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Per
s
p
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tiv
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De
v
elo
p
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s
in
E
lectr
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ics,
J
SC
"Ka
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k
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ity
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to
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c
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m
p
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x
cir
c
u
it
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y
[
1
]
-
[
7
]
.
T
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[
8
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-
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].
A
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d
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[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
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.
T
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ap
p
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m
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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&
Dr
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I
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N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
A
n
ew b
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s
t LE
D
d
r
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(
Dzh
u
n
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s
b
ek
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r
la
n
)
603
d
r
awb
ac
k
o
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AC
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m
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th
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p
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ce
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f
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ea
r
c
u
r
r
en
t
r
e
g
u
lato
r
s
,
wh
ich
lea
d
to
p
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lo
s
s
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an
d
th
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m
al
d
is
s
ip
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is
s
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es.
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u
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tly
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m
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m
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a
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r
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d
L
E
D
Dr
iv
er
h
as b
ee
n
p
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o
p
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s
ed
[
2
2
]
-
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
is
d
esig
n
in
co
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p
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ates a
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ically
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eo
u
s
m
ain
s
v
o
ltag
e.
Ho
wev
er
,
to
co
m
p
e
n
s
ate
f
o
r
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
L
E
D
s
tr
in
g
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
t
h
e
v
ar
y
i
n
g
m
ai
n
s
v
o
ltag
e,
a
s
m
all
in
d
u
cto
r
an
d
an
o
p
tim
ized
s
witch
in
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
f
o
r
th
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
MO
SF
E
T
s
ar
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
.
T
h
e
s
witch
in
g
MO
SF
E
T
s
,
in
co
n
ju
n
ctio
n
with
t
h
e
in
d
u
cto
r
,
r
eg
u
late
th
e
o
v
er
all
cir
c
u
it
im
p
ed
an
ce
,
th
er
eb
y
c
o
n
tr
o
llin
g
th
e
in
p
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t.
T
h
is
au
x
iliar
y
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
h
an
d
les
o
n
ly
a
f
r
ac
tio
n
o
f
th
e
to
tal
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
an
d
o
p
er
ates
with
l
o
w
p
u
ls
e
v
o
ltag
e
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
m
ain
in
d
u
cto
r
a
n
d
p
o
we
r
s
witch
es
.
A
s
a
r
esu
lt,
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
L
E
D
d
r
iv
er
o
f
f
er
s
p
o
ten
tial f
o
r
cir
cu
it in
teg
r
atio
n
b
y
co
m
b
in
in
g
co
n
tr
o
l lo
g
i
c
an
d
p
o
wer
MO
SF
E
T
s
with
in
a
s
in
g
le
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
d
ev
i
ce
.
I
n
s
tu
d
ies
[
2
2
]
-
[
2
4
]
,
s
lo
w
L
E
D
s
tr
in
g
s
a
r
e
co
n
tr
o
lled
d
ir
ec
tly
b
y
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
,
wh
ich
p
o
s
es
p
r
o
b
lem
s
with
h
ar
d
s
witch
in
g
,
wh
ich
lim
i
ts
ef
f
icien
cy
,
E
MI
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
an
d
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
to
h
ig
h
-
p
o
wer
an
d
h
ig
h
-
v
o
ltag
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
o
elim
in
ate
h
ar
d
s
witch
in
g
o
f
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
,
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
f
ast
d
io
d
es
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
s
er
ies
with
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
h
as
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
[
2
5
]
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
lo
s
s
es in
th
e
d
io
d
e
s
r
ep
o
r
ted
in
[
2
5
]
ar
e
lim
ited
t
o
a
s
in
g
le
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
d
io
d
e
at
an
y
g
iv
e
n
tim
e,
th
e
lo
s
s
es
ar
e
n
ev
er
th
eless
h
ig
h
d
u
e
to
th
e
f
ac
t
th
at
h
ig
h
-
v
o
ltag
e
d
io
d
es
m
u
s
t
b
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
t
h
e
4
0
0
V
o
u
tp
u
t
L
E
D
lo
ad
.
E
f
f
icien
cy
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
s
f
o
r
h
i
g
h
-
p
o
wer
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
ty
p
ically
r
e
q
u
ir
e
s
u
b
d
iv
id
i
n
g
th
e
L
E
D
lo
a
d
in
t
o
m
an
y
s
m
all
s
tr
in
g
s
,
wh
ich
in
c
r
ea
s
es c
ir
cu
it c
o
m
p
lex
ity
an
d
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
o
we
r
d
ev
ices.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
th
er
e
r
em
ain
s
a
l
ac
k
o
f
L
E
D
d
r
iv
er
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
th
at
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
h
i
g
h
p
o
wer
o
p
er
atio
n
,
h
ig
h
ef
f
icien
c
y
,
an
d
co
m
p
ac
t,
in
teg
r
atio
n
-
f
r
ie
n
d
l
y
d
esig
n
s
wh
ile
m
ain
tain
in
g
lo
w
co
s
t
an
d
h
ig
h
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
ad
d
r
ess
es
th
is
g
ap
b
y
p
r
o
p
o
s
in
g
a
b
o
o
s
t
-
ty
p
e
h
y
b
r
id
L
E
D
d
r
iv
e
r
to
p
o
l
o
g
y
.
I
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
o
lu
tio
n
,
a
lim
ited
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
Sch
o
ttk
y
d
io
d
es
a
r
e
em
p
lo
y
e
d
to
r
ed
u
ce
c
o
n
d
u
ctio
n
lo
s
s
es,
wh
il
e
ze
r
o
-
cu
r
r
en
t q
u
asi
-
r
eso
n
an
t s
witch
in
g
(
QR
S)
is
im
p
lem
en
ted
to
f
u
r
th
er
m
i
n
im
ize
s
witch
in
g
lo
s
s
es.
E
v
en
a
m
ar
g
in
al
i
m
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
in
ef
f
icien
c
y
is
o
f
cr
itical
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
,
g
iv
en
t
h
e
ac
ce
ler
atin
g
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
L
E
D
lig
h
tin
g
ac
r
o
s
s
ap
p
licatio
n
s
th
at
wer
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ly
u
n
f
ea
s
ib
le.
Su
ch
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
ts
tr
an
s
late
in
to
s
u
b
s
tan
tial e
n
er
g
y
an
d
co
s
t sav
in
g
s
o
n
a
g
lo
b
al
s
ca
le.
2.
T
H
E
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
wo
m
o
d
if
ied
b
o
o
s
t
L
E
D
d
r
iv
er
s
wer
e
in
v
esti
g
ated
,
as
s
h
o
wn
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
d
r
iv
e
r
s
in
clu
d
e
d
y
n
am
ically
s
witch
ed
L
E
D
s
tr
in
g
s
,
as
well
as
Sch
o
ttk
y
d
i
o
d
es
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
s
er
ies
with
th
e
L
E
D
s
tr
in
g
s
.
Pro
v
id
ed
th
at
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
L
E
D
s
tr
in
g
s
d
o
es
n
o
t
ex
ce
e
d
th
r
ee
,
th
e
co
m
b
in
ed
c
o
n
d
u
ctio
n
lo
s
s
es
o
f
th
e
Sch
o
ttk
y
d
io
d
es
ar
e
less
th
an
th
e
lo
s
s
es
in
th
e
s
in
g
le
d
io
d
e
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
b
o
o
s
t
L
E
D
d
r
iv
er
.
Switch
in
g
lo
s
s
es in
Sch
o
ttk
y
d
io
d
es a
r
e
k
ep
t lo
w
d
u
e
to
th
e
QR
S o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
o
p
er
atin
g
in
th
e
C
r
C
M.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
o
o
s
t
L
E
D
d
r
iv
er
s
: (
a)
f
ir
s
t d
r
iv
er
a
n
d
(
b
)
s
ec
o
n
d
d
r
iv
e
r
I
n
th
is
wo
r
k
,
two
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
L
E
D
b
o
o
s
t
d
r
iv
er
s
wer
e
s
tu
d
ie
d
th
eo
r
etica
lly
an
d
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tally
.
T
h
e
d
r
iv
er
to
p
o
l
o
g
y
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
a)
in
clu
d
es
th
r
ee
ac
tiv
e
p
o
wer
tr
a
n
s
is
to
r
s
an
d
th
r
ee
p
r
o
tectiv
e
d
io
d
es
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
es
t
h
e
b
est
p
o
wer
f
ac
to
r
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
est
ef
f
icien
c
y
,
h
o
wev
er
,
was
ac
h
ie
v
ed
with
th
e
d
r
iv
er
to
p
o
lo
g
y
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
b
)
,
wh
ich
em
p
lo
y
s
two
ac
tiv
e
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
an
d
two
p
r
o
tectiv
e
d
io
d
es.
T
h
e
ap
p
ar
e
n
t
cir
cu
it
co
m
p
lex
ity
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
ca
n
b
e
ad
d
r
ess
ed
b
y
i
n
teg
r
atin
g
th
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l c
ir
c
u
itry
with
th
e
p
o
wer
s
witch
es.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
s
ec
tio
n
s
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
an
d
an
aly
ze
th
eir
o
p
e
r
atin
g
p
r
in
cip
les.
T
h
e
th
eo
r
etica
l
s
tu
d
y
is
lim
ited
to
th
e
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
o
f
a
c
o
m
p
u
ter
m
o
d
el.
T
h
e
h
y
s
ter
esis
cu
r
r
en
t
co
n
tr
o
l
in
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
m
o
d
e
(
C
C
M)
was
co
n
s
id
er
ed
f
o
r
s
im
p
licity
an
d
g
en
er
ality
.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
2
0
0
W
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
20
2
6
:
602
-
6
16
604
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
p
r
o
to
ty
p
es
wer
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
an
d
test
ed
.
A
C
r
C
M
wa
s
im
p
lem
en
ted
as
a
s
p
ec
ial
ca
s
e
o
f
th
e
h
y
s
ter
esis
co
n
tr
o
l.
A
c
o
m
p
ar
a
tiv
e
an
aly
s
is
was
co
n
d
u
cted
b
etwe
en
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
r
iv
e
r
s
a
n
d
a
c
o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
b
o
o
s
t
d
r
iv
er
with
h
ig
h
-
ef
f
icie
n
cy
in
an
in
d
u
s
tr
y
.
Fin
ally
,
k
ey
f
in
d
in
g
s
ar
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
,
a
n
d
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
.
2
.
1
.
T
he
f
irst
pro
po
s
ed
bo
o
s
t
L
E
D
driv
er
First,
th
e
b
o
o
s
t
L
E
D
d
r
iv
er
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
a)
is
an
al
y
ze
d
to
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
its
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
an
d
ad
v
an
tag
es.
T
h
e
o
p
er
atin
g
p
r
in
cip
le
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
r
iv
er
is
s
im
i
lar
to
th
at
o
f
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
L
E
D
d
r
i
v
e
r
d
escr
ib
ed
in
[
25
]
,
ex
ce
p
t
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
tectiv
e
d
io
d
es
D
1
-
D
3
ar
e
n
o
t
c
o
n
n
ec
te
d
in
s
er
ies
with
th
e
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
Q
1
-
Q
3
b
u
t
a
r
e
in
s
t
ea
d
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
s
er
ies
with
th
e
L
E
D
l
o
ad
s
eg
m
en
ts
L
E
D
1
-
LED
3
.
T
h
e
d
r
iv
er
o
p
er
atio
n
is
d
iv
id
e
d
in
to
d
is
cr
ete
o
p
er
atin
g
s
tag
es,
d
en
o
ted
as
Stag
e(
K)
,
d
u
r
in
g
w
h
ich
o
n
l
y
o
n
e
tr
a
n
s
is
to
r
Q
K
is
ac
tiv
ely
p
u
ls
e
-
wid
th
m
o
d
u
lated
at
an
y
g
iv
en
tim
e.
T
h
e
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
Q
1
-
Q
3
ar
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
s
witch
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
s
wi
tch
in
g
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e.
At
a
g
iv
en
in
s
tan
tan
eo
u
s
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
Vin
,
i
f
th
e
to
tal
f
o
r
war
d
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
th
e
L
E
Ds
m
ee
ts
th
e
co
n
d
itio
n
V
LED0
+V
LED1
+...+V
LED(K−
1)
<
Vin
<V
LE
D0
+V
LED1
+.
.
.
.
.
.
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,
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en
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ls
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r
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is
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:
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
Q
1
to
Q
(K−
1)
r
em
ain
in
th
e
cu
to
f
f
s
tate;
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
Q
(K
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to
Q
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ar
e
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
,
an
d
o
n
l
y
Q
(K)
ac
tiv
ely
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eg
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lates
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e
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p
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t.
Du
r
in
g
th
e
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tiv
e
Stag
e(
K)
,
wh
en
th
e
tr
an
s
is
to
r
Q
K
is
in
th
e
ON
-
s
ta
t
e,
th
e
in
d
u
cto
r
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
in
cr
ea
s
es
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
(
1
)
;
wh
en
th
e
tr
an
s
is
to
r
Q
K
is
in
th
e
OFF
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s
tate,
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e
in
d
u
ct
o
r
c
u
r
r
en
t
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
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co
r
d
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g
to
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I
n
th
is
m
an
n
er
,
th
e
in
p
u
t
c
u
r
r
en
t
is
r
eg
u
lated
with
in
p
r
ed
ef
i
n
ed
lim
its
.
=
−
1
−
⋯
−
(
−
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→
|
|
<
(
)
(
1
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=
−
1
+
⋯
+
(
−
1
)
+
(
)
−
→
|
|
<
(
)
(
2
)
Fo
r
th
e
ac
tiv
e
tr
a
n
s
is
to
r
Q
K
an
d
d
io
d
e
D
K
,
th
e
s
witch
in
g
v
o
ltag
e
am
p
litu
d
e
m
atch
es
th
e
s
tr
in
g
v
o
ltag
e
V
LED(K)
.
Fo
r
th
e
in
d
u
cto
r
L
,
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
am
p
litu
d
e
r
em
ai
n
s
lo
wer
th
an
V
LED(K)
,
as sh
o
wn
in
(
1
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a
n
d
(
2
)
.
Du
r
in
g
Stag
e
(
K
)
,
as
th
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
Vin
ex
ce
e
d
s
V
LED0
+V
LED1
+...+V
LED(K)
,
tr
an
s
is
to
r
Q
K
s
witch
es
OFF,
an
d
tr
an
s
is
to
r
Q
K+
1
b
e
g
i
n
s
PW
M
o
p
er
atio
n
,
tr
an
s
itio
n
i
n
g
th
e
d
r
iv
er
t
o
Stag
e
(
K+
1
)
.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
as
Vin
d
r
o
p
s
b
elo
w
V
LED0
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LED1
+...+V
LED(K
-
1)
d
u
r
in
g
Stag
e
(
K)
,
tr
an
s
is
to
r
Q
K
s
wi
tch
es
ON,
wh
ile
Q
K−
1
tak
e
s
o
v
er
th
e
s
witch
in
g
o
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er
atio
n
,
s
h
if
ti
n
g
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
r
i
v
er
in
to
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e
(
K−
1
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.
I
n
th
e
wo
r
k
[
2
2
]
,
to
in
c
r
ea
s
e
im
m
u
n
ity
to
n
o
is
e
an
d
f
o
r
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im
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licity
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it
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p
r
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p
o
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e
d
to
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ak
e
tr
an
s
itio
n
s
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etwe
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ased
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th
e
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r
r
en
t
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ig
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n
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t
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th
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t
v
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n
t
h
is
wo
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k
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th
e
f
o
llo
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g
cu
r
r
en
t
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n
tr
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l
tr
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n
s
itio
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p
r
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ce
d
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r
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p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
.
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f
d
u
r
i
n
g
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e
(
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th
e
in
d
u
cto
r
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
ex
ce
ed
s
t
h
e
u
p
p
e
r
th
r
esh
o
ld
w
h
ile
tr
an
s
is
to
r
Q
K
is
s
witch
ed
OFF,
tr
an
s
is
to
r
Q
K+
1
in
itiates
PW
M
o
p
er
atio
n
f
r
o
m
its
in
iti
al
ON
s
tate,
th
er
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y
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n
n
ec
ti
n
g
th
e
LED
K+
1
s
tr
in
g
to
co
u
n
ter
ac
t
f
u
r
th
er
cu
r
r
en
t
r
is
e.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
d
r
iv
er
en
ter
s
Stag
e
(
K
+
1
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.
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n
th
e
o
p
p
o
s
ite
ca
s
e,
if
th
e
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d
u
cto
r
cu
r
r
en
t
d
r
o
p
s
to
th
e
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th
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esh
o
ld
wh
ile
t
r
an
s
is
to
r
Q
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i
s
s
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tr
an
s
is
to
r
Q
K−
1
s
tar
ts
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M
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f
r
o
m
it
s
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itial
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s
tate
.
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h
e
LED
K
s
tr
in
g
r
em
ain
s
in
ac
tiv
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to
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u
n
ter
ac
t
th
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d
o
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n
war
d
cu
r
r
en
t
tr
e
n
d
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a
r
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lt,
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
r
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r
en
ter
s
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1
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.
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c
o
m
p
u
t
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m
o
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e
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el
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p
e
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to
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m
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la
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h
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t
p
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s
e
d
d
r
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v
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r
s
h
o
wn
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n
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
(
a
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,
w
h
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ch
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c
lu
d
es
th
r
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cti
v
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r
a
n
s
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o
r
s
.
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n
t
h
is
c
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
a
ti
o
n
,
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
l
ate
d
ci
r
cu
it
m
ai
n
ta
in
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p
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ls
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d
s
wit
ch
in
g
o
p
e
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at
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n
e
v
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n
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r
z
er
o
i
n
p
u
t
v
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g
e,
∣
V
in
∣
≈
0
.
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g
u
r
e
2
i
ll
u
s
tr
a
tes
t
h
e
im
p
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e
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tat
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h
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r
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l
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h
e
s
im
u
l
ati
o
n
s
et
u
p
co
n
s
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o
f
th
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p
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er
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ai
n
a
n
d
t
h
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
c
ir
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it.
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h
e
p
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r
tr
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in
c
lu
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n
p
u
t
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Vi
n
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h
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te
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c
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d
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r
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n
s
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.
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h
e
co
n
t
r
o
l
ci
r
c
u
it
im
p
le
m
e
n
ts
h
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t
e
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c
u
r
r
en
t
r
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g
u
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o
p
e
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at
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in
co
n
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o
u
s
c
o
n
d
u
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n
m
o
d
e
f
o
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g
en
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,
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n
d
ac
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v
es
PF
C
th
r
o
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g
h
d
i
r
e
ct
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eg
u
l
ati
o
n
o
f
t
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e
in
d
u
c
to
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c
u
r
r
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n
t
w
h
i
le
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n
ab
li
n
g
d
y
n
a
m
ic
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e
c
o
n
f
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o
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th
e
L
E
D
s
t
r
i
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g
s
.
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h
e
c
o
n
s
tr
u
cte
d
m
o
d
el
c
o
n
t
r
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l
f
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ll
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n
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ti
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C
ar
c
h
ite
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r
e
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as
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o
n
h
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s
t
e
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n
t
r
o
l
o
f
th
e
m
a
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n
d
u
ct
o
r
c
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r
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T
h
e
o
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er
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o
n
a
l
a
m
p
li
f
ier
U
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ets
t
h
e
u
p
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e
r
a
n
d
l
o
we
r
cu
r
r
e
n
t
t
h
r
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o
l
d
s
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_
h
i
g
h
a
n
d
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_
l
o
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p
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p
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o
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n
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t
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m
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r
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[
25
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.
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f
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o
o
s
t
L
E
D
d
r
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e
r
Fig
u
r
e
3
p
r
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th
e
s
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s
tate
wav
ef
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r
m
s
o
b
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r
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m
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im
u
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a
s
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g
le
h
alf
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er
io
d
o
f
th
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
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e.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
r
ed
u
ce
d
v
o
lt
ag
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s
win
g
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ac
r
o
s
s
in
d
u
cto
r
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p
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tr
a
n
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is
to
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Q
1
-
Q
3
,
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d
r
ec
tifie
r
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io
d
es
D
1
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D
3
.
T
h
e
d
io
d
e
v
o
ltag
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co
r
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
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tiv
e
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D
s
tr
in
g
v
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d
r
o
p
s
:
V
D1
=
1
3
6
V,
V
D2
=
1
3
3
V,
V
D3
=
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V.
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h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
o
f
th
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tr
an
s
is
to
r
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K
in
cr
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in
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m
d
r
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to
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f
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m
tr
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s
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3
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ich
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r
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v
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asis
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o
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ef
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icien
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tr
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s
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s
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n
th
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s
im
u
latio
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s
ce
n
ar
i
o
,
an
im
p
lem
en
tatio
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with
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tr
o
ly
tic
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p
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cito
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s
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en
s
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r
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a
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th
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ea
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ily
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ated
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o
ly
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ed
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m
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tr
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its
a
m
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o
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as
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ex
K
in
cr
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s
es
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ly
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r
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n
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m
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ig
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tr
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E
D
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ar
e
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ig
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ican
tly
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E
D
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ich
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ay
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e
b
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s
h
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Fig
u
r
e
3
,
as
th
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in
d
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r
c
u
r
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n
t
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ch
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p
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n
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t d
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ates
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ly
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(
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3
co
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s
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tin
g
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2
.
2
.
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he
s
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o
nd
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ed
b
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o
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t
L
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D
driv
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h
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d
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t
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t
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e
d
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r
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r
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s
h
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w
n
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
(
b
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,
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h
a
t
i
t
o
p
e
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tes
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t
h
tw
o
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t
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r
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,
Q
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n
d
Q
2
,
o
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e
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e
r
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h
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ce
o
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t
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t
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t
r
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a
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p
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s
k
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p
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o
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e
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D
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t
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o
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r
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t p
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ip
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s
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el
in
F
ig
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2
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h
e
s
am
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DE
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o
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ith
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ates
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u
cc
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lly
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esp
ite
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in
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tr
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d
r
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p
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ig
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r
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s
.
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h
e
s
witch
in
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am
p
litu
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es
o
f
two
ac
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e
t
r
an
s
is
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r
an
d
p
r
o
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e
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io
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ar
e
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e
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ce
d
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d
eq
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al
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e
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D
s
tr
in
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co
r
r
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d
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ly
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te
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h
e
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n
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s
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s
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ly
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g
t
o
th
e
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er
all
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o
n
d
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n
lo
s
s
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Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Simu
latio
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wav
ef
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r
m
s
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
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L
E
D
d
r
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r
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_
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g
h
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lo
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m
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ar
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/lo
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n
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2
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es D
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atin
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p
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als:
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s
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th
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ir
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ed
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as
s
h
o
wn
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Fig
u
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1
(
a)
;
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ed
d
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er
,
as
s
h
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wn
in
Fig
u
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1
(
b
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;
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s
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o
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n
al
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o
s
t
d
r
iv
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.
All
s
am
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les
in
co
r
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o
r
ate
p
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wer
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ac
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r
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r
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(
PF
C
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an
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wer
e
ass
em
b
led
o
n
a
s
in
g
le
p
r
in
ted
cir
cu
it
b
o
ar
d
to
en
a
b
le
r
eliab
le
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
g
en
er
al
elec
tr
ical
cir
cu
it
o
f
th
e
p
r
in
te
d
cir
cu
it
b
o
ar
d
f
o
r
all
test
s
am
p
les.
T
h
e
L
in
e
an
d
Neu
tr
al
ter
m
in
als
ar
e
to
b
e
c
o
n
n
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ted
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th
e
AC
m
ai
n
s
s
o
u
r
ce
,
w
h
ich
is
r
ec
tifie
d
b
y
th
e
d
io
d
e
b
r
id
g
e
Db
1
.
C
o
m
m
o
n
-
m
o
d
e
ch
o
k
es
L
F
1
an
d
L
F
2
ar
e
im
p
lem
en
te
d
at
th
e
in
p
u
t
to
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u
p
p
r
ess
co
n
d
u
cted
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
g
en
e
r
ated
b
y
th
e
L
E
D
d
r
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er
d
u
r
in
g
s
witch
in
g
o
p
er
atio
n
.
T
h
e
in
p
u
t
cir
cu
itr
y
o
f
th
e
b
o
ar
d
u
p
to
th
e
m
ain
in
d
u
cto
r
L
1
is
u
n
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er
s
al
ac
r
o
s
s
all
s
am
p
les.
T
h
e
r
ec
tifie
d
in
p
u
t
p
o
wer
is
t
h
en
p
r
o
c
ess
ed
b
y
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
th
r
ee
ass
em
b
led
d
r
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er
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
u
n
d
er
test
to
s
u
p
p
ly
t
h
e
L
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D
lo
a
d
with
p
o
wer
f
ac
t
o
r
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
(
PF
C
)
.
T
h
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
n
o
n
-
r
e
p
lace
ab
le
m
ag
n
etic
a
n
d
p
ass
iv
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co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
in
th
e
d
iag
r
am
.
Par
t
n
u
m
b
er
s
f
o
r
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
s
a
r
e
s
h
o
wn
in
th
e
d
iag
r
am
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
s
p
ec
if
ies th
e
o
u
tp
u
t sch
e
m
atics o
f
th
e
s
am
p
le
d
r
iv
er
s
,
with
t
h
e
p
o
wer
in
d
u
c
to
r
L
1
p
ar
am
eter
s
s
p
ec
if
ied
f
o
r
ea
ch
d
esig
n
.
T
h
e
tr
a
n
s
is
to
r
Q
d1
,
d
io
d
e
D
d1
,
an
d
ca
p
ac
ito
r
C
d1
f
o
r
m
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
th
e
c
o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
,
s
ee
Fig
u
r
e
7
(
a)
.
T
h
e
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
Q
1
-
Q
3
,
d
io
d
es
D
1
-
D
3
,
an
d
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
C
1
-
C
3
f
o
r
m
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
ir
s
t
L
E
D
d
r
iv
er
,
s
ee
Fig
u
r
e
7
(
b
)
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
r
iv
er
is
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
b
y
elim
in
atin
g
th
e
tr
an
s
is
to
r
Q
1
an
d
s
h
o
r
t
-
cir
cu
itin
g
th
e
d
io
d
e
D
1
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
7
(
c)
.
I
n
d
u
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r
L
1
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s
elec
t
ed
in
d
iv
id
u
ally
f
o
r
ea
ch
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am
p
le
to
ac
co
u
n
t
f
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r
d
if
f
er
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s
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n
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e
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ip
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1
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a
n
d
L
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3
s
tr
in
g
s
s
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in
Fig
u
r
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6
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e
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
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lec
&
Dr
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s
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,
Vo
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1
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,
No
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1
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ates
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r
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g
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an
d
QR
S.
An
y
s
tan
d
ar
d
C
r
C
M
co
n
tr
o
ller
p
r
o
v
i
d
in
g
p
o
wer
f
ac
t
o
r
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
an
d
QR
S
ca
n
b
e
em
p
lo
y
ed
,
as
th
e
ch
o
ice
o
f
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
co
n
tr
o
ller
d
o
es
n
o
t
af
f
ec
t
th
e
co
n
cl
u
s
io
n
s
o
f
th
is
p
ap
er
.
T
h
e
s
am
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
ap
p
lied
to
th
e
o
th
e
r
two
d
r
iv
er
s
f
o
r
a
f
air
c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
e
n
t
ly
,
two
in
p
u
t
f
ilter
ch
o
k
es
,
L
F
1
a
n
d
L
F
2
,
wer
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
,
f
o
llo
win
g
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
p
r
ac
tice,
to
r
ed
u
ce
cu
r
r
en
t
r
i
p
p
le
in
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
d
r
iv
e
r
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
co
m
p
u
ter
m
o
d
els
em
p
l
o
y
h
y
s
ter
esis
cu
r
r
en
t
c
o
n
tr
o
l
f
o
r
g
e
n
er
ality
,
all
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
s
am
p
les
o
p
e
r
at
e
in
C
r
C
M
m
o
d
e
as
a
s
p
ec
ial
ca
s
e
to
tak
e
ad
v
an
tag
e
o
f
Z
C
S
an
d
QR
S.
I
m
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
C
r
C
M
m
o
d
e
is
n
o
p
r
o
b
lem
f
o
r
t
h
e
d
e
v
e
lo
p
ed
co
n
tr
o
l
cir
c
u
it
an
d
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
tr
an
s
itio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
b
etwe
en
o
p
er
atio
n
a
l
s
tag
es.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
cir
cu
it
r
e
m
ain
s
u
n
iv
er
s
al
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
s
am
p
les,
r
eq
u
ir
in
g
n
o
r
ea
d
ju
s
tm
en
ts
o
r
ad
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itio
n
al
tu
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g
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
T
h
e
elec
tr
ical
s
ch
em
e
o
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e
e
x
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p
r
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ir
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it b
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(
a)
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b
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(
c)
F
i
g
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r
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E
l
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r
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;
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d
L
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d
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v
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r
;
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(
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T
h
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p
r
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f
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iv
id
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atter
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Fig
u
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.
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r
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co
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r
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was
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et
to
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µH
with
a
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e.
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co
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tr
ast,
th
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p
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if
ican
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ly
s
m
aller
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u
r
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C
alcu
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in
s
tan
tan
eo
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s
PW
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f
r
eq
u
en
cy
o
f
s
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p
les with
in
h
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o
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th
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lin
e
p
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i
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ash
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ash
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-
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ir
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t p
r
o
p
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d
r
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o
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lin
e
-
s
ec
o
n
d
p
r
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p
o
s
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d
r
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e
r
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d
d
o
tte
d
lin
e
-
7
6
k
Hz
I
n
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
L
E
D
d
r
iv
er
s
am
p
les,
q
u
asi
-
r
eso
n
an
t
s
witch
in
g
an
d
d
y
n
am
ic
L
E
D
-
s
eg
m
en
t
r
ec
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
ized
with
th
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
wer
e
ac
h
iev
ed
as
f
o
llo
ws.
T
h
e
s
a
m
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
cr
itical
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
m
o
d
e
PW
M
co
n
tr
o
ller
with
QR
S
as
th
at
u
s
ed
in
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
d
r
iv
er
s
am
p
le
was
im
p
lem
en
ted
.
I
n
ty
p
ical
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
,
QR
S
ca
n
b
e
r
ea
lized
u
s
in
g
d
if
f
er
en
t
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
s
u
ch
as
in
tr
o
d
u
cin
g
a
tim
e
d
elay
af
ter
t
h
e
in
d
u
cto
r
c
u
r
r
en
t
r
ea
ch
es
ze
r
o
o
r
d
etec
tin
g
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
v
alley
v
ia
th
e
a
u
x
iliar
y
win
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
in
d
u
cto
r
.
T
h
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
c
h
o
ice
o
f
th
e
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
is
n
o
t
cr
it
ical
to
th
e
m
ain
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
is
p
ap
e
r
;
h
o
wev
er
,
it
is
es
s
en
tial
th
at
th
e
s
am
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
b
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
all
s
am
p
les
u
n
d
er
test
in
o
r
d
er
to
em
p
lo
y
an
id
en
tical
QR
s
witch
in
g
p
r
in
cip
le,
th
e
r
eb
y
en
s
u
r
in
g
co
n
s
is
ten
t
test
co
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
a
r
eliab
le
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
.
W
ith
in
th
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
th
e
PW
M
s
ig
n
al
was
g
en
er
ated
b
y
a
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
an
alo
g
cir
cu
i
t
co
m
p
r
is
in
g
in
p
u
t
-
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
in
d
u
cto
r
-
c
u
r
r
en
t
s
en
s
in
g
am
p
lifie
r
s
,
h
y
s
ter
esis
co
m
p
ar
ato
r
s
,
an
d
a
f
lip
-
f
l
o
p
tr
i
g
g
er
.
T
h
e
r
esu
ltin
g
PW
M
s
ig
n
al
was
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
to
th
e
MO
SF
E
T
g
ate
d
r
iv
er
s
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
th
e
s
tag
e
p
o
we
r
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
.
Stag
e
s
elec
tio
n
an
d
L
E
D
s
tr
in
g
r
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
wer
e
h
a
n
d
led
b
y
a
lo
w
-
co
s
t
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ll
er
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
a
DE
MU
X
f
u
n
ctio
n
,
as
d
escr
ib
ed
in
s
u
b
s
ec
tio
n
2
.
1
,
wh
ich
en
ab
les
o
r
d
is
ab
les
th
e
co
r
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
in
g
MO
SF
E
T
g
ate
d
r
iv
er
s
.
T
h
e
m
icr
o
co
n
t
r
o
l
ler
o
p
er
ated
ex
clu
s
iv
ely
as
a
s
lo
w
s
u
p
er
v
is
o
r
y
u
n
it
at
t
h
e
m
a
in
s
-
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
tim
e
s
ca
le
an
d
d
i
d
n
o
t
g
e
n
er
ate
PW
M
s
ig
n
als,
ex
ec
u
te
f
ast
co
n
tr
o
l
l
o
o
p
s
,
o
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
ig
n
al
co
n
d
itio
n
in
g
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
e
in
ter
n
al
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
u
p
er
v
is
o
r
y
lo
g
ic
d
o
es n
o
t in
f
lu
en
ce
th
e
o
p
er
atin
g
p
r
in
cip
le
,
s
tead
y
-
s
tate
b
eh
av
io
r
,
o
r
th
e
e
x
p
er
im
en
tal
r
esu
lts
r
ep
o
r
ted
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
e
x
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
a
l
a
r
r
a
n
g
e
m
e
n
t
i
s
i
ll
u
s
t
r
at
e
d
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
9
.
T
h
e
d
r
i
v
e
r
u
n
d
e
r
t
e
s
t
w
as
p
o
we
r
e
d
b
y
a
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
a
b
l
e
A
C
m
a
i
n
s
s
o
u
r
c
e
(
C
h
r
o
m
a
6
1
5
0
2
)
a
n
d
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
t
o
o
u
t
p
u
t
L
E
D
s
t
r
i
n
g
s
.
Al
l
d
r
i
v
e
r
t
o
p
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
w
e
r
e
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
e
d
o
n
a
s
i
n
g
l
e
p
r
i
n
t
e
d
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
b
o
a
r
d
t
o
e
n
s
u
r
e
i
d
e
n
t
i
c
a
l
el
e
c
t
r
ic
a
l
l
a
y
o
u
t
,
i
n
p
u
t
f
i
l
t
e
r
i
n
g
,
t
h
e
r
m
a
l
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
,
a
n
d
m
e
as
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
,
t
h
e
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y
e
n
a
b
l
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g
a
f
a
i
r
a
n
d
r
e
p
e
a
t
a
b
l
e
c
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
.
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u
r
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t
i
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o
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e
d
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t
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d
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s
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g
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z
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d
at
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h
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u
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ess
f
u
lly
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lem
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ts
Z
C
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n
d
QR
S
f
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r
b
o
th
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Q
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,
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le
1
p
r
esen
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s
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ate
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o
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ed
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.
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h
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d
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iv
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atin
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is
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r
r
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ately
3
W
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1
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ated
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e
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ab
le
2
p
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e
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u
r
e
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t
o
f
t
h
e
d
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’
s
in
p
u
t
c
u
r
r
en
t
c
o
m
p
ar
e
d
with
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
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e
n
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o
f
I
E
C
6
1
0
0
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3
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2
C
lass
C
f
o
r
lig
h
tin
g
e
q
u
ip
m
en
t.
Fig
u
r
e
1
5
(
a)
p
r
esen
t
s
th
e
p
o
wer
f
ac
to
r
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
.
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h
e
p
o
wer
f
a
cto
r
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
r
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v
er
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s
wo
r
s
en
ed
b
y
s
k
ip
m
o
d
e
an
d
b
y
in
p
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t
d
is
to
r
tio
n
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
tr
an
s
itio
n
p
r
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ce
s
s
Stag
e(
1
)
↔
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2
)
.
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h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
p
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wer
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ac
to
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0
.
9
5
8
,
T
HD
is
1
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6
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t V
in
=
2
3
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Vac
a
n
d
P
in
=
1
9
5
W
.
Fin
ally
,
Fig
u
r
e
1
5
(
b
)
co
m
p
ar
e
s
th
e
ef
f
icien
cies
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
d
co
n
v
en
tio
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al
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t
d
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.
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h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
p
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p
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s
ed
d
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em
o
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tr
ates
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ig
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ican
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h
ig
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e
f
f
icien
cy
at
b
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th
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an
d
h
i
g
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ad
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o
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wer
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y
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am
ic
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d
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ctio
n
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s
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es.
T
h
is
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
is
attr
ib
u
ted
t
o
th
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
v
o
lt
ag
e
d
r
o
p
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
two
Sch
o
ttk
y
d
io
d
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co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
th
e
MU
R
F8
6
0
r
ec
tifie
r
u
s
ed
in
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
d
r
iv
er
.
At
l
o
ad
s
b
el
o
w
8
0
W
,
th
e
f
o
r
war
d
v
o
ltag
e
d
r
o
p
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
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E
D
lo
ad
d
ec
r
ea
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es.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
at
a
h
ig
h
in
p
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t
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e
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f
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7
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th
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p
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k
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d
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o
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e
ex
c
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d
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th
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L
E
D
lo
ad
v
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ltag
e,
w
h
ich
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en
s
th
e
p
o
wer
f
ac
to
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.
Sin
ce
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
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D
lo
ad
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o
m
e
s
u
n
r
eg
u
lated
,
e
f
f
icien
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m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
at
2
7
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d
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b
elo
w
8
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W
wer
e
n
o
t p
er
f
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m
e
d
f
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r
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p
r
o
p
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s
ed
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r
th
e
co
n
v
en
ti
o
n
al
d
r
i
v
er
(
s
ee
Fig
u
r
es 1
3
an
d
1
5
)
.
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