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g
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ss
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WR)
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s
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c
c
o
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t
fo
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h
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ly
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led
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se
s
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p
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s.
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risk
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d
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m
a
n
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m
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t
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s
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n
ifi
c
a
n
t
d
e
term
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a
n
ts
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g
p
re
v
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le
n
c
e
a
m
o
n
g
to
d
d
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in
M
a
lan
g
.
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ro
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g
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ti
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w
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t
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c
iate
d
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ti
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g
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tes
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in
g
s
u
n
d
e
rsc
o
re
th
e
imp
o
rtan
c
e
o
f
targ
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ter
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d
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tal
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a
lt
h
a
n
d
sa
n
i
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t
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a
l
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ra
ti
n
g
g
e
o
s
p
a
t
ial
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n
a
ly
sis
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h
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WR
m
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d
e
li
n
g
,
th
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y
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ig
h
li
g
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ts
th
e
s
p
a
ti
a
l
h
e
tero
g
e
n
e
it
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o
f
st
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n
ti
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g
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e
term
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a
n
ts,
p
ro
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g
e
v
id
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c
e
to
g
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id
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o
m
m
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n
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s
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ifi
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ro
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d
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a
ti
o
n
p
ra
c
ti
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e
s
a
n
d
p
r
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p
e
r
h
o
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se
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ld
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m
a
n
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g
e
m
e
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t
a
re
c
rit
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l
to
re
d
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c
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g
to
d
d
ler stu
n
ti
n
g
i
n
a
re
a
s with
c
lu
ste
re
d
r
isk
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Geo
g
r
ap
h
ically
weig
h
ted
r
eg
r
ess
io
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Hea
lth
ca
r
e
Hea
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Hy
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San
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T
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rticle
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CC B
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C
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:
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m
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A
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lim
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ter
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s
Pro
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am
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Dev
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Un
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co
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I
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I
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8
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6
Geo
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p
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d
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o
f to
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111
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ea
s
e.
B
esid
es,
Ma
lan
g
r
eg
en
c
y
is
q
u
ite
lar
g
e
with
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
to
p
o
g
r
a
p
h
y
(
h
av
in
g
l
o
w,
m
ed
i
u
m
,
a
n
d
h
ig
h
la
n
d
s
.
I
t
h
as
a
p
lu
r
ality
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
o
cial
p
atter
n
s
o
f
s
o
c
iety
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
s
tu
n
tin
g
is
lo
ca
lly
s
p
ec
if
ic
t
o
th
e
r
eg
io
n
,
s
u
ch
as
a
v
illag
e
o
r
s
u
b
-
d
is
tr
ict.
I
t
is
ass
i
s
ted
b
y
th
e
s
tatis
ti
ca
l
an
aly
s
is
th
at
ca
n
ex
p
lai
n
th
e
p
atter
n
with
g
eo
g
r
a
p
h
ically
weig
h
ted
r
eg
r
e
s
s
io
n
(
GW
R
)
an
aly
s
is
.
Go
o
d
s
an
itatio
n
p
r
o
tects
ch
ild
r
en
f
r
o
m
d
ev
el
o
p
m
e
n
tal
d
el
ay
s
[
3
]
.
Po
o
r
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
tal
h
y
g
ien
e
ca
n
tr
ig
g
er
d
ig
esti
v
e
d
is
o
r
d
er
s
,
ca
u
s
in
g
th
e
en
er
g
y
n
ee
d
e
d
f
o
r
g
r
o
wth
to
d
i
v
er
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
b
o
d
y
’
s
ab
ilit
y
to
d
e
f
en
d
ag
ain
s
t
in
f
ec
tio
n
[
4
]
.
Po
o
r
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
h
ea
lth
m
ay
lead
to
in
f
ec
tio
u
s
d
is
ea
s
es
th
at
ca
n
ca
u
s
e
n
u
tr
itio
n
al
d
is
o
r
d
er
s
in
ch
ild
r
en
[
5
]
.
C
h
r
o
n
ic
in
f
ec
tio
n
s
ca
n
ca
u
s
e
g
r
o
wth
r
etar
d
atio
n
in
ch
ild
r
en
[
6
]
,
an
d
th
o
s
e
with
a
h
is
to
r
y
o
f
in
f
ec
tio
u
s
d
is
ea
s
es
ar
e
at
r
is
k
o
f
g
r
o
wth
r
etar
d
ati
o
n
[
7
]
.
B
esid
es,
s
ev
er
al
s
t
u
d
ies
o
n
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
s
tu
n
tin
g
in
to
d
d
ler
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t.
L
ak
s
o
n
o
an
d
Me
g
atsar
i
[
8
]
s
tate
th
at
f
o
u
r
d
eter
m
in
an
t
v
a
r
iab
les
ca
u
s
e
s
tu
n
tin
g
in
to
d
d
ler
s
:
r
esid
en
ce
,
ag
e,
th
e
m
o
th
er
’
s
ag
e,
an
d
th
e
m
o
th
er
’
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
le
v
el.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
lack
o
f
ex
clu
s
iv
e
b
r
ea
s
tf
ee
d
i
n
g
f
o
r
in
f
an
ts
ca
n
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
ch
an
ce
s
o
f
s
h
o
r
t
t
o
d
d
ler
s
[
9
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
i
n
g
to
th
e
r
esear
ch
co
n
d
u
cte
d
b
y
Pra
m
o
ed
y
o
et
a
l.
[
1
0
]
,
in
Ma
lan
g
,
th
e
d
o
m
i
n
an
t
f
ac
to
r
s
ca
u
s
in
g
s
t
u
n
tin
g
ar
e
ex
clu
s
iv
e
b
r
ea
s
tf
ee
d
in
g
,
w
h
ich
is
o
n
ly
g
iv
en
f
o
r
1
-
5
m
o
n
th
s
,
ac
ce
s
s
to
clea
n
d
r
i
n
k
in
g
wate
r
,
ac
c
ess
to
an
in
teg
r
ated
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
ce
n
ter
,
an
d
p
o
o
r
h
a
n
d
wash
in
g
h
ab
its
.
R
esear
ch
o
n
s
tu
n
tin
g
to
d
d
ler
s
u
s
in
g
th
e
G
W
R
m
eth
o
d
w
as
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ly
co
n
d
u
cted
b
y
Kar
tin
i
an
d
Um
m
ah
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
d
ata
wer
e
tak
en
f
r
o
m
to
d
d
ler
s
in
th
e
city
o
f
B
o
jo
n
eg
o
r
o
.
T
h
ey
also
u
s
ed
th
e
m
u
ltiv
ar
iate
ad
a
p
tiv
e
r
e
g
r
ess
io
n
s
p
lin
es
(
MA
R
S)
m
eth
o
d
in
th
eir
r
esear
ch
as
a
c
o
m
p
ar
i
s
o
n
with
th
e
GW
R
m
eth
o
d
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
b
tain
ed
a
r
e
f
r
o
m
u
s
in
g
th
e
MA
R
D
m
eth
o
d
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
m
o
d
el
R
-
s
q
u
ar
e
is
b
etter
.
W
h
ile
th
e
GW
R
m
o
d
el
is
b
ig
g
er
t
h
an
MA
R
S
,
ev
en
th
o
u
g
h
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
in
n
u
m
b
e
r
is
n
o
t
th
at
g
r
ea
t
[
1
1
]
.
Pu
tr
i
an
d
Salam
ah
[
1
2
]
also
co
n
d
u
cted
o
th
e
r
r
esear
ch
o
n
GW
R
m
o
d
elin
g
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
eir
s
tu
d
y
s
tated
th
at
th
e
GW
R
m
o
d
el
h
ad
a
h
ig
h
e
r
co
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
d
eter
m
in
atio
n
(
R
2
)
o
f
9
2
.
2
5
%
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
OL
S,
wh
ich
was
o
n
ly
5
6
.
1
%.
T
h
e
AI
C
v
alu
e
g
en
er
ated
in
th
e
GW
R
m
o
d
el
is
also
s
m
aller
th
an
t
h
e
AI
C
in
t
h
e
OL
S,
wh
ich
is
-
6
4
.
4
2
8
4
f
o
r
th
e
GW
R
m
o
d
el
an
d
-
1
8
.
7
7
8
7
f
o
r
th
e
OL
S
m
o
d
el
[
1
2
]
.
C
h
o
lid
et
a
l.
[
1
3
]
also
co
n
d
u
cted
a
s
tu
d
y
o
n
s
tu
n
tin
g
to
d
d
ler
s
u
s
in
g
GW
R
,
wh
ich
s
tated
th
at
th
e
GW
R
m
o
d
el
was
b
etter
u
s
ed
to
m
o
d
el
ca
s
es
o
f
s
tu
n
tin
g
to
d
d
ler
s
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia
c
o
m
p
a
r
e
d
to
u
s
in
g
th
e
OL
S
m
o
d
el
b
ec
au
s
e
s
p
atial
d
iv
er
s
ity
is
a
n
o
n
-
s
tatio
n
ar
y
p
r
o
ce
s
s
with
v
ar
y
in
g
v
a
r
ian
ce
b
etwe
e
n
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
ar
ea
s
with
th
e
g
r
ea
ter
m
o
d
el,
wh
ic
h
is
6
7
.
3
1
%.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
,
th
is
r
esear
ch
aim
s
to
ex
am
in
e
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
tu
n
tin
g
to
d
d
ler
s
in
Ma
lan
g
an
d
is
ex
p
ec
ted
t
o
ass
is
t
f
u
r
th
er
r
ese
ar
ch
in
m
o
d
elin
g
ca
s
es
o
f
s
tu
n
tin
g
to
d
d
ler
s
b
y
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
a
r
ea
o
f
s
p
atial
asp
ec
ts
u
s
in
g
GW
R
,
wh
ich
h
as n
o
t b
ee
n
f
o
u
n
d
in
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
m
eth
o
d
u
s
es
q
u
an
titativ
e
an
d
q
u
alitativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
with
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
d
in
te
r
v
iew
d
ata
co
llectio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
b
y
f
illi
n
g
o
u
t
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
an
d
o
b
s
er
v
in
g
o
b
jects
in
th
e
f
ield
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
wa
s
co
n
d
u
cte
d
in
Ma
la
n
g
f
r
o
m
J
an
u
ar
y
to
Ma
r
c
h
2
0
2
1
.
T
h
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
was
h
o
u
s
ewiv
es
o
r
m
ar
r
ie
d
g
ir
ls
b
etwe
en
t
h
e
a
g
es
o
f
1
8
t
o
6
5
y
ea
r
s
an
d
t
o
d
d
ler
s
w
h
o
to
o
k
p
ar
t
in
weig
h
in
g
o
p
er
atio
n
s
at
th
e
in
teg
r
ate
d
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
ce
n
ter
.
R
esp
o
n
d
en
t
s
co
n
s
is
t
o
f
s
ev
er
al
v
ar
iab
les,
wh
ich
ar
e;
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t'
s
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
with
th
e
h
ea
d
o
f
th
e
f
am
ily
,
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t'
s
ag
e,
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t'
s
h
o
m
e
s
tatu
s
,
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t'
s
lates
t
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
h
a
v
in
g
th
e
ce
r
tific
ate
o
f
d
is
ab
ilit
y
(
SKTM
)
an
d
r
eg
io
n
al
h
ea
lth
in
s
u
r
an
ce
(
J
AM
KE
SDA)
,
ch
ild
o
wn
er
s
h
ip
,
an
d
th
e
m
em
b
er
o
f
ch
ild
r
e
n
g
r
o
u
p
ed
b
y
ag
e
(
<2
y
ea
r
s
o
ld
,
2
-
5
y
ea
r
s
o
ld
,
6
-
1
2
y
ea
r
s
,
an
d
>1
2
y
ea
r
s
o
ld
)
.
T
o
d
d
ler
s
wh
o
ar
e
th
e
o
b
ject
o
f
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
a
r
e
ch
ild
r
en
ag
ed
2
4
-
5
9
m
o
n
th
s
wh
o
h
av
e
ka
r
tu
men
u
j
u
s
eh
a
t
(
KM
S).
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
was
ad
m
in
is
ter
ed
to
3
,
0
0
0
p
e
o
p
le
wh
o
wer
e
r
an
d
o
m
l
y
s
elec
ted
f
r
o
m
7
5
d
is
tr
icts
/v
illag
es
in
3
3
d
is
tr
icts
o
f
Ma
lan
g
.
Data
o
n
in
f
an
ts
with
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
tal
d
elay
s
we
r
e
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
2
0
2
1
in
f
an
t
weig
h
in
g
o
p
e
r
atio
n
i
n
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t'
s
ar
ea
an
d
wer
e
v
er
if
ied
b
ased
o
n
r
esid
en
ce
s
tatu
s
an
d
in
f
an
t
m
ed
ical
h
is
to
r
y
.
Qu
esti
o
n
n
air
e
d
ata
f
r
o
m
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
t
in
ter
v
iews
wer
e
en
ter
ed
in
to
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
h
ea
lth
r
is
k
ass
ess
m
en
t
(
E
HR
A)
ap
p
licatio
n
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
DOSb
o
x
0
.
7
4
an
d
E
p
iData
3
.
1
.
T
h
e
d
ata
wer
e
th
en
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
u
s
in
g
SP
SS
to
o
b
tain
d
if
f
er
en
t
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
in
th
e
i
n
d
ex
,
tab
u
lar
,
an
d
g
r
ap
h
ical
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
th
e
h
ea
lth
r
is
k
ar
ea
s
.
T
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
o
f
h
ea
lth
r
is
k
is
ex
p
r
ess
ed
in
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
a
h
ea
lth
r
is
k
in
d
ex
,
wh
ic
h
is
d
ef
in
e
d
as th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
o
r
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
h
ea
l
th
r
is
k
b
ased
o
n
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
an
E
HR
A.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
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8
0
6
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
1
,
M
ar
ch
20
26
:
1
1
0
-
1
17
112
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
o
b
tain
ed
wer
e
th
e
wiv
es
o
f
th
e
h
ea
d
o
f
a
f
am
ily
o
f
2
,
0
1
9
p
eo
p
l
e
(
7
0
.
3
%),
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
wer
e
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
4
5
y
ea
r
s
o
ld
,
as
m
a
n
y
as
1
.
4
1
5
p
eo
p
le
(
4
7
.
1
7
%)
,
an
d
th
er
e
wer
e
4
3
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
(
1
.
4
%)
wh
o
wer
e
less
th
an
2
0
y
ea
r
s
o
ld
.
T
o
d
d
ler
s
wh
o
u
n
d
er
wen
t
weig
h
in
g
o
p
er
atio
n
s
wer
e
3
6
,
5
8
5
to
d
d
ler
s
,
f
o
r
ab
o
u
t
5
,
1
6
1
wer
e
s
tu
n
ted
(
7
%).
T
h
e
s
tu
n
tin
g
ca
teg
o
r
y
was
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
z
-
s
co
r
e
f
o
r
T
B
/U<
-
2
SD
an
d
n
o
r
m
al
if
T
B
/U
≥
2
SD.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
r
esu
l
ts
o
f
th
e
s
an
itatio
n
r
is
k
in
d
ex
(
R
I
S)
ca
lcu
latio
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
,
it
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
th
at
th
e
h
ig
h
est
r
is
k
is
in
th
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
h
u
m
an
f
ec
es
d
is
p
o
s
al,
wh
ich
s
h
o
ws
a
v
alu
e
o
f
6
6
.
3
6
.
T
h
e
n
ex
t
h
ig
h
est is
th
e
waste
co
m
p
o
n
en
t,
wh
ic
h
s
h
o
ws a
v
alu
e
o
f
5
1
.
4
6
.
T
h
e
l
o
west r
is
k
in
d
ex
is
f
o
r
th
e
wate
r
s
o
u
r
ce
co
m
p
o
n
en
t,
wh
ich
s
h
o
ws a
v
alu
e
o
f
5
.
5
.
T
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
s
an
itatio
n
r
is
k
on
th
e
in
cid
en
ce
o
f
s
tu
n
ti
n
g
ca
s
es
in
Ma
lan
g
s
h
o
ws
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
,
s
o
with
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
v
al
u
e
o
f
th
e
s
an
itatio
n
r
is
k
in
d
ex
,
th
e
i
n
cid
en
ce
o
f
s
tu
n
tin
g
h
as th
e
p
o
ten
tial to
in
cr
ea
s
e.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
C
o
m
p
o
n
en
t
d
iag
r
am
o
f
th
e
R
I
S in
Ma
lan
g
2
0
2
1
3
.
1
.
Ana
ly
s
is
o
f
t
he
s
ig
nifica
nt
s
a
nita
t
io
n
risk
ind
ex
wit
h
t
he
incid
e
nce
o
f
s
t
un
t
i
ng
us
i
ng
t
he
G
WR
m
o
del
T
h
e
GW
R
m
eth
o
d
is
a
n
ev
o
lu
tio
n
o
f
lin
ea
r
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
i
n
wh
ich
ea
ch
p
ar
am
eter
is
ca
lcu
lat
ed
at
ea
ch
lo
ca
tio
n
p
o
in
t,
s
u
ch
th
at
ea
c
h
g
eo
g
r
a
p
h
ical
p
o
in
t
h
as
a
d
if
f
er
en
t
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
p
ar
am
ete
r
v
alu
e
an
d
ea
ch
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
lo
ca
tio
n
h
as
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
lo
ca
l
v
ar
iab
les.
GW
R
m
o
d
elin
g
u
s
es
f
ix
ed
Gau
s
s
ian
k
er
n
el
weig
h
ts
with
an
o
p
tim
al
b
an
d
wid
th
o
f
1
,
8
8
7
2
,
5
5
5
.
T
h
e
b
an
d
wid
t
h
v
al
u
e
in
d
icate
s
th
at
o
n
e
d
is
tr
ict/v
illag
e
in
ter
ac
ts
with
an
o
th
er
d
is
tr
ict/v
illag
e
with
in
1
8
,
8
7
2
k
m
.
T
h
e
q
u
ality
o
f
th
e
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
m
o
d
el
ca
n
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
th
e
R
2
v
alu
es.
T
h
e
R
2
v
al
u
e
was
lar
g
er
th
an
t
h
at
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
m
o
d
el
a
n
d
c
o
u
ld
b
etter
ex
p
lain
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
h
y
g
ien
e
r
is
k
s
o
n
s
tu
n
tin
g
in
Ma
lan
g
.
T
ab
le
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
lin
ea
r
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
m
o
d
el
(
o
r
d
in
ar
y
least
s
q
u
ar
es)
an
d
th
e
m
o
d
el
f
it
m
ea
s
u
r
es g
en
er
ated
b
y
th
e
GW
R
.
B
ased
o
n
T
ab
le
1
,
th
e
c
o
m
p
ar
i
s
o
n
o
f
th
e
v
alu
e
cr
iter
ia
an
d
AI
C
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
two
m
o
d
el
s
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
GW
R
m
o
d
el
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
b
etter
th
an
th
e
OL
S
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
m
o
d
el.
T
h
e
GW
R
m
o
d
el
is
ab
le
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
g
o
o
d
n
ess
-
of
-
f
it
v
alu
e
wh
ile
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
th
e
AI
C
v
alu
e.
I
n
g
en
er
al,
th
e
R
²
v
al
u
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
th
e
GW
R
m
o
d
el
is
h
ig
h
er
th
an
th
at
o
f
th
e
lin
ea
r
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
m
o
d
el
(
OL
S).
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
th
e
O
L
S
m
o
d
el
y
ield
s
an
R
²
o
f
3
2
.
5
3
%,
wh
er
ea
s
t
h
e
G
W
R
m
o
d
el
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
a
n
R
²
o
f
5
2
.
2
5
%.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
s
u
g
g
ests
t
h
at
th
e
G
W
R
m
o
d
el
is
m
o
r
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
f
o
r
m
o
d
eli
n
g
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
th
e
San
itatio
n
R
is
k
I
n
d
ex
o
n
th
e
in
cid
en
ce
o
f
s
tu
n
tin
g
am
o
n
g
to
d
d
ler
s
in
Ma
la
n
g
.
T
h
e
R
²
v
al
u
e
in
d
icate
s
th
at
5
2
.
2
5
%
o
f
th
e
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
in
s
tu
n
tin
g
in
cid
en
ce
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
lai
n
ed
b
y
th
e
San
itatio
n
R
is
k
I
n
d
ex
,
wh
ile
th
e
r
em
ai
n
in
g
4
7
.
7
5
%
i
s
attr
ib
u
ted
to
o
th
e
r
f
ac
t
o
r
s
b
e
y
o
n
d
th
e
v
ar
iab
les
co
n
s
id
er
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
T
o
ex
am
in
e
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
th
e
s
an
itatio
n
r
is
k
e
f
f
ec
t
o
n
s
tu
n
tin
g
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
en
t r
eg
io
n
al
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
a
p
ar
tial
test
was
co
n
d
u
cted
u
s
in
g
th
e
t
-
test
s
tatis
t
ic
f
o
r
ea
ch
p
a
r
am
eter
in
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
ar
ea
s
(
d
is
tr
icts
/v
illag
es).
At
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
lev
el
o
f
α
=
5
%,
th
e
cr
itical
t
-
v
alu
e
(
0
.
0
5
;
6
9
)
is
1
.
9
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
t
-
test
f
o
r
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
s
an
itatio
n
r
is
k
g
r
o
u
p
in
g
o
n
th
e
in
cid
en
ce
o
f
s
tu
n
tin
g
in
Ma
lan
g
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
test
in
g
o
f
t
h
e
GW
R
m
o
d
el
p
ar
am
eter
s
was
co
n
d
u
cted
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
h
y
p
o
th
eses
:
H0
:
β
k
(
u
i,v
i)
=
0
H1
:
β
k
(
u
i,v
i)
≠
β
k
; i=
1
,
2
,
.
.
.
,
2
2
,
k
=1
,
2
,
3
(
1
)
T
ab
le
1.
Mo
d
el
s
elec
tio
n
M
o
d
e
l
R
2
A
I
C
O
LS
0
.
3
2
5
3
3
1
4
7
1
.
5
9
4
0
8
3
G
W
R
0
.
5
2
2
5
2
9
4
6
3
.
4
4
1
5
0
9
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
0
6
Geo
s
p
a
tia
l p
a
tter
n
s
a
n
d
d
etermin
a
n
ts
o
f to
d
d
ler s
tu
n
tin
g
:
ev
id
en
ce
fr
o
m
…
(
Mu
h
a
mma
d
A
n
is
mu
s
lim
)
113
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Sig
n
if
ica
n
t RIS
with
s
tu
n
tin
g
in
cid
en
ce
in
Ma
lan
g
Vis
u
aliza
tio
n
o
f
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ic
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
(
GI
S)
m
ap
p
in
g
f
r
o
m
th
e
t
-
test
o
f
th
e
GW
R
m
o
d
el
p
ar
am
eter
s
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
ws
t
h
at
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
s
an
itatio
n
,
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
tal
d
r
ain
ag
e
(
wate
r
p
u
d
d
le
)
(
X1
)
,
an
d
s
o
lid
waste
(
X2
)
af
f
ec
ts
th
e
in
cid
e
n
ce
o
f
s
tu
n
tin
g
in
1
9
d
is
tr
icts
o
r
4
3
s
u
b
-
d
is
tr
icts
o
f
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
.
S
an
itatio
n
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
d
r
ain
a
g
e
(
wate
r
p
u
d
d
le
)
(
X1
)
,
s
o
lid
waste
(
X
2
)
,
an
d
d
o
m
esti
c
wastewate
r
(
X
4
)
,
wh
ich
af
f
ec
t
7
d
is
tr
icts
o
r
1
7
s
u
b
-
d
is
tr
ict
s
o
f
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
,
s
an
itatio
n
r
is
k
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
d
r
ain
ag
e
(
wate
r
p
u
d
d
le
)
(
X1
)
an
d
wastewate
r
d
o
m
esti
c
(
X
4
)
af
f
ec
ts
1
d
is
tr
ict
o
r
th
r
ee
s
u
b
-
d
is
tr
icts
o
f
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
r
is
k
f
ac
to
r
f
o
r
s
o
lid
waste
(
X
2
)
af
f
ec
ts
s
ix
d
is
tr
icts
o
r
1
3
s
u
b
-
d
is
tr
icts
o
f
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
.
T
h
e
r
is
k
f
ac
to
r
s
f
o
r
a
clea
n
a
n
d
h
ea
lth
y
life
s
ty
le
(
X3
)
an
d
wate
r
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
(
X5
)
h
av
e
n
o
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t e
f
f
ec
t in
all
d
is
tr
icts
/v
illag
es o
b
s
er
v
ed
.
J
u
d
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
esti
m
ated
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
m
ed
,
o
n
ly
o
n
e
m
o
d
el
is
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
in
li
n
ea
r
r
e
g
r
ess
io
n
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
in
th
e
GW
R
m
o
d
el,
a
m
o
d
el
is
cr
ea
te
d
f
o
r
ea
c
h
v
i
llag
e
th
at
ca
n
d
escr
ib
e
th
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
o
f
ca
s
es
o
f
s
tu
n
tin
g
u
n
d
er
f
iv
e
t
h
at
o
cc
u
r
,
s
o
th
at
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
m
o
d
el,
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
v
a
r
iab
les
ar
e
o
b
t
ain
ed
in
ea
ch
s
u
b
-
d
is
tr
ict/v
illag
e.
I
t is su
p
p
o
r
ted
by
L
e
o
n
elli a
n
d
T
em
p
in
i
[
1
4
]
th
at
GW
R
r
esu
lts
r
ev
ea
l th
e
s
p
atial
h
eter
o
g
en
eity
o
f
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
d
is
tr
ict
-
lev
el
n
u
tr
itio
n
al
s
tatu
s
an
d
its
d
r
iv
er
s
is
h
ig
h
ly
lo
ca
tio
n
-
d
ep
en
d
e
n
t,
v
ar
y
in
g
in
d
ir
ec
tio
n
,
m
ag
n
itu
d
e,
an
d
in
ten
s
ity
ac
r
o
s
s
d
is
tr
icts
.
3
.
2
.
E
nv
iro
nm
ent
a
l dra
ina
g
e
risk
f
a
ct
o
rs (
wa
t
er
pu
dd
le
)
B
ased
o
n
th
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
r
esu
lts
,
t
h
er
e
ar
e
1
,
4
3
7
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
(
4
9
.
3
7
%)
wh
o
h
a
v
e
wastewate
r
s
ewe
r
ag
e
(
SP
AL
)
th
at
ca
n
f
lo
w
in
a
n
o
p
en
co
n
d
itio
n
with
o
u
t
a
co
v
er
,
as
m
an
y
as
9
0
5
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
(
3
0
.
1
7
%)
h
av
e
SP
AL
,
b
u
t
th
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
f
lo
w
o
f
th
e
wate
r
ch
an
n
el
an
d
its
estu
ar
y
is
n
o
t
v
is
ib
le,
an
d
6
0
8
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
en
ts
(
2
0
.
2
7
%)
d
id
n
o
t
h
av
e
SP
AL
.
Dr
ain
ag
e
ch
an
n
els
o
r
SP
AL
th
at
ar
e
n
o
t
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
g
an
d
o
p
en
ar
e
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
ca
u
s
es
o
f
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
p
o
llu
tio
n
d
u
e
t
o
th
e
s
ee
p
ag
e
o
f
d
o
m
esti
c
wa
s
te
in
to
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
,
a
n
d
ca
u
s
e
d
is
ea
s
es,
s
u
ch
as
d
iar
r
h
ea
o
r
d
is
ea
s
es
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
an
im
als
,
s
u
ch
as
r
ats,
c
o
ck
r
o
ac
h
es,
m
o
s
q
u
ito
es,
o
r
o
th
e
r
an
im
als
th
at
ap
p
ea
r
d
u
r
in
g
wate
r
in
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
a
lo
n
g
tim
e.
Do
m
esti
c
waste
co
m
es
f
r
o
m
th
e
b
ath
r
o
o
m
,
k
itch
en
,
wash
in
g
wate
r
,
an
d
o
t
h
er
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
ac
tiv
ities
.
Do
m
esti
c
wastewate
r
co
n
tain
s
n
o
t
o
n
ly
o
r
g
an
ic
an
d
in
o
r
g
an
ic
p
o
llu
tan
ts
,
wh
ic
h
ca
n
ca
u
s
e
wate
r
p
o
llu
tio
n
,
b
u
t
also
p
ath
o
g
en
ic
m
icr
o
o
r
g
an
i
s
m
s
an
d
p
ar
asit
es,
wh
ich
ar
e
v
er
y
d
a
n
g
er
o
u
s
to
h
u
m
an
h
ea
lth
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
Gastro
in
test
in
al
d
is
ea
s
es
o
f
u
n
k
n
o
wn
etio
lo
g
y
a
n
d
g
iar
d
i
asis
ar
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
co
m
m
o
n
wate
r
b
o
r
n
e
d
is
ea
s
es
af
f
ec
tin
g
g
r
o
u
n
d
wat
er
an
d
s
u
r
f
ac
e
wate
r
s
y
s
tem
s
[
1
7
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
o
n
-
s
ite
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
,
m
o
s
t
d
o
m
esti
c
waste
is
n
o
t
p
r
o
p
er
ly
tr
ea
ted
b
e
f
o
r
e
b
ein
g
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
d
in
to
t
h
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
p
u
d
d
les
s
till
ex
is
t
ar
o
u
n
d
h
o
u
s
es
(
1
3
.
4
%),
a
n
d
n
o
d
r
ain
ag
e
d
itch
es
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
with
i
n
1
0
m
o
f
th
e
SP
AL
an
d
clea
n
wate
r
s
o
u
r
ce
.
I
t
is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
th
at
th
e
ch
a
n
n
el
is
cu
t
o
f
f
s
o
th
at
wastewate
r
s
ee
p
s
in
to
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
a
n
d
h
as
th
e
p
o
te
n
tial
to
c
o
n
tam
in
ate
d
r
in
k
in
g
wate
r
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
T
h
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
SP
AL
ar
e
r
ar
ely
clea
n
ed
,
d
ir
ty
,
an
d
cl
o
g
g
e
d
SP
AL
ar
e
f
o
u
n
d
(
3
3
.
2
3
%)
.
T
h
e
f
in
al
d
is
p
o
s
al
o
f
SP
AL
in
t
o
in
f
iltra
tio
n
wells
ad
jace
n
t
to
d
u
g
wells,
an
d
s
o
m
e
ar
e
d
ir
ec
tly
d
is
p
o
s
ed
o
f
in
t
o
th
e
r
iv
er
s
th
at
h
a
v
e
th
e
p
o
ten
ti
al
to
co
n
tam
in
ate
wells an
d
r
iv
er
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
0
6
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
1
,
M
ar
ch
20
26
:
1
1
0
-
1
17
114
Field
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
at
s
ev
er
al
lo
ca
tio
n
s
in
d
icate
th
at
th
e
SP
A
L
(
wastewate
r
d
r
ain
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
)
h
as
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
to
co
n
tam
in
ate
th
e
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
d
u
e
t
o
th
e
m
o
u
n
ta
in
o
u
s
ter
r
ain
,
wh
er
e
p
o
llu
tio
n
s
o
u
r
ce
s
ar
e
lo
ca
ted
at
h
ig
h
er
elev
atio
n
s
th
a
n
th
e
wate
r
s
u
p
p
ly
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
in
cid
en
ce
o
f
s
tu
n
tin
g
am
o
n
g
t
o
d
d
ler
s
is
ass
o
ciate
d
with
u
n
s
af
e
d
r
in
k
in
g
wate
r
s
o
u
r
ce
s
an
d
th
e
p
r
o
x
im
ity
o
f
wa
ter
s
o
u
r
ce
s
to
waste
d
is
p
o
s
al
s
ites
.
E
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ta
l
co
n
tam
in
atio
n
f
r
o
m
d
r
ain
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
s
m
ay
also
o
cc
u
r
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
walls
o
f
SP
AL
in
f
il
tr
atio
n
tan
k
s
a
r
e
n
o
t
f
u
lly
wate
r
tig
h
t,
allo
win
g
wastewat
er
to
s
ee
p
in
to
th
e
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
s
o
il
[
1
8
]
,
[
1
9
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
o
p
en
SP
AL
s
y
s
tem
s
ca
n
lead
to
wastewate
r
o
v
er
f
lo
w,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
s
tag
n
a
n
t
wa
ter
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
d
r
ain
a
g
e
ar
ea
.
B
lo
ck
ed
d
r
ain
ag
e
ch
an
n
els
m
ay
also
s
er
v
e
as
b
r
ee
d
in
g
s
ites
f
o
r
d
is
ea
s
e
v
ec
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
f
lies
,
r
ats,
co
ck
r
o
ac
h
es,
an
d
o
th
er
p
ests
.
A
s
tu
d
y
c
o
n
d
u
cted
b
y
Fre
g
o
n
ese
et
a
l.
[
2
0
]
r
e
p
o
r
ted
th
at
c
h
ild
r
en
liv
i
n
g
i
n
co
n
tam
in
ated
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
wit
h
in
ad
eq
u
ate
s
an
itatio
n
f
ac
e
a
4
0
%
r
is
k
o
f
s
tu
n
tin
g
,
with
h
ig
h
er
p
r
ev
alen
ce
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
r
u
r
a
l
an
d
s
u
b
u
r
b
a
n
ar
ea
s
(
4
3
% v
s
2
7
%)
c
o
m
p
ar
e
d
to
u
r
b
an
ar
ea
s
(
5
%).
3
.
3
.
Wa
s
t
e
risk
f
a
ct
o
rs
Ob
s
er
v
atio
n
o
f
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
waste
m
an
ag
em
en
t
p
r
ac
tices
in
Ma
lan
g
s
h
o
ws
th
at
3
2
6
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
(
1
0
.
8
7
%)
s
tated
th
at
waste
was
co
llected
in
a
clo
s
ed
,
s
tr
o
n
g
,
a
n
d
ea
s
y
-
to
-
p
lace
co
n
tain
er
,
7
5
9
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
(
2
5
.
3
%)
s
tated
th
at
it
was
co
ll
ec
ted
an
d
d
is
p
o
s
ed
o
f
at
T
PS
,
an
d
1
,
5
4
5
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
(
5
1
.
5
%
)
s
tated
th
at
it
wa
s
b
u
r
n
e
d
.
Oth
er
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
e
p
r
ac
tice
o
f
waste
m
an
ag
em
en
t
in
th
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
ity
h
as
n
o
t
p
aid
atten
tio
n
to
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
h
ea
lth
im
p
ac
ts
,
in
clu
d
in
g
1
8
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
(
0
.
6
%)
th
r
o
win
g
g
a
r
b
ag
e
in
to
th
e
h
o
le
an
d
t
h
en
f
illi
n
g
it
with
s
o
il,
1
2
8
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
(
4
.
2
7
%)
n
o
t
f
illi
n
g
it
with
s
o
il,
3
3
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
(
1
.
1
%)
t
h
r
o
w
th
em
in
to
th
e
r
iv
er
,
7
6
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
(
2
.
5
3
%)
th
r
ew
th
e
g
ar
b
ag
e
in
to
v
ac
an
t
lan
d
a
n
d
g
ar
d
e
n
s
,
an
d
eig
h
t
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
(
0
.
2
7
%)
let
th
e
g
ar
b
ag
e,
n
o
t a
t
h
o
m
e.
T
h
e
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
o
f
g
ar
b
a
g
e
co
ll
ec
tio
n
af
f
ec
ts
th
e
g
e
n
er
atio
n
o
f
waste
in
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
T
h
e
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
o
f
waste
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
in
Ma
l
an
g
s
h
o
ws
th
at
4
3
8
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
(
1
5
.
8
8
%)
o
f
g
ar
b
a
g
e
is
tak
en
ev
er
y
d
ay
,
1
,
0
9
0
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
(
3
9
.
5
2
%)
o
f
waste
is
p
ick
ed
u
p
s
ev
e
r
al
tim
es
a
wee
k
,
2
7
5
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
(
9
.
9
7
%)
s
tated
th
at
waste
is
tr
an
s
p
o
r
ted
s
ev
er
al
tim
es
a
m
o
n
th
,
an
d
1
9
8
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
(
7
.
1
8
%)
s
tated
th
at
th
e
g
ar
b
a
g
e
is
tak
en
o
n
ly
o
n
ce
a
m
o
n
th
.
Oth
er
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
s
h
o
w
th
at
2
9
9
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
s
tated
th
at
th
e
g
ar
b
ag
e
was
n
ev
er
tr
an
s
p
o
r
ted
,
an
d
1
,
3
1
3
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
(
0
.
4
7
%)
also
s
tate
d
th
at
th
e
co
llectio
n
was n
o
t sch
ed
u
led
.
T
h
e
p
o
ten
tial
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
p
o
llu
tio
n
o
b
s
er
v
ed
i
n
th
e
f
iel
d
is
r
elate
d
to
waste
m
an
a
g
e
m
en
t
is
s
u
es.
W
aste
co
llect
io
n
is
n
o
t
co
n
d
u
cted
d
aily
,
an
d
waste
b
u
r
n
i
n
g
is
also
n
o
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
r
eg
u
lar
ly
d
u
e
to
th
e
r
ain
y
s
ea
s
o
n
an
d
th
e
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
th
at
th
e
ac
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r
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2
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D
o
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w
a
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t
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r
r
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k
f
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c
t
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r
s
Do
m
esti
c
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wh
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o
s
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r
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k
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en
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lu
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Def
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ca
tio
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in
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ate
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ay
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e
a
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m
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Ma
l
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t
h
e
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th
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o
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ef
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n
s
till
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ts
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m
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ity
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s
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th
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r
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d
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SNI
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s
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m
ajo
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k
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r
m
o
r
e
t
h
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s
.
T
ab
le
2
s
h
o
ws
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at
th
e
s
ep
tic
tan
k
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f
lu
e
n
t
h
as
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
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b
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au
s
e
th
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wastewate
r
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p
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ac
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SP
AL
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d
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ty
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g
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d
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p
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lan
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(
I
PLT
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.
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
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th
e
s
af
ety
f
r
o
m
en
v
i
r
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I
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th
at
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6
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Mu
h
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n
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mu
s
lim
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115
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
o
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an
k
was
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s
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e,
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r
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Sep
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k
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d
SP
A
L
s
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V
a
r
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a
b
l
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To
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l
n
%
S
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1
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3
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f
e
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To
t
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l
3
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0
0
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P
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l
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t
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To
t
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1
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(
a)
(
b
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Fig
u
r
e
3
.
An
al
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is
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f
s
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m
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ca
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r
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[
1
9
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.
I
n
a
s
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d
y
b
y
Da
n
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l.
[
2
4
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,
d
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ta
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r
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f
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in
1
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I
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2
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n
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1
4
.
Mo
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1
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D
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6
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K
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G
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D
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M
a
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c
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.
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