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ENT
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tatist
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d
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n
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g
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se
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cy
cles/b
lo
ck
)
an
d
h
ig
h
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
(
4
7
0
.
5
Kb
p
s
)
[
7
]
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
Sp
ec
k
o
f
f
er
s
ex
ce
llen
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
in
co
n
s
tr
ain
ed
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
,
s
ev
er
al
s
tu
d
ies
r
ep
o
r
t
th
at
it
r
e
m
ain
s
s
u
s
ce
p
tib
le
to
d
if
f
er
en
t
ial
attac
k
s
o
n
a
lar
g
e
s
u
b
s
et
o
f
its
r
o
u
n
d
s
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
3
]
.
E
x
is
tin
g
r
esear
ch
lar
g
ely
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
an
aly
zin
g
th
ese
wea
k
n
ess
es
r
ath
er
th
an
p
r
o
p
o
s
in
g
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
s
t
h
at
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
d
if
f
er
en
tial
r
esis
tan
ce
with
o
u
t
c
o
m
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
lig
h
tweig
h
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
T
h
is
cr
ea
tes
a
clea
r
r
esear
ch
g
ap
in
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
a
n
en
h
an
c
ed
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
Sp
ec
k
th
at
s
tr
e
n
g
th
en
s
its
s
ec
u
r
ity
wh
ile
r
em
ain
in
g
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
I
o
MT
d
ev
ices.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
is
g
a
p
,
th
e
p
r
ese
n
t
wo
r
k
in
v
esti
g
ates
wh
eth
er
in
teg
r
atin
g
a
lig
h
tweig
h
t
s
u
b
s
titu
tio
n
b
o
x
in
to
th
e
Sp
ec
k
6
4
/9
6
r
o
u
n
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
ca
n
im
p
r
o
v
e
its
s
tatis
tic
al
an
d
d
if
f
e
r
en
tial
s
tr
en
g
th
.
T
h
e
S
b
o
x
o
f
p
r
esen
t
is
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
d
in
t
h
e
r
o
u
n
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
Sp
ec
k
6
4
/
9
6
.
T
h
e
b
lo
c
k
len
g
t
h
ch
o
ice
h
as
b
ee
n
m
ad
e
o
n
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
v
ital
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
th
at
ar
e
m
o
s
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tl
y
tr
an
s
m
itted
.
T
h
e
k
e
y
len
g
t
h
ch
o
ice
is
b
ased
o
n
im
p
ac
t
le
v
el
o
f
b
io
m
ed
ical
d
a
ta
an
d
it’s
co
n
f
id
en
tiality
le
v
e
l
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
[
4
]
.
T
h
e
S
b
o
x
h
as
b
ee
n
in
clu
d
e
d
at
v
ar
io
u
s
p
o
s
itio
n
s
in
th
e
r
o
u
n
d
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
o
f
Sp
ec
k
.
T
h
ese
v
er
s
io
n
s
ar
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
u
s
in
g
s
tatis
tical
s
ec
u
r
ity
m
etr
ics.
T
h
e
b
est
p
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
h
y
b
r
id
alg
o
r
ith
m
i
s
r
e
f
er
r
e
d
as
Sp
ec
k
p
r
es_
S.
T
h
e
p
h
y
s
ical
c
o
s
ts
o
f
Sp
ec
k
p
r
es_
S
s
u
ch
as
m
em
o
r
y
,
laten
c
y
a
n
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
h
as
b
ee
n
co
m
p
u
ted
a
n
d
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
o
r
ig
in
al
Sp
ec
k
.
T
h
e
d
if
f
er
en
tial
tr
ails
o
f
o
r
ig
in
al
Sp
ec
k
an
d
Sp
ec
k
p
r
es_
S
ar
e
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
.
L
astl
y
,
a
d
etailed
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
a
n
aly
s
is
h
as b
ee
n
d
o
n
e
o
f
Sp
ec
k
a
n
d
S
p
ec
k
p
r
es_
S.
2.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
SU
RVE
Y
T
h
e
liter
atu
r
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
co
v
er
s
Sp
ec
k
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
u
m
m
ar
y
,
it’
s
v
u
ln
er
ab
ilit
y
,
m
eth
o
d
s
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
th
is
alg
o
r
ith
m
ag
ai
n
s
t d
if
f
er
en
tial
attac
k
s
an
d
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
S b
o
x
.
2
.
1
.
I
ntr
o
du
ct
io
n a
nd
s
t
ruct
ure
o
f
Sp
ec
k
a
lg
o
rit
hm
Sp
ec
k
is
a
f
am
ily
o
f
lig
h
tweig
h
t
b
lo
ck
cip
h
er
s
p
u
b
licly
r
el
ea
s
ed
b
y
th
e
Natio
n
al
Secu
r
ity
Ag
en
c
y
(
NSA)
in
J
u
n
e
2
0
1
3
[
8
]
.
I
t
h
a
s
b
ee
n
o
p
tim
ized
f
o
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
s
o
f
twar
e
im
p
lem
en
tati
o
n
s
an
d
is
an
ad
d
–
r
o
tate
–
XOR
(
AR
X)
cip
h
er
.
T
h
e
b
lo
ck
s
ize
in
Sp
ec
k
r
a
n
g
es
f
r
o
m
3
2
b
its
to
2
5
6
b
its
.
A
b
lo
ck
is
alwa
y
s
two
wo
r
d
s
,
b
u
t
th
e
wo
r
d
s
m
ay
b
e
1
6
,
2
4
,
3
2
,
4
8
o
r
6
4
b
its
in
s
ize.
T
h
e
k
ey
wo
r
d
s
ize
r
an
g
es
f
r
o
m
6
4
t
o
2
5
6
b
its
.
T
h
e
k
ey
ca
n
b
e
o
f
2
,
3
o
r
4
wo
r
d
s
,
d
ep
e
n
d
in
g
u
p
o
n
th
e
k
ey
len
g
th
.
T
o
en
cr
y
p
t
a
b
l
o
ck
o
f
6
4
b
its
,
th
er
e
ca
n
b
e
2
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
o
p
tio
n
s
o
f
k
e
y
s
ize.
T
h
e
k
ey
s
ize
ca
n
b
e
eith
er
9
6
b
its
o
r
1
2
8
b
its
.
W
h
ile
d
esig
n
in
g
th
ese
r
o
u
n
d
s
,
m
ajo
r
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
h
as
b
ee
n
g
iv
en
to
r
e
d
u
cin
g
th
e
laten
c
y
an
d
m
em
o
r
y
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
[
1
4
]
.
Du
e
t
o
s
im
p
le
lin
ea
r
an
d
n
o
n
-
lin
ea
r
o
p
e
r
atio
n
s
in
r
o
u
n
d
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
o
f
Sp
ec
k
,
it
r
eq
u
ir
es
a
less
er
ex
ec
u
tio
n
tim
e
an
d
laten
cy
.
L
in
ea
r
an
d
d
if
f
e
r
en
tial
attac
k
s
ar
e
th
e
lim
itin
g
attac
k
s
o
f
Sp
ec
k
.
Dif
f
er
en
tial
attac
k
s
o
n
7
0
to
7
5
%
r
o
u
n
d
s
o
f
all
Sp
ec
k
v
ar
ia
n
ts
h
av
e
b
ee
n
p
o
s
s
ib
le
[
1
5
]
.
1
9
o
u
t
o
f
2
6
r
o
u
n
d
s
in
Sp
ec
k
6
4
/9
6
wh
ic
h
ac
co
u
n
ts
to
7
3
%
o
f
th
e
r
o
u
n
d
s
h
av
e
alr
ea
d
y
b
ee
n
att
ac
k
ed
.
Sin
ce
Sp
ec
k
g
iv
es
o
p
tim
ized
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
with
r
esp
ec
t
to
ex
ec
u
tio
n
s
p
ee
d
,
laten
cy
an
d
m
em
o
r
y
,
i
t
ca
n
b
e
a
p
r
o
m
is
ab
le
cip
h
er
f
o
r
I
o
T
ap
p
licatio
n
s
if
it
i
s
m
ad
e
m
o
r
e
r
o
b
u
s
t
to
d
if
f
er
en
tial
attac
k
s
.
T
h
e
n
ex
t
s
ec
tio
n
elab
o
r
ates
o
n
m
eth
o
d
s
wh
ich
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
m
a
k
e
a
cip
h
er
m
o
r
e
r
o
b
u
s
t
to
d
if
f
er
e
n
tial a
ttack
s
.
2
.
2
.
M
et
ho
ds
f
o
r
enha
ncem
e
nt
o
f
ro
bu
s
t
nes
s
o
f
ciphers a
g
a
ins
t
diff
er
ent
ia
l a
t
t
a
c
k
s
I
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
o
u
n
d
s
in
th
e
cip
h
er
ca
n
m
ak
e
it
m
o
r
e
r
esis
tan
t
to
d
if
f
er
en
tial
attac
k
s
[
1
5
]
.
L
ar
g
er
b
lo
c
k
s
izes
o
r
an
en
h
an
ce
d
k
e
y
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
[
1
6
]
ca
n
also
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
co
m
p
lex
ity
o
f
p
o
ten
tial
d
if
f
er
en
tial
ch
ar
ac
t
er
is
tics
,
m
ak
in
g
it
m
o
r
e
ch
allen
g
in
g
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
d
if
f
er
e
n
tial
cr
y
p
tan
aly
s
is
.
I
n
teg
r
atin
g
S
-
b
o
x
es
(
s
u
b
s
titu
tio
n
b
o
x
es)
in
to
th
e
e
n
cr
y
p
tio
n
r
o
u
n
d
s
ca
n
ad
d
n
o
n
-
lin
ea
r
ity
to
th
e
ci
p
h
er
.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
t
h
e
g
r
a
n
u
le
cip
h
er
an
d
th
e
s
k
in
n
y
ci
p
h
er
u
s
e
a
s
tatic
Su
b
s
titu
tio
n
b
o
x
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
its
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
ag
ain
s
t b
o
th
lin
ea
r
an
d
d
if
f
er
e
n
tial a
ttack
s
[
1
7
]
.
As
s
tated
in
s
ec
tio
n
I
,
th
is
p
a
p
er
an
aly
s
es
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
Sp
ec
k
6
4
/9
6
cip
h
e
r
with
a
n
in
clu
s
io
n
o
f
S
b
o
x
.
T
h
e
c
h
o
ice
o
f
S
b
o
x
an
d
it’s
p
o
s
itio
n
in
th
e
r
o
u
n
d
is
cr
u
cial
in
d
ec
id
i
n
g
th
e
s
ec
u
r
ity
o
f
th
e
alg
o
r
i
th
m
.
T
h
e
m
etr
ics u
s
ed
to
d
ec
id
e
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
an
S b
o
x
is
g
iv
en
in
s
u
b
-
s
ec
tio
n
2
.
3
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
In
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
41
,
No
.
3
,
Ma
r
ch
20
2
6
:
9
4
6
-
95
3
948
2
.
3
.
M
et
rics us
ed
f
o
r
s
ub
s
t
it
utio
n bo
x
s
elec
t
io
n
T
h
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
t
ab
le
(
DDT
)
[
1
8
]
,
lin
ea
r
ap
p
r
o
x
im
atio
n
tab
le
(
L
AT
)
[
1
8
]
an
d
th
e
B
o
o
m
er
an
g
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
tab
le
(
B
C
T
)
[
1
9
]
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
f
r
o
m
th
e
S
b
o
x
ca
n
h
elp
u
s
ev
alu
at
e
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
S
b
o
x
to
war
d
s
ce
r
tain
attac
k
s
.
Pan
ch
am
i
an
d
Ma
t
h
ew
[
2
0
]
h
as
c
o
m
p
ar
e
d
m
o
r
e
th
an
2
0
S
B
o
x
es
with
r
esp
ec
t
to
SNR
(
DP
A
)
,
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
c
y
o
r
d
er
,
co
n
f
u
s
io
n
co
ef
f
icien
t,
alg
eb
r
aic
d
eg
r
ee
,
d
if
f
e
r
en
tial
ap
p
r
o
x
im
atio
n
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
(
D
AP)
,
lin
ea
r
ap
p
r
o
x
im
atio
n
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
(
L
AP)
.
T
h
e
DAP
o
f
Pre
s
en
t
S
b
o
x
was
s
tated
to
b
e
0
.
6
5
7
a
n
d
th
e
L
AP
was
0
.
2
5
6
[
2
0
]
w
h
ich
in
d
ic
ates
th
e
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
o
f
th
e
Pre
s
en
t
S
B
o
x
ag
ain
s
t
d
if
f
er
en
t
ial
an
d
lin
ea
r
attac
k
s
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
3.
SO
F
T
WAR
E
I
M
P
L
E
M
E
N
T
AT
I
O
N
T
h
e
to
o
ls
an
d
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
/m
eth
o
d
s
u
s
ed
f
o
r
Su
b
s
titu
tio
n
b
o
x
s
elec
tio
n
,
h
y
b
r
id
alg
o
r
ith
m
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t,
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
th
e
p
lain
-
tex
t d
ata,
d
if
f
er
e
n
tial c
r
y
p
tan
aly
s
is
is
b
r
ief
ed
in
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
.
3
.
1
.
E
v
a
lua
t
ing
t
he
pro
pert
ies o
f
p
re
s
ent
S bo
x
es
T
o
v
alid
ate
th
e
claim
s
p
r
ese
n
ted
in
p
ap
er
[
2
0
]
,
th
e
DDT
,
L
AT
an
d
B
C
T
o
f
th
e
Pre
s
en
t
S
b
o
x
as
s
h
o
wn
in
F
ig
u
r
e
s
1
-
3
wer
e
c
o
n
s
tr
u
cted
u
s
in
g
Sag
eM
ath
t
o
o
l
[
2
1
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
DDT
o
f
Pre
s
en
t S
b
o
x
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
L
AT
o
f
Pre
s
en
t S
b
o
x
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
B
C
T
o
f
Pre
s
en
t S
b
o
x
Fro
m
th
e
DDT
o
f
th
e
Su
b
s
titu
tio
n
b
o
x
es,
th
e
d
i
f
f
er
en
tial
b
r
an
ch
n
u
m
b
e
r
an
d
d
if
f
er
en
ti
al
u
n
if
o
r
-
m
ity
was
f
o
u
n
d
.
L
ik
ewise,
th
e
B
C
T
an
d
L
AT
was
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
.
Me
tr
ics
s
u
ch
as
b
o
o
m
er
a
n
g
u
n
if
o
r
m
ity
[
2
1
]
,
lin
ea
r
b
r
an
ch
n
u
m
b
er
[
2
1
]
an
d
lin
ea
r
ity
was
f
o
u
n
d
.
T
a
b
le
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
v
alu
es
o
f
Pre
s
en
t
S
b
o
x
with
r
esp
ec
t
to
th
e
m
etr
ics o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
tab
l
e.
T
h
e
ab
s
o
lu
te
v
alu
e
o
f
m
ax
i
m
u
m
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
(
MD
P)
is
f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
4
w
h
ich
is
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
p
o
s
s
ib
le
v
alu
e.
T
h
e
d
if
f
er
en
tial
u
n
if
o
r
m
ity
(
DU)
wh
ich
is
a
d
ir
ec
t
in
d
icativ
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
o
f
DAP
is
f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
4
.
B
o
th
DU
an
d
DAP
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
as
lo
w
as
p
o
s
s
ib
le.
W
h
ile
o
th
er
k
ey
p
r
o
p
er
t
ies
(
e.
g
.
,
d
if
f
er
e
n
tial
u
n
if
o
r
m
i
ty
,
b
o
o
m
er
an
g
u
n
if
o
r
m
ity
,
lin
ea
r
ity
)
ar
e
eq
u
iv
alen
t
ac
r
o
s
s
m
o
s
t
S
b
o
x
es
g
iv
en
in
[
2
0
]
,
th
e
Pre
s
en
t
S
-
b
o
x
p
r
o
v
id
es st
r
o
n
g
er
n
o
n
-
lin
ea
r
ity
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
with
o
u
t c
o
m
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
b
alan
ce
o
r
lin
ea
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
T
ab
le
1
.
Me
tr
ics o
f
Pre
s
en
t S
-
box
M
e
t
r
i
c
P
r
e
sen
t
D
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
l
b
r
a
n
c
h
n
u
mb
e
r
3
D
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
l
u
n
i
f
o
r
mi
t
y
4
B
o
o
mer
a
n
g
u
n
i
f
o
r
mi
t
y
16
M
a
x
i
m
a
l
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
p
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
a
b
so
l
u
t
e
4
Li
n
e
a
r
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
Tr
u
e
B
a
l
a
n
c
e
d
/
U
n
b
a
l
a
n
c
e
d
B
a
l
a
n
c
e
d
Li
n
e
a
r
b
r
a
n
c
h
n
u
mb
e
r
2
Li
n
e
a
r
i
t
y
8
3
.
2
.
I
m
ple
m
ent
a
t
io
n o
f
S bo
x
in
Sp
ec
k
ro
un
d
An
attem
p
t
h
as
b
ee
n
m
a
d
e
t
o
im
p
lem
en
t
th
e
S
b
o
x
o
f
p
r
esen
t
alg
o
r
ith
m
at
3
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
p
o
s
itio
n
s
,
S
B
o
x
f
o
r
h
alf
o
f
p
lai
n
tex
t
in
ea
ch
r
o
u
n
d
,
th
e
co
m
p
lete
p
lain
tex
t
in
ev
er
y
r
o
u
n
d
o
f
Sp
ec
k
an
d
at
th
e
s
tar
t
o
f
th
e
r
o
u
n
d
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
s
4
-
6
s
h
o
w
t
h
e
p
o
s
itio
n
s
o
f
S b
o
x
in
clu
s
io
n
in
t
h
e
tr
ials
.
All
s
o
f
twar
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
s
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
d
o
n
e
in
c
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
i
n
g
with
Vis
u
al
Stu
d
io
2
0
2
2
ed
ito
r
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
A
R
X
B
a
s
ed
cip
h
er w
ith
S
-
b
o
x
a
u
g
men
ta
tio
n
:
s
ta
tis
tica
l
a
n
d
d
iffer
en
tia
l e
va
lu
a
tio
n
(
Ma
n
ita
R
a
jp
u
t
)
949
3
.
2
.
1
.
Str
uct
ure
a
nd
i
m
plementa
t
io
n o
f
t
he
a
lg
o
rit
hm
As
s
h
o
wn
in
F
ig
u
r
e
5
,
th
e
6
4
b
its
p
lain
t
ex
t
is
f
ed
to
t
h
e
Su
b
s
titu
tio
n
lay
er
an
d
th
en
in
p
u
t
ted
f
o
r
t
h
e
r
eg
u
lar
o
p
er
atio
n
s
o
f
Sp
ec
k
.
T
h
e
s
u
b
s
titu
tio
n
h
ap
p
e
n
s
in
ev
er
y
r
o
u
n
d
o
f
Sp
ec
k
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
Oth
er
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
o
f
m
o
d
u
lo
ad
d
itio
n
,
r
ig
h
t
an
d
le
f
t
b
it
r
o
tatio
n
s
a
r
e
k
e
p
t
th
e
s
am
e.
6
4
b
it
u
s
er
d
ef
in
ed
b
lo
c
k
is
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
2
h
alv
es,
n
am
ely
X
a
n
d
Y
b
lo
ck
s
o
f
3
2
b
its
ea
ch
.
T
h
is
d
ata
is
f
ed
to
th
e
S
b
o
x
.
T
h
e
k
ey
s
ch
e
d
u
lin
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
s
am
e
as th
at
o
f
Sp
ec
k
.
T
h
is
v
e
r
s
io
n
is
h
en
ce
f
o
r
th
ca
lled
as S
p
ec
k
p
r
es_
S.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
S b
o
x
in
cl
u
d
ed
f
o
r
h
alf
p
lain
tex
t
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
S b
o
x
in
cl
u
d
ed
f
o
r
wh
o
le
p
lain
tex
t (
Sp
ec
k
p
r
es_
S
)
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
S b
o
x
in
cl
u
d
ed
at
s
tar
t o
f
r
o
u
n
d
s
3
.
2
.
2
.
F
o
r
m
a
t
io
n
o
f
t
he
t
est
d
a
t
a
T
h
e
test
d
at
a
w
h
i
c
h
s
er
v
es
a
s
a
p
lai
n
t
ex
t
is
t
ak
e
n
i
n
t
h
e
h
e
x
a
d
ec
i
m
al
f
o
r
m
at
f
o
r
c
o
m
p
ac
t
n
ess
i
n
r
e
p
r
ese
n
t
ati
o
n
.
I
f
a
p
a
tie
n
t
h
as
a
b
o
d
y
te
m
p
e
r
at
u
r
e
o
f
3
7
.
7
d
eg
r
e
es
C
elsi
u
s
,
SP
O
2
v
a
lu
e
o
f
9
4
%
a
n
d
a
r
an
d
o
m
b
l
o
o
d
s
u
g
a
r
o
f
5
5
0
m
g
/
d
L
,
t
h
e
n
t
h
e
s
a
m
p
le
o
f
t
est
d
at
a
w
o
u
l
d
l
o
o
k
li
k
e
as s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
7
[
2
2
]
.
As s
h
o
wn
i
n
F
ig
u
r
e
7
,
p
a
r
t
A
o
f
th
e
d
a
ta
ca
n
b
e
f
u
r
t
h
e
r
u
s
ed
f
o
r
e
n
s
u
r
i
n
g
in
t
eg
r
i
ty
o
r
s
e
n
d
i
n
g
m
o
r
e
b
i
o
m
e
d
ic
al
p
ar
am
et
er
s
.
Par
t
B
is
t
h
e
c
o
n
c
ate
n
a
te
d
b
i
o
m
e
d
ic
al
p
ar
am
ete
r
s
o
f
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e,
SP
O
2
a
n
d
g
l
u
c
o
s
e
le
v
el
i
n
h
ex
ad
ec
im
a
l
f
o
r
m
at
.
Fo
r
al
l t
esti
n
g
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
s
,
p
a
r
t
A
o
f
t
h
e
p
lai
n
t
e
x
t
in
t
h
is
p
a
p
e
r
is
k
e
p
t
t
o
b
e
a
s
er
i
es
o
f
“z
e
r
o
es
”.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
T
h
e
f
o
r
m
at
o
f
p
lain
t
ex
t in
h
ex
a
d
ec
im
al
3
.
2
.
3
.
Dif
f
er
ent
ia
l t
r
a
il o
f
S
peck
a
nd
Sp
ec
k
pres_
S
Dif
f
er
en
tial
tr
ail
o
f
Sp
ec
k
p
r
es_
S
was
f
o
u
n
d
p
r
im
a
r
ily
to
ass
es
s
it
s
r
esil
ien
ce
to
d
if
f
er
en
tial
cr
y
p
tan
aly
s
is
.
T
h
is
d
if
f
er
en
tia
l
tr
ail
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
as
wea
k
as
p
o
s
s
ib
le.
A
cip
h
er
with
a
s
tr
o
n
g
d
if
f
e
r
en
tial
tr
ail
is
m
o
r
e
p
r
o
n
e
t
o
attac
k
s
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
e
d
if
f
er
en
tial tr
ail
was f
o
u
n
d
u
s
in
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
1
.
Alg
o
r
ith
m
f
o
r
f
in
d
in
g
d
if
f
er
e
n
tial tr
ails
I
n
p
u
t:
1.
A
cr
y
p
to
g
r
ap
h
ic
al
g
o
r
ith
m
E
o
p
er
atin
g
o
n
n
-
b
it p
lain
tex
ts
.
2.
A
s
p
ec
if
ic
p
lain
tex
t d
if
f
er
en
ce
∆P
,
wh
er
e
∆P
=
P1
⊕
P2
.
3.
N
: N
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
lain
tex
t
p
air
s
to
an
aly
ze
(
e.
g
.
,
N
=
1
0
0
0
)
.
Ou
tp
u
t:
Ob
s
er
v
ed
d
if
f
e
r
en
tial tr
ail
∆P
→
∆C f
o
r
ea
ch
r
o
u
n
d
o
f
t
h
e
al
g
o
r
ith
m.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
In
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
41
,
No
.
3
,
Ma
r
ch
20
2
6
:
9
4
6
-
95
3
950
Alg
o
r
ith
m
1
.
Alg
o
r
ith
m
f
o
r
f
i
n
d
in
g
d
if
f
er
e
n
tial tr
ail
o
f
Sp
ec
k
an
d
Sp
ec
k
p
r
es S
Alg
o
r
ith
m
1.
1
.
Gen
er
ate
p
lain
tex
t p
air
s
:
Randomly generate
N
plaintexts
1
,
2
,
.
.
.
,
of n
-
bits each.
for each plaintext
Pi
do
:
Compute its pair P′ such that:
P′ = Pi
⊕
∆P
where ∆P = 00000000 08000000 (as an example).
end for
Alg
o
r
ith
m
1.
2.
E
n
cr
y
p
t
p
lain
t
ex
t p
air
s
:
for each plaintext pair (Pi, P
i
′) do
Encrypt the pair using E to produce ciphertexts:
Ci = E(Pi),
C′ = E(P
i
′)
end for
Alg
o
r
ith
m
1.
3.
C
o
m
p
u
te
cip
h
e
r
tex
t d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
: f
o
r
ea
c
h
cip
h
er
tex
t p
air
(
C
i,
C
′)
d
o
:
Compute the ciphertext difference:
∆Ci = Ci
⊕
C′
end for
Alg
o
r
ith
m
1.
4.
Ma
p
p
lain
tex
t
-
cip
h
er
tex
t d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
:
Record and analyze the relationships between ∆P and ∆C:
E
∆P −→ ∆C
Alg
o
r
ith
m
1.
5.
R
ep
ea
t f
o
r
ea
c
h
r
o
u
n
d
:
for each round r of the algorithm E do
Observe and log the differential trail:
∆Pr = (∆Li, ∆Ri) → (∆Lo, ∆Ro)
wh
er
e
∆L
an
d
∆R
de
no
te
th
e
le
ft
an
d
ri
gh
t
ha
lv
es
o
f
th
e
pl
ai
nt
ex
t/
ci
ph
er
te
x
t
di
ff
er
en
ce
at
round r.
end
for
Alg
o
r
ith
m
1.
6.
An
aly
ze
d
if
f
e
r
en
tial tr
ail
:
Identify
occurrences
where
specific
∆P
consiste
ntly
produce
specific
∆
C.
Summarize
the
probabilities for each trail ∆P → ∆C.
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
NS
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
tab
u
lates
an
d
in
t
er
p
r
etes
th
e
s
tatis
tical
m
etr
ics,
th
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
tial
cr
y
p
tan
aly
s
is
m
etr
ics
an
d
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
c
o
s
ts
o
f
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
cip
h
er
.
4
.
1
.
Co
m
pa
riso
n o
f
Sp
ec
k
a
nd
m
o
dified
Sp
ec
k
v
er
s
io
ns
us
ing
s
ec
urit
y
m
et
rics
I
n
d
ex
o
f
c
o
in
cid
en
ce
(
I
o
C
)
[
2
4
]
,
E
n
t
r
o
p
y
an
d
Av
alan
ch
e
ef
f
ec
t
[
2
5
]
o
f
all
v
er
s
io
n
s
was
co
m
p
u
ted
an
d
c
o
m
p
ar
e
d
with
Sp
ec
k
6
4
/
9
6
.
I
t
is
s
ee
n
th
at
wh
en
S
b
o
x
is
i
n
clu
d
ed
in
th
e
co
m
p
lete
p
lain
tex
t,
t
h
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
ch
an
g
es
o
f
th
e
3
m
etr
ics
s
h
o
w
th
e
c
o
r
r
ec
t
a
n
d
d
esira
b
le
tr
en
d
.
T
ab
le
2
s
h
o
w
s
th
at
Sp
ec
k
p
r
es_
S
s
u
p
er
ce
d
es
Sp
ec
k
alg
o
r
it
h
m
i
n
all
3
-
s
ec
u
r
ity
m
etr
ics.
T
h
e
en
tr
o
p
y
h
as
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
b
y
3
.
8
%
an
d
th
e
av
alan
ch
e
ef
f
ec
t is also
in
cr
ea
s
ed
.
T
h
e
I
o
C
also
d
ec
r
ea
s
es b
y
6
.
0
2
%.
T
ab
le
2
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
s
tatis
t
ical
m
etr
ics f
o
r
Sp
ec
k
with
d
if
f
er
en
t S
-
b
o
x
in
teg
r
atio
n
s
tr
ate
g
ies
A
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
%
c
h
a
n
g
e
i
n
I
o
C
%
c
h
a
n
g
e
i
n
E
n
t
r
o
p
y
%
c
h
a
n
g
e
i
n
A
v
a
l
a
n
c
h
e
S
p
e
c
k
w
i
t
h
S
-
b
o
x
f
o
r
h
a
l
f
o
f
p
l
a
i
n
t
e
x
t
I
n
c
r
e
a
se
d
b
y
2
5
.
4
5
%
I
n
c
r
e
a
se
d
b
y
0
.
4
%
D
e
c
r
e
a
s
e
d
b
y
0
.
4
%
S
p
e
c
k
p
r
e
s
_
S
D
e
c
r
e
a
s
e
d
b
y
6
.
0
2
%
I
n
c
r
e
a
se
d
b
y
3
.
8
%
I
n
c
r
e
a
se
d
b
y
1
.
7
%
S
p
e
c
k
w
i
t
h
S
-
b
o
x
a
t
t
h
e
s
t
a
r
t
o
f
t
h
e
r
o
u
n
d
D
e
c
r
e
a
s
e
d
b
y
2
.
0
2
%
D
e
c
r
e
a
s
e
d
b
y
3
.
3
%
D
e
c
r
e
a
s
e
d
b
y
2
.
1
%
4.
2
.
Co
m
pa
riso
n
o
f
Sp
ec
k
a
nd
Sp
ec
k
pres_
S
us
ing
diff
er
ent
ia
l t
ra
il
T
ab
le
s
3
an
d
4
s
h
o
w
th
e
d
etai
ls
o
f
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
tial
tr
ail
o
f
S
p
ec
k
an
d
Sp
ec
k
p
r
es_
S
f
o
r
a
s
in
g
le
d
ata
s
et
o
f
1
,
0
0
0
p
air
o
f
p
lain
t
-
te
x
t
s
am
p
les.
As
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
3
,
d
if
f
er
en
tial
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
(
DP)
an
d
weig
h
t
o
f
Sp
ec
k
was c
o
m
p
u
ted
f
r
o
m
th
i
s
d
if
f
er
en
tial tr
ail.
T
o
tal
DP
o
f
th
e
tr
ail
is
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
ies at
ea
ch
r
o
u
n
d
a
n
d
is
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as
:
=
1
×
2
×
−
−
−
−
×
(
1
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
A
R
X
B
a
s
ed
cip
h
er w
ith
S
-
b
o
x
a
u
g
men
ta
tio
n
:
s
ta
tis
tica
l
a
n
d
d
iffer
en
tia
l e
va
lu
a
tio
n
(
Ma
n
ita
R
a
jp
u
t
)
951
t
h
e
weig
h
t o
f
a
r
o
u
n
d
wh
ic
h
is
th
e
n
eg
ativ
e
b
ase
-
2
lo
g
ar
ith
m
o
f
its
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
was c
o
m
p
u
ted
as
:
ℎ
(
)
=
−
2
(
)
(
2
)
f
o
r
th
e
f
u
ll tr
ail:
ℎ
(
)
=
∑
ℎ
(
)
(
3
)
Hig
h
-
weig
h
t
tr
ails
in
d
icate
th
at
th
e
cip
h
er
h
as
s
tr
o
n
g
d
if
f
u
s
io
n
an
d
n
o
n
-
lin
ea
r
ity
,
m
ak
in
g
it
d
if
f
ic
u
lt
f
o
r
d
i
f
f
er
en
ce
s
to
p
r
o
p
ag
ate
p
r
ed
ictab
ly
.
A
h
ig
h
er
weig
h
t
a
ls
o
in
d
icate
s
th
at
a
m
u
c
h
lar
g
er
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
lain
tex
ts
will
b
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
an
y
ty
p
e
o
f
attac
k
.
T
h
u
s
,
an
alg
o
r
ith
m
h
av
in
g
less
er
v
alu
e
o
f
tr
ail
DP
an
d
h
ig
h
er
v
alu
e
o
f
weig
h
t
is
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
to
b
e
r
o
b
u
s
t
ag
ain
s
t
d
if
f
er
en
t
ial
attac
k
s
.
Fo
r
Sp
ec
k
alg
o
r
it
h
m
,
th
e
DP
t
r
ai
l
was
f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
0
.
0
0
8
0
5
an
d
weig
h
t
was
ca
lcu
lated
a
s
6
.
9
5
.
T
h
e
DP
t
r
ai
l
was
f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
0
.
0
0
4
3
4
an
d
weig
h
t
was
ca
lcu
lated
as 7
.
8
4
4
.
T
h
is
clea
r
ly
s
h
o
ws th
at
Sp
ec
k
p
r
es_
S h
as a
wea
k
er
d
if
f
er
en
tial tr
ail
wh
ich
in
d
icate
s
it wil
l
b
e
m
o
r
e
r
o
b
u
s
t to
d
if
f
e
r
en
tial
attac
k
s
as c
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
o
r
ig
in
a
l Sp
ec
k
.
T
ab
le
3
.
Dif
f
e
r
en
tial p
r
o
b
ab
ili
ty
an
d
w
eig
h
t o
f
Sp
ec
k
R
o
u
n
d
s
∆x
∆y
P
r
o
u
n
d
W
e
i
g
h
t
(
r
o
u
n
d
)
R
o
u
n
d
1
0
0
0
8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
/
1
0
0
0
=
1
0
R
o
u
n
d
2
0
0
0
8
0
8
0
0
0
0
4
8
0
8
0
0
3
2
2
/
1
0
0
0
=
0
.
3
2
2
1
.
6
3
4
R
o
u
n
d
3
0
0
4
8
0
0
0
8
0
2
0
8
4
0
0
8
2
5
/
1
0
0
0
=
0
.
0
2
5
5
.
3
2
D
P
t
r
a
i
l
=
0
.
0
0
8
0
5
To
t
a
l
w
e
i
g
h
t
=
6
.
9
5
T
ab
le
4
.
Dif
f
e
r
en
tial p
r
o
b
ab
ili
ty
an
d
w
eig
h
t o
f
Sp
ec
k
p
r
es_
S
R
o
u
n
d
s
∆x
∆y
P
r
o
u
n
d
W
e
i
g
h
t
(
r
o
u
n
d
)
R
o
u
n
d
1
0
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
2
1
7
/
1
0
0
0
=
0
.
2
1
7
2
.
2
0
4
R
o
u
n
d
2
0
0
0
0
5
0
C
0
0
0
0
2
D
0
C
0
2
0
/
1
0
0
0
=
0
.
0
2
0
5
.
6
4
D
P
t
r
a
i
l
=
0
.
0
0
4
3
4
To
t
a
l
w
e
i
g
h
t
=
7
.
8
4
4
As
s
ee
n
in
T
ab
le
s
3
an
d
4
,
DPtr
a
il
o
f
Sp
ec
k
p
r
es_
S
is
4
6
%
lo
wer
th
an
th
at
o
f
Sp
ec
k
.
T
h
e
weig
h
t
o
f
Sp
ec
k
p
r
es
S
is
1
2
.
8
6
%
h
i
g
h
er
th
an
th
at
o
f
Sp
ec
k
.
T
h
e
d
i
f
f
e
r
en
tial
tr
ail,
DPtra
il
an
d
weig
h
t
was
f
o
u
n
d
f
o
r
2
m
o
r
e
s
ets
o
f
1
,
0
0
0
p
air
s
o
f
p
l
ain
tex
t
d
ata.
Fig
u
r
e
8
s
h
o
ws
th
at
all
s
ets
o
f
in
p
u
ts
s
h
o
wed
s
im
ilar
r
esu
lts
wi
th
Sp
ec
k
p
r
es S sh
o
win
g
a
4
0
% t
o
5
0
% d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
th
e
o
f
d
if
f
e
r
en
tial tr
ail
pr
oba
bl
i
t
y.
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
d
if
f
e
r
en
tial tr
ail
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
ies o
f
Sp
ec
k
an
d
Sp
ec
k
p
r
es_
S
4.
3
.
Co
m
pa
riso
n
o
f
Sp
ec
k
a
nd
Sp
ec
k
pres_
S
us
ing
pe
rf
o
rma
nce
co
s
t
s
s
uch
a
s
ex
ec
utio
n
t
im
e
a
nd
la
t
ency
o
n ST
M
3
2
ba
s
ed
bo
a
rds
E
x
ec
u
tio
n
tim
e,
laten
c
y
was
f
o
u
n
d
o
f
b
o
t
h
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
o
n
Nu
cleo
F4
0
1
R
E
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
b
o
a
r
d
.
T
h
e
STM
3
2
Nu
cleo
-
F4
0
1
R
E
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
b
o
ar
d
is
b
ased
o
n
th
e
ST
M3
2
F4
0
1
R
E
m
icr
o
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
,
f
ea
t
u
r
in
g
an
AR
M
C
o
r
tex
-
M4
co
r
e
o
p
e
r
atin
g
at
a
m
ax
i
m
u
m
clo
c
k
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
o
f
8
4
MH
z
[
2
6
]
,
[
2
7
]
.
T
ab
le
5
co
m
p
a
r
es
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
c
o
s
ts
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
h
y
b
r
id
alg
o
r
ith
m
with
th
e
o
r
ig
in
al
s
p
ec
k
6
4
/9
6
.
R
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
e
ex
ec
u
tio
n
ti
m
e
a
n
d
laten
cy
ar
e
well
with
in
ac
ce
p
tab
le
lim
its
o
f
I
o
MT
t
r
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
[
2
8
]
,
[
2
9
]
.
T
ab
le
5
.
E
x
ec
u
tio
n
tim
e
a
n
d
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I
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2
5
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52
In
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
41
,
No
.
3
,
Ma
r
ch
20
2
6
:
9
4
6
-
95
3
952
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
th
is
p
ap
er
,
a
n
o
v
el
h
y
b
r
id
en
cr
y
p
tio
n
alg
o
r
it
h
m
tailo
r
ed
f
o
r
I
o
MT
was
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
d
ev
alu
ated
.
T
h
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
in
cr
itical
cr
y
p
to
g
r
ap
h
ic
p
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o
p
er
ties
,
in
clu
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in
g
th
e
I
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C
,
av
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ch
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ef
f
ec
t,
e
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tr
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p
y
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d
d
if
f
er
e
n
tial
tr
ail.
T
h
ese
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
in
d
icate
an
en
h
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ce
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r
esis
tan
ce
to
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d
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if
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h
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6
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alan
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7
%
u
s
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y
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o
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ith
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p
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S.
T
h
is
alg
o
r
ith
m
also
s
h
o
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a
wea
k
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d
if
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er
e
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tial
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ail
p
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b
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0
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as
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
DPtra
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o
f
Sp
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k
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h
is
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0
0
8
2
5
.
T
h
is
r
eiter
ates
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e
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o
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u
s
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ess
o
f
th
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Sp
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k
p
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es_
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ag
ain
s
t
d
if
f
er
e
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tial
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k
s
.
T
h
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im
p
r
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v
em
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ts
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
s
tr
o
n
g
er
s
ec
u
r
i
ty
g
u
ar
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tees,
m
ak
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g
t
h
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p
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o
p
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s
ed
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o
r
ith
m
s
u
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f
o
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s
en
s
itiv
e
m
ed
i
ca
l
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
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n
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
th
e
tr
ad
e
-
o
f
f
f
o
r
th
is
in
cr
ea
s
ed
s
ec
u
r
ity
is
a
m
ar
g
in
ally
h
ig
h
er
ex
ec
u
tio
n
tim
e
an
d
laten
cy
,
wh
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is
a
c
o
m
m
o
n
ch
allen
g
e
in
ad
v
an
ce
d
en
cr
y
p
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n
tech
n
iq
u
es.
T
h
e
ex
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u
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n
tim
e
in
c
r
ea
s
es
b
y
5
1
μ
s
wh
en
test
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o
n
an
STM
3
2
Nu
cle
o
b
o
ar
d
.
T
h
is
m
ar
g
in
ally
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
ex
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u
tio
n
tim
e
is
well
with
in
lim
its
o
f
I
o
MT
d
ata
tr
an
s
f
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ate
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eq
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ir
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ts
.
Fu
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wo
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k
will f
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g
t
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o
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ith
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h
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a
n
d
I
n
teg
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ity
.
F
UNDING
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NF
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Au
th
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s
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AUTHO
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(
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ize
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th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
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tes,
an
d
f
ac
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ate
co
llab
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n
.
Na
m
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f
Aut
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r
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M
So
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Fo
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Vi
Su
P
Fu
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ajp
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✓
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Pra
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ali
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✓
C
:
C
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c
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M
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Au
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est.
DATA AV
AI
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AB
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T
h
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d
ata
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f
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[
in
itials
,
AB
]
,
u
p
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r
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s
o
n
ab
le
r
e
q
u
est.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
“
I
n
t
e
r
n
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t
o
f
M
e
d
i
c
a
l
T
h
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s (I
o
M
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M
a
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k
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,
S
h
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&
C
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mp
a
c
t
A
n
a
l
y
si
s
,
B
y
C
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p
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M
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d
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D
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m
a
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f
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v
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C
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y
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p
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,
T
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I
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s.
A
c
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d
:
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.
1
8
,
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2
4
.
[
O
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l
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n
e
]
.
A
v
a
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l
a
b
l
e
:
h
t
t
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s
:
/
/
w
w
w
.
f
o
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b
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s.c
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m
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1
0
1
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4
.
[
2
]
K
.
S
t
i
n
e
,
R
.
K
i
s
sel
,
W
.
C
.
B
a
r
k
e
r
,
A
.
Le
e
,
a
n
d
J.
F
a
h
l
si
n
g
,
“
I
N
F
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M
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TI
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,
”
2
0
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]
.
A
v
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p
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3
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T.
F
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.
1
9
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.
[
4
]
“
M
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mat
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ms,”
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,
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.
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2
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[
5
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]
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/
.
[
6
]
J.
M
c
K
e
o
n
,
“
5
3
%
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.
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c
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d
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.
2
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2
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]
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A
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b
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.
[
7
]
V
.
A
.
T
h
a
k
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r
,
M
.
A
.
R
a
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a
q
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.
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.
K
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,
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