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o
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c
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9
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ts,
a
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d
1
8
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2
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rio
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s
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e
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h
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k
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o
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s
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ta
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th
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g
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t
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e
Re
v
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m
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Bu
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g
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s
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n
c
o
n
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,
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iate
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m
e
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ica
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stu
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e
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ts,
p
a
rti
c
u
larly
fe
m
a
les
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wh
ich
m
a
y
a
d
v
e
rse
ly
imp
a
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t
t
h
e
ir
a
c
a
d
e
m
ic
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
C
o
m
p
u
ls
iv
e
b
u
y
i
n
g
Fan
d
o
m
K
-
p
op
Me
d
ical
s
tu
d
en
t
Self
-
esteem
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
J
u
lia
R
ah
ad
ian
T
an
ju
n
g
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
Ph
y
s
io
lo
g
y
,
Sch
o
o
l o
f
Me
d
icin
e
a
n
d
Hea
lth
Scien
ce
s
Atm
a
J
ay
a
C
ath
o
lic
Un
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
I
n
d
o
n
esia
Plu
it R
ay
a
St.
No
.
2
,
Pen
jar
in
g
an
,
Pen
jar
in
g
an
,
No
r
th
J
ak
ar
t
a,
J
ak
ar
ta,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
E
m
ail:
ju
lia.
tan
ju
n
g
@
atm
ajay
a.
ac
.
id
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
p
h
en
o
m
e
n
o
n
o
f
Ko
r
ea
n
p
o
p
,
b
etter
k
n
o
wn
as
K
-
p
o
p
,
h
as
b
ee
n
ex
p
o
n
e
n
tially
g
r
o
win
g
o
v
e
r
th
e
2
0
th
ce
n
t
u
r
y
.
I
t
h
as
attr
ac
ted
t
ee
n
ag
er
s
an
d
y
o
u
n
g
ad
u
lts
alo
n
g
with
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t o
f
K
o
r
ea
n
c
u
ltu
r
e,
o
f
ten
ca
lled
th
e
Hally
u
wa
v
e
o
r
Ko
r
ea
n
wav
e
i
n
Asi
a,
esp
ec
i
ally
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia
[
1
]
.
K
-
p
o
p
id
o
ls
co
m
m
o
n
ly
r
elea
s
e
m
er
ch
an
d
is
e
s
u
ch
as
lig
h
t
s
tick
s
,
p
h
o
to
ca
r
d
s
,
p
o
s
ter
s
,
an
d
alb
u
m
s
.
Fan
s
o
f
ten
p
u
r
ch
ase
th
ese
item
s
im
p
u
ls
iv
ely
as
a
way
to
e
x
p
r
ess
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
t
h
eir
id
o
ls
,
wi
th
s
u
ch
d
ec
is
io
n
s
ty
p
ically
d
r
iv
en
b
y
em
o
tio
n
al
attac
h
m
en
t
r
ath
e
r
th
a
n
r
atio
n
al
ev
alu
atio
n
[
2
]
.
T
h
ese
m
er
ch
an
d
is
e
p
u
r
ch
ases
u
s
u
ally
o
cc
u
r
c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
wh
en
ev
er
K
-
p
o
p
id
o
ls
r
elea
s
e
n
ew
m
er
ch
an
d
is
e,
wh
ich
ca
n
lead
to
th
e
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
n
o
f
c
o
m
p
u
ls
iv
e
b
u
y
i
n
g
b
eh
av
io
r
[
2
]
.
C
o
m
p
u
ls
iv
e
b
u
y
i
n
g
b
e
h
av
io
r
o
cc
u
r
s
wh
en
a
p
er
s
o
n
m
ak
es
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
o
r
e
x
ce
s
s
iv
e
p
u
r
c
h
ases
th
at
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
co
n
tr
o
lled
d
u
e
to
f
a
ilu
r
e
to
r
estra
in
im
p
u
ls
es
an
d
a
lack
o
f
co
n
tr
o
l
[
3
]
.
T
h
ese
ad
v
er
s
e
ef
f
ec
ts
co
m
e
in
v
ar
io
u
s
f
o
r
m
s
,
s
u
ch
as
f
r
u
s
tr
atio
n
an
d
g
u
ilt
f
o
r
b
ein
g
u
n
ab
le
to
r
estra
in
o
n
eself
f
r
o
m
b
u
y
in
g
g
o
o
d
s
th
ey
"wa
n
t"
in
s
tead
o
f
"n
ee
d
.
"
[
4
]
.
Mo
s
t
K
-
p
o
p
f
an
s
o
n
l
y
p
u
r
c
h
ase
item
s
an
d
th
en
p
r
o
ce
e
d
to
th
e
s
to
r
e
an
d
d
is
p
lay
th
em
b
ec
au
s
e
th
ese
item
s
,
s
u
ch
as
p
o
s
ter
s
an
d
p
h
o
to
ca
r
d
s
,
ca
n
o
n
ly
b
e
d
is
p
lay
ed
.
I
f
c
o
m
p
u
ls
iv
e
b
u
y
in
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
0
6
C
o
mp
u
ls
ive
b
u
yin
g
b
e
h
a
vio
r
a
n
d
s
elf
-
esteem
a
mo
n
g
K
-
p
o
p
f
a
n
u
n
d
erg
r
a
d
u
a
te
…
(
Ju
lia
R
a
h
a
d
ia
n
Ta
n
ju
n
g
)
225
o
cc
u
r
s
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
,
p
r
o
b
lem
s
ca
n
a
r
is
e
in
f
am
ily
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
o
r
th
o
s
e
clo
s
est
to
th
em
,
an
d
f
in
an
cia
l
p
r
o
b
lem
s
co
u
ld
lead
to
f
in
an
cial
d
eb
t
[
5
]
.
C
o
m
p
u
ls
iv
e
b
u
y
in
g
b
e
h
av
io
r
is
u
s
u
ally
d
r
iv
en
b
y
lo
wer
s
elf
-
esteem
.
So
m
e
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
ws
a
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
s
elf
-
esteem
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
e
d
c
o
m
p
u
ls
iv
e
b
u
y
i
n
g
b
eh
av
io
r
.
C
o
m
p
u
ls
iv
e
b
u
y
e
r
s
g
en
er
ally
h
av
e
h
i
g
h
er
s
elf
-
awa
r
e
n
ess
an
d
lo
wer
s
elf
-
esteem
,
s
o
th
e
y
tr
y
to
c
o
m
p
en
s
ate
an
d
co
p
e
b
y
b
u
y
i
n
g
g
o
o
d
s
[
6
]
.
So
m
e
r
esear
ch
co
n
d
u
cted
in
E
u
r
o
p
e
an
d
Am
er
ica
in
2
0
2
0
s
h
o
ws
ch
an
g
es
in
s
elf
-
esteem
f
r
o
m
ad
o
lescen
ce
to
m
id
-
ad
u
lth
o
o
d
at
th
e
ag
es
o
f
1
8
-
2
5
[
7
]
-
[
9
]
.
At
th
at
ag
e,
in
d
i
v
id
u
als
ca
n
e
x
p
lo
r
e
th
eir
id
en
titi
es,
th
e
y
ea
r
s
o
f
in
s
tab
i
lity
,
th
e
ag
e
o
f
s
elf
-
d
is
co
v
er
y
,
an
d
th
e
ag
e
o
f
h
av
i
n
g
m
o
r
e
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
with
ch
allen
g
es,
s
u
ch
as
m
o
v
in
g
o
u
t
o
f
t
h
e
h
o
u
s
e
f
o
r
th
e
f
ir
s
t
tim
e
to
atten
d
co
lleg
e
o
r
s
tar
t
a
jo
b
th
at
e
n
co
u
r
ag
es
an
in
d
iv
id
u
al
to
ad
a
p
t
to
th
e
th
in
g
s
th
ey
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
[
8
]
.
I
n
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
ad
ap
tin
g
to
liv
e
in
d
ep
en
d
e
n
tly
,
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
to
f
o
r
eig
n
ch
allen
g
e
s
will
em
er
g
e,
a
n
d
s
ev
e
r
al
ch
an
g
es
will
lik
ely
im
p
ac
t
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
th
eir
p
er
s
o
n
alities
,
o
n
e
o
f
wh
ich
is
s
elf
-
esteem
[
8
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
co
n
s
id
er
s
th
at
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ate
m
ed
ical
s
tu
d
en
ts
ten
d
to
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
u
n
s
tab
le
s
e
lf
-
esteem
lev
els
an
d
co
m
p
u
ls
iv
e
b
u
y
i
n
g
th
at
h
av
e
a
clo
s
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
with
s
elf
-
esteem
lev
els
[
1
0
]
.
W
e
also
b
eliev
e
th
at
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
t
h
e
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ate
m
ed
ical
s
tu
d
en
ts
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
;
th
ey
ar
e
a
u
n
iq
u
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
in
wh
ich
tr
a
n
s
itio
n
to
co
lleg
e
is
ac
co
m
p
an
ie
d
b
y
p
len
ty
o
f
s
tr
ess
o
r
s
,
in
p
a
r
ticu
lar
,
o
f
ten
f
ac
e
h
ig
h
lev
els
o
f
s
tr
ess
an
d
an
x
iety
d
u
e
to
ac
ad
em
ic
d
em
a
n
d
s
s
u
ch
as
h
ea
v
y
wo
r
k
lo
ad
s
an
d
p
r
ess
u
r
e
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
,
wh
ic
h
ca
n
lo
wer
t
h
eir
s
elf
-
esteem
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
n
o
r
esear
ch
h
as
s
h
o
wn
a
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
s
elf
-
esteem
an
d
co
m
p
u
ls
iv
e
b
u
y
in
g
am
o
n
g
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ate
m
ed
ical
s
tu
d
en
t
s
wh
o
ar
e
also
K
-
p
o
p
f
a
n
s
,
esp
ec
ially
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
is
a
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
o
n
lin
e
s
tu
d
y
f
r
o
m
A
u
g
u
s
t
to
Octo
b
er
2
0
2
2
.
T
h
e
m
in
im
u
m
s
am
p
le
s
ize
was
ca
lcu
lated
u
s
in
g
th
e
L
em
es
h
o
w
f
o
r
m
u
la
with
a
p
r
e
cisi
o
n
lev
el
o
f
0
.
0
5
;
i
n
itially
,
9
7
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
wer
e
ca
lcu
lated
,
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
tl
y
ad
ju
s
ted
to
1
0
6
to
ac
co
m
m
o
d
ate
a
d
r
o
p
o
u
t
r
ate
o
f
1
0
%.
A
Go
o
g
l
e
Fo
r
m
s
s
cr
ee
n
in
g
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
a
n
d
i
n
f
o
r
m
ed
c
o
n
s
en
t
wer
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
to
K
-
p
o
p
f
an
d
o
m
g
r
o
u
p
s
i
n
J
ak
ar
ta
,
s
u
ch
as
Face
b
o
o
k
K
-
p
o
p
id
o
l
f
a
n
p
ag
es
an
d
T
w
itter
f
an
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
T
h
en
,
th
e
s
a
m
p
le
was
tak
en
u
s
in
g
th
e
co
n
s
ec
u
tiv
e
s
am
p
lin
g
m
eth
o
d
u
n
til th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
u
b
jects n
ee
d
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
was f
u
lf
illed
.
Nin
ety
-
s
ev
en
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
,
ag
es
1
8
t
o
2
5
,
m
et
th
e
in
cl
u
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia.
I
n
cl
u
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
in
cl
u
d
e
K
-
p
o
p
f
an
s
wh
o
a
r
e
m
ed
ical
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
,
K
-
p
o
p
f
an
s
wh
o
lik
e
o
n
e
o
r
m
o
r
e
K
-
p
o
p
s
in
g
er
s
(
s
o
lo
,
g
ir
l
b
an
d
,
b
o
y
b
an
d
)
an
d
h
av
e
f
o
llo
wed
id
o
l
ac
tiv
ities
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
t
h
an
o
n
e
y
ea
r
,
b
u
y
id
o
l
m
er
ch
an
d
is
e
at
least
o
n
ce
a
y
ea
r
,
wat
ch
i
d
o
l'
s
ac
tiv
ities
o
n
lin
e
v
ia
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
o
r
n
ews
o
u
tlets
,
f
o
llo
w
th
e
latest
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
tr
e
n
d
s
r
elate
d
to
id
o
ls
at
least
o
n
ce
a
m
o
n
th
an
d
watc
h
es
co
n
ce
r
ts
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
n
lin
e
an
d
o
f
f
lin
e
at
least
o
n
ce
a
y
ea
r
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
th
e
ex
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
in
clu
d
e
f
a
n
s
wh
o
ar
e
o
n
h
iatu
s
an
d
f
an
s
w
h
o
h
av
e
n
ev
er
p
u
r
ch
ased
th
e
i
d
o
l'
s
m
er
ch
an
d
is
e.
Po
ten
tial
b
ias
m
ay
ar
is
e
in
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
,
s
u
ch
as
th
o
s
e
w
h
o
a
r
e
m
o
r
e
p
ass
io
n
ate
a
b
o
u
t
K
-
p
o
p
a
n
d
m
ee
t
th
ese
in
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
ar
e
also
m
o
r
e
lik
ely
t
o
v
o
lu
n
tee
r
to
p
a
r
ticip
ate,
wh
i
ch
we
h
ad
an
ticip
ate
d
with
t
h
e
d
etailed
in
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia.
T
h
e
lev
el
o
f
s
elf
-
esteem
was
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
u
s
in
g
th
e
R
o
s
en
b
er
g
s
elf
-
esteem
s
ca
le
,
an
d
th
e
lev
el
o
f
co
m
p
u
ls
iv
e
b
u
y
in
g
b
e
h
av
io
r
was
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
u
s
in
g
th
e
R
ev
is
ed
E
d
war
d
s
C
o
m
p
u
ls
iv
e
B
u
y
in
g
Scale
(
E
C
B
S
-
R
)
.
B
o
th
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
ar
e
u
s
ed
in
E
n
g
lis
h
with
o
u
t
a
v
alid
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
with
in
th
e
I
n
d
o
n
esian
co
n
tex
t.
T
h
e
R
o
s
en
b
er
g
s
elf
-
esteem
s
ca
le
(
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
'
s
alp
h
a
i
n
th
e
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
0
.
8
0
-
0
.
9
5
)
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
1
0
it
em
s
,
f
iv
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
in
p
o
s
itiv
e
s
tatem
en
ts
an
d
5
in
n
e
g
ativ
e
s
tatem
en
ts
,
u
s
in
g
r
atin
g
p
o
in
ts
(
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
ag
r
ee
=
3
,
ag
r
ee
=
2
,
d
is
ag
r
ee
=
1
,
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
d
is
ag
r
e
e
=
0
)
.
I
f
th
e
s
co
r
e
is
lo
wer
t
h
an
1
5
(
<1
5
)
,
th
en
s
elf
-
estee
m
is
lo
w,
an
d
if
it
i
s
15
-
2
5
,
th
en
s
elf
-
esteem
is
av
er
ag
e.
Self
-
esteem
is
h
ig
h
if
it is
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
2
6
(
>2
6
)
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
e
R
ev
is
ed
E
d
war
d
s
C
o
m
p
u
ls
iv
e
B
u
y
in
g
Scale
(
E
C
B
S
-
R
,
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
'
s
alp
h
a
is
0
.
8
7
)
is
a
r
ev
is
io
n
o
f
th
e
E
d
war
d
s
C
o
m
p
u
ls
iv
e
B
u
y
in
g
Scale
(
E
C
B
S)
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t.
T
h
e
E
C
B
S
-
R
s
ca
le
co
n
tain
s
1
6
q
u
esti
o
n
s
th
at
ar
e
an
s
wer
ed
b
ased
o
n
s
ev
er
it
y
(
“I
co
m
p
letely
ag
r
ee
”
=
5
a
n
d
“I
d
o
n
o
t
ag
r
ee
”
=
1
)
.
T
h
i
s
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
h
as
a
lo
west
s
co
r
e
o
f
1
6
an
d
a
h
ig
h
est
s
co
r
e
o
f
8
0
.
T
h
e
c
u
t
-
o
f
f
s
co
r
e
f
o
r
t
h
is
in
s
t
r
u
m
en
t
is
4
2
,
wh
ich
m
ea
n
s
th
at
in
d
iv
id
u
als
wh
o
g
et
a
s
co
r
e
o
f
less
th
an
4
2
a
r
e
n
o
t
c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
co
m
p
u
ls
iv
e
b
u
y
er
s
,
an
d
a
s
co
r
e
o
f
4
2
o
r
m
o
r
e
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
co
m
p
u
ls
iv
e
[
1
2
]
.
Data
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
an
d
an
aly
s
is
wer
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
u
s
in
g
Mic
r
o
s
o
f
t
E
x
ce
l
an
d
SP
SS
v
2
1
.
0
.
B
iv
a
r
iate
an
aly
s
is
u
s
ed
th
e
C
h
i
-
s
q
u
ar
e
s
tatis
tic
al
test
with
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
v
alu
e
o
f
p
<
0
.
0
5
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
Resul
t
s
T
h
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
in
v
o
l
v
ed
9
7
p
a
r
t
ic
i
p
a
n
t
s
d
i
v
id
e
d
i
n
to
8
5
wo
m
e
n
(
8
7
.
6
%
)
a
n
d
1
2
m
en
(
1
2
.
4
%
)
.
T
h
e
l
a
r
g
e
s
t
a
g
e
g
r
o
u
p
t
h
a
t
p
ar
t
i
c
ip
a
t
e
d
i
n
t
h
i
s
s
tu
d
y
w
a
s
1
8
-
2
0
y
e
a
r
s
o
l
d
(
6
5
%
)
,
f
o
l
l
o
we
d
b
y
th
e
2
1
-
2
3
y
e
ar
s
o
l
d
g
r
o
u
p
(
2
6
.
8
%
)
.
F
o
r
t
y
-
n
in
e
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
en
t
s
(
5
0
.
5
%)
h
ad
a
n
a
v
er
ag
e
m
o
n
t
h
l
y
i
n
c
o
m
e
(
i
n
c
lu
d
in
g
p
a
r
en
t
s
'
p
o
ck
e
t
m
o
n
e
y
)
r
a
n
g
i
n
g
b
e
tw
e
e
n
I
D
R
1
,
2
0
0
,
0
0
0
–
I
D
R
4
,
2
0
0
,
0
0
0
,
f
o
l
lo
w
ed
b
y
a
g
r
o
u
p
w
i
t
h
a
v
e
r
ag
e
m
o
n
th
l
y
in
c
o
m
e
r
an
g
in
g
b
e
tw
e
e
n
I
D
R
5
0
0
,
0
0
0
–
I
D
R
1
,
2
0
0
,
0
0
0
(
4
0
.
2
%
)
,
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
T
a
b
l
e
1
.
Mo
s
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
0
6
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
2
6
:
2
2
4
-
231
226
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
en
t
s
h
a
v
e
m
o
n
e
y
o
b
ta
i
n
e
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
ir
p
ar
e
n
t
s
a
s
p
o
c
k
e
t
m
o
n
ey
t
o
b
e
u
s
e
d
f
o
r
d
a
i
l
y
n
e
e
d
s
;
b
e
s
i
d
e
s
t
h
a
t
,
th
e
r
e
i
s
a
l
s
o
m
o
n
e
y
th
a
t
t
h
e
y
e
a
r
n
t
h
em
s
e
l
v
e
s
.
Mo
s
t
f
e
m
a
le
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
e
n
t
s
h
a
d
l
o
w
e
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f
-
e
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ter
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%
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tr
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th
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elf
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esteem
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h
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r
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mal
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1
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1
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1
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2252
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8
8
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6
C
o
mp
u
ls
ive
b
u
yin
g
b
e
h
a
vio
r
a
n
d
s
elf
-
esteem
a
mo
n
g
K
-
p
o
p
f
a
n
u
n
d
erg
r
a
d
u
a
te
…
(
Ju
lia
R
a
h
a
d
ia
n
Ta
n
ju
n
g
)
227
T
ab
le
4
.
R
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
s
elf
-
esteem
lev
el
an
d
co
m
p
u
l
s
iv
e
b
u
y
in
g
b
eh
a
v
io
r
S
e
l
f
-
e
st
e
e
m
C
o
m
p
u
l
s
i
v
e
b
u
y
i
n
g
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
To
t
a
l
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
N
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g
a
t
i
v
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N
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w
9
9
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3
26
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35
36
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4
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mal
15
15
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5
12
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4
27
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15
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35
36
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44
45
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4
53
54
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3
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2
.
Dis
cus
s
io
n
3
.
2
.
1
.
G
ender
d
if
f
er
ence
s
A
lo
w
lev
el
o
f
s
elf
-
esteem
,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
co
m
p
u
ls
iv
e
b
u
y
in
g
b
eh
a
v
io
r
,
is
s
tu
d
ied
t
o
r
esu
l
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
f
ea
r
o
f
r
ejec
tio
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
u
r
r
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d
in
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en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
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d
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o
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al
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s
.
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n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
we
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
lo
wer
s
elf
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esteem
is
h
ig
h
er
am
o
n
g
f
e
m
a
le
s
tu
d
en
ts
ag
ed
1
8
-
2
0
.
A
s
i
m
ilar
r
esu
lt
was
f
o
u
n
d
in
a
s
tu
d
y
b
y
L
u
th
f
i
an
d
Har
s
o
n
o
[
1
3
]
,
w
h
ich
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
m
o
s
t
ea
r
ly
y
o
u
n
g
ad
u
lt
w
o
m
en
wh
o
we
r
e
K
-
p
o
p
f
a
n
s
h
a
d
lo
wer
s
elf
-
esteem
.
T
h
e
o
th
er
s
tu
d
y
co
n
d
u
cted
b
y
Sh
r
esth
a
et
a
l.
[
1
4
]
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
em
ic
o
n
m
ed
ical
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
Kath
m
an
d
u
also
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
f
e
m
ale
s
tu
d
en
ts
s
u
f
f
er
ed
l
o
wer
s
elf
-
esteem
th
an
m
ales
.
C
o
lleg
e
r
ep
r
esen
ts
a
p
er
i
o
d
o
f
c
h
an
g
e
an
d
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
f
o
r
y
o
u
n
g
a
d
u
lts
,
m
ar
k
ed
b
y
d
iv
er
s
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
th
at
ca
n
im
p
ac
t
th
e
ir
s
elf
-
co
n
f
id
en
ce
.
Mo
d
er
n
co
lleg
e
wo
m
en
en
co
u
n
ter
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
f
in
d
in
g
a
life
p
ar
tn
er
,
estab
lis
h
in
g
a
ca
r
ee
r
,
ac
h
iev
in
g
f
in
an
cial
au
to
n
o
m
y
,
an
d
n
u
r
tu
r
i
n
g
a
s
o
cial
cir
cle,
all
o
f
wh
ich
ca
n
lead
t
o
f
ee
lin
g
s
o
f
d
im
in
is
h
ed
s
elf
-
wo
r
th
.
On
e
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
asp
ec
t
o
f
th
is
s
elf
-
esteem
cr
is
is
is
lin
k
ed
to
p
o
o
r
b
o
d
y
im
ag
e
in
f
e
m
ales.
T
h
e
g
lo
b
al
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
n
o
f
th
e
K
o
r
ea
n
W
av
e
en
co
m
p
ass
es
cu
ltu
r
e,
m
u
s
ic,
life
s
ty
le,
a
n
d
p
ictu
r
es
o
f
wh
at
wo
m
e
n
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e.
T
h
e
i
d
ea
lized
im
ag
e
o
f
s
lim
n
ess
an
d
attr
ac
tiv
en
ess
,
m
ir
r
o
r
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y
id
o
ls
,
b
ec
o
m
es
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
to
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u
l
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il
l;
if
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o
t,
s
o
m
eo
n
e
will
f
ee
l
a
s
en
s
e
o
f
n
o
t
b
ein
g
g
o
o
d
en
o
u
g
h
.
R
esear
ch
in
d
icate
s
a
r
ec
ip
r
o
ca
l
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
b
o
d
y
im
ag
e
d
is
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
an
d
s
elf
-
esteem
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
co
m
p
lex
in
te
rp
lay
b
etwe
en
s
o
cieta
l in
f
lu
en
ce
s
an
d
p
er
s
o
n
al
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
e
v
alen
ce
o
f
co
m
p
u
ls
iv
e
b
u
y
in
g
b
eh
a
v
io
r
h
ig
h
li
g
h
ted
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
s
h
o
we
d
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
cr
ea
s
e
am
o
n
g
f
em
ale
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
.
Ou
r
f
in
d
in
g
s
alig
n
ed
with
Am
in
et
a
l.
[
1
6
]
s
tu
d
y
o
n
co
m
p
u
ls
iv
e
b
u
y
i
n
g
am
o
n
g
m
ed
ical
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
in
R
iy
ad
h
,
Sau
d
i
Ar
ab
ia,
wh
i
ch
s
im
il
ar
ly
n
o
ted
a
p
r
e
d
o
m
in
an
ce
o
f
f
e
m
ale
co
m
p
u
ls
iv
e
b
u
y
er
s
.
Villar
d
ef
r
an
co
s
'
an
d
Oter
o
-
L
ó
p
ez
[
1
7
]
s
tu
d
y
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
er
e
is
a
ten
d
en
cy
f
o
r
av
o
id
a
n
ce
co
p
in
g
,
wh
ich
ca
n
lead
to
c
o
m
p
u
ls
iv
e
b
u
y
in
g
,
wh
ich
is
h
i
g
h
er
in
wo
m
e
n
(
p
<
0
.
0
0
1
)
.
An
x
iety
,
wh
ich
is
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
lo
w
s
elf
-
esteem
,
is
also
th
o
u
g
h
t
to
b
e
th
e
ca
u
s
e
o
f
h
ig
h
lev
els
o
f
co
m
p
u
ls
iv
e
b
u
y
in
g
in
f
em
al
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
as
th
ey
s
u
f
f
er
f
r
o
m
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
an
d
an
x
iety
m
o
r
e
th
an
th
eir
m
ale
co
lleag
u
es.
An
o
t
h
er
s
tu
d
y
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
m
ale
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
m
o
r
e
lik
ely
to
en
g
ag
e
in
a
v
o
id
an
ce
c
o
p
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
with
o
th
er
ty
p
es o
f
ad
d
ictio
n
,
s
u
ch
as p
ath
o
lo
g
ical
g
am
b
lin
g
o
r
s
u
b
s
tan
ce
u
s
e,
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
p
u
r
c
h
asin
g
ac
tiv
ities
[
1
8
]
.
3
.
2
.
2
.
So
cio
ec
o
no
m
ic
s
t
a
t
us
a
nd
inte
llect
ua
l le
v
el
T
h
e
p
r
ev
alen
ce
o
f
lo
w
an
d
h
ig
h
s
elf
-
esteem
in
th
is
s
t
u
d
y
i
s
th
e
s
am
e.
A
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
y
b
y
Far
wa
et
a
l.
[
1
9
]
s
h
o
w
th
at
s
o
cio
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
tatu
s
is
r
elate
d
to
s
elf
-
esteem
,
u
s
u
ally
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
b
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
em
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t,
an
d
in
c
o
m
e.
I
n
d
iv
id
u
als
with
b
etter
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
jo
b
s
,
a
n
d
h
ig
h
e
r
in
c
o
m
es
ce
r
tain
ly
h
a
v
e
b
etter
s
elf
-
estee
m
,
an
d
v
ice
v
er
s
a.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
Ma
r
az
et
a
l.
[
2
0
]
r
ep
o
r
ted
n
o
lin
ea
r
ass
o
ciatio
n
b
etwe
en
co
m
p
u
ls
iv
e
b
u
y
in
g
b
e
h
av
io
r
an
d
s
o
cio
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
tatu
s
.
T
h
is
ca
n
b
e
e
x
p
lain
ed
b
y
th
e
h
ig
h
e
r
p
e
r
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
n
o
r
m
al
an
d
h
ig
h
er
s
elf
-
esteem
b
ec
au
s
e,
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
m
o
s
t
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
h
av
e
an
av
er
ag
e
in
c
o
m
e
p
er
m
o
n
th
(
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
v
is
io
n
o
f
p
o
ck
et
m
o
n
ey
f
r
o
m
p
ar
en
ts
)
o
f
I
DR
1
,
2
0
0
,
0
0
0
–
I
DR
4
,
2
0
0
,
0
0
0
,
wh
ich
in
d
icate
s
th
e
s
o
cio
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
tatu
s
o
f
m
o
s
t r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
was g
o
o
d
.
An
o
th
er
f
ac
to
r
th
at
ca
n
af
f
e
ct
o
n
e'
s
s
elf
-
esteem
i
s
o
n
e'
s
in
tellectu
al
lev
el.
Me
d
ical
s
t
u
d
en
ts
ar
e
g
en
er
ally
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
h
i
g
h
ac
h
iev
er
s
with
a
v
er
ag
e
o
r
h
i
g
h
er
in
tellectu
al
ca
p
ac
ities
.
T
h
u
s
,
in
d
iv
id
u
als
with
b
etter
ac
ad
em
ic
s
co
r
es
an
d
i
n
tellectu
al
ca
p
ac
ity
h
ad
av
er
ag
e
o
r
h
ig
h
er
s
elf
-
esteem
th
an
in
d
iv
id
u
als
with
l
o
wer
ac
ad
em
ic
s
co
r
es
an
d
in
tellectu
al
ca
p
ac
ity
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
v
e
s
th
is
s
tu
d
y
's
h
ig
h
s
tan
d
ar
d
an
d
h
ig
h
s
elf
-
estee
m
b
ec
au
s
e
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
ar
e
m
ed
i
ca
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
r
es
ea
r
ch
o
n
m
e
d
ical
s
tu
d
en
ts
at
J
im
m
a
Un
iv
er
s
ity
b
y
Gid
i
et
a
l.
[
2
1
]
,
m
o
r
e
th
an
h
alf
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
h
ad
n
o
r
m
al
s
elf
-
esteem
.
R
esear
ch
b
y
Ar
s
h
ad
[
2
2
]
also
s
h
o
wed
s
ig
n
if
ican
t r
esu
lts
b
et
wee
n
s
elf
-
esteem
an
d
ac
ad
em
i
c
ac
h
iev
em
en
t a
m
o
n
g
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
3
.
2
.
3
.
P
a
nd
em
ic
influence
a
nd
a
g
e
diff
er
ence
s
I
n
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tu
d
y
,
a
s
p
r
ed
i
cted
,
th
er
e
wa
s
an
in
c
r
ea
s
e
i
n
th
e
p
r
ev
a
len
ce
o
f
co
m
p
u
l
s
i
v
e
b
u
y
in
g
am
o
n
g
K
-
p
o
p
f
an
s
.
On
e
o
f
th
e
ca
u
s
e
s
o
f
th
e
h
ig
h
l
ev
e
l
o
f
c
o
m
p
u
l
s
i
v
e
b
u
y
in
g
b
y
K
-
p
o
p
f
an
s
in
th
i
s
s
tu
d
y
is
th
e
r
e
s
u
l
t
o
f
th
e
C
O
VI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
em
ic.
T
h
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
em
i
c
d
u
r
in
g
th
i
s
s
tu
d
y
wa
s
a
ls
o
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
a
in
f
ac
to
r
s
in
d
e
cr
e
a
s
in
g
s
elf
-
e
s
t
e
em
am
o
n
g
K
-
p
o
p
f
an
s
.
Du
r
in
g
th
e
p
an
d
em
ic,
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
s
s
p
en
t
m
o
r
e
t
im
e
at
h
o
m
e
an
d
e
x
p
er
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ce
d
p
ea
k
b
o
r
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o
m
,
m
ak
in
g
K
-
p
o
p
f
an
s
i
d
o
li
ze
ce
leb
r
i
ti
es
a
s
a
m
ed
iu
m
to
el
im
in
a
te
th
eir
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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r
ch
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228
b
o
r
ed
o
m
[
2
3
]
.
M
ar
a
z
an
d
Y
i
[
2
4
]
s
h
o
we
d
th
a
t
co
m
p
u
l
s
iv
e
s
h
o
p
p
in
g
b
eh
av
io
r
in
cr
ea
s
ed
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
p
an
d
em
ic
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
p
e
r
io
d
b
e
f
o
r
e
C
O
VI
D
-
19
.
C
o
m
p
u
l
s
i
v
e
b
u
y
er
s
s
p
en
d
f
o
u
r
t
im
e
s
m
o
r
e
t
im
e
o
n
th
e
in
ter
n
et
th
a
n
n
o
n
-
co
m
p
u
l
s
iv
e
b
u
y
er
s
,
a
s
th
e
in
t
er
n
e
t
i
s
n
o
w
s
t
r
a
ig
h
tf
o
r
w
a
r
d
to
a
cc
e
s
s
.
Ap
a
r
t
f
r
o
m
th
at
,
K
-
p
o
p
f
an
s
p
r
e
f
er
to
f
e
el
te
m
p
o
r
ar
y
h
ap
p
i
n
e
s
s
an
d
p
lea
s
u
r
e
wh
en
m
ak
in
g
p
u
r
ch
a
s
e
s
,
w
h
ic
h
r
e
s
u
l
ts
in
th
em
b
e
in
g
m
o
r
e
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
th
e
s
h
o
p
p
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
th
an
o
n
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
g
o
o
d
s
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
is
a
l
s
o
ex
p
la
in
s
wh
y
th
e
p
r
ev
al
e
n
c
e
o
f
co
m
p
u
l
s
iv
e
b
u
y
in
g
in
th
i
s
s
tu
d
y
w
a
s
h
ig
h
er
th
a
n
in
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ie
s
.
B
es
id
e
s
th
a
t,
o
n
l
in
e
s
h
o
p
p
i
n
g
tr
en
d
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
o
ci
al
n
e
tw
o
r
k
in
g
s
ite
s
(
S
N
S)
an
d
So
c
ia
l
C
o
m
m
e
r
ce
,
es
p
ec
i
al
ly
d
u
r
in
g
an
d
a
f
te
r
th
e
C
O
V
I
D‑
1
9
p
an
d
em
ic,
h
av
e
h
ad
a
m
ajo
r
im
p
a
ct
o
n
th
e
hi
g
h
lev
el
o
f
co
m
p
u
l
s
iv
e
b
u
y
i
n
g
p
r
o
m
in
en
t a
m
o
n
g
f
em
a
le
c
o
n
s
u
m
er
s
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
e
r
e
s
u
l
ts
o
f
th
i
s
s
tu
d
y
f
o
u
n
d
th
a
t
in
d
iv
id
u
a
l
s
wh
o
w
er
e
in
co
ll
eg
e
,
ag
ed
1
8
-
20
-
y
ea
r
-
o
ld
s
,
wer
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
lik
ely
to
en
g
ag
e
in
co
m
p
u
ls
iv
e
b
u
y
in
g
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
o
ld
er
ag
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
C
o
l
le
g
e
s
tu
d
e
n
t
s
,
wh
o
s
e
em
o
t
io
n
a
l
m
a
tu
r
ity
i
s
s
t
il
l
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
an
d
f
o
r
m
in
g
th
eir
i
d
en
t
it
ie
s
,
ar
e
p
r
o
n
e
to
m
ak
in
g
ir
r
at
io
n
al
i
m
p
u
l
s
e
p
u
r
ch
a
s
es
.
T
h
e
s
e
p
u
r
ch
a
s
e
s
a
r
e
n
o
t
d
r
iv
e
n
b
y
n
ec
e
s
s
i
ty
b
u
t
r
ath
er
b
y
a
d
e
s
ir
e
to
co
n
f
o
r
m
to
cu
r
r
en
t
tr
en
d
s
an
d
g
ai
n
s
o
ci
al
a
cc
ep
t
an
c
e
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
e
r
esu
l
ts
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
co
n
tr
ar
y
to
an
o
th
e
r
s
tu
d
y
b
y
Ye
e
t
a
l.
[
2
7
]
u
s
in
g
s
am
p
l
es
f
r
o
m
t
wo
r
eg
i
o
n
s
,
Ho
n
g
Ko
n
g
an
d
C
h
i
n
a,
wh
i
ch
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
at
1
1
.
3
%
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t
s
s
h
o
w
e
d
co
m
p
u
l
s
iv
e
b
u
y
i
n
g
b
eh
av
io
r
i
n
em
e
r
g
in
g
ad
u
lth
o
o
d
ag
ed
1
8
-
2
5
,
an
d
1
8
.
5
%
in
ea
r
ly
a
d
u
lth
o
o
d
ag
ed
3
0
-
3
9
y
ea
r
s
.
I
n
ea
r
ly
ad
u
l
th
o
o
d
,
in
d
iv
id
u
al
s
wo
r
k
f
o
r
s
ev
er
a
l
y
ea
r
s
af
ter
co
ll
eg
e
g
r
ad
u
at
io
n
.
T
h
ey
a
r
e
m
o
r
e
l
ik
e
ly
to
o
v
er
s
p
en
d
an
d
h
a
v
e
a
lo
t o
f
f
in
an
c
ia
l
ca
p
ab
i
li
ti
e
s
th
an
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
s
in
em
er
g
in
g
ad
u
lth
o
o
d
.
T
h
i
s
s
h
o
w
s
th
a
t
in
d
iv
id
u
al
s
in
an
o
ld
e
r
ag
e
r
an
g
e
g
en
er
al
ly
h
av
e
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
u
l
s
iv
e
b
u
y
in
g
b
eh
a
v
io
r
th
an
th
o
s
e
s
ti
ll
in
co
l
leg
e.
3
.
2
.
4
.
Rela
t
io
ns
hip
bet
wee
n
l
o
w
s
elf
-
este
em
,
co
m
pu
ls
iv
e
bu
y
ing
beha
v
io
r,
a
nd
m
edica
l
s
t
ud
ent
s
A
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
wa
s
f
o
u
n
d
b
etwe
en
lo
w
s
elf
-
es
teem
an
d
co
m
p
u
ls
iv
e
b
u
y
in
g
b
eh
av
io
r
am
o
n
g
m
e
d
ical
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
K
-
p
o
p
f
an
s
wh
o
r
esid
e
in
J
ak
ar
t
a,
with
an
ag
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
1
8
-
2
5
y
ea
r
s
o
ld
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
alig
n
with
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
s
h
o
win
g
th
at
l
o
w
lev
els
o
f
s
elf
-
esteem
ar
e
r
elate
d
to
co
m
p
u
ls
iv
e
b
u
y
i
n
g
b
eh
av
io
r
.
Vilan
ty
an
d
Su
m
ar
y
an
ti
[
2
8
]
with
9
9
u
n
i
v
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
s
h
o
wed
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
es
u
lts
b
etwe
en
s
elf
-
esteem
an
d
co
m
p
u
ls
iv
e
b
u
y
i
n
g
in
B
an
d
u
n
g
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
wh
o
s
h
o
p
p
ed
o
n
lin
e.
R
ah
m
ah
an
d
Me
g
awa
ti
[
2
9
]
s
tu
d
ied
in
ter
g
en
er
atio
n
al
co
m
p
u
ls
iv
e
p
u
r
ch
ases
o
f
f
e
m
ales,
in
clu
d
in
g
b
a
b
y
b
o
o
m
er
s
,
X
g
en
er
atio
n
,
a
n
d
Y
g
en
er
atio
n
,
ag
ed
2
4
-
65.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
in
d
icate
s
th
at
n
o
s
ig
n
if
ic
an
t
b
u
t
n
e
g
ativ
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
e
x
is
ts
b
etwe
en
s
elf
-
esteem
an
d
co
m
p
u
ls
iv
e
b
u
y
in
g
b
eh
av
i
o
r
in
all
g
en
e
r
atio
n
s
,
s
h
o
win
g
an
in
v
e
r
s
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
th
e
two
v
ar
iab
les.
T
h
e
lo
wer
th
e
s
elf
-
esteem
s
co
r
e,
th
e
h
ig
h
er
th
e
co
m
p
u
ls
iv
e
b
u
y
in
g
s
co
r
e,
a
n
d
v
ice
v
er
s
a.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
a
r
e
also
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
Villar
d
ef
r
an
co
s
an
d
Oter
o
-
L
ó
p
ez
[
1
7
]
s
t
u
d
y
am
o
n
g
Sp
a
n
is
h
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
wh
ich
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
b
etwe
e
n
lo
w
s
elf
-
esteem
an
d
c
o
m
p
u
l
s
iv
e
b
u
y
in
g
.
Me
d
ical
s
tu
d
en
ts
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
an
x
iety
an
d
s
tr
e
s
s
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
eir
ac
ad
em
i
c
p
r
ess
u
r
e,
in
clu
d
in
g
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
f
o
r
h
ig
h
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
ex
ten
s
iv
e
w
o
r
k
lo
ad
s
,
s
leep
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
,
tim
e
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
,
a
n
d
o
cc
asio
n
ally
f
in
an
cial
ch
alle
n
g
es.
R
ec
en
t
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
i
ews
an
d
m
eta
-
an
aly
s
es
co
n
f
ir
m
th
at
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
af
f
ec
ts
m
ed
ical
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
g
lo
b
ally
,
with
an
x
iety
r
ep
o
r
te
d
as
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
r
e
v
alen
t
m
e
n
tal
h
ea
lth
co
n
ce
r
n
[
3
0
]
.
Fem
ale
s
tu
d
en
ts
s
h
o
wed
a
h
ig
h
er
s
u
s
ce
p
tib
ilit
y
to
an
x
iety
a
n
d
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
eir
m
ale
co
u
n
ter
p
a
r
ts
[
3
0
]
,
[
3
1
]
.
Stu
d
ie
s
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
e
s
tr
ess
,
an
x
iety
,
an
d
d
em
a
n
d
s
o
f
m
ed
ical
tr
ain
in
g
ca
n
lead
to
lo
w
s
elf
-
esteem
[
2
1
]
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
m
ed
ical
s
tu
d
en
ts
g
en
er
ally
h
av
e
g
o
o
d
s
elf
-
esteem
,
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
ws
th
at
a
s
ig
n
if
ic
an
t
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
m
ay
ex
p
er
ien
ce
lo
w
s
elf
-
esteem
,
wh
ich
ca
n
b
e
ass
o
ciate
d
with
b
u
r
n
o
u
t
an
d
an
x
iety
[
3
2
]
.
An
o
th
er
s
tu
d
y
co
n
d
u
cte
d
o
n
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ate
m
ed
ical
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
J
ak
ar
ta
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
s
h
o
wed
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
an
x
iety
lev
els
an
d
co
m
p
u
ls
iv
e
b
u
y
in
g
.
T
h
e
p
r
ev
ale
n
ce
o
f
co
m
p
u
ls
iv
e
b
u
y
in
g
ap
p
ea
r
ed
t
o
in
cr
ea
s
e
with
th
e
s
ev
er
ity
o
f
th
e
a
n
x
iety
[
3
3
]
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
ag
e,
d
u
r
in
g
wh
i
ch
m
an
y
c
h
an
g
es
o
cc
u
r
,
th
e
l
ev
el
o
f
s
elf
-
esteem
o
f
m
e
d
ica
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
ca
n
ch
a
n
g
e,
s
u
ch
as
in
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
f
ee
lin
g
s
o
f
in
d
ec
is
i
v
en
es
s
.
A
lo
t
o
f
p
eo
p
le
wh
o
h
a
v
e
ju
s
t
en
ter
ed
t
h
e
ea
r
l
y
ad
u
lth
o
o
d
p
h
ase
o
f
ten
e
x
p
er
i
en
ce
an
x
iety
a
n
d
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
.
Ma
n
y
o
f
t
h
em
r
ely
o
n
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
to
g
et
s
o
cial
s
u
p
p
o
r
t.
Su
b
s
eq
u
e
n
tly
,
f
ee
lin
g
s
o
f
in
d
ec
is
iv
en
ess
th
at
ar
i
s
e
in
ea
r
ly
ad
u
lth
o
o
d
ca
n
l
ea
d
to
f
ee
lin
g
s
o
f
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
an
d
an
x
iety
,
as
t
h
e
y
f
ee
l
t
h
ey
m
u
s
t
b
e
m
o
r
e
m
at
u
r
e
th
a
n
b
e
f
o
r
e
[
8
]
.
I
n
d
iv
id
u
als
wh
o
f
ee
l
an
x
io
u
s
an
d
d
e
p
r
ess
ed
will
r
u
n
awa
y
a
n
d
escap
e
r
ea
lity
to
i
d
o
ls
o
r
ce
leb
r
ities
.
T
h
is
h
as
led
to
th
e
e
m
er
g
en
ce
o
f
K
-
p
o
p
f
an
s
wh
o
h
a
v
e
lo
wer
s
elf
-
est
e
em
[
9
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
s
h
o
ws
th
at
lo
wer
s
elf
-
esteem
h
as
a
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
with
co
m
p
u
ls
iv
e
b
u
y
in
g
b
e
h
av
io
r
,
a
n
d
co
m
p
u
ls
iv
e
b
u
y
i
n
g
b
eh
a
v
io
r
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
co
p
in
g
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
f
o
r
in
d
iv
id
u
als
with
lo
wer
s
elf
-
esteem
.
C
o
m
p
u
ls
iv
e
b
u
y
er
s
u
s
e
im
p
u
l
s
e
b
u
y
in
g
to
ac
h
ie
v
e
an
id
ea
li
ze
d
s
elf
an
d
an
im
ag
in
e
d
s
en
s
e
o
f
h
ap
p
in
ess
,
as
well
as
to
ex
p
r
ess
th
em
s
elv
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
an
x
iety
th
at
ca
n
lead
to
n
eg
ativ
e
co
n
s
eq
u
en
c
es,
in
clu
d
in
g
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
ab
ilit
y
to
wo
r
k
ef
f
icien
tly
,
d
eter
io
r
atin
g
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
,
d
r
o
p
p
in
g
o
u
t
o
f
m
e
d
ical
s
ch
o
o
l,
an
d
o
th
er
h
ea
lth
p
r
o
b
lem
s
.
Gr
ea
ter
atten
tio
n
to
th
e
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
well
-
b
ein
g
o
f
m
ed
ical
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
is
u
r
g
en
tly
n
ee
d
ed
.
T
h
e
lim
itatio
n
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
in
th
e
s
am
p
les
tak
en
,
w
h
er
e
th
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
wer
e
f
em
ale,
an
d
v
er
y
f
ew
o
f
th
em
wer
e
m
ale
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
,
s
o
th
er
e
is
a
p
o
s
s
ib
il
ity
th
at
th
e
r
esu
l
ts
o
b
tain
ed
ar
e
less
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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Hea
lth
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2252
-
8
8
0
6
C
o
mp
u
ls
ive
b
u
yin
g
b
e
h
a
vio
r
a
n
d
s
elf
-
esteem
a
mo
n
g
K
-
p
o
p
f
a
n
u
n
d
erg
r
a
d
u
a
te
…
(
Ju
lia
R
a
h
a
d
ia
n
Ta
n
ju
n
g
)
229
r
ep
r
esen
tativ
e
am
o
n
g
m
ale
K
-
p
o
p
f
an
s
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
d
ata
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
s
am
p
le
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
ex
p
an
d
e
d
t
o
in
clu
d
e
a
b
r
o
ad
er
r
an
g
e
o
f
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
b
ey
o
n
d
m
ed
i
ca
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
s
u
ch
as
d
en
tal,
n
u
r
s
in
g
,
an
d
p
h
ar
m
ac
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
as
well
as
f
ac
to
r
s
r
elate
d
to
o
n
lin
e
s
h
o
p
p
in
g
a
ctiv
ities
,
th
e
o
n
lin
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
u
s
ed
f
o
r
s
h
o
p
p
in
g
,
an
d
cr
e
d
it c
ar
d
u
s
ag
e.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
L
o
wer
s
elf
-
esteem
tr
ig
g
er
s
co
m
p
u
ls
iv
e
b
u
y
in
g
b
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[
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J.
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[
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3
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5
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,
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6
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.
S
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m
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[
1
7
]
E.
V
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l
l
a
r
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f
r
a
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c
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n
d
J.
M
.
O
t
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Ló
p
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z
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o
m
p
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v
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t
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t
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p
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mat
e
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sm
,
p
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t
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Psy
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.
[
1
8
]
Y
.
Zh
e
n
g
,
X
.
Y
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n
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,
R
.
Z
h
o
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,
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.
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L
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,
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U
p
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6
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.
[
1
9
]
U
.
F
a
r
w
a
,
M
.
H
u
s
s
a
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n
,
M
.
A
f
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a
l
,
a
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d
S
.
A
.
G
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a
n
i
,
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o
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P
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v
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7
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[
2
0
]
A
.
M
a
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a
z
,
W
.
v
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d
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n
B
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k
,
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n
d
Z.
D
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c
s
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r
e
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p
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mal
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s,”
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a
t
ry
Re
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,
v
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l
.
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0
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[
2
1
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N
.
W
.
G
i
d
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.
,
“
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f
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