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s
upe
r
v
i
s
e
d
l
e
a
rn
i
ng
e
n
a
b
l
e
s
t
h
e
e
xpl
o
ra
t
i
o
n
of
di
f
f
i
c
ul
t
i
e
s
t
h
a
t
l
a
c
k
a
l
a
b
e
l
e
d
d
a
t
a
s
e
t
a
nd
do
n
o
t
ha
v
e
p
r
i
o
r
k
n
o
w
l
e
dge
r
e
ga
r
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
o
ut
c
o
m
e
.
Cl
us
t
e
r
i
n
g
is
an
a
na
l
y
t
i
c
a
l
m
e
t
h
o
d
e
m
p
l
oy
e
d
fo
r
di
s
c
o
ve
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
t
r
uc
t
u
ra
l
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
hi
ps
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
v
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
s
.
U
n
s
upe
r
v
i
s
e
d
m
a
c
hi
n
e
l
e
a
rn
i
ng
m
e
t
h
o
do
l
o
gi
e
s
c
a
n
be
e
m
pl
oy
e
d
to
a
ut
o
n
o
m
o
us
l
y
a
s
s
e
s
s
pr
e
-
pr
o
c
e
s
s
e
d
da
t
a
de
ri
v
e
d
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
e
w
e
bs
i
t
e
s
,
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
a
i
m
of
e
nh
a
n
c
i
ng
t
h
e
us
e
r
e
xpe
r
i
e
n
c
e
for
c
o
n
s
um
e
r
s
pri
o
r
to
m
a
ki
ng
a
pu
r
c
h
a
s
e
.
In
a
dd
i
t
i
o
n
to
a
s
s
i
s
t
i
n
g
po
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
c
o
n
s
um
e
r
s
in
m
a
ki
n
g
an
i
n
f
o
r
m
e
d
pu
r
c
ha
s
e
de
c
i
s
i
o
n
,
r
e
v
i
e
w
s
w
r
i
t
t
e
n
by
c
ur
r
e
nt
c
us
t
o
m
e
r
s
a
l
l
o
w
pr
o
du
c
t
t
e
a
m
s
to
f
i
n
e
-
t
u
n
e
t
h
e
i
r
o
ff
e
r
i
n
gs
.
T
h
e
s
e
da
y
s
,
b
us
i
n
e
s
s
e
s
r
e
l
y
on
c
o
n
s
um
e
r
r
e
v
i
e
w
s
a
nd
o
t
h
e
r
f
o
rm
s
of
f
e
e
db
a
c
k
to
ga
i
n
v
a
l
u
a
b
l
e
i
n
s
i
g
h
t
s
in
t
h
i
s
di
g
i
t
a
l
,
di
v
e
r
s
e
ra
n
ge
of
r
e
v
i
e
w
s
,
w
h
i
c
h
o
f
t
e
n
c
o
n
s
i
s
t
of
a
s
ub
s
t
a
n
t
i
a
l
v
o
l
um
e
[1]
.
V
a
r
i
o
us
m
e
t
h
o
do
l
o
gi
e
s
,
i
n
c
l
ud
i
n
g
t
o
pi
c
m
o
de
l
i
n
g
a
n
d
t
e
xt
c
l
us
t
e
ri
n
g
,
o
ff
e
r
e
d
s
e
v
e
r
a
l
b
e
n
e
f
i
t
s
s
uc
h
as
i
de
n
t
i
fy
i
n
g
c
o
m
m
o
n
t
h
e
m
e
s
,
ga
i
ni
n
g
i
n
s
i
g
ht
i
n
t
o
t
h
e
s
t
r
e
n
gt
h
s
a
n
d
w
e
a
kn
e
s
s
e
s
of
t
h
e
b
us
i
ne
s
s
,
f
e
e
db
a
c
k
pr
i
o
r
i
t
i
z
a
t
i
o
n,
m
a
rke
t
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
,
c
o
m
pe
t
i
t
i
v
e
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
a
n
d
c
us
t
o
m
e
r
e
n
g
a
ge
m
e
n
t
.
T
e
xt
c
l
us
t
e
r
i
n
g
can
o
nl
y
be
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
e
d
f
o
l
l
ow
i
n
g
t
h
e
c
o
m
pl
e
t
i
o
n
of
t
h
e
v
e
c
t
o
r
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
p
r
o
c
e
dur
e
,
w
h
i
c
h
is
r
e
f
e
r
r
e
d
to
a
s
w
o
r
d
e
m
b
e
ddi
n
g
.
W
o
r
d
e
m
b
e
ddi
n
gs
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
t
e
xt
ua
l
d
a
t
a
,
w
hi
c
h
is
i
n
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
s
i
b
l
e
to
m
a
c
h
i
n
e
l
e
a
rni
n
g
a
l
go
ri
t
hm
s
,
i
nt
o
a
n
um
e
ri
c
a
l
f
o
r
m
a
t
t
ha
t
t
h
e
y
c
a
n
c
a
p
t
u
r
e
t
h
e
c
o
n
t
e
xt
u
a
l
b
a
s
i
c
f
o
r
m
of
w
o
r
ds
,
b
o
t
h
in
t
e
r
m
s
of
t
h
e
i
r
s
e
m
a
n
t
i
c
a
n
d
g
ra
m
m
a
t
i
c
a
l
s
i
m
i
l
a
ri
t
i
e
s
,
as
w
e
l
l
as
t
h
e
i
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
w
i
t
h
o
t
h
e
r
w
o
r
ds
.
F
o
r
th
e
pu
r
po
s
e
of
de
t
e
c
t
i
n
g
r
e
l
e
v
a
n
t
a
n
d
us
e
f
ul
t
e
rm
s
w
i
t
h
i
n
us
e
r
r
e
v
i
e
w
s
,
v
a
r
i
o
us
t
e
c
hn
i
que
s
ha
v
e
b
e
e
n
ut
i
l
i
z
e
d,
i
n
c
l
ud
i
n
g
f
r
e
que
n
c
y
-
b
a
s
e
d
w
o
r
d
e
m
b
e
ddi
ng
m
e
t
h
o
ds
l
i
ke
t
e
r
m
f
r
e
que
n
c
y
-
i
n
v
e
r
s
e
do
c
um
e
n
t
f
r
e
que
n
c
y
(
TF
-
ID
F
)
.
T
h
i
s
s
t
u
dy
pr
i
m
a
r
i
l
y
c
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
e
s
on
t
h
e
c
l
us
t
e
r
i
ng
of
an
u
nl
a
b
e
l
e
d
da
t
a
s
e
t
t
hr
o
ug
h
t
h
e
ut
i
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
of
s
e
ve
r
a
l
w
o
r
d
e
m
b
e
ddi
n
g
s
t
ra
t
e
gi
e
s
,
na
m
e
l
y
W
o
r
d2V
e
c
[2]
,
G
l
o
V
e
[3]
,
a
n
d
b
i
d
i
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
e
n
c
o
de
r
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
s
f
r
o
m
t
ra
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
s
(B
E
R
T
)
[4]
.
In
t
h
i
s
p
a
pe
r
,
f
i
v
e
u
n
s
upe
r
v
i
s
e
d
t
e
c
hni
que
s
ha
v
e
b
e
e
n
ut
i
l
i
z
e
d
for
t
h
e
pu
r
po
s
e
of
c
l
us
t
e
r
i
ng
us
e
r
r
e
v
i
e
w
s
.
F
i
r
s
t
,
K
-
m
e
a
n
s
c
l
us
t
e
r
i
n
g
is
an
a
l
go
r
i
t
hm
t
ha
t
de
f
i
n
e
s
c
l
u
s
t
e
r
s
as
pa
rt
i
t
i
o
n
s
of
da
t
a
[5]
b
ut
[6]
m
e
nt
i
o
n
e
d
it
f
a
i
l
s
to
l
e
v
e
r
a
g
e
p
ri
o
r
k
n
o
w
l
e
dge
a
b
o
ut
t
h
e
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
ut
i
o
n
of
h
i
dde
n
c
l
a
s
s
l
a
b
e
l
s
ob
t
a
i
n
e
d
f
r
o
m
l
i
m
i
t
e
d
l
a
b
e
l
e
d
da
t
a
.
D
e
s
pi
t
e
its
l
i
m
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
t
h
e
K
-
m
e
a
n
s
c
l
us
t
e
r
i
ng
a
l
go
ri
t
hm
is
c
r
e
di
t
e
d
w
i
t
h
f
l
e
xi
b
i
l
i
t
y
,
e
ff
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
,
a
n
d
e
a
s
e
of
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
.
T
h
e
s
i
m
p
l
i
c
i
t
y
a
n
d
l
ow
c
o
m
put
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
c
o
m
pl
e
xi
t
y
ha
v
e
gi
v
e
n
t
h
e
K
-
m
e
a
n
s
c
l
us
t
e
ri
n
g
a
l
go
ri
t
hm
a
w
i
de
a
c
c
e
pt
a
n
c
e
in
m
a
n
y
dom
a
i
n
s
for
s
o
l
v
i
ng
c
l
us
t
e
ri
n
g
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
s
.
A
s
t
udy
do
n
e
by
[7]
s
h
o
w
e
d
k
-
m
e
a
n
s
c
l
us
t
e
ri
n
g
a
c
h
i
e
v
e
d
t
h
e
b
e
s
t
r
e
s
ul
t
w
i
t
h
a
S
i
l
h
o
ue
t
t
e
S
c
o
r
e
of
0.
6.
S
e
c
o
n
d,
in
t
h
e
do
m
a
i
n
of
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
r
e
t
ri
e
v
a
l
,
do
c
um
e
n
t
m
o
de
l
i
ng,
a
nd
c
l
us
t
e
ri
n
g
,
l
a
t
e
nt
di
ri
c
hl
e
t
a
l
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
(L
D
A
)
is
a
t
e
c
hn
i
que
t
h
a
t
is
us
e
d
to
i
de
nt
i
fy
t
h
e
l
a
t
e
n
t
t
o
pi
c
s
t
r
uc
t
u
r
e
of
t
e
xt
ua
l
da
t
a
a
n
d
it
is
an
un
s
upe
r
v
i
s
e
d
m
a
c
h
i
n
e
l
e
a
rn
i
ng
t
e
c
hn
i
que
[8]
.
T
h
e
m
a
j
o
r
b
e
n
e
f
i
t
of
L
D
A
i
s
t
ha
t
i
t
c
a
n
de
a
l
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
l
y
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
v
a
r
i
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
bo
t
h
w
o
r
ds
a
n
d
do
c
um
e
nt
s
[9]
.
L
D
A
c
o
ul
d
b
e
a
us
e
f
ul
t
oo
l
t
o
a
ut
o
m
a
t
i
c
a
l
l
y
di
s
c
ov
e
r
u
n
de
rl
y
i
n
g
t
o
pi
c
s
w
i
t
hi
n
t
h
e
c
o
m
pl
a
i
nt
’s
da
t
a
s
e
t
[10]
.
W
h
i
l
e
[11]
m
e
nt
i
o
n
e
d
L
D
A
is
e
a
s
y
to
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
,
u
n
de
r
s
t
a
nd
a
n
d
us
e
b
ut
it
r
e
n
de
r
s
po
o
r
r
e
s
ul
t
s
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
of
t
r
a
i
n
i
ng
i
m
a
ge
s
is
l
a
r
ge
.
T
h
i
r
d
,
t
y
pi
c
a
l
l
y
,
t
h
e
n
o
n
-
n
e
g
a
t
i
v
e
m
a
t
ri
x
f
a
c
t
o
ri
z
a
t
i
o
n
(N
M
F
)
can
be
i
nt
e
r
p
r
e
t
e
d
as
a
di
m
e
n
s
i
o
na
l
i
t
y
r
e
duc
t
i
o
n
m
e
t
h
o
d,
w
h
i
c
h
f
a
c
t
o
r
i
z
e
s
t
h
e
i
n
s
t
a
n
c
e
m
a
t
r
i
x
i
nt
o
n
o
n
-
n
e
ga
t
i
v
e
l
o
w
-
r
a
n
k
a
pp
r
o
xi
m
a
t
i
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
l
i
t
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
a
na
l
y
z
e
s
t
h
e
e
qui
v
a
l
e
n
c
e
of
NMF
a
n
d
s
pe
c
t
ra
l
c
l
u
s
t
e
r
i
ng,
i
n
d
i
c
a
t
i
n
g
t
h
a
t
NMF
can
be
a
l
s
o
a
pp
l
i
e
d
to
c
l
us
t
e
ri
n
g
[12]
.
N
M
F
m
e
t
h
o
ds
t
h
a
t
ha
v
e
b
e
e
n
us
e
d
s
o
f
a
r
a
r
e
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a
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5],
[
16]
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m
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o
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1.
R
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2.
1
.
D
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c
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2.
2
.
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ul
[22
]
.
B
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s
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,
w
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2.
3
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w
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ddi
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to
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in
a
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a
ge
p
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s
s
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g
t
a
s
ks
[24]
.
I
n
t
hi
s
pa
pe
r
,
t
h
e
r
e
a
r
e
3
w
o
r
d
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m
b
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ddi
n
g
t
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c
h
ni
que
s
a
r
e
us
e
d:
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)
T
F
-
ID
F
(us
i
n
g
s
k
l
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a
rn
T
f
i
df
V
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t
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z
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r
);
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py
t
h
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ge
ni
s
m
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m
o
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l
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d2V
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c
);
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l
o
V
e
(us
i
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ra
s
t
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s
o
r
f
l
o
w
).
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o
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t
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r
[25]
.
2.
4
.
Te
x
t
c
l
u
s
te
r
i
n
g
T
e
xt
c
l
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y
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t
e
m
a
t
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of
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upi
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um
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t
ha
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m
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m
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r
o
up.
T
e
xt
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l
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t
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t
h
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M
e
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n
s
,
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CM
s,
L
S
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nd
NMF
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h
w
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b
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ng.
2.
5
.
V
al
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ati
o
n
W
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b
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Co
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In
do
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3.
R
ES
U
LTS
AND
DISCUSSIO
N
F
o
r
t
hi
s
e
xpe
ri
m
e
n
t
,
t
hr
e
e
da
t
a
s
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t
s
w
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d:
S
h
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c
us
t
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e
r
r
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v
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w
s
(e
-
c
o
m
m
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r
c
e
)
[26]
,
M
a
l
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y
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i
a
r
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s
t
a
u
r
a
nt
r
e
v
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s
(F
oo
d
&
B
e
ve
r
a
ge
)
[27]
,
a
nd
M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
t
e
l
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c
o
m
m
uni
c
a
t
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n
r
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v
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w
s
(
S
e
r
v
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c
e
)
[28]
.
T
h
e
f
i
l
e
s
i
z
e
s
of
bo
t
h
da
t
a
s
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t
s
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e
46M
B
,
75M
B
,
a
nd
5M
B
,
r
e
s
pe
c
t
i
v
e
l
y
.
S
h
o
pe
e
c
us
t
o
m
e
r
r
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v
i
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w
s
c
o
n
s
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s
t
of
r
e
v
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w
s
m
a
de
by
c
us
t
o
m
e
r
s
w
h
o
h
a
v
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m
a
de
pur
c
ha
s
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s
on
t
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S
h
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pe
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l
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c
t
r
o
n
i
c
c
o
m
m
e
r
c
e
pl
a
t
f
o
r
m
,
w
i
t
h
a
s
pe
c
i
a
l
e
m
p
ha
s
i
s
on
t
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E
n
g
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i
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ge
.
B
o
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t
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M
a
l
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y
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t
a
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v
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w
s
a
nd
M
a
l
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y
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a
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o
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m
u
n
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c
a
t
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b
a
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s
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t
of
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v
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s
s
o
ur
c
e
d
f
r
o
m
T
ri
pA
dv
i
s
o
r
a
n
d
G
o
o
gl
e
,
r
e
s
pe
c
t
i
v
e
l
y
.
It
is
i
nt
e
r
e
s
t
i
n
g
to
n
o
t
e
t
ha
t
b
o
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h
d
a
t
a
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t
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i
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c
l
ude
r
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v
i
e
w
s
w
r
i
t
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in
b
o
t
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ngl
i
s
h
a
n
d
M
a
l
a
y
l
a
n
gu
a
ge
s
.
We
us
e
d
a
t
o
t
a
l
of
f
i
v
e
di
ffe
r
e
n
t
a
l
go
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t
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s
to
a
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l
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E
v
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u
a
t
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w
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s
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t
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d
ut
i
l
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h
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t
t
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s
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r
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t
m
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r
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c
s
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a
s
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t
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t
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ddi
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t
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hn
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q
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TF
-
ID
F
i
ni
t
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l
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,
W
o
r
d2V
e
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,
a
n
d
G
l
o
V
e
.
We
pe
r
f
o
r
m
e
d
on
t
hr
e
e
s
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l
e
c
t
e
d
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t
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d
b
e
fo
r
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.
A
s
e
pa
ra
t
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t
a
b
l
e
is
us
e
d
to
p
r
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s
e
nt
t
h
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r
e
s
ul
t
s
a
c
qu
i
r
e
d
for
e
a
c
h
da
t
a
s
e
t
.
3.
1
.
S
h
o
p
e
e
c
u
s
to
m
e
r
r
e
v
i
e
w
s
P
r
i
o
r
to
c
o
n
duc
t
i
ng
t
h
e
w
o
r
d
e
m
b
e
ddi
n
g
a
n
d
c
l
us
t
e
r
i
n
g
p
r
o
c
e
dur
e
s
,
t
h
e
E
l
b
o
w
M
e
t
h
o
d
is
e
m
pl
o
y
e
d
to
de
t
e
r
m
i
na
t
i
o
n
of
t
h
e
o
pt
i
m
um
K
v
a
l
ue
is
b
a
s
e
d
on
t
h
e
p
re
s
e
n
c
e
of
an
e
l
b
ow
c
ur
v
e
on
t
h
e
g
ra
p
h,
t
ha
t
is
4.
R
e
s
ul
t
s
fo
r
e
xpe
ri
m
e
n
t
us
i
ng
d
a
t
a
s
e
t
S
h
o
pe
e
c
us
t
o
m
e
r
r
e
v
i
e
w
s
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
T
a
b
l
e
1.
T
a
b
l
e
1
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
s
i
n
t
e
r
e
s
t
i
n
g
f
i
n
d
i
n
gs
,
as
L
D
A
a
l
go
r
i
t
h
m
c
o
n
s
i
s
t
e
n
t
l
y
pr
o
duc
e
s
s
i
m
i
l
a
r
r
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s
ul
t
s
a
c
r
o
s
s
v
a
r
i
o
us
w
o
r
d
e
m
b
e
ddi
n
gs
.
L
D
A
is
a
hi
g
hl
y
e
ff
i
c
i
e
n
t
a
l
go
r
i
t
hm
for
e
ff
e
c
t
i
v
e
l
y
h
a
n
dl
i
n
g
s
ub
s
t
a
n
t
i
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l
v
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um
e
s
of
s
t
r
uc
t
u
r
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d
a
nd
s
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m
i
-
s
t
ruc
t
u
r
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d
t
e
x
t
ua
l
d
a
t
a
[29]
.
T
h
i
s
f
i
n
di
n
g
i
l
l
us
t
r
a
t
e
s
t
ha
t
L
D
A
o
ff
e
r
s
its
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
to
e
m
pl
oy
a
n
y
w
o
r
d
e
m
b
e
ddi
n
g
t
e
c
hn
i
q
ue
s
.
D
e
s
pi
t
e
t
h
e
c
o
n
s
i
s
t
e
n
t
r
e
s
ul
t
s
p
r
o
duc
e
d
by
L
D
A
,
L
S
A
h
a
s
o
ut
pe
r
f
o
r
m
pe
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
c
o
m
pa
r
e
d
to
o
t
h
e
r
a
l
go
ri
t
hm
s
,
as
s
h
o
w
n
by
its
S
i
l
h
o
ue
t
t
e
s
c
or
e
of
0.
65.
On
t
h
e
o
t
h
e
r
h
a
nd,
e
xc
e
pt
for
L
D
A
,
4
o
ut
of
5
a
l
go
r
i
t
hm
s
de
m
o
n
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t
ra
t
e
v
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ow
pe
r
fo
r
m
a
n
c
e
w
h
e
n
ut
i
l
i
z
i
ng
TF
-
ID
F
.
W
o
r
d2V
e
c
is
a
t
e
c
hn
i
que
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ha
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