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n
.
T
h
u
s
,
o
p
tim
izin
g
PIFA
an
ten
n
as
in
t
h
e
5
.
8
G
Hz
b
an
d
p
lay
s
a
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
in
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
d
e
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t
o
f
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
V2
X
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies,
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
th
e
tr
an
s
itio
n
to
war
d
s
s
m
ar
ter
,
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
,
an
d
m
o
r
e
s
u
s
tain
a
b
le
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
I
n
s
u
m
m
ar
y
,
PIFA
an
ten
n
as
r
ep
r
esen
t
an
ef
f
icien
t
an
d
o
p
tim
ized
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
V
2
X
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
n
ee
d
s
,
co
m
b
in
in
g
ad
v
a
n
tag
es
in
ter
m
s
o
f
s
ize,
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
c
e,
an
d
co
s
t.
T
h
eir
d
ev
el
o
p
m
e
n
t
an
d
o
p
tim
izatio
n
f
o
r
V2
X
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
p
ar
tic
u
lar
ly
at
5
.
8
GHz
,
co
n
s
titu
t
e
an
ac
tiv
e
r
esear
ch
a
r
ea
ai
m
ed
at
en
h
a
n
cin
g
in
tellig
en
t tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
r
o
a
d
s
af
ety
[
2
]
.
2.
ST
A
T
E
O
F
T
H
E
ART
2
.
1
.
V2
X
c
o
mm
un
ica
t
io
ns
V2
X
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
r
ep
r
esen
ts
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
t
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
in
tellig
en
t
tr
a
n
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
(
I
T
S)
an
d
co
n
n
ec
ted
m
o
b
ilit
y
.
I
t
r
ef
er
s
to
a
s
et
o
f
t
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
th
at
en
ab
le
v
eh
icl
es
to
co
m
m
u
n
icate
with
th
eir
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
in
clu
d
in
g
o
th
er
v
eh
icles
(
V2
V)
,
r
o
a
d
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
(
V2
I
)
,
p
e
d
estrian
s
(
V2
P),
an
d
t
h
e
g
lo
b
al
n
etwo
r
k
(
V2
N)
.
T
h
e
g
o
al
o
f
V2
X
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
is
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
r
o
ad
s
af
ety
,
tr
af
f
ic
ef
f
icien
cy
,
an
d
u
s
er
ex
p
er
ien
ce
b
y
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ex
ch
a
n
g
e
[
2
]
,
[
3
]
.
T
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
V2
X
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
is
d
r
iv
en
b
y
th
e
g
r
o
win
g
n
ee
d
to
r
ed
u
ce
r
o
ad
ac
cid
en
ts
an
d
co
n
g
esti
o
n
wh
ile
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
th
e
tr
an
s
itio
n
t
o
au
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
d
r
iv
i
n
g
.
B
y
allo
win
g
v
eh
icles
to
s
h
ar
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
th
eir
p
o
s
itio
n
,
s
p
ee
d
,
an
d
d
ir
ec
tio
n
,
V2
X
h
elp
s
p
r
ev
en
t
co
llis
io
n
s
,
m
an
ag
e
tr
af
f
ic
in
tellig
en
tly
,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
a
d
v
an
ce
d
ap
p
licatio
n
s
s
u
c
h
as
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
em
er
g
e
n
cy
b
r
ak
in
g
,
la
n
e
ch
a
n
g
e
ass
is
tan
ce
,
an
d
p
lato
o
n
in
g
.
V2
X
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
r
ely
o
n
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
,
m
ain
ly
d
ed
icate
d
s
h
o
r
t
-
r
an
g
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
(
DSR
C
)
b
ased
o
n
th
e
I
E
E
E
8
0
2
.
1
1
p
s
tan
d
ar
d
an
d
C
-
V2
X
(
C
ellu
lar
V2
X)
,
wh
ich
u
tili
ze
s
L
T
E
an
d
5
G
ce
llu
la
r
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
E
ac
h
o
f
th
ese
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
h
as
s
p
ec
if
ic
ad
v
a
n
tag
es:
DSR
C
o
f
f
er
s
lo
w
laten
cy
an
d
d
ir
ec
t
s
h
o
r
t
-
r
a
n
g
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
wh
ile
C
-
V2
X
b
en
ef
its
f
r
o
m
a
wid
er
r
an
g
e
an
d
b
etter
in
teg
r
atio
n
with
ex
is
tin
g
ce
llu
l
ar
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
es
[
3
]
–
[
5
]
.
Desp
ite
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
ess
m
ad
e,
t
h
e
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
V2
X
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
f
a
ce
s
s
ev
er
al
ch
allen
g
es,
in
clu
d
in
g
in
ter
o
p
er
ab
ilit
y
b
etwe
en
d
if
f
er
en
t
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies,
s
ec
u
r
ity
an
d
p
r
i
v
ac
y
is
s
u
es,
an
d
th
e
h
ig
h
co
s
ts
ass
o
ciate
d
with
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e.
Ho
wev
er
,
with
th
e
em
er
g
en
ce
o
f
5
G
an
d
ad
v
a
n
ce
m
en
ts
in
ar
tific
ial
in
tellig
en
ce
,
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
p
r
o
s
p
ec
ts
f
o
r
V2
X
ar
e
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
,
p
av
in
g
th
e
way
f
o
r
in
c
r
ea
s
in
g
ly
s
o
p
h
is
ticated
ap
p
licatio
n
s
an
d
s
af
er
,
m
o
r
e
e
f
f
icien
t
m
o
b
ilit
y
[
6
]
–
[
8
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
V2
X
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
c
o
n
ce
p
t,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
m
o
d
es
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
e
x
ch
an
g
e,
n
am
el
y
v
e
h
icle
-
to
-
v
eh
icle
(
V2
V)
,
v
e
h
icle
-
to
-
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
(
V2
I
)
,
v
eh
icle
-
to
-
n
etwo
r
k
(
V2
N)
,
an
d
v
eh
icle
-
to
-
p
ed
estrian
(
V2
P),
wh
ic
h
a
im
to
en
h
a
n
ce
r
o
ad
s
af
ety
,
tr
af
f
ic
ef
f
icie
n
cy
,
a
n
d
i
n
tellig
en
t tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
s
er
v
ic
es.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Veh
icle
to
e
v
er
y
th
in
g
V2
X
[
1
]
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
6
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il
20
2
6
:
8
4
2
-
849
844
2
.
2
.
T
y
pes
o
f
V2
X
V2
X
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
is
ca
teg
o
r
ized
in
to
s
ev
er
al
ty
p
es,
ea
c
h
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
t
o
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
in
ter
ac
tio
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
v
e
h
icle
an
d
its
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t.
Her
e
ar
e
t
h
e
m
ain
t
y
p
es o
f
V2
X:
a.
V
eh
icle
-
to
-
v
eh
icle
(
V2
V
)
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
allo
ws
v
e
h
icles
to
ex
ch
an
g
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
d
ir
ec
tly
with
ea
ch
o
th
er
,
s
u
ch
as
p
o
s
itio
n
,
s
p
ee
d
,
an
d
d
ir
ec
tio
n
.
T
h
is
d
ata
i
m
p
r
o
v
es
r
o
ad
s
af
ety
b
y
p
r
ev
en
tin
g
c
o
llis
io
n
s
,
aler
tin
g
d
r
i
v
er
s
to
p
o
ten
tial
h
az
ar
d
s
(
s
u
d
d
e
n
b
r
ak
in
g
an
d
s
to
p
p
ed
v
eh
icles),
an
d
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
ap
p
licatio
n
s
s
u
ch
as c
o
llab
o
r
ativ
e
em
e
r
g
en
cy
b
r
ak
i
n
g
an
d
p
lato
o
n
in
g
.
b.
V
eh
icle
-
to
-
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
(
V2
I
)
allo
ws
v
eh
icles
to
co
m
m
u
n
icate
with
r
o
ad
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
s
u
ch
as
tr
af
f
ic
lig
h
ts
,
r
o
ad
s
ig
n
s
,
an
d
tr
af
f
ic
m
an
ag
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
is
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
d
y
n
am
ically
ad
j
u
s
t
s
p
ee
d
lim
its
,
o
p
tim
ize
tr
af
f
ic
lig
h
ts
b
ased
o
n
v
eh
icle
f
lo
w,
an
d
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
r
o
ad
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
is
in
ter
ac
tio
n
co
n
t
r
ib
u
tes to
s
m
o
o
th
er
tr
af
f
ic
f
lo
w
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
d
co
n
g
esti
o
n
[
3
]
,
[
9
]
,
[
1
0
]
.
c.
V
eh
icle
-
to
-
p
ed
estrian
(
V2
P
)
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
aim
s
t
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
s
af
ety
o
f
p
e
d
estrian
s
an
d
cy
clis
ts
b
y
allo
win
g
v
eh
icles
to
d
etec
t
th
eir
p
r
esen
ce
an
d
aler
t
th
em
,
o
r
v
ice
v
er
s
a.
Ped
estrian
s
ca
n
u
s
e
d
ev
ices
s
u
ch
as
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
es
o
r
wea
r
ab
les
to
s
en
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
to
n
ea
r
b
y
v
eh
icles,
war
n
in
g
d
r
iv
er
s
o
f
th
eir
p
r
esen
ce
,
esp
ec
ially
in
s
itu
atio
n
s
wh
er
e
v
is
ib
ilit
y
is
r
ed
u
ce
d
[
1
1
]
.
d.
V
eh
icle
-
to
-
n
etwo
r
k
(
V2
N
)
c
o
n
n
ec
ts
v
eh
icles
to
a
b
r
o
ad
er
n
etwo
r
k
,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
cl
o
u
d
o
r
s
er
v
ice
p
r
o
v
id
er
s
er
v
er
s
,
u
s
in
g
ce
llu
lar
n
etwo
r
k
s
(
L
T
E
,
5
G)
.
T
h
is
allo
ws
ac
ce
s
s
to
clo
u
d
-
b
ased
s
er
v
ices,
s
u
ch
as
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
tr
af
f
ic
u
p
d
ates,
wea
th
er
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
an
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
h
az
ar
d
o
u
s
ar
ea
s
.
V2
N
ca
n
a
ls
o
b
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
en
ter
tain
m
en
t ser
v
ices o
r
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
n
a
v
ig
atio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
.
e.
V
eh
icle
-
to
-
g
r
id
(
V2
G
)
is
a
ty
p
e
o
f
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
wh
er
e
e
lectr
ic
v
eh
icles
in
ter
ac
t
with
th
e
p
o
wer
g
r
id
.
T
h
is
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
allo
ws
v
eh
icles
to
s
en
d
elec
tr
icity
b
ac
k
to
th
e
g
r
id
d
u
r
in
g
p
ea
k
d
e
m
an
d
p
er
io
d
s
o
r
ch
ar
g
e
th
eir
b
atter
ies
wh
en
e
n
er
g
y
p
r
ices
ar
e
lo
w.
V2
G
th
u
s
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
en
er
g
y
d
em
an
d
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
an
d
g
r
i
d
s
tab
ilit
y
[
4
]
,
[
9
]
,
[
1
0
]
.
f.
V
eh
icle
-
to
-
d
ev
ice
(
V2
D
)
r
ef
e
r
s
to
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
b
etwe
e
n
th
e
v
eh
icle
a
n
d
p
o
r
ta
b
le
d
ev
ices
o
r
s
m
ar
t
d
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ices
o
n
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o
ar
d
.
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h
is
in
c
lu
d
es
co
n
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ec
tin
g
with
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
es,
tab
lets
,
o
r
wea
r
ab
l
es
to
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
f
ea
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r
es
an
d
p
er
s
o
n
alize
d
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er
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ices
to
d
r
i
v
er
s
an
d
p
ass
en
g
er
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
m
ain
ty
p
es
o
f
V
2
X
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
in
clu
d
in
g
V2
V,
V2
I
,
V
2
N,
a
n
d
V2
P,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
b
etwe
en
v
eh
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n
d
th
eir
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
en
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ir
o
n
m
en
t.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
y
p
es o
f
V
2
X
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
[
1
]
3.
P
ARAM
E
T
R
I
C
S
T
UDY
O
F
T
H
E
P
I
F
A
AN
T
E
NNA
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
ten
n
a
is
a
PIFA
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
a
r
ec
tan
g
u
lar
p
atch
,
with
a
wid
th
o
f
W
=
2
0
m
m
an
d
a
len
g
th
o
f
L
=
1
8
m
m
,
p
lace
d
o
n
a
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
with
a
wid
th
o
f
W
=
3
0
m
m
an
d
a
len
g
t
h
o
f
L
=
3
0
m
m
.
T
h
e
m
ater
ial
u
s
ed
is
F
R
4
ep
o
x
y
,
ch
ar
ac
ter
i
ze
d
b
y
a
r
elativ
e
p
er
m
itti
v
ity
o
f
4
.
4
,
a
r
elativ
e
p
er
m
ea
b
ilit
y
o
f
1
,
a
d
ielec
tr
ic
lo
s
s
tan
g
en
t
(
tg
δ)
o
f
0
.
0
2
,
an
d
a
th
ick
n
ess
o
f
e
=
0
.
7
m
m
.
T
h
e
an
te
n
n
a
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
t
o
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
p
lan
e
v
ia
a
s
tr
ip
with
a
h
eig
h
t o
f
h
=
1
0
m
m
an
d
a
wid
t
h
o
f
1
0
m
m
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
s
h
o
ws
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
o
f
PIFA
an
ten
n
as,
r
eso
n
ati
n
g
at
5
.
8
GHz
,
y
ield
s
th
e
c
u
r
v
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p
r
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in
Fig
u
r
es
4
.
T
h
e
p
ar
am
eter
S1
1
is
g
iv
en
b
y
th
e
cu
r
v
e
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
W
e
o
b
s
er
v
e
a
p
ea
k
o
f
S1
1
=−
3
4
d
B
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
o
f
5
.
8
G
Hz,
wit
h
a
b
an
d
wid
th
o
f
3
5
0
MH
z
[
1
2
]
–
[
1
6
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
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&
C
o
m
p
E
n
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I
SS
N:
2088
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8
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Desig
n
a
n
d
p
r
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to
typ
i
n
g
o
f t
h
e
p
la
n
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r
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ve
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ted
-
F
a
n
ten
n
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f
o
r
…
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Lo
u
b
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err
ich
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845
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Desig
n
o
f
PIFA
an
te
n
n
a
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
R
etu
r
n
lo
s
s
o
f
PIFA
an
ten
n
a
4.
DE
S
I
G
N
O
F
A
F
O
L
DE
D
P
I
F
A
ANTE
NNA
T
o
r
e
d
u
ce
th
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
o
u
r
PIFA
an
ten
n
a
,
we
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
f
o
ld
th
e
s
tu
d
ied
an
ten
n
a.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
an
in
v
e
r
ted
-
F
an
te
n
n
a
f
ea
tu
r
i
n
g
a
f
o
l
d
ed
m
etallic
r
ad
iatin
g
elem
en
t,
co
n
n
ec
te
d
b
y
a
s
h
o
r
t
-
ci
r
cu
it
s
tr
ip
to
a
g
r
o
u
n
d
p
lan
e
an
d
f
e
d
v
ia
a
co
a
x
ial
ca
b
le.
T
h
e
f
o
l
d
ed
PIFA
an
te
n
n
a
c
o
n
s
is
ts
o
f
a
r
ec
tan
g
u
lar
p
atch
with
a
wid
th
o
f
W
=
2
0
m
m
an
d
a
len
g
th
o
f
L
=
1
8
m
m
,
p
lace
d
o
n
a
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
with
a
wid
t
h
o
f
W
=
3
0
m
m
an
d
a
len
g
th
o
f
L
=
3
0
m
m
.
T
h
e
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
u
s
ed
is
FR
4
ep
o
x
y
,
c
h
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
a
r
elativ
e
p
e
r
m
itti
v
ity
o
f
4
.
4
,
a
r
elativ
e
p
er
m
ea
b
ilit
y
o
f
1
,
a
d
i
elec
tr
ic
lo
s
s
tan
g
en
t
o
f
tg
δ
=
0
.
0
2
,
a
n
d
a
t
h
ick
n
ess
o
f
h
=
0
.
8
m
m
.
T
h
e
a
n
ten
n
a
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
p
lan
e
v
ia
a
s
tr
ip
with
a
h
e
ig
h
t
o
f
h
=
1
0
m
m
an
d
a
wid
th
o
f
1
0
m
m
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
ws th
e
g
eo
m
etr
y
o
f
th
e
f
o
ld
ed
PIFA
an
ten
n
a
[
1
7
]
–
[
2
2
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Desig
n
o
f
a
f
o
ld
ed
P
I
FA
a
n
ten
n
a
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
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lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
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2
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r
il
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T
h
e
r
eso
n
an
t
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
is
5
.
8
GHz
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
o
f
th
e
an
ten
n
a
u
s
in
g
An
s
o
f
t
HFSS
s
o
f
twar
e
y
ield
s
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
r
esu
lts
:
T
h
e
cu
r
v
e
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
s
h
o
ws
th
e
r
etu
r
n
L
o
s
s
(
S1
1
)
o
b
tain
e
d
f
o
r
th
e
f
o
ld
e
d
PIFA
an
ten
n
a.
A
m
in
im
u
m
S1
1
v
alu
e
o
f
−2
7
d
B
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
,
ce
n
ter
ed
ar
o
u
n
d
t
h
e
r
eso
n
a
n
ce
with
a
b
an
d
wid
th
o
f
2
0
0
MH
z.
Fig
u
r
e
7
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
s
tan
d
in
g
wav
e
r
atio
(
S
W
R
)
i
s
b
elo
w
2
,
in
d
icatin
g
a
g
o
o
d
im
p
ed
a
n
ce
m
atch
in
g
b
etwe
en
th
e
a
n
ten
n
a
an
d
t
h
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
lin
e.
T
h
is
v
alu
e
m
ea
n
s
t
h
at
s
ig
n
al
r
e
f
lectio
n
is
m
in
im
al,
an
d
th
e
an
ten
n
a
ef
f
icien
tly
r
a
d
iates
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itted
en
e
r
g
y
in
to
f
r
ee
s
p
ac
e.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
co
n
f
ir
m
s
th
e
r
eliab
le
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
PIFA
an
te
n
n
a
with
in
th
e
tar
g
et
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
b
an
d
,
wh
ich
is
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
V2
X
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
2
3
]
–
[
2
5
]
.
F
i
gu
r
e
6
.
R
et
ur
n
l
o
s
s
of
a
f
o
ld
e
d
P
I
F
A
a
nt
en
n
a
F
i
gu
r
e
7
.
S
W
R
of
a
f
o
ld
e
d
P
I
F
A
a
nt
e
n
n
a
5.
P
RO
T
O
T
YP
I
NG
O
F
T
H
E
P
I
F
A
ANT
E
NNA
Af
ter
th
e
d
esig
n
an
d
s
im
u
lat
io
n
o
f
th
e
an
te
n
n
as
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
HFSS
s
o
f
twar
e,
we
p
r
o
ce
e
d
ed
to
t
h
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
p
h
ase.
T
h
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
in
ted
cir
c
u
it
b
o
ar
d
s
is
a
p
r
in
ted
ci
r
cu
it.
T
h
is
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
an
ep
o
x
y
p
late
o
n
wh
ich
co
p
p
er
tr
ac
es
ar
e
etch
ed
.
T
h
e
p
late
is
m
ad
e
u
p
o
f
a
p
r
o
tectiv
e
f
ilm
,
r
esin
,
co
p
p
er
,
an
d
th
e
s
u
b
s
tr
ate.
T
h
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
an
ten
n
a
is
a
PIFA
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
a
r
ec
tan
g
u
la
r
p
atch
with
a
wid
th
o
f
W
=
2
6
m
m
an
d
a
len
g
th
o
f
L
=
3
0
m
m
,
p
lace
d
o
n
a
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
with
a
wid
th
o
f
W
=
3
5
m
m
an
d
a
le
n
g
th
o
f
L
=
4
0
m
m
,
u
s
in
g
FR
4
ep
o
x
y
as
th
e
m
ater
ial
ch
a
r
ac
t
er
ized
b
y
a
r
elativ
e
p
er
m
itti
v
i
ty
o
f
4
.
4
,
a
r
elativ
e
p
e
r
m
ea
b
il
ity
o
f
1
,
a
d
ielec
tr
ic
lo
s
s
tan
g
en
t
tg
δ
=
0
.
0
2
,
a
n
d
a
t
h
ick
n
ess
o
f
h
=
0
.
7
m
m
.
T
h
e
a
n
ten
n
a
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
t
h
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
p
la
n
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
tab
with
a
h
eig
h
t
o
f
h
=
3
.
8
m
m
an
d
a
wid
th
o
f
1
0
m
m
.
Fig
u
r
e
8
s
h
o
ws
th
e
p
r
o
t
o
ty
p
e
o
f
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cte
d
an
ten
n
a
.
W
e
n
o
tice
a
g
o
o
d
c
o
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
s
im
u
lated
an
d
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
r
esu
lts
r
eg
ar
d
i
n
g
th
e
r
eso
n
an
ce
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cies
an
d
b
an
d
wid
th
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
9
we
o
b
s
er
v
e
th
at
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
s
im
u
lated
S1
1
an
d
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
m
ay
b
e
attr
i
b
u
ted
to
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
in
g
to
ler
a
n
ce
s
,
lo
s
s
es
f
r
o
m
th
e
SMA
co
n
n
ec
to
r
,
an
d
d
ielec
tr
ic
lo
s
s
es o
f
th
e
FR
4
m
ater
ial.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
Desig
n
a
n
d
p
r
o
to
typ
i
n
g
o
f t
h
e
p
la
n
a
r
in
ve
r
ted
-
F
a
n
ten
n
a
f
o
r
…
(
Lo
u
b
n
a
B
err
ich
)
847
F
i
gu
r
e
8
.
P
r
ot
ot
y
p
e
of
th
e
P
I
F
A
an
te
n
n
a
F
i
gu
r
e
9
.
T
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
an
d
s
im
u
lated
r
etu
r
n
lo
s
s
o
f
th
e
PIF
A
an
ten
n
a
6.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
th
is
ar
ticle,
we
p
r
esen
ted
th
e
d
esig
n
an
d
r
ea
lizatio
n
o
f
a
p
lan
ar
i
n
v
er
ted
-
F
a
n
ten
n
a
(
PIFA
)
s
p
ec
if
ically
ad
ap
ted
f
o
r
V2
X
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
p
ar
a
m
etr
ic
s
tu
d
y
,
we
an
al
y
ze
d
v
ar
io
u
s
f
ac
to
r
s
in
f
lu
en
cin
g
th
e
an
te
n
n
a'
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
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[
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]
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.