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al
b
a
l
an
c
e
b
etw
e
en
p
o
w
e
r
r
e
d
u
ct
i
o
n
an
d
v
i
s
u
al
s
m
o
o
th
n
e
s
s
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
e
k
e
y
co
n
tr
ib
u
t
io
n
s
o
f
th
i
s
w
o
r
k
ar
e
s
u
m
m
ar
i
s
ed
as f
o
llo
w
s
:
−
C
o
u
n
ter
-
ce
n
tr
ic
m
u
lt
ip
lex
i
n
g
ar
ch
itect
u
r
e
:
a
n
o
v
el
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
d
is
p
lay
m
u
ltip
le
x
i
n
g
t
h
at
o
p
er
ates
at
th
e
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
r
ef
r
es
h
r
ate
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
eli
m
in
ate
v
is
u
al
f
lic
k
er
(
≈
1
0
0
-
1
2
0
Hz
)
[
8
]
,
[
1
3
]
,
s
ig
n
i
f
ic
an
tl
y
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
h
ig
h
-
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
s
ca
n
n
in
g
m
et
h
o
d
s
[
1
4
]
w
h
i
le
m
ai
n
tai
n
i
n
g
d
is
p
la
y
q
u
alit
y
a
n
d
b
r
ig
h
t
n
es
s
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
it
y
.
−
Op
ti
m
i
s
ed
b
in
ar
y
-
to
-
b
in
ar
y
-
co
d
ed
d
ec
im
a
l
(
B
C
D)
c
o
n
v
er
s
io
n
:
a
n
e
f
f
icie
n
t
co
n
v
er
s
i
o
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
p
ec
if
icall
y
tailo
r
ed
f
o
r
th
e
0
-
1
5
in
p
u
t
r
an
g
e,
u
tili
s
in
g
B
o
o
lean
m
i
n
i
m
i
s
atio
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s
an
d
K
-
m
ap
o
p
tim
is
atio
n
[
1
5
]
t
o
ac
h
iev
e
m
i
n
i
m
al
lo
g
ic
r
eso
u
r
ce
u
tili
s
a
tio
n
w
h
ile
en
s
u
r
in
g
ac
cu
r
ate
ten
s
an
d
u
n
its
d
ig
it sep
ar
atio
n
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
e
r
est
o
f
th
e
p
ap
er
is
o
r
g
a
n
is
ed
as
:
s
ec
tio
n
2
r
ev
ie
w
s
r
elate
d
w
o
r
k
o
n
s
e
v
en
-
s
eg
m
e
n
t
d
r
iv
i
n
g
,
b
in
ar
y
-
to
-
d
ec
i
m
al
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
,
an
d
d
is
p
lay
s
ca
n
n
i
n
g
.
Sec
tio
n
3
ex
p
la
in
s
t
h
e
ar
ch
itect
u
r
e
an
d
d
esig
n
ch
o
ices.
Sectio
n
4
r
ep
o
r
ts
s
i
m
u
la
tio
n
a
n
d
h
ar
d
w
a
r
e
r
esu
lts
.
Sectio
n
5
co
n
clu
d
es
an
d
o
u
tlin
e
s
ex
ten
s
io
n
s
.
2.
RE
L
AT
E
D
WO
RK
R
esear
ch
o
n
e
f
f
ic
ien
t
s
e
v
e
n
-
s
e
g
m
en
t
d
is
p
la
y
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
b
in
ar
y
-
to
-
B
C
D
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
co
n
n
ec
ts
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
al
lo
g
ic
d
esi
g
n
w
it
h
p
er
ce
p
tu
al
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
t
s
an
d
p
o
w
er
o
p
tim
i
s
atio
n
f
o
r
FP
GA
p
lat
f
o
r
m
s
.
T
h
e
liter
atu
r
e
is
d
i
v
id
ed
in
to
s
ev
er
al
r
elev
an
t d
o
m
ai
n
s
:
C
las
s
ic
lo
g
ic
m
i
n
i
m
is
a
tio
n
t
ec
h
n
iq
u
es
h
av
e
lo
n
g
b
ee
n
c
en
tr
al
to
s
eg
m
e
n
t
-
le
v
el
d
ec
o
d
er
d
esig
n
.
C
an
o
n
ical
m
et
h
o
d
s
s
u
ch
as
K
ar
n
au
g
h
m
ap
s
[
1
7
]
,
Qu
in
e
–
M
cCl
u
s
k
e
y
a
lg
eb
r
aic
r
ed
u
ctio
n
[
1
8
]
,
an
d
h
eu
r
is
tic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
lik
e
th
e
E
s
p
r
ess
o
alg
o
r
ith
m
[
1
9
]
allo
w
f
o
r
th
e
cr
ea
tio
n
o
f
co
m
p
ac
t,
h
az
ar
d
-
f
r
ee
B
o
o
lean
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
s
.
T
h
ese
tech
n
iq
u
es
r
em
ai
n
v
al
u
ab
le
f
o
r
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
s
eg
m
e
n
t
d
ec
o
d
er
s
im
p
le
m
en
ted
o
n
FP
GA
lo
o
k
-
u
p
tab
le
(
L
UT
)
f
ab
r
ics,
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
r
eso
u
r
ce
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
,
esp
ec
iall
y
i
n
i
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
a
l
an
d
lo
w
-
co
m
p
le
x
it
y
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
2
0
]
.
Fo
r
b
in
ar
y
-
to
-
B
C
D
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
,
s
m
al
l
-
s
ca
le
r
an
g
e
s
lik
e
0
–
1
5
ty
p
icall
y
r
el
y
o
n
d
ir
ec
t
tr
u
th
-
tab
l
e
en
co
d
in
g
o
r
s
i
m
p
le
co
m
b
in
at
i
o
n
al
ad
d
er
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
,
w
h
ic
h
a
r
e
p
r
ac
tical
f
o
r
s
i
m
p
le
d
i
s
p
la
y
s
[
2
1
]
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
f
o
r
b
r
o
ad
e
r
r
an
g
es
o
r
s
ca
lab
le
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
,
th
e
s
h
i
f
t
-
an
d
-
ad
d
-
3
“
d
o
u
b
le
-
d
ab
b
le
”
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
p
r
ef
er
ab
le
f
o
r
its
iter
ativ
e,
lin
ea
r
s
ca
li
n
g
p
r
o
p
er
ties
[
2
2
]
.
A
r
ea
an
d
laten
c
y
t
r
ad
e
-
o
f
f
s
b
et
w
ee
n
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
al,
ite
r
ativ
e,
an
d
h
y
b
r
i
d
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
cir
cu
its
i
n
f
o
r
m
t
h
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
ar
ch
itect
u
r
es
f
o
r
F
P
GA
teac
h
i
n
g
b
o
ar
d
s
,
w
h
er
e
r
eu
s
e
an
d
m
o
d
u
lar
it
y
ar
e
v
alu
ed
[
2
3
]
.
I
n
th
e
co
n
te
x
t
o
f
m
u
lti
-
d
i
g
it
d
i
s
p
la
y
d
r
iv
i
n
g
,
th
e
s
h
ar
ed
-
s
e
g
m
e
n
t
ar
c
h
itect
u
r
e
o
f
m
o
d
er
n
teac
h
in
g
FP
GAs
n
ec
e
s
s
i
tates
ti
m
e
-
d
i
v
is
io
n
m
u
ltip
le
x
i
n
g
,
a
s
o
n
l
y
o
n
e
d
ig
it
ca
n
b
e
ill
u
m
i
n
at
ed
at
a
ti
m
e
[
4
]
.
P
s
y
c
h
o
p
h
y
s
ic
a
l
s
t
u
d
ies
s
et
th
e
t
y
p
ical
f
lic
k
er
-
f
u
s
io
n
t
h
r
es
h
o
l
d
at
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
atel
y
6
0
Hz
[
2
4
]
;
th
u
s
,
en
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
r
eb
u
ttals
ai
m
f
o
r
r
ef
r
es
h
r
ates a
b
o
v
e
1
0
0
Hz
p
e
r
d
ig
it
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
d
is
p
la
y
ap
p
ea
r
s
u
n
if
o
r
m
l
y
b
r
ig
h
t
an
d
s
tab
le
ac
r
o
s
s
all
v
ie
w
i
n
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
[
2
5
]
.
No
tab
ly
,
s
i
n
ce
d
y
n
a
m
ic
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
i
n
C
MO
S
cir
cu
its
is
d
ir
ec
tl
y
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
to
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
ac
tiv
it
y
(
∝
2
)
[
2
6
]
,
[
2
7
]
,
ac
ad
em
ic
an
d
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
g
u
id
elin
e
s
ad
v
o
ca
te
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
clo
ck
-
e
n
ab
le
s
i
g
n
als,
d
er
i
v
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
m
a
s
ter
s
y
s
te
m
cl
o
ck
,
to
co
n
tr
o
l
m
u
ltip
lex
in
g
r
ate,
th
u
s
m
in
i
m
i
s
i
n
g
u
n
n
ec
es
s
ar
y
tr
a
n
s
it
io
n
s
a
n
d
m
ain
tai
n
i
n
g
o
p
ti
m
al
FP
G
A
ti
m
i
n
g
i
n
te
g
r
it
y
[
2
8
]
,
[
2
9
]
.
F
in
a
l
ly
,
p
r
a
c
t
i
ca
l
im
p
l
em
en
t
at
io
n
s
m
u
s
t
a
d
h
e
r
e
t
o
h
a
r
d
w
ar
e
s
ta
n
d
a
r
d
s
an
d
b
o
a
r
d
d
o
c
u
m
en
t
a
t
io
n
,
s
u
c
h
as
t
h
e
I
E
E
E
S
t
d
1
1
6
4
l
o
g
ic
ty
p
es
[
3
0
]
a
n
d
o
f
f
i
ci
a
l
p
l
a
tf
o
r
m
r
ef
e
r
e
n
c
e
m
an
u
a
ls
[
3
1
]
.
T
h
es
e
d
i
ct
at
e
s
e
g
m
en
t
p
o
l
a
r
i
ty
,
i
n
p
u
t
/
o
u
t
p
u
t
(
I
/
O
)
s
t
an
d
a
r
d
s
,
a
n
d
p
in
m
a
p
p
in
g
s
,
d
i
r
e
c
t
ly
s
h
a
p
in
g
t
r
u
th
-
t
a
b
l
e
d
e
r
iv
a
ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
th
e
f
u
n
c
ti
o
n
al
c
o
r
r
e
c
t
n
ess
o
f
d
i
s
p
lay
c
o
n
t
r
o
ll
e
r
s
[
3
2
]
.
C
o
l
l
e
c
tiv
e
ly
,
th
e
s
e
w
o
r
k
s
e
s
t
a
b
li
s
h
th
e
f
o
u
n
d
a
ti
o
n
a
l
p
r
in
c
i
p
le
s
an
d
c
o
n
s
t
r
a
in
ts
th
at
m
o
t
iv
at
e
th
i
s
p
ap
e
r
’
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
a
r
ch
i
te
c
tu
r
e
:
a
co
m
b
in
a
ti
o
n
o
f
a
c
o
m
p
a
c
t
b
i
n
a
r
y
-
to
-
B
C
D
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
,
o
p
t
im
al
ly
m
in
im
is
e
d
d
e
c
o
d
e
r
lo
g
i
c
,
an
d
a
p
o
w
e
r
-
c
o
n
s
c
i
o
u
s
,
cl
o
c
k
-
en
a
b
le
-
b
as
e
d
m
u
l
ti
p
l
ex
in
g
s
t
r
a
t
eg
y
.
3.
DE
S
I
G
N
AND
I
M
P
L
E
M
E
NT
AT
I
O
N
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
d
escr
ib
es
t
h
e
en
d
-
to
-
e
n
d
d
esi
g
n
th
a
t
co
n
v
er
ts
a
4
-
b
it
b
in
ar
y
in
p
u
t
i
n
to
t
w
o
d
ec
i
m
al
d
i
g
it
s
an
d
d
is
p
la
y
s
t
h
e
m
o
n
th
e
Ne
x
y
s
-
4
DDR
s
e
v
e
n
-
s
e
g
m
e
n
t
i
n
te
r
f
ac
e.
T
h
e
o
v
er
all
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
is
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
d
ata
p
ath
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
th
r
ee
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
b
lo
c
k
s
:
(
i)
a
b
in
ar
y
-
to
-
B
C
D
s
ta
g
e
th
at
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
“
ten
s
”
an
d
“
u
n
it
s
”
;
(
ii)
a
s
e
v
en
-
s
e
g
m
e
n
t
e
n
co
d
er
th
at
co
n
v
er
ts
ea
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atter
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a
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a
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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5
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d
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er
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3
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2
.
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ina
ry
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o
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r
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ase
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i
m
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d
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h
e
“
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ig
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eit
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er
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r
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1
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:
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{
0
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≤
9
,
1
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≥
10
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1
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⋅
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(
1
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h
is
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o
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ar
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atter
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o
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h
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R
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ab
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its
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ig
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g
m
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t tr
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le
(
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ON,
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OFF)
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.
3
.
Sev
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g
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ac
h
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D
n
ib
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le
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m
ap
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ed
to
s
eg
[
6
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ac
t
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ter
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,
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eg
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w
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m
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le
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e
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s
ca
n
ad
v
a
n
ce
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to
t
h
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n
ex
t d
i
g
it.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
K
A
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elec
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m
m
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h
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s
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ig
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.
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h
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t
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ates
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t
h
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r
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y
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ed
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ig
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ch
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d
(
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ti
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e
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h
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t
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o
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en
t)
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elativ
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d
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e
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ed
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:
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=
s
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f
r
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me
f
r
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me
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an
(
2
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f
r
a
me
(
4
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w
it
h
n
o
n
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n
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g
ati
v
e
w
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g
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ts
s
eg
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g
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eg
ate
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w
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co
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tr
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s
.
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h
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it
less
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d
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ten
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ed
f
o
r
co
m
p
ar
ativ
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a
s
s
e
s
s
m
e
n
t
ac
r
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s
s
(
,
)
an
d
t
y
p
ical
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i
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n
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t
s
.
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h
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s
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n
g
to
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ee
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f
r
a
me
in
th
e
∼
100
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200
Hz
b
an
d
r
ed
u
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s
w
itc
h
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g
w
h
ile
m
ain
tain
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g
a
s
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i
s
p
la
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3
.
5
.
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a
ra
m
et
er
i
s
a
t
io
n a
nd
s
ca
la
bil
it
y
T
h
e
d
esig
n
is
p
ar
a
m
e
ter
is
ed
b
y
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
i
n
p
u
t b
its
an
d
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
d
ig
i
ts
.
I
n
g
en
er
al,
=
⌈
l
og
10
(
2
)
⌉
=
⌈
⋅
l
og
10
2
⌉
(
5
)
Fo
r
w
id
er
i
n
p
u
t
s
(
e.
g
.
,
8
,
1
2
,
o
r
1
6
b
its
)
,
a
s
m
all
iter
ati
v
e
b
in
ar
y
-
to
-
B
C
D
co
r
e
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
,
w
h
ile
th
e
s
elec
to
r
,
en
co
d
er
an
d
s
ca
n
n
i
n
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lo
g
ic
r
e
m
ai
n
u
n
c
h
an
g
ed
.
T
h
e
s
a
m
e
ti
m
i
n
g
m
o
d
el
ap
p
lies
:
c
h
o
o
s
e
to
p
lace
f
r
a
me
in
t
h
e
~1
0
0
–
2
0
0
Hz
b
an
d
f
o
r
f
lic
k
er
-
f
r
ee
p
r
esen
tatio
n
w
it
h
lo
w
s
witch
i
n
g
ac
tiv
it
y
.
A
b
r
ie
f
s
izi
n
g
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le
f
o
r
v
er
s
u
s
is
p
r
o
v
id
ed
w
it
h
th
e
r
es
u
lt
s
.
3
.
6
.
I
m
ple
m
e
nta
t
io
n det
a
ils
Pi
n
a
s
s
ig
n
m
en
ts
m
a
p
th
e
th
r
e
e
s
w
it
ch
e
s
t
o
th
e
in
p
u
t
b
i
t
s
an
d
th
e
s
h
a
r
e
d
s
eg
m
en
t
l
in
e
s
t
o
s
eg
[
6
:
0
]
.
T
h
e
a
n
o
d
e
v
e
c
t
o
r
is
w
i
r
e
d
t
o
th
e
f
i
r
s
t
tw
o
d
ig
it
s
o
f
th
e
e
ig
h
t
-
d
ig
it
m
o
d
u
l
e
o
n
t
h
e
N
ex
y
s
-
4
D
DR
.
A
l
l
o
u
t
p
u
t
s
th
at
d
r
i
v
e
t
h
e
d
is
p
l
ay
(
s
eg
m
en
ts
an
d
a
n
o
d
e
s
)
a
r
e
r
eg
is
t
e
r
e
d
.
T
h
e
c
o
n
s
t
r
a
in
ts
f
i
l
e
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et
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z
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n
d
I
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t
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d
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r
d
s
.
3
.
7
.
Ver
if
ica
t
io
n pla
n
Un
it
te
s
ts
:
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x
h
a
u
s
ti
v
el
y
s
ti
m
u
l
ate
th
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b
i
n
ar
y
-
to
-
B
C
D
co
n
v
er
t
er
(
0
–
1
5
)
an
d
th
e
B
C
D
→
s
ev
e
n
-
s
e
g
m
e
n
t
en
co
d
er
s
(
0
–
9
)
,
ch
ec
k
in
g
ag
ai
n
s
t
T
ab
le
1
(
a
ctiv
e
-
lo
w
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.
I
n
te
g
r
atio
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s
i
m
:
r
u
n
th
e
m
u
ltip
lex
F
S
M
w
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a
s
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m
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p
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ates
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p
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ite
an
o
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On
-
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p
r
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g
r
am
t
h
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d
ev
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s
w
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p
in
p
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p
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n
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d
ed
to
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m
o
v
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g
h
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in
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w
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k
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p
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di
git
≥
100
Hz
.
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
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A
s
tag
ed
v
er
if
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w
a
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:
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n
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m
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clo
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-
d
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m
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d
s
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m
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t
d
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o
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teg
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w
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d
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m
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n
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el:
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l
k
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s
,
f
r
a
me
=
dwe
l
l
=
5
.
24288
m
s
(
=
2
)
,
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I
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g
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ms
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93
(
i.e
.
,
=
19
)
.
E
m
p
ir
icall
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v
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r
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r
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d
r
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n
;
=
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g
av
e
dwe
l
l
=
2
.
62144
m
s
,
f
r
a
m
e
=
5
.
24288
m
s
an
d
f
r
a
me
≈
190
.
7
Hz
(
ab
o
u
t
95
Hz
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
p
er
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ig
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w
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ich
r
e
m
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ed
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t
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em
ai
n
i
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g
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m
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l
y
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lic
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er
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f
r
ee
.
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u
r
e
2.
T
im
in
g
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
t
h
e
clo
ck
-
en
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le
d
r
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n
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u
l
tip
l
ex
in
g
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o
q
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tify
th
e
r
e
f
r
esh
–
p
o
w
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r
tr
ad
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-
o
f
f
,
Fi
g
u
r
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3
p
lo
ts
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r
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e
d
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n
a
m
ic
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p
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er
in
d
e
x
ag
ain
s
t
t
h
e
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id
er
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r
∈
{
2
,
3
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4
,
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=
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.
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d
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p
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m
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m
e
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ts
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d
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s
it
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ce
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w
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al
u
es
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m
p
l
y
lo
wer
s
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itch
in
g
p
o
w
er
.
T
w
o
tr
e
n
d
s
ar
e
ev
id
e
n
t.
First,
p
o
w
er
f
all
s
n
ea
r
l
y
e
x
p
o
n
e
n
tia
ll
y
w
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th
:
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er
y
i
n
cr
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
h
alv
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s
t
h
e
f
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m
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ate
=
/
(
2
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d
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
l
y
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ce
s
s
w
itc
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n
g
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tiv
it
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.
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n
d
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f
o
r
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f
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ed
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p
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is
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w
ith
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
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f
d
ig
its
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ec
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s
e
m
o
r
e
an
o
d
es
ar
e
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ca
n
n
ed
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c
h
f
r
a
m
e.
T
h
e
m
ar
k
er
h
ig
h
li
g
h
ts
(
=
2
,
=
18
)
,
w
h
ich
s
it
s
i
n
t
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e
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o
w
o
f
th
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r
v
e,
w
ell
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o
v
e
th
e
f
lic
k
er
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f
u
s
io
n
th
r
e
s
h
o
ld
(
≈
190
.
7
Hz
f
r
a
m
e
r
ate)
y
e
t
n
o
ticea
b
l
y
lo
w
e
r
p
o
w
er
th
an
f
aster
s
ca
n
s
at
=
16
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r
=
17
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Mo
v
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to
=
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w
o
u
ld
r
ed
u
ce
p
o
w
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f
u
r
th
er
,
b
u
t
p
u
s
h
e
s
th
e
r
ef
r
es
h
clo
s
e
to
∼
100
Hz
,
n
ar
r
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w
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ti
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m
a
r
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a
n
d
,
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n
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r
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e
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i
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o
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g
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T
h
ese
o
b
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er
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ali
g
n
w
it
h
th
e
a
n
al
y
tical
s
izin
g
i
n
T
ab
le
2
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
R
elativ
e
d
y
n
a
m
ic
p
o
w
er
v
er
s
u
s
d
iv
id
er
f
o
r
∈
{
2
,
3
,
4
,
5
}
at
=
100
MH
z
T
ab
le
2.
R
ef
r
esh
a
n
d
r
elativ
e
s
w
itc
h
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n
g
ac
tiv
it
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g
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z
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z
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1
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z
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3
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
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(
p
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(
a)
(
b
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(
c)
(
d
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(
e)
(
f
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(
g
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(
h
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(
i)
(
j
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(
k
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(
l)
(
m
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(
n
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B
I
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RAP
H
I
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S O
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AUTH
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RS
Ahm
e
d
M
o
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m
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Abd
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ll
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tif
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h
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g
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g
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d
o
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e
sia
(UK
S
W
),
in
2
0
2
2
.
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rre
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ly
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h
e
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M
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lt
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n
g
A
b
d
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laz
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Un
iv
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.
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re
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rc
h
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sa
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W
P
T
a
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P
L
S
.
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c
a
n
b
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c
o
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tac
ted
a
t
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m
a
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:
a
h
m
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r0
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m
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g
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tri
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tro
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ics
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n
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ro
m
Un
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g
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sio
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l
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IT
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0
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rre
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d
d
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ra
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c
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rre
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re
q
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s,
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h
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m
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m
m
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p
ro
t
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o
ls.
His res
e
a
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h
in
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c
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6
G
w
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s
y
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m
s,
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m
m
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l
l
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c
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n
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tac
ted
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m
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d
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w
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9
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m
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m
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r
iq
H
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.
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r
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re
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g
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d
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in
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lec
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m
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m
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ra
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a
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ra
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in
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1
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g
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iz
Un
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se
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rc
h
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l
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d
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tec
ti
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ra
l
n
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s
tec
h
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iq
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s.
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c
a
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.
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