th
e
p
o
ten
tio
m
ete
r
r
esis
to
r
R
5
,
as sh
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
PW
M
co
n
tr
o
ller
cir
c
u
it
:
(
a)
s
ch
em
atic
cir
cu
it d
esig
n
an
d
(
b
)
PC
B
d
esig
n
T
L
4
9
4
h
as
th
e
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
s
tr
o
n
g
an
ti
-
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
a
b
ilit
y
,
b
asic
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
h
ig
h
f
id
elity
,
an
d
l
o
w
co
s
t.
T
h
e
s
ch
em
atic
cir
cu
it
a
n
d
PC
B
cir
cu
it
o
f
th
e
T
L
4
9
4
a
s
an
o
s
cillato
r
a
r
e
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Pin
1
3
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
n
ef
it
f
r
o
m
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
an
d
d
is
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
o
f
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
at
t
h
e
s
am
e
tim
e.
T
h
e
d
ea
d
-
tim
e
c
o
m
p
ar
at
o
r
h
as
a
1
2
0
-
m
V
i
n
p
u
t
o
f
f
s
et,
wh
ic
h
li
m
its
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
o
u
t
p
u
t
d
ea
d
-
tim
e
to
ar
o
u
n
d
4
%
o
f
th
e
s
aw
to
o
th
wav
e
p
er
io
d
an
d
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
d
u
ty
cy
cle.
Dea
d
-
tim
e
is
th
e
tim
e
w
h
en
t
h
er
e
is
n
o
o
v
er
lap
an
d
a
lo
wer
c
h
an
ce
o
f
s
h
o
r
t
c
ir
cu
its
s
in
ce
b
o
th
o
u
t
p
u
t
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
ar
e
o
f
f
.
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
g
iv
en
to
th
e
d
ea
d
-
tim
e
co
n
tr
o
l p
i
n
(
p
i
n
4
)
d
eter
m
in
es
th
e
d
ea
d
-
tim
e
b
y
(
8
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
Hig
h
efficien
t D
C
-
A
C
in
ve
r
ter
fo
r
lo
w
w
ir
ele
s
s
p
o
w
e
r
tr
a
n
s
f
er a
p
p
lica
tio
n
s
(
K
yril
lo
s
K
.
S
elim
)
457
D
d
ead
=
V
DT
−
0
.
7V
3
.
3V
(
8
)
W
h
er
e
V
DT
is
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
at
th
e
d
e
ad
-
tim
e
co
n
tr
o
l p
in
(
p
in
4
)
.
T
h
e
d
ea
d
-
tim
e
ca
n
b
e
a
d
ju
s
ted
b
y
v
ar
y
i
n
g
V
DT
.
T
h
e
m
in
im
u
m
d
ea
d
-
tim
e
o
cc
u
r
s
wh
en
V
DT
is
0
.
7
V,
a
n
d
th
e
m
a
x
im
u
m
d
ea
d
-
tim
e
o
cc
u
r
s
wh
e
n
V
DT
eq
u
als
3
.
3
V.
T
h
is
p
ar
am
eter
is
cr
itical
in
av
o
id
i
n
g
c
r
o
s
s
-
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
in
th
e
p
o
wer
t
r
an
s
is
to
r
s
.
I
n
a
lo
o
p
th
at
r
eg
u
lates
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
,
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
V
o
ut
is
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
a
r
ef
er
en
ce
v
o
ltag
e
V
r
ef
,
an
d
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
is
m
ag
n
if
ied
an
d
u
tili
ze
d
to
m
o
d
if
y
th
e
PW
M
s
ig
n
al'
s
d
u
ty
cy
c
le.
T
h
e
clo
s
ed
-
lo
o
p
t
r
an
s
f
er
f
u
n
ctio
n
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
an
aly
ze
th
e
r
eg
u
lato
r
y
lo
o
p
b
y
(
9
)
.
T
(
S
)
=
G
(
S
)
1
+
G
(
S
)
.
H
(
S
)
(
9
)
W
h
er
e
T
(
s
)
is
th
e
clo
s
ed
-
lo
o
p
tr
an
s
f
er
f
u
n
ctio
n
,
G
(
s
)
is
th
e
o
p
en
-
lo
o
p
tr
an
s
f
er
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
PW
M
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
H
(
s
)
is
th
e
tr
an
s
f
er
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
n
etwo
r
k
.
Pin
9
an
d
p
i
n
1
0
ar
e
o
u
tp
u
ts
t
o
wo
r
k
s
id
e
b
y
s
id
e,
b
u
t
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
v
alu
e
is
ch
an
g
ed
alter
n
ately
f
r
o
m
p
o
s
itiv
e
to
ze
r
o
.
Pin
1
2
is
th
e
s
u
p
p
ly
p
in
th
at
ca
n
b
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
1
2
VDC.
Pin
1
4
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
a
v
ar
iab
le
r
esis
tan
ce
.
B
y
ch
an
g
in
g
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
r
esis
tan
ce
,
tim
e
is
co
n
tr
o
lled
,
an
d
th
u
s
th
e
d
u
ty
cy
cle
is
co
n
tr
o
lled
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t o
f
th
is
cir
cu
it is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
t
h
e
in
p
u
t o
f
th
e
g
at
e
d
r
iv
er
cir
c
u
it.
2.
1
.
3
.
G
a
t
e
d
riv
er
circ
uit
T
h
e
g
ate
d
r
iv
e
r
is
o
p
er
ated
v
i
a
th
e
p
u
ls
es
th
at
ar
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
th
e
PW
M
co
n
tr
o
ller
;
ac
co
r
d
in
g
ly
,
th
e
I
R
F6
4
0
MO
SF
E
T
's
g
ate
is
d
r
iv
en
b
y
th
e
T
L
P2
5
0
,
an
d
th
e
r
ate
at
wh
ich
t
h
e
g
ate
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
is
ch
ar
g
e
d
o
r
d
is
ch
ar
g
ed
d
eter
m
in
es h
o
w
r
a
p
id
ly
th
e
MO
SF
E
T
tu
r
n
s
o
n
a
n
d
o
f
f
.
W
h
en
th
e
T
L
P2
5
0
o
u
t
p
u
ts
a
h
i
g
h
s
ig
n
al,
it
ch
ar
g
es
th
e
g
ate
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
C
gs
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
g
ate
r
esis
to
r
R
g
.
T
h
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ca
n
b
e
a
p
p
r
o
x
im
ated
b
y
an
R
C
ch
ar
g
in
g
cir
cu
it
.
T
h
e
g
ate
ch
ar
g
e
h
as
an
im
p
ac
t
o
n
h
o
w
lo
n
g
it
tak
es
th
e
MO
SF
E
T
to
tu
r
n
o
n
o
r
o
f
f
,
RG
,
an
d
th
e
g
ate
d
r
iv
e
cu
r
r
en
t
.
B
y
(
1
0
)
an
d
(
1
1
)
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
V
g
(
t
)
=
VC
C
1
-
e
−
(
1
R
g
.
C
gs
)
(
1
0
)
t
on
/
o
f
f
=
Q
G
I
G
=
Q
G
.
R
G
V
cc
(
1
1
)
W
h
er
e
V
g
(
t
)
th
e
g
ate
v
o
ltag
e
is
at
t
im
e
t,
(
VC
C
)
is
th
e
s
u
p
p
ly
v
o
ltag
e
f
o
r
th
e
T
L
P2
5
0
,
ty
p
icall
y
,
(
R
g
)
is
th
e
g
ate
r
esis
to
r
,
(
C
gs
)
is
th
e
g
ate
-
s
o
u
r
ce
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
o
f
th
e
I
R
F6
4
0
.
T
h
e
g
ate
ch
ar
g
in
g
tim
e
co
n
s
tan
t
(
T
)
is
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
b
y
(
1
2
)
.
T
=
R
G
C
gs
(
1
2
)
As
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
,
th
e
m
ain
elem
en
t
in
th
e
cir
c
u
it
is
th
e
o
p
to
co
u
p
ler
(
T
L
P2
5
0
)
,
w
h
ich
is
an
o
p
tical
tr
an
s
is
to
r
th
at
h
as
f
o
u
r
ter
m
in
als:
th
e
an
o
d
e,
th
e
ca
th
o
d
e,
th
e
co
llecto
r
,
an
d
th
e
em
itter
.
T
h
e
o
p
to
co
u
p
ler
c
o
n
tain
s
a
p
h
o
to
tr
an
s
is
to
r
th
at
is
co
n
tr
o
lled
b
y
g
iv
in
g
a
lig
h
t
s
ig
n
al
to
th
e
b
ase
ter
m
in
al
to
co
n
n
ec
t
o
r
d
is
co
n
n
ec
t
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
b
etwe
en
th
e
co
llecto
r
a
n
d
th
e
em
itter
.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
im
p
o
r
tan
t
t
h
in
g
th
at
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
es
th
is
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
is
its
ab
ilit
y
to
co
n
n
ec
t
a
n
d
d
is
co
n
n
ec
t
with
in
a
v
er
y
s
h
o
r
t
tim
e,
esti
m
ated
at
m
i
l
l
is
e
c
o
n
d
s
.
T
h
e
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
i
s
e
l
e
m
e
n
t
i
n
t
h
e
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
is
t
o
o
p
e
r
a
t
e
a
n
d
d
i
s
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
t
h
e
MO
S
F
E
T
v
e
r
y
q
u
i
c
k
l
y
a
n
d
c
o
r
r
e
c
t
l
y
,
a
n
d
t
o
g
i
v
e
i
t
t
h
e
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
i
a
t
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
.
T
h
e
g
a
t
e
d
r
i
v
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
I
G
i
s
s
u
p
p
l
i
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
T
L
P
2
5
0
d
u
r
i
n
g
tu
r
n
-
o
n
an
d
tu
r
n
-
o
f
f
tr
an
s
itio
n
s
.
T
h
is
cu
r
r
en
t d
ete
r
m
in
es h
o
w
f
ast th
e
MO
SF
E
T
ca
n
s
witc
h
o
n
o
r
o
f
f
(
1
3
)
.
I
G
=
V
CC
R
G
(
1
3
)
T
L
P2
5
0
is
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
g
ate
-
d
r
iv
in
g
cir
cu
its
o
f
p
o
wer
MO
SF
E
T
s
.
T
h
e
s
u
p
p
ly
cu
r
r
en
t
is
1
1
m
A,
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
cu
r
r
e
n
t
is
±
2
A,
th
e
s
witch
in
g
tim
e
is
0
.
5
μ
s
,
an
d
t
h
e
is
o
latio
n
v
o
ltag
e
is
2
5
0
0
Vr
m
s
.
C
ap
ac
ito
r
s
o
f
1
0
0
μ
F
an
d
4
.
7
μ
F
wer
e
u
s
ed
at
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
T
L
P2
5
0
.
T
h
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
at
th
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
o
f
T
L
P2
5
0
was
u
s
ed
f
o
r
p
r
o
tectio
n
.
T
h
e
g
ate
d
r
i
v
er
cir
cu
it
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
p
o
wer
MO
SF
E
T
I
R
F6
4
0
was
u
s
ed
f
o
r
s
witch
in
g
p
u
r
p
o
s
es;
it
wo
r
k
s
eith
er
in
th
e
cu
ttin
g
z
o
n
e
o
r
th
e
s
atu
r
atio
n
zo
n
e
.
T
h
e
g
ate
ch
ar
g
e
(
QG)
an
d
d
r
iv
in
g
cu
r
r
en
t
(
I
G)
d
ete
r
m
i
n
e
th
e
s
witch
in
g
t
im
es b
y
(
1
4
)
an
d
(
1
5
)
,
r
esp
ec
ti
v
ely
.
t
on
=
Q
g
(
on
)
I
G
(
1
4
)
t
o
f
f
=
Q
g
(
o
f
f
)
I
G
(
1
5
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
20
2
6
:
453
-
4
64
458
W
h
er
e
Q
g
(
on
)
is
th
e
g
ate
ch
ar
g
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
tu
r
n
th
e
MO
SF
E
T
o
n
,
wh
er
e
Q
g
(
o
f
f
)
is
th
e
g
ate
ch
ar
g
e
r
e
q
u
ir
ed
to
tu
r
n
th
e
MO
SF
E
T
o
f
f
.
T
h
e
V
C
C
r
an
g
e
f
o
r
T
L
P2
5
0
is
1
0
-
3
5
V.
Her
e,
an
R
3
r
esis
to
r
was
u
s
ed
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
g
ate
an
d
s
o
u
r
ce
to
p
r
ev
e
n
t
ac
cid
en
tal
tu
r
n
-
o
n
o
f
th
e
MO
SF
E
T
b
y
ex
ter
n
al
n
o
is
e.
Hen
c
e,
a
r
esis
tan
ce
o
f
ty
p
ically
1
0
0
Ω
was
u
s
ed
f
o
r
g
ate
p
r
o
tectio
n
.
C
ap
ac
ito
r
s
C
1
an
d
C
2
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
a
co
n
s
tan
t
v
o
l
tag
e
(
1
2
V)
o
n
t
h
e
I
C
,
r
ed
u
cin
g
n
o
is
e.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
wh
o
le
p
r
ac
tical
d
esi
g
n
cir
cu
it,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
th
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
,
PW
M
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
a
n
d
s
witch
in
g
cir
c
u
it,
is
d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
o
s
h
o
w
th
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
at
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
cir
cu
it st
ag
es,
an
o
s
cillo
s
co
p
e
(
UT
D
2
0
2
5
C
L
,
2
5
MH
Z
,
2
5
0
MS/s
)
was u
s
ed
.
T
h
e
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
m
o
d
el
(
MO
DE
L
:
Gp
c
-
3
0
2
0
)
was
u
s
ed
to
o
f
f
e
r
DC
p
o
wer
,
wh
ic
h
wo
u
ld
b
e
in
v
er
ted
in
to
AC
.
T
h
e
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
was
s
et
to
o
f
f
er
1
2
VDC
to
f
ee
d
th
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
e
r
ter
cir
cu
it,
i.e
.
,
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
t
h
e
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
i
s
an
in
p
u
t
f
o
r
th
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
cir
c
u
it.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
th
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
e
r
ter
cir
cu
it
is
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
th
e
VC
C
ter
m
in
al,
wh
ich
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
s
witch
in
g
cir
cu
it
at
th
e
d
r
ain
ter
m
in
al
o
f
th
e
MO
SF
E
T
.
T
h
e
PW
M
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
cir
c
u
it
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
t
o
th
e
ter
m
in
al
VC
C
(
p
in
s
8
a
n
d
1
1
i
n
I
C
T
L
4
9
4
)
f
o
r
b
iasi
n
g
b
y
1
2
VDC.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
t
h
e
PW
M
co
n
tr
o
ller
cir
cu
it
was
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
p
i
n
s
9
an
d
1
0
.
I
n
th
e
s
witch
in
g
cir
cu
it,
th
e
in
p
u
t
o
f
th
is
cir
cu
it
is
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
th
e
o
s
cillato
r
cir
c
u
it
th
at
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
r
esis
tan
ce
R
1
o
n
p
in
2
o
f
th
e
m
ain
elem
en
t
in
th
e
o
p
to
co
u
p
ler
cir
cu
it
(
T
L
P2
5
0
)
,
a
n
d
p
in
8
is
th
e
in
p
u
t
o
f
th
e
d
r
iv
er
cir
c
u
it th
at
is
f
ed
with
a
v
alu
e
o
f
1
2
VDC.
2
.
1
.
4
.
Co
ns
idera
t
io
ns
f
o
r
clo
s
ed
-
lo
o
p v
o
lt
a
g
e
re
g
ula
t
io
n
W
h
ile
th
is
s
tu
d
y
f
o
c
u
s
es
o
n
ch
ar
ac
te
r
izin
g
t
h
e
o
p
en
-
l
o
o
p
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
to
estab
lis
h
b
aselin
e
ef
f
icien
cy
,
th
e
ch
o
s
en
T
L
4
9
4
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
in
h
er
en
tly
eq
u
ip
p
ed
f
o
r
clo
s
ed
-
lo
o
p
r
eg
u
latio
n
[
2
8
]
.
A
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
lo
o
p
ca
n
b
e
im
p
lem
e
n
ted
b
y
s
en
s
in
g
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
v
ia
a
r
esis
tiv
e
d
iv
id
er
an
d
f
ee
d
in
g
it
b
ac
k
to
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
T
L
4
9
4
'
s
in
ter
n
al
er
r
o
r
am
p
lifie
r
s
(
p
in
3
)
.
T
h
e
am
p
lifie
r
wo
u
ld
th
en
c
o
m
p
a
r
e
th
is
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
s
ig
n
al
to
t
h
e
in
ter
n
al
5
V
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
,
a
u
to
m
a
tically
ad
ju
s
tin
g
th
e
PW
M
d
u
ty
cy
cle
(
D)
to
m
ain
tain
a
co
n
s
tan
t
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
u
n
d
er
v
ar
y
in
g
lo
ad
co
n
d
itio
n
s
o
r
in
p
u
t
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
.
I
m
p
lem
en
tin
g
s
u
ch
a
co
n
tr
o
l
lo
o
p
wo
u
l
d
b
e
a
s
tr
aig
h
tf
o
r
war
d
ex
ten
s
io
n
to
en
h
an
ce
th
e
i
n
v
er
ter
'
s
p
r
ac
tic
al
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
,
an
d
its
s
tab
ilit
y
co
u
ld
b
e
an
aly
ze
d
u
s
in
g
s
tan
d
ar
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l
th
eo
r
y
m
eth
o
d
s
to
en
s
u
r
e
a
f
ast tr
an
s
i
en
t r
esp
o
n
s
e
with
o
u
t
o
v
er
s
h
o
o
t.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
MO
SF
E
T
with
g
ate
d
r
iv
er
cir
c
u
it
:
(
a)
s
ch
em
atic
ci
r
cu
it
an
d
(
b
)
p
r
ac
tical
cir
cu
it
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
e
d
in
v
e
r
ter
an
d
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
tal
s
etu
p
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
Hig
h
efficien
t D
C
-
A
C
in
ve
r
ter
fo
r
lo
w
w
ir
ele
s
s
p
o
w
e
r
tr
a
n
s
f
er a
p
p
lica
tio
n
s
(
K
yril
lo
s
K
.
S
elim
)
459
3.
RE
SU
L
T
AND
DI
SCUS
SI
O
N
Fo
r
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
s
id
e,
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
e
o
p
tim
al
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
ef
f
icien
c
y
was
9
8
%
wh
en
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
was
s
wee
p
in
g
b
etw
ee
n
4
0
k
Hz
a
n
d
1
1
0
k
Hz;
th
is
o
p
tim
al
ef
f
icien
cy
was
o
b
tain
ed
at
7
0
k
Hz
wh
e
n
th
e
lo
ad
was
f
ix
ed
at
1
0
0
Ω
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
e
o
p
tim
al
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
ef
f
icien
cy
was
8
4
.
7
%
wh
en
th
e
lo
ad
was
s
wee
p
in
g
b
etwe
en
5
0
Ω
an
d
1
0
0
0
Ω
;
th
is
o
p
tim
al
ef
f
icien
cy
was
o
b
tain
ed
at
5
0
Ω
wh
en
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
was
f
ix
ed
at
1
0
0
k
Hz.
Fig
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
ws
th
e
wa
v
ef
o
r
m
o
f
th
e
g
e
n
er
ated
p
u
ls
es
th
at
wer
e
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
PW
M
co
n
tr
o
ller
cir
cu
it
with
an
am
p
litu
d
e
o
f
1
0
.
2
V
at
a
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
o
f
9
1
.
2
7
k
Hz.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
Fig
u
r
e
6
s
h
o
ws
th
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
wav
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
th
e
in
v
er
ter
cir
cu
it
v
ia
th
e
MO
SF
E
T
s
witch
ter
m
in
al,
wh
ich
h
ad
a
p
ea
k
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
2
0
V.
Fro
m
an
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e,
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
ef
f
icien
c
y
ac
h
iev
ed
d
u
r
in
g
a
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
s
wee
p
(
4
0
–
1
1
0
k
Hz
)
was
9
6
.
9
6
%
at
5
5
k
Hz,
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
a
m
in
im
u
m
o
f
5
1
.
2
5
%
at
1
1
0
k
Hz
with
a
1
0
0
Ω
l
o
ad
.
Similar
ly
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
was
test
ed
b
y
s
wee
p
in
g
th
e
lo
ad
f
r
o
m
5
0
Ω
to
1
0
0
0
Ω
at
a
f
ix
ed
f
r
e
q
u
en
cy
o
f
1
0
0
k
Hz.
Un
d
er
th
is
co
n
d
itio
n
,
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
ac
h
iev
e
d
ef
f
icien
cy
wa
s
8
0
%
at
5
0
Ω
,
wh
er
ea
s
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
ef
f
icien
cy
d
ec
lin
ed
to
3
7
% a
t a
lo
ad
o
f
1
0
0
0
Ω
.
Fu
r
th
er
an
aly
s
is
o
f
t
h
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
wav
ef
o
r
m
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
r
e
v
ea
led
a
p
ea
k
-
to
-
p
ea
k
v
o
ltag
e
r
ip
p
le
o
f
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
0
.
8
V
o
n
th
e
DC
in
p
u
t
to
th
e
s
witch
in
g
s
t
ag
e,
wh
ich
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
ac
c
ep
tab
le.
A
Fo
u
r
ier
an
aly
s
is
o
f
t
h
e
s
im
u
lated
o
u
tp
u
t
wav
ef
o
r
m
was
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
i
n
L
T
s
p
ice
,
y
ield
in
g
a
T
o
tal
H
ar
m
o
n
ic
Dis
to
r
tio
n
(
T
HD)
o
f
a
p
p
r
o
x
im
ately
4
8
%.
W
h
ile
th
is
v
alu
e
is
in
h
er
en
t
to
a
s
q
u
a
r
e
wav
e,
it
is
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
W
PT
ap
p
licatio
n
s
wh
er
e
th
e
r
ec
eiv
e
r
co
il
is
ty
p
ically
p
ar
t
o
f
a
r
es
o
n
an
t
cir
c
u
it
th
at
n
atu
r
ally
f
ilt
er
s
o
u
t h
ig
h
er
-
o
r
d
er
h
ar
m
o
n
ics,
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
d
eliv
e
r
i
n
g
a
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
c
u
r
r
en
t t
o
th
e
l
o
ad
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
(
a
)
s
h
o
ws
th
e
s
im
u
l
ati
o
n
an
d
e
x
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
al
e
f
f
ici
en
cy
r
es
u
lts
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
d
esi
g
n
e
d
in
v
e
r
t
er
at
a
lo
a
d
r
esis
ta
n
c
e
o
f
1
0
0
Ω
w
h
e
n
th
e
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
w
as
s
we
e
p
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
4
0
k
Hz
to
1
1
0
k
Hz
.
Mo
r
e
o
v
e
r
,
th
e
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
a
n
d
e
x
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
al
o
u
t
p
u
t v
o
lta
g
e
r
es
u
lts
a
r
e
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
7
(
b
)
.
I
t
c
an
b
e
s
ee
n
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
v
o
lta
g
e
lo
s
s
es
in
cr
ea
s
e
wit
h
i
n
c
r
e
asi
n
g
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
;
h
o
we
v
e
r
,
th
ese
l
o
s
s
es
ar
e
s
till
ac
ce
p
ta
b
l
e
.
Fig
u
r
e
8
s
h
o
ws
t
h
e
ef
f
ic
ie
n
c
y
v
s
.
t
h
e
ch
an
g
e
i
n
th
e
l
o
a
d
r
esis
ta
n
ce
v
al
u
e
f
r
o
m
5
0
Ω
t
o
1
0
0
0
Ω
w
h
e
n
th
e
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
was
f
ix
ed
a
t
1
0
0
k
Hz
.
F
r
o
m
Fi
g
u
r
es
7
a
n
d
8
,
it
c
a
n
b
e
n
o
tic
e
d
t
h
at
b
o
t
h
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
a
n
d
ex
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
al
r
es
u
lts
a
r
e
c
o
n
v
e
r
g
e
n
t.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
T
h
e
o
u
t
p
u
t v
o
ltag
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
o
f
th
e
PW
M
co
n
tr
o
ller
cir
cu
it
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
T
h
e
o
u
t
p
u
t v
o
ltag
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
v
er
ter
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
20
2
6
:
453
-
4
64
460
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
E
x
p
er
im
e
n
tal
an
d
s
i
m
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
at
th
e
f
ix
e
d
lo
ad
o
f
1
0
0
Ω
:
(
a)
ef
f
icien
cy
v
s
.
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
s
wee
p
in
g
an
d
(
b
)
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
es v
s
.
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
s
wee
p
in
g
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
E
x
p
er
im
e
n
tal
an
d
s
i
m
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
v
er
s
u
s
ch
an
g
e
in
lo
a
d
r
esis
tan
ce
v
alu
e
at
a
f
ix
ed
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
o
f
1
0
0
k
Hz
Ho
wev
er
,
wh
en
t
h
e
f
r
e
q
u
en
cy
is
in
cr
ea
s
ed
,
ef
f
icien
cy
d
ec
r
ea
s
es,
s
h
o
win
g
th
at
th
e
r
ec
o
r
d
e
d
ef
f
icien
cy
at
th
e
h
ig
h
er
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
o
f
1
1
0
k
Hz
was
5
6
%
r
e
co
r
d
ed
b
y
s
im
u
latio
n
s
an
d
5
1
.
2
5
%
r
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d
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ir
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ts
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ar
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o
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i
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e
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ig
h
est
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h
e
in
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84
3
.
96
×
1
0
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%
(
2
0
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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8
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Hig
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elim
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461
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4
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O
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T
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d
i
s
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p
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o
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(
)
i
n
t
h
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M
OS
F
E
T
is
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al
c
u
l
at
e
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(
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(
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a
t
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n
d
i
s
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al
c
u
l
at
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d
u
s
i
n
g
(
2
2
)
.
=
(
)
2
×
(
)
(
2
2
)
W
h
er
e:
(
)
is
th
e
r
o
o
t
m
ea
n
s
q
u
ar
e
(
R
MS)
v
alu
e
o
f
t
h
e
d
r
ai
n
cu
r
r
en
t
;
(
)
is
th
e
d
r
ain
-
to
-
s
o
u
r
c
e
o
n
-
r
esis
tan
ce
o
f
th
e
MO
SF
E
T
,
wh
ich
is
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
0
.
1
8
Ω
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t d
atash
ee
t.
Switch
in
g
lo
s
s
o
cc
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r
s
d
u
r
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g
th
e
b
r
ief
t
u
r
n
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o
n
a
n
d
tu
r
n
-
o
f
f
tr
an
s
itio
n
s
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d
is
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en
e
r
ally
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
to
th
e
o
p
er
atin
g
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
.
T
h
e
ju
n
ctio
n
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
(
)
,
wh
ich
is
th
e
in
ter
n
al
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
d
ie,
is
a
cr
itical
in
d
icato
r
o
f
r
eliab
ilit
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.
I
t c
a
n
b
e
esti
m
ated
u
s
in
g
(
2
3
)
.
=
+
×
(
2
3
)
W
h
er
e:
is
th
e
am
b
ien
t
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e,
ass
u
m
ed
t
o
b
e
a
s
tan
d
a
r
d
2
5
°C
f
o
r
th
is
an
aly
s
is
;
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d
is
th
e
to
tal
p
o
wer
d
is
s
ip
ated
b
y
th
e
MO
SF
E
T
(
in
W
atts
)
.
T
h
e
p
ar
am
ete
r
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
ju
n
ctio
n
-
to
-
am
b
ien
t
t
h
er
m
al
r
esis
tan
ce
o
f
th
e
d
ev
ice
.
T
h
is
v
alu
e
q
u
an
tifie
s
h
o
w
e
f
f
ec
tiv
ely
h
ea
t
is
tr
an
s
f
er
r
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
em
ic
o
n
d
u
ct
o
r
ju
n
ctio
n
to
th
e
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
am
b
ien
t
air
.
Fo
r
th
e
I
R
F6
4
0
MO
SF
E
T
in
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
T
O
-
2
2
0
p
ac
k
ag
e
with
o
u
t
an
ex
ter
n
al
h
ea
ts
in
k
,
th
is
r
esis
tan
ce
is
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
6
2
°C
/W
as
s
p
ec
if
ied
in
th
e
m
a
n
u
f
ac
tu
r
er
'
s
d
atash
ee
t.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
u
n
d
e
r
th
e
h
ig
h
est
s
tr
ess
co
n
d
itio
n
test
ed
(
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
o
f
7
.
2
2
W
at
1
0
0
k
Hz
with
a
5
0
Ω
lo
ad
)
,
th
e
to
tal
p
o
we
r
d
is
s
ip
atio
n
(
)
was
es
tim
ated
to
b
e
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
0
.
8
W
,
ac
co
u
n
tin
g
f
o
r
b
o
th
c
o
n
d
u
ctio
n
an
d
esti
m
ated
s
wit
ch
in
g
lo
s
s
es
at
th
i
s
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
[
3
3
]
.
Su
b
s
titu
tin
g
th
ese
v
alu
es in
to
(
2
4
)
.
=
25
∘
C
+
(
0
.
8
W
)
×
(
62
∘
C
/W
)
=
25
∘
C
+
49
.
6
∘
C
≈
74
.
6
∘
C
(
2
4
)
T
h
e
th
er
m
al
an
aly
s
is
y
ield
ed
a
ca
lcu
lated
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n
ctio
n
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
o
f
a
p
p
r
o
x
im
ately
7
5
°C
,
wh
ich
r
em
ain
s
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
lo
wer
th
an
t
h
e
I
R
F6
4
0
MO
SF
E
T
'
s
lim
it
o
f
1
5
0
°C
.
Su
ch
a
r
esu
lt
in
d
icat
es
th
at
th
e
s
y
s
tem
m
ain
tain
s
th
er
m
al
s
tab
ilit
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with
o
u
t
r
eq
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p
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.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
H
.
H
.
Y
a
n
g
a
n
d
C
.
C
.
W
u
,
“
E
f
f
i
c
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e
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c
y
i
m
p
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m
e
n
t
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sy
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m
v
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a
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s
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st
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n
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ma
t
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h
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n
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t
w
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r
k,
”
El
e
c
t
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n
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
2
,
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o
.
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3
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3
4
1
.
[
2
]
M
.
M
.
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a
e
m
u
r
a
a
n
d
A
.
A
.
W
e
n
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t
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a
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r
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n
,
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[
3
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J.
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[
4
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K
.
D
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mi
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a
d
o
u
,
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.
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g
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A
.
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y
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s,
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n,
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n
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r
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s
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3
3
9
0
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n
1
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0
4
2
0
5
7
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.