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k
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I
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J
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&
C
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p
Sci
,
Vo
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41
,
No
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3
,
Ma
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20
26
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r
,
wh
o
s
e
g
ain
m
ar
g
in
is
at
1
2
.
4
d
B
,
a
n
d
p
h
ase
m
ar
g
i
n
is
6
2
°
in
v
a
r
io
u
s
E
V
lo
ad
a
n
d
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
co
n
d
itio
n
s
;
iv
)
it
h
as
m
u
ch
b
etter
d
y
n
am
ic
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
th
e
o
s
cillatio
n
s
in
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
ar
e
less
th
an
l% n
ea
r
MPP a
n
d
s
h
o
r
t settli
n
g
tim
es in
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
c
h
an
g
es
in
lo
ad
a
n
d
ir
r
a
d
ian
ce
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
E
V
c
h
ar
g
in
g
s
y
s
tem
:
(
a)
s
o
lar
MPPT
an
d
r
eso
n
an
t
co
n
v
er
ter
an
d
(
b
)
f
lo
w
ch
ar
t
2.
M
AT
H
E
M
AT
I
CA
L
M
O
D
E
L
L
I
NG
2
.
1
.
I
nte
llig
ent
s
o
la
r
po
wer
o
ptim
iza
t
io
n
T
h
e
b
asic
d
esig
n
o
f
a
f
ee
d
-
f
o
r
war
d
ANN
o
u
tp
u
t
r
esu
lts
f
r
o
m
Fig
u
r
e
2
,
wh
er
e
x
in
d
icate
s
th
e
ANN
in
p
u
t,
y
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t,
an
d
w
d
en
o
tes
weig
h
ts
an
d
b
iases
.
Sig
m
o
id
al
ac
tiv
atio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
p
o
wer
th
e
h
id
d
en
la
y
er
s
’
n
eu
r
o
n
s
,
alo
n
g
with
lin
ea
r
ac
tiv
atio
n
in
t
h
e
in
p
u
t a
n
d
o
u
tp
u
t la
y
er
s
’
n
e
u
r
o
n
s
.
1
=
2
10
+
2
11
.
1
+
2
12
2
+
⋯
+
2
1
(
1
)
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
g
en
er
alize
d
o
u
t
p
u
t e
q
u
atio
n
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
I
n
tellig
en
t a
r
tifi
cia
l n
eu
r
a
l n
et
w
o
r
k
-
b
a
s
ed
co
n
tr
o
l fo
r
s
o
la
r
elec
tr
ic
…
(
R
a
jesh
ku
ma
r
Da
mo
d
h
a
r
a
n
)
887
1
=
∑
2
1
=
0
(
2)
w
h
er
e,
0
=
1
=
(
)
=
1
1
+
=
∑
1
ℎ
.
ℎ
2
ℎ
=
1
=
1
∑
(
−
1
)
2
=
1
(
3
)
T
h
e
eq
u
atio
n
d
e
f
in
es
th
e
f
ee
d
-
f
o
r
war
d
(
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
a)
)
p
r
ed
i
ctio
n
m
eth
o
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
N
tr
ain
in
g
m
o
d
els,
tar
g
et
v
alu
e
ti,
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t sig
n
al
y
i a
t sam
p
le
i.
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
b
)
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
p
lo
t
s
h
o
ws
th
at
two
o
t
h
er
ANN
co
n
t
r
o
ller
s
ar
e
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
a
n
d
tr
ai
n
ed
u
n
d
er
s
u
p
er
v
is
ed
lear
n
in
g
,
wh
ich
ar
e
th
e
s
o
lar
MPP
T
an
d
th
e
C
L
L
L
C
(C
:
ca
p
a
cito
r
,
L
:
in
d
u
c
to
r
)
r
eso
n
an
t
co
n
v
er
ter
[
6
]
.
ANN
-
b
ased
MPPT
u
s
es
2
n
eu
r
o
n
s
(
PV
v
o
ltag
e
V
pv
an
d
cu
r
r
e
n
t
I
pv
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
th
e
in
p
u
t
lay
er
,
an
d
2
n
eu
r
o
n
s
(
E
V
b
atter
y
v
o
ltag
e
V
bat
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
I
bat
)
to
c
o
n
tr
o
l
th
e
r
eso
n
an
t
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
s
b
y
th
e
ad
d
itio
n
o
f
co
n
v
er
ter
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
(
V
o
)
.
T
o
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
m
o
d
el
s
y
s
tem
n
o
n
-
lin
ea
r
ities
,
b
o
th
ANNs
h
av
e
1
h
i
d
d
en
la
y
er
with
1
0
n
e
u
r
o
n
s
an
d
a
s
ig
m
o
id
ac
tiv
atio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
[
7
]
.
T
h
e
o
p
tim
u
m
s
witch
in
g
f
r
e
q
u
en
cy
to
th
e
r
eso
n
an
t
co
n
v
er
ter
a
n
d
o
p
tim
u
m
d
u
ty
r
atio
to
MPPT
ar
e
g
iv
en
b
y
o
n
e
n
e
u
r
o
n
in
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
lay
er
with
a
lin
ea
r
ac
tiv
atio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
.
T
o
r
ed
u
c
e
th
e
m
ea
n
s
q
u
ar
ed
e
r
r
o
r
(
M
SE)
b
etwe
en
th
e
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
co
n
tr
o
l
s
ig
n
al
an
d
th
e
pr
ed
icted
s
ig
n
al,
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
s
ar
e
tr
ain
ed
b
y
th
e
b
ac
k
p
r
o
p
a
g
atio
n
m
eth
o
d
with
L
ev
en
b
er
g
-
Ma
r
q
u
ar
d
t
o
p
tim
izatio
n
,
a
lear
n
in
g
r
ate
o
f
0
.
0
1
,
a
n
d
1
0
0
0
m
ax
im
u
m
ep
o
ch
s
.
B
y
ep
o
ch
1
0
0
0
,
t
h
e
g
r
ad
ien
t
b
ec
am
e
0
.
0
0
6
4
0
3
4
,
wh
ic
h
in
d
icate
d
th
at
th
e
er
r
o
r
s
u
r
f
ac
e
h
ad
c
o
n
v
er
g
ed
,
wh
er
ea
s
th
e
ANN
tr
ain
in
g
s
tate.
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
c
)
illu
s
tr
ates
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
an
d
co
n
s
tan
t
lear
n
in
g
.
T
h
e
lo
w
μ
=
1
×1
0
-
5
an
d
ze
r
o
v
alid
atio
n
ch
ec
k
s
at
ep
o
ch
1
0
0
0
s
h
o
w
th
at
s
m
o
o
th
o
p
tim
izatio
n
with
o
u
t o
v
e
r
f
itti
n
g
an
d
h
ig
h
g
e
n
er
aliza
tio
n
ar
e
ac
h
iev
e
d
.
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
ANN
tr
ain
in
g
:
(
a
)
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
f
ee
d
-
f
o
r
war
d
n
e
u
r
o
n
s
,
(
b
)
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
p
lo
t
,
a
n
d
(
c
)
t
r
ain
in
g
s
tate
p
lo
t
2
.
2
.
Reso
na
nt
co
nv
er
t
er
pa
r
a
m
et
er
des
ig
n
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
co
m
p
ellin
g
r
eso
n
an
t
m
o
d
e
th
at
co
n
tr
o
ls
th
e
f
lo
w
o
f
en
er
g
y
with
in
th
e
C
L
L
L
C
r
eso
n
an
t
n
etwo
r
k
is
b
ased
o
n
th
e
eq
u
i
v
alen
t
in
d
u
ctan
ce
an
d
th
e
eq
u
iv
alen
t
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
C
.
T
h
e
q
u
a
lity
f
ac
to
r
Q
is
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
o
f
s
y
s
tem
ef
f
icien
cy
,
an
d
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
d
a
m
p
in
g
d
u
e
to
th
e
lo
ad
.
Pro
p
er
d
am
p
in
g
as r
eg
ar
d
s
lo
a
d
.
=
8
2
(
4
)
An
g
u
lar
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
o
f
th
e
r
eso
n
an
t w
av
e
.
0
=
1
√
(
5
)
T
h
e
s
er
ies R
-
L
-
C
r
eso
n
an
t su
b
s
y
s
tem
h
as a
q
u
ality
f
ac
to
r
.
=
1
√
=
0
=
1
0
(
6
)
Select
th
e
s
tr
o
n
g
est
r
eso
n
an
t
m
o
d
e
i
n
a
m
u
lti
-
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
C
L
L
L
C
n
etwo
r
k
to
id
en
tif
y
a
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
,
wh
ich
co
n
tr
o
ls
th
e
f
l
o
w
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
,
all
o
f
t
h
e
s
m
all
s
ig
n
al
s
y
s
tem
o
n
to
th
e
s
tr
o
n
g
est
r
eso
n
an
t
m
o
d
e,
an
d
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ate
th
e
clo
s
ed
lo
o
p
t
r
an
s
f
er
b
etwe
en
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
a
ctio
n
an
d
th
e
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iate
o
u
t
p
u
t
u
s
in
g
a
s
ec
o
n
d
o
r
d
er
f
o
r
m
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
41
,
No
.
3
,
Ma
r
ch
20
26
:
8
8
5
-
893
888
(
)
=
0
2
2
+
0
+
0
2
(
7
)
W
h
er
e
0
is
th
e
n
atu
r
al
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
,
an
d
K
is
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
(
n
e
ar
r
eso
n
an
ce
)
g
ain
.
T
h
e
co
m
m
o
n
d
e
n
o
m
in
at
o
r
co
ef
f
icien
ts
o
f
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
o
r
d
e
r
ar
e
:
2
+
2
0
+
0
2
W
ith
=
1
2
(
8
)
B
ec
au
s
e
it lin
k
s
p
h
y
s
ical
L
,
C
,
an
d
R
to
class
ical
d
am
p
in
g
an
d
Q,
th
is
f
o
r
m
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
[
8
]
-
[
1
1
]
.
2
.
3
.
ANN
-
ba
s
ed
clo
s
ed
-
lo
o
p linea
rize
d m
o
del
T
h
e
m
o
d
ellin
g
o
f
a
s
m
all
s
ig
n
al
co
n
v
er
ter
:
̂
=
̂
+
̂
+
̂
+
̂
,
̂
=
̂
(
9
)
ANN
m
ap
p
in
g
(
o
p
er
atin
g
p
o
i
n
t lin
ea
r
ized
)
:
̂
=
̂
,
̂
=
̂
,
̂
=
̂
(
1
0
)
a
p
p
ly
in
g
J
ac
o
b
ian
(
a
n
aly
tic
f
o
r
m
with
a
s
in
g
le
h
id
d
en
lay
e
r
)
,
=
(
2
)
(
1
)
(
1
x
m
)
,
(
1
1
)
w
h
er
e
=
(
⨀
(
1
−
)
)
Su
b
s
titu
te
(
9
)
in
to
(
10
)
,
̂
=
(
+
)
̂
+
̂
+
̂
(
1
2
)
State
m
atr
ix
f
o
r
clo
s
ed
l
o
o
p
s
,
=
+
(
1
3
)
2
.
4
.
ANN
’
s
im
pa
ct
o
n t
he
Q
m
o
del a
nd
m
o
del da
m
pin
g
T
h
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
to
th
e
p
r
ed
o
m
in
an
t
r
eso
n
an
t
p
air
(
s
elec
t
th
e
r
eso
n
an
t
eig
en
m
o
d
e
alo
n
g
th
e
2
×
2
m
o
d
al
s
u
b
s
p
ac
e)
.
Su
p
p
o
s
e
th
at
th
e
lo
wer
s
tate
v
ec
to
r
=
[
1
,
2
]
.
T
h
e
s
h
o
r
te
n
ed
clo
s
ed
-
lo
o
p
lin
ea
r
d
y
n
am
ics
ar
e
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
:
̇
=
+
̂
(
1
4
)
u
s
in
g
a
s
im
p
lifie
d
clo
s
ed
-
lo
o
p
m
atr
ix
:
,
=
+
,
,
(
1
5
)
c
o
n
s
id
er
th
e
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
p
o
l
y
n
o
m
ial
o
f
,
,
be
:
ᵪ
(
)
=
2
+
1
+
0
(
1
6
)
t
h
en
id
en
tity
:
0
,
=
√
0
,
=
1
2
√
0
,
=
1
2
=
√
0
1
(
1
7
)
T
h
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
th
e
co
ef
f
icien
t
s
1
an
d
0
.
I
n
p
ar
ticu
lar
,
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
s
tif
f
n
ess
0
2
is
co
n
n
ec
te
d
with
0
.
T
h
er
e
is
a
d
ir
ec
t
co
r
r
el
atio
n
b
etwe
en
1
an
d
d
am
p
in
g
(
∝
0
/
)
.
A
d
am
p
in
g
in
cr
ea
s
e
o
r
d
e
cr
ea
s
e
(
i.e
.
,
lo
wer
in
g
o
r
r
aisi
n
g
Q)
w
ill
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
wh
en
th
e
AN
N
ad
d
s
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
e
g
ativ
e
o
r
p
o
s
itiv
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
,
wh
ich
alter
s
1
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
I
n
tellig
en
t a
r
tifi
cia
l n
eu
r
a
l n
et
w
o
r
k
-
b
a
s
ed
co
n
tr
o
l fo
r
s
o
la
r
elec
tr
ic
…
(
R
a
jesh
ku
ma
r
Da
mo
d
h
a
r
a
n
)
889
2
.
5
.
E
ig
env
a
lue t
esting
a
nd
s
t
a
bil
it
y
cr
it
er
io
n
E
ig
en
v
alu
e
test
(
s
u
f
f
icien
t
an
d
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
f
o
r
lin
ea
r
ized
m
o
d
els).
C
o
m
p
u
te
eig
en
v
alu
es
o
f
.
Stab
le
(
lo
ca
l)
:
ℜ
<
0
f
o
r
all
i.
L
y
ap
u
n
o
v
L
M
I
(
s
u
f
f
icien
t)
,
f
in
d
=
>
0
th
at
s
atis
f
ies
th
e
lin
ea
r
m
atr
ix
in
eq
u
ality
(
L
MI
)
:
+
<
0
(
1
8
)
Ass
u
m
in
g
th
is
is
p
o
s
s
ib
le,
th
e
lin
ea
r
ized
clo
s
ed
l
o
o
p
is
ex
p
o
n
en
tially
s
tab
le,
a
n
d
=
is
a
L
y
ap
u
n
o
v
f
u
n
ctio
n
.
L
o
o
p
m
ar
g
in
(
g
ain
&
p
h
ase)
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
d
o
m
ain
[
1
2
]
,
wh
e
r
eb
y
we
lin
e
ar
ize
th
e
ANN
as
a
g
ain
in
th
e
d
p
ath
,
an
d
tr
a
n
s
f
er
lo
o
p
L
(
s
)
in
t
h
e
ANN
o
u
t
p
u
t
b
ac
k
to
t
h
e
ANN
in
p
u
t
(
wh
er
e
th
e
ANN
m
ea
s
u
r
es e
r
r
o
r
)
.
I
n
t
h
e
ca
s
e
o
f
ANN,
s
ay
th
at
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t e
r
r
o
r
is
th
en
:
(
)
=
(
)
(
1
9
)
T
h
e
g
ain
m
ar
g
in
(
GM
)
a
n
d
p
h
ase
m
ar
g
in
(
PM)
f
r
o
m
Ny
q
u
is
t/B
o
d
e
o
f
L
(
s
)
.
T
y
p
ic
al
d
esig
n
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
in
clu
d
e
PM
≥
3
0
° an
d
GM
≥
6
d
B
f
o
r
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
AN
D
DIS
CUSS
I
O
N
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
r
ev
ea
l
th
at
th
e
s
o
lar
PV
s
y
s
tem
th
at
is
r
eg
u
lat
ed
b
y
th
e
MPPT
co
n
v
er
ter
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
a
s
tab
le
4
0
0
V
D
C
to
r
u
n
th
e
p
o
wer
s
tag
e
(
Fig
u
r
e
3
)
.
T
h
is
DC
in
p
u
t
is
th
en
co
n
v
er
ted
in
to
a
C
L
L
L
C
r
eso
n
an
t
co
n
v
er
ter
,
wh
er
e
th
e
DC
is
co
n
v
er
ted
to
AC
b
y
th
e
p
r
im
a
r
y
co
n
v
er
ter
a
n
d
c
o
n
v
e
r
ted
t
o
DC
ag
ain
b
y
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
co
n
v
er
ter
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
h
ig
h
-
f
r
e
q
u
en
cy
1
0
0
k
Hz
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
.
T
h
e
co
n
v
e
r
ter
is
a
h
ig
h
ly
ef
f
icien
t,
lo
w
-
r
ip
p
le,
s
m
o
o
th
d
y
n
am
ic
r
esp
o
n
s
e
lo
ad
an
d
r
a
d
iatio
n
ch
an
g
es
o
n
th
e
3
6
0
V
,
8
2
Ah
lith
iu
m
-
io
n
E
V
b
atter
y
[
1
3
]
-
[
1
6
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
So
lar
e
n
er
g
y
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
y
s
tem
3
.
1
.
Dy
na
m
ic
beha
v
io
ur
o
f
t
he
s
o
la
r
s
y
s
t
em
a
nd
E
V
ba
t
t
er
y
lo
a
d
T
h
e
s
o
lar
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
u
n
d
er
v
ar
y
in
g
s
o
lar
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
co
n
tr
o
l
ler
o
f
f
er
s
s
lo
w
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
wh
ile
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
p
o
wer
a
n
d
v
o
ltag
e
o
s
cillatio
n
s
d
u
r
in
g
s
p
ec
if
ic
p
e
r
io
d
s
o
f
0
.
4
s
to
0
.
6
s
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
d
eter
i
o
r
ated
s
y
s
te
m
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
as
s
o
lar
r
ad
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n
ch
an
g
es
b
y
6
0
0
W
/m
2
,
an
d
MPPT
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
p
o
wer
ar
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
to
3
0
0
V
a
n
d
30
KW
(
Fig
u
r
e
4
)
.
T
h
e
AN
N
s
y
s
tem
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
r
a
p
id
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
s
to
m
ain
tain
a
d
ep
e
n
d
ab
le,
s
tab
le,
o
p
tim
al
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
3
5
0
V
an
d
40
KW
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
s
4
(
a)
an
d
4
(
b
)
.
ANN
-
b
ased
MPPT
s
h
o
ws
f
as
t
ad
ap
tatio
n
at
6
0
0
,
8
0
0
,
an
d
900
W
/m
2
th
r
o
u
g
h
wh
ich
it
ac
h
i
ev
es
co
n
s
is
ten
t
an
d
ef
f
icien
t
p
o
wer
tr
ac
k
i
n
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
c)
m
ak
es
it
ev
id
en
t
h
o
w
well
th
e
A
NN
-
b
ased
co
n
tr
o
ller
r
ea
cts to
d
y
n
am
ic
v
ar
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n
s
in
th
e
lo
ad
c
u
r
r
en
t
o
f
th
e
E
V
b
atter
y
.
First,
th
e
E
V
b
atter
y
lo
a
d
is
k
ep
t
at
5
0
A
b
etwe
en
0
an
d
0
.
0
5
s
ec
o
n
d
s
,
w
h
ich
in
d
icate
s
a
lo
w
-
d
em
an
d
s
itu
atio
n
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
s
u
p
p
l
y
t
h
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
c
u
r
r
en
t
,
th
e
co
n
t
r
o
ller
m
o
d
if
ies
th
e
d
u
ty
cy
cle
wh
en
th
e
lo
ad
r
is
es
to
6
5
A
b
etwe
en
0
.
0
5
an
d
0
.
1
5
s
ec
o
n
d
s
.
T
h
e
d
y
n
am
ically
a
d
ju
s
ted
ANN
-
b
ased
co
n
tr
o
ller
to
a
d
ju
s
t
th
e
d
u
ty
cy
cle
to
s
u
s
tain
t
h
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
ch
ar
g
e
-
u
p
is
s
tab
le
as
th
e
lo
a
d
i
n
cr
ea
s
es
f
u
r
th
er
,
u
p
to
0
.
3
s
ec
o
n
d
s
,
an
d
lim
itin
g
ly
r
ea
c
h
es
8
0
A.
B
etwe
en
0
.
3
an
d
0
.
4
s
ec
o
n
d
s
,
th
e
lo
ad
d
r
o
p
s
to
7
5
A,
a
n
d
th
is
tr
ig
g
er
s
th
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
to
ad
ju
s
t
th
e
d
u
ty
cy
cle
an
d
e
n
s
u
r
e
a
s
m
o
o
th
an
d
ef
f
icien
t
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
ANN
-
b
ased
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
41
,
No
.
3
,
Ma
r
ch
20
26
:
8
8
5
-
893
890
co
n
tr
o
ller
e
n
s
u
r
es a
co
n
s
tan
t c
u
r
r
en
t c
h
ar
g
in
g
o
f
b
atter
ies wi
th
o
u
t c
r
ea
tin
g
s
u
d
d
e
n
v
ar
iatio
n
s
b
y
au
to
m
atica
lly
ad
ap
tin
g
to
t
h
e
ch
a
n
g
in
g
lo
a
d
d
em
a
n
d
s
o
f
all
th
ese
tim
es
[
1
7
]
-
[
2
0
]
.
I
n
th
e
PI
c
o
n
tr
o
ll
er
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
d
)
,
it
is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
o
b
s
er
v
e
o
s
cillatio
n
s
at
th
e
b
eg
in
n
in
g
o
f
ev
er
y
lo
ad
tr
an
s
itio
n
,
u
n
lik
e
th
e
s
m
o
o
th
co
n
v
er
ter
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
ad
a
p
tiv
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
in
th
e
ANN
-
b
ased
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
(
d
)
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Flu
ctu
atio
n
o
f
s
o
u
r
c
e
an
d
E
V
lo
ad
;
(
a
)
s
o
lar
v
o
ltag
e
(
b
)
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
(
c)
ANN
co
n
tr
o
l E
V
b
atter
y
c
u
r
r
en
t,
a
n
d
(
d
)
PI
c
o
n
tr
o
l
b
atter
y
c
u
r
r
en
t
3.
2
.
Co
m
pa
ra
t
iv
e
perf
o
r
m
a
nce
o
f
du
a
l
-
s
t
a
g
e
ANN
-
ba
s
ed
a
nd
co
nv
ent
io
na
l c
o
ntr
o
l t
ec
hn
iq
ues
C
o
m
p
ar
ativ
e
an
aly
s
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
I
n
Stag
e
1
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
a)
,
ANN
-
b
ased
MPPT
was
s
u
p
er
io
r
t
o
th
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
P&
O
m
eth
o
d
b
ec
a
u
s
e
it
h
a
d
ac
h
iev
ed
a
lo
wer
s
tead
y
-
s
tate
o
s
cillatio
n
n
ea
r
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
o
f
1
5
%
to
2
%,
r
ed
u
ce
d
tr
ac
k
in
g
tim
e
o
f
9
0
m
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
2
5
0
m
s
,
an
d
b
etter
tr
ac
k
in
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
9
4
.
2
%
v
e
r
s
u
s
9
9
.
2
%
with
d
if
f
er
en
t
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Stag
e
2
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
b
)
,
th
e
ANN
-
co
n
tr
o
lled
C
L
L
L
C
r
eso
n
an
t
co
n
v
er
ter
was
b
etter
th
an
PI
co
n
tr
o
l
in
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
r
eg
u
latio
n
,
th
e
T
HD
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
to
4
.
3
%,
s
ettlin
g
tim
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
to
6
5
m
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
1
8
0
m
s
,
an
d
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t v
o
ltag
e
d
ev
iatio
n
d
r
o
p
p
ed
to
±
1
.
2
%
as
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
PI
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
±
4
%.
M
o
r
eo
v
er
,
co
n
v
er
ter
ef
f
icien
cy
in
cr
ea
s
ed
to
9
6
.
5
%,
wh
ich
p
r
o
v
es
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ANN
-
b
ased
d
u
al
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
en
h
a
n
ce
s
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
p
o
wer
,
th
e
d
y
n
am
i
c
r
esp
o
n
s
e,
an
d
th
e
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
s
o
lar
E
V
ch
a
r
g
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ANN
-
b
ased
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n
tr
o
ller
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d
th
e
tr
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itio
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PI
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co
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y
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en
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ar
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ab
le
1
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a)
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b
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F
i
g
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r
e
5
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
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ti
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e
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n
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l
y
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is
;
(
a
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A
NN
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s
P
&
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MP
PT
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n
d
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N
N
Vs
P
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c
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n
t
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l
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r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
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n
esian
J
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lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
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SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
I
n
tellig
en
t a
r
tifi
cia
l n
eu
r
a
l n
et
w
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k
-
b
a
s
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n
tr
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l fo
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la
r
elec
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ic
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R
a
jesh
ku
ma
r
Da
mo
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h
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r
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n
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1
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h
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e
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ce
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lar
MPPT
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s
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n
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ilit
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t
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ter
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atter
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g
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n
d
p
h
ase
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ar
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s
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ies
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as
s
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Fi
g
u
r
e
6
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Fig
u
r
es 6
(
a)
an
d
6
(
b
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t
h
e
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en
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ase
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o
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o
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ase
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4
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ase
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±
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e
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ted
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d
y
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am
ic
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win
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s
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y
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tr
ast,
th
e
A
NN
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co
n
tr
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ter
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ig
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ican
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ase
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s
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as
s
h
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Fig
u
r
e
6
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c)
[
2
2
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[
2
4
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h
e
ANN
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y
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te
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r
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atin
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itio
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lly
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o
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ter
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ese
f
in
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p
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at
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o
l
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er
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etter
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ien
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r
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s
e,
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d
ef
f
icien
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o
f
d
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n
a
m
ic
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V
ch
ar
g
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g
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h
e
o
p
er
a
tio
n
o
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t
co
n
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ter
d
ef
i
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es
th
e
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V
ch
ar
g
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g
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o
wer
d
u
r
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g
2
4
h
o
u
r
s
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a
s
s
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wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
(
d
)
.
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e
m
o
d
el
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ates
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4
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r
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ith
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h
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r
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te
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ter
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ates
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at
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in
cr
em
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h
e
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em
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d
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al
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ased
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ich
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ai
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h
t
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tim
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E
V
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a
s
s
es
s
m
en
t
ex
am
in
es
v
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ltag
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co
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tr
o
l
with
in
th
e
C
L
L
L
C
co
n
v
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ter
th
at
d
ictates th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
p
o
wer
to
ch
ar
g
e
d
aily
.
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
(
d
)
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
C
o
n
v
er
ter
q
u
ality
an
d
s
tab
ilit
y
an
aly
s
is
;
(
a)
B
o
d
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e,
(
b
)
v
o
ltag
e
g
ai
n
,
(
c)
ef
f
ici
en
cy
a
n
d
p
h
ase
e
r
r
o
r
,
an
d
(
d
)
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
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o
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v
er
24
hou
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P
e
r
f
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n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
41
,
No
.
3
,
Ma
r
ch
20
26
:
8
8
5
-
893
892
4.
E
XP
E
R
I
M
E
N
T
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L
I
M
P
L
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M
E
N
T
A
T
I
O
N
T
h
e
h
ar
d
war
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
y
s
tem
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
T
h
e
e
n
tire
h
ar
d
war
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
,
wh
ich
in
cl
u
d
es
a
3
0
V
,
3
0
0
W
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
an
el,
an
MPPT
-
b
ased
DC
–
DC
c
o
n
v
er
ter
,
an
d
a
n
is
o
lated
h
ig
h
-
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
r
eso
n
an
t
co
n
v
e
r
ter
,
is
d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
7
(
a)
.
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
-
s
id
e
h
ig
h
-
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
v
o
ltag
e
,
wh
ich
is
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
at
r
o
u
g
h
ly
2
4
–
2
8
V
an
d
o
p
er
ates
in
th
e
2
0
k
Hz
r
an
g
e
,
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
7
(
b
)
,
in
d
icatin
g
s
o
f
t
-
s
witch
in
g
o
p
er
atio
n
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
-
s
id
e
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
v
o
ltag
e,
s
tep
p
ed
d
o
wn
to
r
o
u
g
h
ly
1
5
–
1
6
V
A
C
in
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
with
th
e
in
ten
d
ed
tu
r
n
s
r
atio
,
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
7
(
c)
.
L
astl
y
,
Fig
u
r
e
7
(
d
)
v
alid
ates
s
tead
y
an
d
s
ec
u
r
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
b
y
d
is
p
lay
in
g
th
e
r
e
g
u
lated
DC
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
1
3
.
8
–
1
4
.
4
V
d
eliv
er
ed
to
th
e
E
V
lith
iu
m
-
io
n
b
atter
y
u
n
d
e
r
B
MS
co
n
tr
o
l
[
2
5
]
.
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
(
d
)
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
So
lar
E
V
ch
ar
g
er
;
(
a
)
h
ar
d
wa
r
e
s
etu
p
,
(
b
)
p
r
im
ar
y
s
id
e
HF tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
v
o
ltag
e
,
(
c)
s
ec
o
n
d
a
r
y
s
id
e
v
o
ltag
e
,
an
d
(
d
)
DC
v
o
ltag
e
to
E
V
b
att
er
y
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
AND
F
U
T
U
RE
WO
RK
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
E
V
c
h
ar
g
er
u
n
d
er
d
y
n
am
ic
co
n
d
iti
o
n
s
o
f
b
atter
y
l
o
ad
an
d
s
o
lar
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
.
T
h
e
r
eso
n
an
t
co
n
v
er
ter
co
n
tr
o
lled
b
y
th
e
ANN
-
b
ased
an
d
P
I
s
tr
ateg
ies
ex
h
ib
ited
m
o
r
e
r
ap
id
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
ce
o
f
th
e
MPPT
,
in
cr
ea
s
ed
tr
ac
k
in
g
,
an
d
a
m
o
r
e
s
tab
le
ch
ar
g
in
g
cu
r
r
en
t
th
an
a
m
o
r
e
tr
ad
itio
n
a
l
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
I
t
also
en
s
u
r
ed
a
s
m
o
o
th
SOC
tr
an
s
itio
n
,
wh
ich
e
n
h
an
ce
d
b
atter
y
s
af
ety
an
d
e
n
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
.
T
h
e
PI
co
n
tr
o
ller
f
o
r
th
e
r
eso
n
an
t
c
o
n
v
er
te
r
was
lim
ited
in
its
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
u
s
ag
e
d
u
e
to
d
elay
e
d
r
esp
o
n
s
e
an
d
o
s
cillatio
n
s
wh
en
th
e
lo
ad
was
ch
an
g
ed
ab
r
u
p
tly
.
I
n
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
co
m
p
lex
an
d
h
i
g
h
-
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
,
th
e
ANN
-
b
ased
co
n
tr
o
l
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iate
o
n
e
,
as
it
is
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
a
d
ap
tin
g
t
o
th
e
s
h
if
tin
g
l
o
ad
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
an
d
s
o
lar
in
p
u
t.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
ju
s
tify
th
e
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
ANN
-
in
teg
r
ated
r
eso
n
an
t
co
n
v
er
ter
s
to
b
e
im
p
lem
en
ted
i
n
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
an
d
r
en
e
wa
b
le
en
er
g
y
-
b
ased
ch
ar
g
in
g
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e.
T
h
e
f
u
r
t
h
er
s
tu
d
ies
will
b
e
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
th
e
p
r
ac
tical
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ANN
-
b
ased
s
o
lar
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
y
s
tem
i
n
p
r
ac
tice,
wh
e
r
e
th
e
I
o
T
-
b
ased
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
th
e
PV
o
u
tp
u
t,
b
atter
y
s
tate
-
of
-
c
h
ar
g
e,
a
n
d
ch
ar
g
e
r
h
ea
lth
will
b
e
im
p
lem
en
ted
.
AI
-
b
ased
p
r
e
d
ictiv
e
m
ain
ten
an
ce
will
also
b
e
ex
p
l
o
r
ed
t
o
en
h
an
ce
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
s
a
n
d
b
atter
ies.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
will
also
b
e
ex
ten
d
ed
to
h
y
b
r
id
s
o
lar
-
g
r
id
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
d
esig
n
s
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
th
at
p
o
wer
s
h
ar
in
g
is
s
m
o
o
t
h
an
d
p
o
wer
c
h
ar
g
in
g
ta
k
es
p
lace
ev
en
wh
en
th
e
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
is
l
o
w
an
d
u
n
d
er
p
ea
k
d
em
an
d
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
M
.
A
.
K
a
m
o
o
n
a
,
J.
M
a
n
u
e
l
M
a
u
r
i
c
i
o
,
A
.
L
.
S
a
l
e
h
,
a
n
d
L.
S
z
á
mel
,
“
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
M
P
P
T
s
t
r
a
t
e
g
y
f
o
r
P
V
s
o
l
a
r
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n
e
r
g
y
sy
s
t
e
ms
u
si
n
g
ANN
-
G
W
O
,
”
i
n
2
0
2
4
6
t
h
G
l
o
b
a
l
Po
w
e
r,
E
n
e
rg
y
a
n
d
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
(
G
P
EC
O
M)
,
I
EEE,
J
u
n
.
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0
2
4
,
p
p
.
4
3
9
–
4
4
4
.
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:
1
0
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1
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P
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M
6
1
8
9
6
.
2
0
2
4
.
1
0
5
8
2
6
8
6
.
[
2
]
S
.
C
h
a
y
m
a
a
n
d
F
.
A
y
me
n
,
“
C
o
mp
a
r
a
t
i
v
e
a
n
a
l
y
s
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s
o
f
P
&O
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n
d
A
N
N
M
P
P
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ms
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v
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l
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d
f
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t
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o
l
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p
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v
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sy
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t
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ms
,
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n
2
0
2
4
6
t
h
I
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t
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r
n
a
t
i
o
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l
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p
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m
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d
v
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l
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t
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l
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o
m
m
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n
i
c
a
t
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n
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
(
I
S
AEC
T
)
,
I
EEE,
D
e
c
.
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0
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4
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p
p
.
1
–
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.
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0
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1
1
0
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S
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EC
T
6
4
3
3
3
.
2
0
2
4
.
1
0
7
9
9
6
3
1
.
[
3
]
B
.
La
t
h
a
,
M
.
M
u
j
a
h
i
d
I
r
f
a
n
,
a
n
d
B
.
K
o
t
i
R
e
d
d
y
,
“
E
n
h
a
n
c
e
d
w
i
r
e
l
e
ss
p
o
w
e
r
t
r
a
n
sf
e
r
f
o
r
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
s:
A
7
.
2
k
W
A
N
N
-
b
a
se
d
M
P
P
T
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
w
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t
h
L
C
C
-
L
C
C
c
o
m
p
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n
sa
t
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o
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t
o
p
o
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o
g
y
,
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n
e
rg
y
Re
p
o
r
t
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
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,
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p
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2
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5
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–
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1
6
9
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2
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5
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.
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y
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2
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5
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0
8
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3
9
.
[
4
]
N
.
K
u
mari
a
n
d
M
.
S
i
n
g
h
,
“
C
o
n
t
r
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l
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n
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g
r
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d
-
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o
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d
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V
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w
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P
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P
P
T,
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n
2
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4
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EE
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4
t
h
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f
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u
s
t
a
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a
b
l
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n
e
rg
y
a
n
d
Fu
t
u
re
El
e
c
t
ri
c
T
r
a
n
s
p
o
rt
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t
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o
n
(
S
EFET)
,
I
EEE,
J
u
l
.
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0
2
4
,
p
p
.
1
–
6
.
d
o
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:
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0
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1
1
0
9
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6
1
5
7
4
.
2
0
2
4
.
1
0
7
1
8
0
4
7
.
[
5
]
N
.
D
e
g
h
f
e
l
,
A
.
E.
B
a
d
o
u
d
,
A
.
A
.
A
l
‐
A
h
ma
d
i
,
M
.
B
a
j
a
j
,
I
.
Za
i
t
s
e
v
,
a
n
d
S
.
S
.
M
.
G
h
o
n
e
i
m,
“
I
mp
r
o
v
i
n
g
ma
x
i
mu
m
p
o
w
e
r
p
o
i
n
t
t
r
a
c
k
i
n
g
e
f
f
i
c
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e
n
c
y
i
n
so
l
a
r
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
s
y
s
t
e
ms
u
s
i
n
g
s
u
p
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r
‐
t
w
i
s
t
i
n
g
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
a
n
d
g
r
e
y
w
o
l
f
o
p
t
i
mi
z
e
r
,
”
I
ET
Re
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
P
o
w
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r
G
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
1
8
,
n
o
.
1
5
,
p
p
.
3
3
2
9
–
3
3
5
4
,
N
o
v
.
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
4
9
/
r
p
g
2
.
1
3
1
3
8
.
[
6
]
Z.
X
i
a
o
,
X
.
Li
,
a
n
d
Y
.
Ta
n
g
,
“
A
l
i
g
h
t
w
e
i
g
h
t
a
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
n
e
u
r
a
l
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
st
a
r
t
-
u
p
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
f
o
r
C
LLC
r
e
s
o
n
a
n
t
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
s,
”
I
EEE
T
r
a
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
P
o
w
e
r E
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c
t
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c
s
,
v
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l
.
3
9
,
n
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.
1
1
,
p
p
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1
4
7
7
5
–
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4
7
8
6
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o
v
.
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
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:
1
0
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1
1
0
9
/
TPE
L.
2
0
2
4
.
3
4
3
6
8
4
7
.
[
7
]
M
.
A
.
A
.
A
sh
i
q
,
L
.
J.
S
.
S
h
a
n
t
h
i
,
G
.
S
i
v
a
sa
n
k
a
r
,
a
n
d
C
.
B
a
l
a
su
n
d
a
r
,
“
B
r
i
d
g
e
l
e
ss
c
a
n
o
n
i
c
a
l
a
n
d
b
u
c
k
-
b
o
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s
t
c
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n
v
e
r
t
e
r
c
o
mb
i
n
e
d
a
r
t
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f
i
c
i
a
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w
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f
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r
f
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r
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l
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c
t
r
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c
v
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h
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c
l
e
s,
”
El
e
c
t
ri
c
P
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w
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S
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s
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.
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.
2
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1
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4
4
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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&
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52
I
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ku
ma
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mo
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893
[
8
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S
.
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h
a
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a
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a
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.
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[
1
7
]
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.
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8
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9
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.
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1
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.
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