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Fro
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o
u
r
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ev
e
r
y
1
0
0
am
p
s
o
f
p
o
wer
,
y
o
u
o
n
ly
s
to
r
e
8
5
am
p
-
h
o
u
r
s
[
1
]
–
[
4
]
.
T
h
e
f
aster
y
o
u
u
s
e
th
e
en
er
g
y
in
a
lead
-
ac
id
b
atter
y
,
th
e
less
en
er
g
y
y
o
u
ca
n
g
et
o
u
t o
f
it,
m
ak
in
g
th
is
b
atter
y
an
o
v
e
r
all
en
er
g
y
wa
s
te
an
d
lo
s
s
at
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e.
As
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
w
th
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
ch
ar
g
e/d
is
ch
ar
g
e
cu
r
v
e
SC
wi
th
b
atter
y
,
Fig
u
r
e
2
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
lith
iu
m
io
n
b
atter
y
r
esp
ec
t
t
o
lead
ac
id
we
ca
n
f
in
d
a
b
ig
d
if
f
er
en
ce
L
i
-
io
n
b
a
tter
y
also
h
av
e
a
f
ar
s
u
p
er
io
r
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
cu
r
v
e
s
u
ch
th
at
th
e
b
atter
y
v
o
ltag
e
f
alls
v
er
y
litt
le
u
n
til
alm
o
s
t
f
u
lly
d
is
ch
ar
g
ed
,
wh
er
ea
s
f
o
r
lead
ac
id
b
atter
ies,
th
eir
v
o
ltag
e
d
r
o
p
s
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
tly
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
r
ate,
So
Du
e
to
th
e
lea
d
ac
id
b
att
er
y
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
an
d
th
e
m
o
s
t
co
m
m
o
n
u
s
ag
e
th
is
d
ay
s
,
an
d
th
e
b
ig
g
est
ad
v
a
n
tag
es
lik
e
lo
w
co
s
t
w
ith
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
lith
iu
m
io
n
b
atter
y
ca
n
b
e
in
teg
r
ated
with
SC
to
b
e
g
et
m
a
x
e
f
f
icien
t.
Su
c
h
a
b
ig
SC
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
an
d
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
,
lik
e
b
ig
in
r
u
s
h
cu
r
r
en
t
m
ak
e
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
esp
ec
ially
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
in
h
y
b
r
id
e
n
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
s
,
e.
g
.
,
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
with
lead
ac
id
an
d
L
i
-
io
n
b
atter
y
,
esp
ec
i
ally
in
ca
s
e
o
f
h
ig
h
p
ea
k
p
o
wer
d
em
a
n
d
s
.
in
T
a
b
le
1
clea
r
c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
b
etwe
en
SC
,
lead
ac
id
b
atter
y
an
d
lith
i
u
m
io
n
o
n
e,
th
e
r
e
ar
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
in
p
ar
am
eter
v
ar
iatio
n
f
o
r
ea
ch
o
n
e,
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
th
e
en
e
r
g
y
d
en
s
ity
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
p
a
r
am
eter
f
o
r
l
ea
d
ac
id
,
o
u
r
d
ea
l
to
e
n
h
an
ce
an
d
tr
y
to
en
h
an
ce
ef
f
icien
cy
,
to
r
ea
ch
lik
e
th
e
li
th
iu
m
io
n
o
n
e,
we
will
co
n
ce
n
tr
ate
o
n
lead
ac
id
b
atter
y
d
u
e
to
s
h
o
r
t
life
tim
e,
an
d
lo
we
r
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
/d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
c
y
cles.
I
t
is
v
er
y
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
to
n
o
te
th
at
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
elec
tr
o
ch
em
ical
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
with
b
atter
y
r
eq
u
ests
an
ac
cu
r
ate
ca
lcu
latio
n
to
p
r
ev
e
n
t
an
y
p
r
o
b
lem
r
elate
d
t
o
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
s
u
ch
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
esp
ec
ially
in
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
PV)
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t,
an
d
all
o
th
e
r
s
y
s
tem
s
w
ill
u
s
e
a
s
to
r
ag
e
m
ed
ia
at
all.
W
e
will
o
b
s
er
v
e
in
o
u
r
wo
r
k
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
tally
in
th
is
m
o
d
el
b
y
MA
T
L
AB
/Si
m
u
lin
k
h
o
w
th
at
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
a
n
d
th
e
s
witch
in
g
o
n
/o
f
f
in
te
g
r
atio
n
with
SC
will
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
p
ea
k
p
o
wer
wh
en
ex
ce
s
s
(
o
v
e
r
)
cu
r
r
en
t
l
o
ad
s
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
e
b
at
ter
y
life
tim
e
b
y
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
s
tr
ess
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
d
is
to
r
ted
ch
a
r
g
i
n
g
wav
e
f
o
r
m
,
an
d
b
y
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
b
o
o
s
t/b
u
c
k
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
ter
to
k
ee
p
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
s
tab
le
f
o
r
b
atter
y
/SC
[
5
]
–
[
7
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
B
atter
y
/SC
cu
r
v
es
[
8
]
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
L
ith
i
u
m
/Le
ad
-
ac
id
c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
[
8
]
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
P
h
o
to
vo
lta
ic
s
to
r
a
g
e
s
ystem
en
h
a
n
ce
men
t
-
b
a
s
ed
s
u
p
erca
p
a
cito
r
co
n
tr
o
l
(
A
h
med
Ma
h
m
o
u
d
S
o
lima
n
)
631
T
ab
le
1
.
Dif
f
e
r
en
t e
n
er
g
y
s
y
s
t
em
s
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
,
[
4
]
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
s
Le
a
d
-
a
c
i
d
Li
t
h
i
u
m
-
i
o
n
S
u
p
e
r
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
(
S
C
)
En
e
r
g
y
d
e
n
si
t
y
(
W
h
/
k
g
)
10
-
1
0
0
1
5
0
-
200
1
-
10
P
o
w
e
r
d
e
n
si
t
y
(
W
/
k
g
)
<
1
0
0
0
<
2
0
0
0
<
1
0
0
0
0
C
h
a
r
g
e
t
i
me
1
-
5
h
0
.
5
-
3
h
0
.
3
-
3
0
s
e
c
D
i
sch
a
r
g
e
t
i
m
e
0
.
5
-
2
h
0
.
3
-
3h
0
.
3
-
3
0
s
e
c
C
h
a
r
g
e
-
d
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
e
e
ffi
c
i
e
n
c
y
70
-
8
0
%
9
9
%
85
-
9
9
%
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
ws
th
e
PV
m
o
d
e
l
with
h
y
b
r
id
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
(
HSS)
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
,
wh
ich
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
SC
with
B
E
SS
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
with
a
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
,
th
e
f
u
n
c
tio
n
o
f
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
e
r
ter
to
s
tab
ilize
th
e
v
o
ltag
es
ac
r
o
s
s
B
E
S
S
k
ee
p
in
g
ac
cu
r
ate
v
o
ltag
e
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
d
aily
ch
an
g
es
o
u
tp
u
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
PV
ce
ll,
also
th
e
S
C
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
a
b
u
c
k
b
o
o
s
t
c
o
n
v
er
ter
.
T
h
e
co
n
t
r
o
l
s
witch
in
g
cir
c
u
it
is
co
n
n
ec
te
d
o
v
er
th
e
SC
ter
m
in
als
to
in
s
u
r
e
f
ix
an
y
u
n
b
alan
ce
d
o
v
er
lo
ad
c
u
r
r
en
t
b
y
s
witch
in
g
o
n
/o
f
f
t
h
e
b
atter
y
in
te
g
r
atio
n
with
th
e
SC
,
th
e
SC
wo
r
k
s
to
e
n
h
an
ce
th
e
B
E
SS
O/P
an
d
I
/P,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
s
m
o
o
th
ch
a
r
g
in
g
an
d
s
tab
le
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
,
esp
ec
ially
at
h
ig
h
lo
ad
cu
r
r
e
n
t.
b
y
tak
in
g
th
e
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
o
f
th
e
SC
th
e
r
esu
lt
will
ef
f
ec
t
in
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
t
h
e
b
atter
y
life
tim
e
d
u
e
to
u
n
s
tr
ess
wh
en
ap
p
l
y
in
g
b
ig
cu
r
r
en
t
lo
a
d
,
also
r
e
d
u
ce
th
e
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
B
SS
ce
l
ls
lead
to
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
ef
f
icien
c
y
,
th
e
SC
life
tim
e
wil
l
also
in
cr
ea
s
e
d
u
e
to
in
c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
wo
r
k
in
g
,
all
th
is
r
esu
lt
will
g
iv
e
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
esu
lt
to
th
e
le
ad
ac
id
b
atter
y
wh
ich
is
v
er
y
im
p
o
r
tan
t
r
elate
d
to
th
e
an
o
t
h
er
B
E
SS
ty
p
es.
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
ws
th
e
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
cu
r
v
e
d
is
cu
s
s
th
e
d
r
awb
ac
k
s
o
f
th
e
lead
ac
id
b
atter
y
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
th
e
lith
iu
m
io
n
.
I
t
is
clea
r
th
at
th
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
in
s
tate
o
f
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
(
S
OD)
,
s
tate
o
f
c
h
ar
g
in
g
(
SOC
)
,
f
r
o
m
th
e
cu
r
v
e
we
ca
n
ex
tr
ac
t
th
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
in
g
v
o
lt
ag
es
with
in
d
ep
th
o
f
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
with
r
esp
ec
t
to
lead
ac
id
b
att
er
y
,
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
m
o
d
el
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
b
y
MA
T
L
AB
,
an
d
th
e
f
lo
w
ch
ar
t in
Fig
u
r
e
5
d
is
cu
s
s
o
u
r
wo
r
k
,
ag
ain
o
u
r
tar
g
et
is
to
r
ed
u
ce
t
h
e
b
atter
y
s
tr
ess
,
g
e
t
a
s
tab
le
v
o
ltag
e,
r
em
o
v
e
t
h
e
r
ip
p
les,
o
n
an
o
th
er
h
an
d
b
y
av
o
i
d
in
g
th
is
d
is
ad
v
an
tag
es it c
an
b
e
m
o
r
e
c
o
m
m
o
n
u
s
ed
in
m
o
s
t a
p
p
licatio
n
f
o
r
a
lo
n
g
wo
r
k
in
g
tim
e
[
8
]
–
[
1
0
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Su
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
/
b
atter
y
in
teg
r
atio
n
b
lo
c
k
d
iag
r
am
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
SC
/b
atter
y
Simu
lin
k
MA
T
L
AB
cir
cu
it
[
1
1
]
–
[
1
5
]
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
6
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il
20
2
6
:
6
2
9
-
637
632
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Su
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
/
b
atter
y
f
lo
w
ch
a
r
t
[
1
6
]
,
[
1
7
]
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
B
y
tak
in
g
th
e
m
ai
n
SC
ad
v
an
t
ag
es
an
d
d
escr
ip
tio
n
s
,
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
d
escr
ib
e
t
h
e
m
ain
e
q
u
a
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
SC
an
d
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
th
e
en
h
an
ce
m
en
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
co
n
s
is
t
o
f
PV
ar
r
ay
,
b
u
c
k
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
,
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
,
b
atter
y
,
an
d
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
im
p
o
r
tan
t
is
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
ci
r
cu
it
to
m
ak
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
to
c
h
e
ck
th
e
lo
ad
cu
r
r
e
n
t
an
d
th
e
f
lo
w
ch
ar
t
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
ws
th
e
m
ain
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
o
f
th
e
cir
cu
it,
th
e
T
ab
le
2
s
h
o
ws
th
e
m
ain
m
o
d
el
p
ar
am
eter
s
f
o
r
ea
ch
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t,
th
e
PV,
b
atter
y
,
SC
.
E
q
u
atio
n
(
1
)
d
is
cu
s
s
th
e
SC
v
o
ltag
es
as
d
escr
ib
ed
,
als
o
th
e
b
asic
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
b
u
c
k
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
e
r
ter
to
r
eg
u
late
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
f
o
r
ea
c
h
SC
ca
p
ac
ito
r
an
d
th
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
d
o
th
e
s
am
e
th
in
g
f
o
r
th
e
b
atter
y
,
b
u
c
k
b
o
o
s
t
an
d
th
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
te
r
to
av
o
id
m
is
s
m
atch
in
g
b
etwe
en
th
e
two
v
o
ltag
es a
n
d
d
o
s
tab
ilizatio
n
f
o
r
th
e
all
m
o
d
el
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
e
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
eq
u
atio
n
=
0
+
2
ℎ
−
1
(
2
√
8
0
)
−
∙
(
1
)
T
h
e
eq
u
atio
n
d
escr
ib
es th
e
SC
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
(
)
an
d
t
h
e
r
o
le
o
f
th
e
SC
in
s
tab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t f
o
r
a
s
h
o
r
t
tim
e,
m
ak
in
g
a
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
till
r
ea
ch
in
g
th
e
th
r
esh
o
ld
SC
v
o
ltag
e,
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t w
ill tr
ick
le
d
o
wn
.
W
h
er
e
:
1
=
∫
T
o
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
s
elf
-
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
n
,
th
e
s
u
p
er
ca
p
a
cito
r
elec
tr
ic
ch
ar
g
e
is
m
o
d
if
ie
d
as
f
o
llo
ws
(
wh
en
I
SC
=
0
)
:
2
=
∫
.
[2
]
T
ab
le
2
.
Mo
d
el
p
ar
am
ete
r
[
4
]
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
I
r
r
a
d
i
a
n
c
e
(
W
/
m²
)
Te
mp
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
(
T)
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
V
)
N
o
mi
n
a
l
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
(
I
)
C
a
p
a
c
i
t
y
F
D
i
sch
a
r
g
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
(
A
)
P
V
a
r
r
a
y
1
0
0
0
25
42
7
.
3
5
---
---
S
u
p
e
r
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
N
u
l
l
25
16
10
5
0
0
F
50
B
a
t
t
e
r
y
N
u
l
l
2
5
=
3
3
2
6
.
4
2
.
5
6
.
6
A
h
6
.
5
,
1
3
,
3
2
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
P
h
o
to
vo
lta
ic
s
to
r
a
g
e
s
ystem
en
h
a
n
ce
men
t
-
b
a
s
ed
s
u
p
erca
p
a
cito
r
co
n
tr
o
l
(
A
h
med
Ma
h
m
o
u
d
S
o
lima
n
)
633
2
.
1
.
M
o
del e
x
pla
na
t
io
n
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
b
lo
c
k
d
iag
r
am
f
o
r
o
u
r
m
o
d
el
an
d
th
e
b
u
ck
-
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
,
th
e
r
eg
u
lato
r
cir
cu
it,
a
n
d
s
witch
in
g
r
eg
u
lato
r
s
(
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
b
lo
ck
)
o
f
f
er
s
th
r
ee
b
ig
ad
v
a
n
tag
es
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
lin
ea
r
r
eg
u
lato
r
s
.
First
,
o
n
e
s
witch
in
g
ef
f
icien
cy
ca
n
b
e
m
u
ch
b
etter
.
Seco
n
d
,
b
ec
au
s
e
less
en
er
g
y
is
lo
s
t
i
n
th
e
tr
an
s
f
er
,
s
m
aller
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
an
d
lo
w
th
e
r
m
al
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
ar
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
.
T
h
i
r
d
,
th
e
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ed
b
y
an
in
d
u
cto
r
in
a
s
witch
in
g
r
eg
u
l
ato
r
ca
n
b
e
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
d
to
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
es
th
at
ca
n
b
e
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
t
h
e
in
p
u
t
(
b
o
o
s
t)
,
n
e
g
ativ
e
(
in
v
er
te
r
)
,
o
r
ca
n
ev
en
b
e
tr
an
s
f
er
r
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
elec
tr
ical
is
o
latio
n
with
r
esp
ec
t
to
th
e
i
n
p
u
t.
T
h
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
u
s
ed
in
t
h
is
in
teg
r
atio
n
m
o
d
el
ar
e
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
in
T
ab
le
3
(
I
n
teg
r
atio
n
m
o
d
el
p
a
r
am
eter
s
)
.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
witch
(
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
b
lo
c
k
)
with
th
e
MO
SF
E
T
ca
n
c
o
n
tr
o
l
th
e
SC
en
tr
an
ce
f
o
r
a
ce
r
tain
tim
e
o
n
/o
f
f
,
an
d
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
4
,
m
o
r
e
d
etails ar
e
m
o
d
eled
b
y
MA
T
L
AB
.
T
ab
le
3
.
I
n
teg
r
atio
n
m
o
d
el
p
ar
am
eter
s
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
s
B
o
o
st
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
B
u
c
k
b
o
o
st
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
M
o
t
o
r
(
l
o
a
d
)
I
n
p
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
V
i
n
)
5
:
4
0
5
:
4
0
2
6
v
O
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
V
o
u
t
)
26
16
-
I
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
L
(
mH
)
1e
-
3
1e
-
3
0
.
0
0
0
2
2
R
e
si
st
a
n
c
e
R
o
u
t
O
h
ms
0
.
1
0
.
1
0
.
0
1
3
C
a
p
a
c
i
t
a
n
c
e
C
2
5
0
e
-
9
2
5
0
e
-
9
I
n
i
t
i
a
l
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
8
.
1
7
1
4
.
7
1
2
,
1
4
,
1
5
T
h
e
SC
en
tr
an
ce
tim
e
f
o
r
b
atter
y
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
d
eter
m
in
e
d
an
d
co
n
tr
o
lled
b
y
th
e
s
witch
in
g
cir
cu
it,
b
y
co
n
d
itio
n
wh
en
s
en
s
e
b
y
th
e
l
o
ad
cu
r
r
en
t,
s
in
ce
th
e
lo
ad
cu
r
r
en
t
g
r
ea
te
r
th
an
th
e
r
ated
b
atter
y
s
o
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
cir
c
u
it
will
o
p
en
t
o
co
n
n
ec
t
th
e
SC
with
th
e
b
atter
y
f
o
r
en
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
b
atter
y
,
o
th
er
wis
e
th
e
S
C
is
o
f
f
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
e
to
tal
cir
cu
it
p
o
wer
=
±
(
2
)
=
1
/
2
C
sc
V
2
,
(
3
)
W
h
en
=
−
(
4)
W
h
en
>
=
+
(
5
)
W
h
er
e
is
th
e
to
tal
lo
ad
p
o
wer
,
th
e
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
p
o
wer
wh
en
s
witch
ed
o
n
,
th
e
b
atter
y
p
o
wer
(
4
)
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
t
o
tal
p
o
wer
wh
e
n
th
e
lo
a
d
is
s
tab
le
an
d
n
o
o
v
er
lo
ad
c
u
r
r
e
n
t,
eq
u
atio
n
(
5
)
wh
en
th
e
lo
a
d
g
ets
ir
r
itab
le
an
d
with
d
r
awn
cu
r
r
e
n
t
ex
ce
ed
th
e
r
ated
b
atter
y
v
alu
e
s
o
d
u
e
to
th
e
SC
en
tr
an
ce
will
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
b
atter
y
o
v
er
cu
r
r
e
n
t,
s
o
th
e
b
atter
y
alo
n
g
tim
e
will
n
o
t
s
tr
ess
ed
an
d
th
e
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
will
n
o
t
in
cr
ea
s
e
as
s
h
o
wn
in
(
6
)
wh
ich
r
ep
r
esen
t t
h
e
in
v
er
s
ely
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
[
1
9
]
–
[
2
5
]
.
=
+
1
/
∝
TB
(
6
)
TB
1
/
∝
L
ife
time
b
a
tter
y
wh
er
e
TB
is
th
e
b
atter
y
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
2
.
2
.
Rela
t
ed
wo
rk
No
m
o
r
e
r
elate
d
wo
r
k
in
I
J
E
C
E
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
r
elate
d
wo
r
k
s
with
d
if
f
er
en
t
g
o
als,
in
d
if
f
e
r
e
n
t
jo
u
r
n
als,
s
u
ch
as
in
th
e
a
n
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
SC
r
en
ewa
b
le
s
y
s
tem
to
m
an
a
g
in
g
f
l
u
ctu
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
[
4
]
.
A
h
y
b
r
id
b
atter
y
/u
ltra
ca
p
ac
ito
r
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
,
co
n
f
er
e
n
ce
[
1
0
]
,
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
in
en
er
g
y
c
o
n
v
er
s
io
n
,
co
n
f
er
e
n
ce
[
1
2
]
,
o
n
ly
in
I
J
E
C
E
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
p
o
wer
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
f
o
r
a
PV/win
d
m
icr
o
g
r
id
with
b
ac
k
u
p
a
n
d
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
s
[
1
9
]
,
Als
o
h
y
b
r
id
en
e
r
g
y
s
t
o
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
life
cy
cle
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
[
2
6
]
,
o
p
tim
ized
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
(
SC
E
SS
)
[
2
7
]
,
also
[
2
8
]
.
[
2
9
]
,
[
3
0
]
o
u
r
w
o
r
k
is
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
an
d
n
ew
in
h
o
w
to
co
n
tr
o
l in
th
e
S
C
to
s
av
e
th
e
B
E
SS
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
6
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il
20
2
6
:
6
2
9
-
637
634
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
An
o
u
t
p
u
t
with
o
u
t
SC
in
teg
r
atio
n
s
h
o
ws
clea
r
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
o
n
th
e
b
atter
y
cu
r
r
e
n
t
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
(
a)
an
d
af
t
er
th
e
s
y
s
tem
g
o
in
g
u
p
b
y
th
e
SC
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
will
b
e
m
o
r
e
s
tab
le
as
s
h
o
wn
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
6
(
b
)
.
C
u
r
r
en
t
an
d
v
o
lta
g
e
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
s
h
o
ws
a
clea
r
s
m
o
o
th
in
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
a
n
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
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,
th
e
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r
r
en
t
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r
v
e
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n
s
tar
t
g
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e
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ig
h
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ad
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r
r
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t
f
r
o
m
3
0
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an
d
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p
a
b
le
to
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eliv
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d
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o
d
o
wn
to
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in
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0
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ec
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n
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e
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le
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ated
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ad
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r
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ile
with
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u
t
SC
,
m
ax
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eliv
er
lo
ad
cu
r
r
en
t
1
5
0
A
an
d
th
e
n
o
t stab
ilit
y
V,
I
with
u
s
in
g
th
e
SC
th
e
m
o
r
e
s
tab
le
V,
I.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Vo
ltag
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s
tab
ilit
y
wav
ef
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r
m
(
a)
o
/p
with
o
u
t SC
–
(
b
)
o
/p
with
SC
As
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
an
d
T
a
b
le
4
,
we
f
o
u
n
d
an
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
in
ch
ar
g
in
g
d
is
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
cu
r
v
e
also
th
e
SC
life
tim
e
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b
e
m
o
r
e
t
h
an
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
c
y
cle
th
at
m
ea
n
will
b
e
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o
u
b
led
d
u
e
to
s
witch
in
g
c
o
n
tr
o
l
ci
r
cu
it
wh
ich
h
elp
to
s
witch
in
g
o
n
a
n
d
o
f
f
w
h
en
an
y
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
b
ig
lo
ad
cu
r
r
e
n
t.
T
h
e
r
e
g
u
lato
r
cir
cu
its
lik
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
is
to
k
ee
p
b
alan
cin
g
th
e
v
o
ltag
es
o
n
th
e
b
atter
y
s
t
ab
le
wh
ile
ch
an
g
in
g
PV
ir
r
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d
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ce
to
av
o
id
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n
y
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lu
ctu
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r
o
m
ch
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g
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e
s
u
n
lig
h
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also
th
e
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u
ck
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o
o
s
t
co
n
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ter
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k
ee
p
th
e
SC
in
s
tab
le
v
o
ltag
e
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d
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ep
ar
ated
f
r
o
m
th
e
b
atter
y
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
e
r
ter
Ho
w
ev
er
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wh
en
a
s
u
d
d
e
n
ch
an
g
e
o
cc
u
r
s
,
a
v
ast
d
ip
in
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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&
C
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p
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n
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I
SS
N:
2088
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8
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u
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h
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h
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atio
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u
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ito
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o
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ip
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s
h
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Fig
u
r
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6
.
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ted
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T
ab
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,
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m
ax
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u
r
r
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with
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m
ax
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ap
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L
if
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tim
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atter
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en
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4
.
Ou
tp
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esu
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/with
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me
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e
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a
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t
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o
l
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r
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v
25
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.
5
v
16
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4
v
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
(
A
)
75
-
3
0
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-
1
5
0
>
200
Li
f
e
t
i
m
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a
p
p
r
o
x
.
≈
>
75%
≈
<
70%
≈
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10000000
C
h
a
r
g
e
-
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i
s
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h
a
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y
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4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
Ou
r
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atter
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to
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h
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r
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r
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r
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atter
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f
f
ic
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y
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ci
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h
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atter
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tr
ess
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u
e
to
t
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ig
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r
awn
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r
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f
r
o
m
an
y
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ig
lo
ad
s
o
th
e
b
atter
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tem
p
er
at
u
r
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will
b
e
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lo
w
a
n
d
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is
will
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
b
atter
y
ce
lls
life
tim
e,
will
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
all
PV
s
y
s
tem
an
d
th
e
m
o
s
t
ex
p
en
s
iv
e
p
a
r
t
in
s
id
e
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e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
s
y
s
tem
s
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y
tak
in
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th
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b
e
n
ef
it
o
f
th
e
SC
,
f
o
r
a
n
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
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tem
will
s
av
e
m
o
r
e
in
r
u
s
h
c
u
r
r
en
t
s
p
ec
ially
at
s
tar
tin
g
b
ig
lo
a
d
li
k
e
m
o
t
o
r
s
,
h
ea
ter
s
,
tr
u
ck
s
an
d
s
o
o
n
,
T
h
e
ad
v
a
n
t
ag
es
o
f
th
e
p
r
esen
ted
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
ar
e
effec
tiv
e
p
o
wer
s
h
a
r
in
g
,
r
ap
id
ch
ar
g
e,
an
d
r
ip
p
le
lim
itatio
n
s
.
M
AT
L
AB
-
Simu
lin
k
-
b
ased
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
h
av
e
s
h
o
wn
th
e
v
alid
ity
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
,
an
d
lik
e
th
e
u
s
ed
m
o
d
el
will
b
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
m
o
s
t
h
ig
h
-
in
r
u
s
h
b
ig
lo
ad
,
k
ee
p
in
g
th
e
b
atter
y
in
g
o
o
d
ca
s
e,
th
e
p
ap
er
will
ad
d
to
t
h
e
s
cien
tis
ts
an
d
to
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
h
o
w
to
u
s
e
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
with
h
ig
h
ca
p
ac
ity
SC
to
en
h
an
ce
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
b
atter
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
s
y
s
tem
,
f
u
tu
r
e
wo
r
k
an
d
we
ca
n
u
s
e
th
is
in
teg
r
atio
n
i
n
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
wo
r
k
with
elec
tr
ic
v
e
h
i
cles
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
r
esear
ch
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
T
h
is
wo
r
k
h
as
n
o
s
o
u
r
ce
f
u
n
d
in
g
ag
en
c
y
;
all
th
e
wo
r
k
was
d
o
n
e
b
y
th
e
a
u
th
o
r
s
th
e
m
s
elv
es
with
o
u
t
an
y
f
u
n
d
in
g
.
All th
e
Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
th
at
n
o
f
u
n
d
in
g
f
o
r
th
is
wo
r
k
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
t
r
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
ax
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
id
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Na
m
e
o
f
Aut
ho
r
C
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Va
Fo
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m
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an
✓
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Ad
el
Ab
d
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ass
et
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Ash
r
af
Naser
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ld
ee
n
✓
✓
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C
:
C
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
M
:
M
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
So
:
So
f
t
w
a
r
e
Va
:
Va
l
i
d
a
t
i
o
n
Fo
:
Fo
r
mal
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
I
:
I
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
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:
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e
so
u
r
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s
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:
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a
t
a
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u
r
a
t
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r
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r
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r
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v
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&
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in
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ter
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ip
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at
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o
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f
lu
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wo
r
k
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e
p
o
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te
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in
t
h
is
p
ap
er
.
DATA AV
AI
L
AB
I
L
I
T
Y
T
h
e
d
ata
t
h
at
s
u
p
p
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t
th
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f
in
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in
g
s
o
f
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
a
r
e
o
p
en
ly
av
ailab
le
at
an
y
tim
e
wh
e
n
y
o
u
co
n
tact
m
e,
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
Au
t
h
o
r
,
an
d
d
o
n
o
t
h
esit
ate
to
ask
b
y
em
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,
a
h
med
_
s
elem
a
n
2
0
@
y
a
h
o
o
.
c
o
m,
an
d
also
will
b
e
av
ailab
le
o
n
Go
o
g
le
S
ch
o
lar
I
D
f
o
r
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
i
n
g
au
th
o
r
or
OR
C
I
D.
co
m
f
o
r
all
au
th
o
r
s
d
ir
ec
tly
af
ter
p
u
b
licatio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
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m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
6
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il
20
2
6
:
6
2
9
-
637
636
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
A
.
P
a
r
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.
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h
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r A
p
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B
o
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a
R
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n
:
C
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2
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2
3
.
[
2
]
S
.
S
h
a
r
ma
a
n
d
P
.
C
h
a
n
d
,
“
S
u
p
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r
c
a
p
a
c
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t
o
r
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d
e
l
e
c
t
r
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c
h
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c
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s:
A
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w
,
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R
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s
u
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ry
,
v
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l
.
5
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p
.
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.
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5
.
[
3
]
E.
P
.
G
i
l
sh
t
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y
n
,
D
.
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5
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6
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8
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[
9
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1
2
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4
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2
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h
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[
1
6
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p
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[
1
7
]
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.
K
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.
He
e
a
rn
e
d
a
m
a
ste
r
'
s
d
e
g
re
e
(M
.
S
c
.
)
fro
m
M
o
sc
o
w
Un
i
v
e
rsity
(El
e
c
tro
Tec
h
n
ica
l
Un
iv
e
r
sity
LE
TI)
i
n
e
lec
tro
n
ic
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
las
e
r
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
2
0
1
8
.
He
is
a
m
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
IEE
E
a
n
d
S
P
IE
(Op
ti
c
a
l
S
c
ien
c
e
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
)
.
He
h
a
s
se
rv
e
d
a
s
a
tea
c
h
in
g
a
ss
istan
t
in
e
lec
tro
n
ic
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
tele
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
sin
c
e
2
0
1
8
.
He
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
a
P
h
.
D.
stu
d
e
n
t
in
th
e
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
Re
n
e
wa
b
le
En
e
rg
y
De
p
a
rtme
n
t,
sp
e
c
ializin
g
in
so
lar
e
n
e
r
g
y
a
n
d
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
c
e
ll
s.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
re
n
e
w
a
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
,
p
o
we
r
q
u
a
li
t
y
,
h
i
g
h
-
q
u
a
li
ty
u
ti
li
ty
i
n
terfa
c
e
,
p
o
we
r
e
lec
tro
n
ics
,
p
o
we
r
su
p
p
l
y
q
u
a
li
t
y
,
e
lec
tro
n
ic
a
n
d
tele
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
re
lay
p
r
o
tec
ti
o
n
,
p
o
we
r
sy
ste
m
sta
b
il
it
y
,
p
o
we
r
tran
sm
issio
n
p
lan
n
in
g
a
n
d
p
r
o
tec
ti
o
n
,
b
a
tt
e
ry
c
h
a
rg
e
rs,
st
o
ra
g
e
sy
ste
m
s,
a
n
d
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
b
a
tt
e
ry
sto
ra
g
e
sy
ste
m
s.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
a
h
m
e
d
_
se
lem
a
n
2
0
@y
a
h
o
o
.
c
o
m
,
m
o
b
il
e
:
+
9
6
6
5
1
0
1
9
7
5
7
5
.
Adel
A.
Elb
a
se
t
wa
s
b
o
rn
in
N
a
g
Ha
m
a
d
i,
Qe
n
a
,
Eg
y
p
t
,
o
n
Oc
to
b
e
r
2
4
,
1
9
7
1
.
H
e
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
is
B
.
S
c
.
,
M
.
S
c
.
,
a
n
d
P
h
.
D.
d
e
g
re
e
s
fr
o
m
th
e
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
M
i
n
ia
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
Eg
y
p
t
,
i
n
1
9
9
5
,
2
0
0
0
,
a
n
d
2
0
0
6
,
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
ly
.
He
is
a
sta
ff
m
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
th
e
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
,
M
i
n
ia
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
Eg
y
p
t.
He
se
rv
e
d
a
s
a
v
isit
i
n
g
a
ss
istan
t
p
ro
fe
ss
o
r
a
t
K
u
m
a
m
o
to
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
Ja
p
a
n
,
u
n
ti
l
Au
g
u
st
2
0
0
9
.
Cu
rre
n
tl
y
,
h
e
is
a
p
r
o
fe
ss
o
r
in
th
e
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
E
lec
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
.
His
re
se
a
r
c
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
re
n
e
wa
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
,
p
o
w
e
r
q
u
a
li
ty
,
h
i
g
h
-
q
u
a
li
t
y
u
ti
l
it
y
i
n
terfa
c
e
,
p
o
we
r
e
lec
tro
n
ics
,
p
o
we
r
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
,
p
o
we
r
g
ri
d
s,
p
o
we
r
su
p
p
l
y
q
u
a
li
t
y
,
p
o
we
r
tran
sm
issio
n
re
li
a
b
il
it
y
,
re
lay
p
r
o
tec
ti
o
n
,
p
o
we
r
sy
ste
m
sta
b
il
it
y
,
p
o
we
r
tran
sm
issio
n
li
n
e
s,
p
o
we
r
tran
sm
issio
n
p
la
n
n
i
n
g
a
n
d
p
ro
te
c
ti
o
n
,
a
n
d
b
a
tt
e
ry
c
h
a
rg
e
rs.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
a
d
e
l.
so
li
m
a
n
@m
u
.
e
d
u
.
e
g
,
m
o
b
il
e
:
+
2
0
1
0
0
9
0
3
4
3
2
0
1
.
As
h
r
a
f
Na
sr
Eld
e
e
n
wa
s
b
o
rn
in
Ab
a
n
o
u
b
,
As
siu
t
,
E
g
y
p
t,
o
n
Ju
ly
1
7
,
1
9
7
8
.
He
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
is
B.
S
c
.
a
n
d
M
.
S
c
.
d
e
g
re
e
s
i
n
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
fro
m
th
e
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
As
siu
t
Un
i
v
e
rsity
,
E
g
y
p
t,
i
n
2
0
0
1
a
n
d
2
0
1
0
,
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
ly
,
a
n
d
h
is
P
h
.
D.
f
ro
m
t
h
e
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
De
p
a
rt
m
e
n
t
o
f
E
lec
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
M
in
ia
U
n
iv
e
rsit
y
,
E
g
y
p
t,
in
2
0
2
0
.
He
is an
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
e
n
g
in
e
e
r
in
th
e
G
e
n
e
ra
l
Ad
m
in
istratio
n
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
In
sta
ll
a
ti
o
n
a
t
th
e
Up
p
e
r
E
g
y
p
t
El
e
c
tri
c
it
y
P
r
o
d
u
c
ti
o
n
Co
m
p
a
n
y
(UEE
P
C).
He
se
rv
e
d
a
s
a
lec
tu
re
r
a
t
Ha
fr
Al
-
Ba
ti
n
Un
i
v
e
rsity
,
S
a
u
d
i
Ara
b
ia,
f
ro
m
2
0
1
4
to
2
0
2
1
.
Cu
rre
n
tl
y
,
h
e
is
a
lec
tu
re
r
a
t
Ne
w
As
siu
t
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
ica
l
Un
iv
e
rsity
.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
h
i
g
h
-
v
o
lt
a
g
e
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
re
n
e
wa
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
,
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
p
o
we
r
p
ro
t
e
c
ti
o
n
,
a
n
d
p
o
we
r
e
lec
tro
n
ics
.
c
o
n
tac
t
m
e
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
e
n
g
a
sh
ra
fn
a
sr1
@g
m
a
il
,
m
o
b
i
le:
+
2
0
1
0
2
1
4
9
1
8
8
6
.
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