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l J
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20
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608
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An
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a
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(DT),
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n
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te
(EDR)
sta
ti
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l
c
o
m
p
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riso
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o
f
t
h
e
IDA
s
is
e
x
a
m
in
e
d
.
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h
e
b
e
n
e
fit
s,
d
ra
wb
a
c
k
s,
a
n
d
re
se
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g
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p
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t
h
e
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u
rre
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re
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Las
tl
y
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c
h
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ll
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m
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o
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rc
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a
re
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d
.
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s
:
Activ
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Dis
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ib
u
tio
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g
en
er
atio
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Hy
b
r
id
I
s
lan
d
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d
etec
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Mic
r
o
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id
Pas
s
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T
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is i
s
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p
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n
a
c
c
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ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
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r th
e
CC B
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-
SA
li
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se
.
C
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r
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s
p
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A
uth
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r
:
R
esn
a
S
.
R
.
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
E
lectr
ical
an
d
E
lectr
o
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ics E
n
g
in
ee
r
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g
,
T
h
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Ox
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d
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o
lleg
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o
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g
in
ee
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i
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an
g
alo
r
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,
I
n
d
ia
E
m
ail: r
esn
ato
ce
@
g
m
ail.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
C
o
m
p
ac
t
p
o
wer
p
lan
ts
,
k
n
o
w
n
as
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
g
en
er
atio
n
s
(
DGs),
ar
e
th
o
u
g
h
t
to
b
e
a
v
ia
b
le
way
f
o
r
tr
ad
itio
n
al
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
eir
f
in
an
cial
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
p
r
o
b
lem
s
.
W
ith
DGs,
th
er
e
ar
e
f
in
an
cial
b
e
n
ef
its
in
l
o
wer
in
g
th
e
d
is
tan
ce
an
d
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
elec
tr
ic
p
o
wer
lin
es,
as
well
as
th
e
p
o
we
r
lo
s
t
d
u
r
in
g
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
.
T
h
is
is
b
ec
au
s
e
en
er
g
y
ca
n
b
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
clo
s
e
to
its
p
o
in
t
o
f
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
I
n
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
DGs
is
co
n
s
tr
ain
ed
,
n
e
v
er
th
eless
,
in
th
at
th
ey
m
u
s
t
co
m
p
ly
with
th
e
ass
o
ciate
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
'
o
p
er
atio
n
al
r
e
q
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
k
n
o
wn
as
an
ti
-
is
lan
d
in
g
r
e
q
u
ir
es
DGs
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
th
e
is
lan
d
in
g
s
ce
n
ar
io
an
d
in
s
tan
tly
ce
ase
g
en
er
atin
g
elec
tr
icity
wh
e
n
ev
er
th
e
g
r
id
cu
ts
o
f
f
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
ca
tio
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
an
d
DGs
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
Am
o
n
g
th
ese
d
i
f
f
icu
lties
,
is
lan
d
in
g
s
ce
n
ar
io
id
en
tific
atio
n
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
wid
ely
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
d
.
W
h
en
is
lan
d
in
g
o
cc
u
r
s
,
s
af
ety
s
witch
es
an
d
in
ter
r
u
p
ter
s
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tly
ca
u
s
e
a
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
with
DGs
to
d
is
c
o
n
n
ec
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
r
im
a
r
y
g
r
i
d
in
ad
v
er
ten
tly
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
er
d
iag
n
o
s
is
o
f
th
e
is
lan
d
in
g
is
s
u
e
m
u
s
t
b
e
m
ad
e.
No
n
eth
eless
,
it
m
ay
h
ar
m
DGs
an
d
t
h
eir
ap
p
ar
atu
s
[
3
]
,
[
4
]
.
T
h
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
p
o
p
u
lar
ity
o
f
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
g
e
n
er
ato
r
s
(
DGs)
h
as
b
r
o
u
g
h
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
atten
t
io
n
to
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
(
MG
s
)
f
o
r
p
o
wer
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
.
MG
s
m
u
s
t
ac
cu
r
ately
id
en
tify
is
lan
d
in
g
s
ce
n
a
r
io
s
.
I
m
p
lem
en
tin
g
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
s
tr
ateg
y
to
d
etec
t
in
ad
v
er
ten
t
is
lan
d
in
g
s
itu
atio
n
s
in
MG
s
i
s
cr
u
cial,
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
eir
o
p
er
atio
n
,
s
u
p
er
v
is
io
n
,
s
af
eg
u
ar
d
in
g
,
an
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
tech
n
iq
u
es
will
d
if
f
e
r
in
th
e
d
elib
er
ate
is
lan
d
s
tate
a
n
d
g
r
i
d
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
[
5
]
.
T
wo
ty
p
e
s
o
f
is
lan
d
in
g
d
etec
tio
n
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es
(
I
DAs)
h
av
e
b
ee
n
s
u
g
g
ested
f
o
r
MG
s
at
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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&
C
o
m
p
E
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I
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N:
2088
-
8
7
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A
n
ex
ten
s
ive
r
ev
iew
o
f isl
a
n
d
in
g
d
etec
tio
n
a
p
p
r
o
a
ch
es in
mi
cro
g
r
id
s
fo
r
…
(
R
esn
a
S
.
R
.
)
609
p
r
esen
t:
r
em
o
te
an
d
lo
ca
l
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
[
6
]
,
[
7
]
.
R
em
o
te
I
DAs
r
ely
o
n
ce
llu
lar
n
etwo
r
k
s
an
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
as
th
eir
o
p
er
atio
n
d
ep
e
n
d
s
o
n
m
etr
ics
an
d
d
ata
g
ath
er
e
d
f
r
o
m
b
o
th
th
e
u
tili
ty
g
r
id
an
d
m
icr
o
g
r
id
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es.
T
h
is
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
t
in
c
r
ea
s
es
b
o
th
th
e
c
o
s
t
an
d
co
m
p
lex
ity
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
lo
ca
l
I
DAs,
wh
ich
r
ely
s
o
lely
o
n
lo
ca
l
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
an
d
d
ata.
Ad
d
iti
o
n
ally
,
th
er
e
a
r
e
th
r
ee
ty
p
es
o
f
lo
ca
l
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es:
p
ass
iv
e,
ac
tiv
e,
an
d
h
y
b
r
id
.
Pas
s
iv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
d
esp
ite
im
p
ac
tin
g
MG
s
,
m
ak
e
d
ec
is
io
n
s
b
ased
o
n
lo
ca
l
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
an
d
p
r
ed
eter
m
in
e
d
th
r
esh
o
ld
s
.
[
8
]
,
[
9
]
,
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
ac
tiv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
o
f
ten
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
is
tu
r
b
a
n
ce
s
in
to
t
h
e
MG
a
n
d
m
ak
e
d
ec
is
io
n
s
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
r
esu
l
tin
g
ch
a
n
g
es
in
lo
ca
l
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
[
1
0
]
–
[
1
2
]
.
A
h
y
b
r
i
d
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
co
m
b
in
es
elem
en
ts
o
f
b
o
th
ac
tiv
e
an
d
p
ass
iv
e
s
tr
ateg
ies
[
1
3
]
.
Pas
s
iv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
ar
e
th
e
least
ex
p
en
s
iv
e,
least
co
m
p
licated
an
d
m
o
s
t
r
ap
id
in
d
etec
tin
g
lo
ca
l
is
lan
d
in
g
;
i
n
co
n
tr
ast
to
ac
tiv
e
s
ch
em
es,
th
ey
also
h
av
e
n
o
im
p
ac
t
o
n
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
.
I
n
c
o
n
tr
ast
to
ac
tiv
e
an
d
h
y
b
r
id
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
p
ass
iv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
e
s
o
f
ten
h
av
e
a
lar
g
e
r
n
o
n
d
etec
tio
n
zo
n
e
(
NDZ
)
.
T
h
is
f
law
ca
n
b
e
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
ap
p
a
r
en
t in
MG
s
with
DG
s
th
at
u
s
e
in
v
er
ter
s
.
C
er
tain
s
tu
d
ies h
av
e
tr
ied
to
e
n
h
an
ce
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
p
ass
iv
e
I
DAs f
o
r
MG
s
u
s
in
g
in
v
er
ter
-
b
as
ed
DGs
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
d
is
cu
s
s
es
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
tatem
en
t
r
elate
d
t
o
is
lan
d
in
g
p
h
en
o
m
e
n
a
in
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
g
en
er
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
two
ty
p
es
o
f
is
lan
d
in
g
:
d
elib
er
ate
an
d
in
ad
v
er
te
n
t.
W
h
ile
in
ad
v
er
ten
t
is
lan
d
in
g
h
ap
p
en
s
d
u
e
to
v
a
r
io
u
s
s
y
s
tem
alter
atio
n
s
,
d
eli
b
er
ate
i
s
lan
d
in
g
is
a
cir
cu
m
s
tan
ce
th
at
is
p
a
r
tially
p
r
em
ed
itated
.
T
h
e
m
ain
is
s
u
e
th
at
th
e
s
y
s
tem
f
ac
es
as
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
th
e
in
clu
s
io
n
o
f
DGs
is
in
ad
v
er
ten
t
is
lan
d
in
g
,
wh
ich
ca
n
r
esu
lt
i
n
m
an
y
c
h
allen
g
es,
s
u
ch
as
a
lack
o
f
estab
lis
h
in
g
an
d
two
-
way
cir
cu
latio
n
o
f
p
o
wer
,
em
p
l
o
y
ee
s
ec
u
r
ity
b
ei
n
g
co
m
p
r
o
m
is
ed
,
d
is
r
u
p
tio
n
s
to
th
e
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
a
n
d
v
o
ltag
e
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
izatio
n
o
f
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
p
o
wer
s
o
u
r
ce
s
a
n
d
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
d
e
v
ices,
an
d
c
h
allen
g
es
with
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
as
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
t
h
e
o
p
p
o
s
ite
p
o
wer
f
lo
w
o
cc
u
r
r
e
n
ce
s
.
T
h
e
I
DA
is
an
es
s
en
ti
al
an
d
ch
allen
g
in
g
task
in
c
o
n
s
o
lid
ated
p
o
wer
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
in
f
r
astru
ct
u
r
e.
W
h
en
DG
in
teg
r
atio
n
in
c
r
ea
s
es,
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
a
n
d
co
m
p
le
x
ity
o
f
in
ad
v
er
ten
t
is
lan
d
in
g
id
en
tific
atio
n
will
r
is
e.
Ma
n
y
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
I
DAs
h
av
e
b
ee
n
m
o
d
elled
an
d
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
to
tack
le
s
u
ch
ch
allen
g
es.
W
h
en
co
r
r
ec
tly
u
s
ed
,
th
e
r
eg
u
latio
n
s
f
o
r
b
o
th
d
elib
er
ate
an
d
in
ad
v
er
ten
t
id
en
tific
atio
n
o
f
is
lan
d
in
g
o
f
f
er
s
ec
u
r
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
an
d
m
itig
ate
th
e
co
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
o
f
DG
is
lan
d
in
g
.
Mic
r
o
g
r
id
s
m
u
s
t
d
etec
t
in
ad
v
er
ten
t
is
lan
d
in
g
with
m
in
im
al
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
is
s
u
es,
le
s
s
n
o
n
d
etec
tio
n
zo
n
e
an
d
m
in
im
al
co
s
t
to
p
r
o
tect
in
d
iv
id
u
als an
d
p
r
e
v
en
t d
e
v
ice
d
am
ag
e.
Nev
er
th
eless
,
as
s
ee
n
b
y
th
e
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
I
DAs
th
at
h
av
e
b
ee
n
s
u
b
m
itted
o
v
er
d
ec
ad
es,
is
lan
d
in
g
r
em
ain
s
an
o
p
e
n
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
b
lem
.
Sev
er
al
s
tu
d
y
in
itiativ
e
s
wer
e
lau
n
ch
ed
to
s
o
lv
e
th
e
is
s
u
e
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
in
ad
v
er
ten
t
is
lan
d
in
g
with
in
t
h
e
m
icr
o
g
r
id
an
d
r
e
d
u
ce
th
e
d
if
f
icu
lties
ass
o
ciate
d
with
I
DA.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
wo
r
k
p
r
o
v
id
es a
n
ex
ten
s
iv
e
ex
am
in
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
ev
er
al
I
DAs
d
o
cu
m
e
n
ted
in
t
h
e
liter
atu
r
e.
T
h
e
r
ev
iew
p
ap
er
is
d
iv
id
e
d
in
to
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
s
ec
tio
n
s
:
T
h
e
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
class
if
icatio
n
o
f
I
DAs
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
r
esear
ch
an
d
an
ass
ess
m
en
t
o
f
t
h
eir
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
is
ex
p
lain
ed
in
s
ec
tio
n
2
.
I
n
s
ec
tio
n
3
,
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
is
co
m
p
ar
e
d
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
m
e
r
its
an
d
d
em
e
r
its
,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
r
esear
c
h
g
ap
s
an
d
f
u
tu
r
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
in
th
e
s
u
b
ject
o
f
I
DAs.
L
astl
y
,
th
e
ar
ticle
is
co
n
clu
d
ed
i
n
s
ec
tio
n
4.
2.
E
XI
ST
I
NG
WO
RK
S O
F
I
S
L
AND
I
NG
DE
T
E
CT
I
O
N
A
P
P
RO
ACH
E
S
T
h
e
two
p
r
im
ar
y
is
lan
d
i
n
g
d
etec
tio
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
(
I
DAs)
ca
teg
o
r
ies
ar
e
lo
ca
l
a
n
d
r
e
m
o
te.
L
o
ca
l
is
lan
d
in
g
d
etec
tio
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
(
L
I
DAs)
ar
e
ca
teg
o
r
ized
i
n
to
p
ass
iv
e,
ac
tiv
e,
an
d
h
y
b
r
id
ty
p
es
b
ased
o
n
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
NDZ
,
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
,
er
r
o
r
d
etec
tio
n
r
ate,
d
etec
tio
n
s
p
ee
d
,
an
d
ef
f
ec
ti
v
en
ess
in
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
in
v
er
ter
s
ce
n
a
r
io
s
.
Utilit
ies
wid
ely
u
s
e
p
ass
iv
e
is
lan
d
in
g
d
et
ec
tio
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
(
PID
As)
b
e
ca
u
s
e
o
f
th
eir
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
an
d
m
in
im
al
im
p
ac
t
o
n
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
.
T
h
ese
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
n
ev
er
th
eless
,
p
o
s
s
es
s
a
wid
e
NDZ
,
an
d
th
r
esh
o
ld
ad
j
u
s
tm
en
t
is
d
i
f
f
icu
lt.
Var
io
u
s
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
an
d
ad
v
an
ce
d
class
if
ier
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
ap
p
lied
i
n
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
wo
r
k
s
to
g
et
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
PID
A'
s
d
r
awb
ac
k
s
.
T
h
e
d
etailed
class
if
icatio
n
o
f
I
DAs
is
i
llu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
,
a
n
d
th
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t s
ec
tio
n
s
g
o
in
to
f
u
r
th
e
r
d
e
p
th
a
b
o
u
t e
ac
h
o
f
th
ese
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
2
.
1
.
L
o
ca
l
is
la
nd
ing
det
ec
t
io
n a
pp
ro
a
ches
I
s
lan
d
in
g
d
etec
tio
n
(
I
D)
at
t
h
e
DG
s
ite
is
ac
h
ie
v
ed
b
y
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
ettin
g
s
u
s
in
g
lo
ca
l
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
Am
o
n
g
t
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
m
etr
ics
ar
e
p
h
ase
a
n
g
le
(
PA)
,
ac
tiv
e
p
o
wer
(
AP)
,
r
e
ac
tiv
e
p
o
wer
(
R
P),
im
p
ed
an
ce
,
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
(
HD)
,
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
.
T
h
e
f
o
l
lo
win
g
d
escr
ib
es
th
e
th
r
ee
lo
c
al/in
tellig
en
t/activ
e
(
LIA
)
ca
te
g
o
r
ies:
p
ass
iv
e,
ac
tiv
e,
a
n
d
h
y
b
r
id
s
tr
ateg
ies.
T
h
e
p
ass
iv
e
is
lan
d
in
g
d
etec
tio
n
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es
(
PID
As)
in
clu
d
e
o
v
er
/u
n
d
er
v
o
ltag
e
(
OUV)
,
o
v
er
/u
n
d
er
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
(
OUF)
,
r
ate
o
f
ch
an
g
e
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
(
R
C
V)
,
r
ate
o
f
ch
an
g
e
o
f
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
(
R
C
F),
r
ate
o
f
ch
an
g
e
o
f
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
o
v
er
o
u
t
p
u
t
p
o
wer
(
R
C
FOP),
r
ate
o
f
ch
an
g
e
o
f
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
(
R
C
OP)
,
v
o
ltag
e
u
n
b
alan
ce
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
(
VUA)
,
v
o
ltag
e
p
h
ase
ju
m
p
d
etec
tio
n
(
VPJ
D)
,
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
co
n
ten
t
d
etec
tio
n
(
HC
D)
,
wav
elet
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
(
W
T
)
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
an
d
Fo
u
r
ier
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
(
FT)
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
,
w
h
ich
a
r
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
i
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
Sim
ilar
ly
,
th
e
ac
tiv
e
is
lan
d
in
g
d
e
tectio
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
(
AI
DAs)
in
clu
d
e
ac
tiv
e
an
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
v
ar
iatio
n
s
,
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
in
jectio
n
(
HC
I
)
,
p
h
ase
-
lo
c
k
ed
lo
o
p
p
h
ase
p
er
tu
r
b
atio
n
(
PLL
-
PP
)
,
ac
tiv
e
im
p
e
d
an
ce
d
etec
tio
n
(
AI
D)
,
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
ju
m
p
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
(
FJ
A)
,
ac
tiv
e
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
d
r
if
t
(
AFD)
,
San
d
ia
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
s
h
if
t
(
SF
S),
San
d
ia
v
o
ltag
e
s
h
if
t
(
SVS),
a
n
d
s
lid
in
g
m
o
d
e
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
s
h
if
t
(
SMFS),
wh
ich
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
i
n
th
is
r
ev
iew.
T
h
e
h
y
b
r
id
is
lan
d
in
g
d
etec
tio
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
(
HI
DAs)
in
clu
d
e
v
o
ltag
e
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
6
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il
20
2
6
:
6
0
8
-
618
610
in
jectio
n
(
VFI
)
,
R
C
V
an
d
AP
s
h
if
t,
VUA
an
d
San
d
ia
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
cy
s
h
if
t
(
SF
S),
h
y
b
r
id
SF
S
a
n
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
we
r
–
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
(
Q
–
F)
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
,
a
n
d
r
ate
o
f
ch
an
g
e
o
f
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
(
R
C
R
P)
an
d
lo
ad
-
c
o
n
n
ec
t
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
I
s
l
a
n
d
i
n
g
D
e
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
A
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
e
s
(
I
D
A
s
)
L
o
c
a
l
R
e
m
o
t
e
P
a
s
s
i
v
e
A
c
t
i
v
e
H
y
b
i
r
d
O
V
U
,
O
U
F
,
R
C
V
,
R
C
F
,
R
C
F
O
P
,
R
C
O
P
,
V
U
A
,
V
P
J
D
,
H
C
D
,
W
T
,
F
T
A
P
a
n
d
R
P
V
a
r
i
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
H
C
I
,
P
L
L
-
P
P
,
A
I
D
,
F
J
A
,
A
F
D
,
S
F
S
,
S
V
S
,
S
M
F
S
V
F
I
,
R
C
V
a
n
d
A
P
S
h
i
f
t
,
V
U
A
a
n
d
S
F
S
,
H
y
b
r
i
d
S
F
S
a
n
d
Q
-
F
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
R
C
-
R
P
a
n
d
L
o
a
d
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
i
n
g
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
P
L
C
C
,
S
D
C
,
U
A
:
I
I
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
C
lass
if
icatio
n
o
f
I
D
As
2
.
1
.
1
.
P
a
s
s
iv
e
is
la
nd
ing
det
ec
t
io
n a
pp
ro
a
ches
Pas
s
iv
e
is
lan
d
in
g
d
etec
tio
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
(
PID
A
s
)
tr
ac
k
m
icr
o
g
r
id
m
etr
ics,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
h
ar
m
o
n
ics,
v
o
ltag
e,
an
d
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
,
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
ar
e
th
em
to
p
r
e
-
estab
lis
h
ed
th
r
esh
o
ld
v
alu
es
to
f
in
d
th
e
i
s
lan
d
in
g
is
s
u
e.
T
h
e
PID
As
ca
p
italize
o
n
t
h
e
f
a
ct
th
at
s
ev
er
al
o
f
its
p
a
r
a
m
eter
s
ch
an
g
e
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
tly
o
n
ce
t
h
e
m
icr
o
g
r
i
d
d
is
co
n
n
ec
ts
f
r
o
m
th
e
g
r
id
'
s
u
tili
ty
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
d
e
p
icts
th
e
g
e
n
e
r
al
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
f
o
r
th
e
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
t
o
f
PID
As.
T
h
ey
ar
e
wid
ely
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
d
an
d
em
p
lo
y
ed
s
in
ce
PID
As
d
o
n
o
t
p
r
o
d
u
ce
i
n
ter
r
u
p
tio
n
s
lik
e
R
P
c
h
an
g
es
o
r
HD
th
at
m
ig
h
t
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
t
h
e
p
o
wer
q
u
a
lity
.
T
h
ey
a
r
e
also
q
u
ite
af
f
o
r
d
ab
le.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
PID
As
d
o
h
a
v
e
a
g
r
ea
ter
NDZ
,
an
d
c
h
o
o
s
in
g
th
e
t
h
r
esh
o
ld
ca
l
ls
f
o
r
e
x
tr
a
th
o
u
g
h
t
d
u
e
to
th
ei
r
h
ig
h
er
r
o
r
d
etec
tio
n
r
ate
(
E
DR
)
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
s
ec
tio
n
p
r
o
v
i
d
es th
e
p
r
em
is
e
b
eh
in
d
p
o
p
u
lar
p
ass
iv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es a
n
d
d
is
cu
s
s
es
th
eir
b
en
ef
it
s
an
d
d
r
awb
ac
k
s
.
a.
OUV
an
d
OUF:
T
h
is
tech
n
iq
u
e
en
tails
r
eg
u
lar
ly
ch
ec
k
in
g
th
e
m
icr
o
g
r
i
d
s
p
o
in
t
o
f
c
o
m
m
o
n
co
u
p
lin
g
s
(
PC
C
s
)
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
(
F)
an
d
v
o
l
tag
e
(
V)
to
d
eter
m
in
e
wh
eth
er
th
ey
f
all
with
in
th
e
ea
r
lier
estab
lis
h
ed
lim
its
.
T
h
ese
m
ag
n
itu
d
es,
en
f
o
r
ce
d
b
y
th
e
u
tili
ty
g
r
id
wh
en
a
m
icr
o
g
r
id
is
attac
h
e
d
,
a
r
e
r
elativ
ely
p
r
ed
ictab
le
u
n
d
er
u
s
u
al
cir
c
u
m
s
tan
ce
s
.
T
h
e
d
is
cr
ep
an
cy
b
etwe
en
lo
ca
l
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
an
d
d
e
m
an
d
th
at
r
esu
lts
in
is
lan
d
in
g
ca
u
s
es
V
an
d
F
v
ar
iatio
n
s
th
at
v
ar
y
f
r
o
m
s
tated
n
o
r
m
s
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
h
as
th
e
ad
v
an
tag
es
o
f
m
in
im
al
co
s
t
an
d
n
o
im
p
ac
t
o
n
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
.
Ho
wev
er
,
p
o
wer
an
d
F
v
ar
ian
ce
s
m
ay
b
e
in
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
if
th
er
e
is
a
m
o
d
est
m
is
m
atch
b
etwe
en
lo
ca
l
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
an
d
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
is
lan
d
in
g
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
an
NDZ
ex
is
ts
wh
er
e
is
lan
d
in
g
is
n
o
t i
d
en
tifi
ed
[
1
5
]
–
[
1
7
]
.
b.
R
C
V
/R
C
F/
R
C
FOP:
R
C
V
an
d
R
C
F
in
v
o
lv
e
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
th
e
V
an
d
F
v
ar
iatio
n
r
ates
at
th
e
PC
C
.
T
o
p
r
e
v
en
t
f
alse
p
o
s
itiv
es
o
r
id
en
tif
y
is
lan
d
in
g
as
a
c
o
m
m
o
n
g
r
id
in
ter
r
u
p
tio
n
th
at
f
alls
with
in
th
e
p
er
m
is
s
ib
le
r
an
g
e
as
s
p
ec
if
ie
d
b
y
th
e
g
r
id
v
alu
es,
th
r
esh
o
ld
v
alu
es
m
u
s
t
b
e
s
elec
ted
.
T
h
e
R
C
V/R
C
F
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
m
o
r
e
s
en
s
itiv
e,
ex
tr
em
ely
d
e
p
en
d
a
b
le,
a
n
d
h
as
a
s
h
o
r
t
d
etec
tio
n
tim
e
c
o
m
p
ar
e
d
to
OUV/OU
F
[
1
8
]
,
[
1
9
]
.
A
v
ar
ian
t
o
f
th
is
tech
n
iq
u
e
k
n
o
wn
as
R
C
FO
P
m
e
asu
r
es
th
e
g
en
er
ato
r
s
'
F
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
an
d
u
s
es
th
e
q
u
o
tien
t
to
id
en
tify
i
s
lan
d
in
g
.
I
t
wo
r
k
s
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
well
in
s
m
all
wo
r
k
lo
ad
s
with
f
ew
v
a
r
iatio
n
s
o
f
lo
ad
.
I
t
i
s
a
s
h
o
r
t
NDZ
,
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
1
0
0
m
s
d
etec
ti
n
g
tim
e
(
DT
)
,
an
d
ex
tr
e
m
ely
p
o
o
r
E
DR
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
1
]
.
c.
R
C
O
P:
T
h
is
tech
n
iq
u
e
in
v
o
l
v
es
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
th
e
PC
C
'
s
AP
a
n
d
R
P
o
u
t
p
u
t.
T
h
e
R
C
OP
as
s
u
m
es
is
lan
d
in
g
o
cc
u
r
s
wh
en
th
e
v
ar
iatio
n
r
ate
ex
ce
ed
s
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
th
r
esh
o
ld
.
Ho
wev
er
,
it
ca
n
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
u
p
er
io
r
o
u
tco
m
es
th
an
alter
n
ativ
es
lik
e
R
C
V.
R
C
O
P
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
h
as
a
s
m
aller
NDZ
,
is
f
aster
,
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
well
with
im
b
alan
ce
d
l
o
ad
s
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
a
n
d
,
it
h
as
a
h
ig
h
l
y
h
i
g
h
E
DR
,
an
d
th
e
d
etec
tio
n
s
p
ee
d
r
em
ain
s
u
n
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
t
h
e
p
o
wer
im
b
al
an
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
l
o
ad
an
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
g
e
n
er
atio
n
(
DG)
m
o
d
u
les
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
3
]
.
d.
VUA:
T
h
e
m
eth
o
d
en
tails
o
b
s
er
v
in
g
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
im
b
alan
c
e
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
o
f
th
e
m
icr
o
g
r
id
(
VU
=
NS/P
S).
W
h
er
e
PS
an
d
NS
ar
e
th
e
p
o
s
it
iv
e
an
d
n
e
g
ativ
e
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
el
em
en
ts
,
VUA'
s
u
n
d
er
ly
i
n
g
co
n
ce
p
t
s
tates
th
at
lo
ad
in
g
cir
c
u
m
s
tan
ce
s
lead
to
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
th
e
VU
tr
ig
g
er
ed
b
y
HD
m
ax
im
a,
with
a
h
i
g
h
NDZ
an
d
a
lo
w
E
DR
,
th
e
DT
is
r
o
u
g
h
ly
5
3
m
s
[
2
4
]
,
[
2
5
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
A
n
ex
ten
s
ive
r
ev
iew
o
f isl
a
n
d
in
g
d
etec
tio
n
a
p
p
r
o
a
ch
es in
mi
cro
g
r
id
s
fo
r
…
(
R
esn
a
S
.
R
.
)
611
e.
VPJ
D:
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
u
s
es
a
PLL
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
is
PA
to
d
eter
m
in
e
is
lan
d
in
g
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
VPJ
D
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
s
im
p
le,
th
r
esh
o
ld
lev
els
m
u
s
t
b
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iately
d
eter
m
in
ed
s
in
ce
m
ass
iv
e
lo
a
d
s
m
ay
g
e
n
er
ate
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
o
f
t
h
is
s
ize
wh
en
th
ey
b
eg
in
.
T
h
e
lo
ca
l
l
o
ad
d
et
er
m
in
es
ef
f
icien
cy
;
wh
e
n
th
e
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
is
n
ea
r
u
n
ity
,
is
lan
d
in
g
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
id
en
tifie
d
s
in
ce
th
e
p
h
ase
ju
m
p
will b
e
in
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
[
2
6
]
,
[
2
7
]
.
f.
HC
D:
I
n
th
e
HD
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
is
lan
d
in
g
is
d
etec
ted
b
y
c
o
m
p
ar
in
g
th
e
to
tal
h
a
r
m
o
n
ic
d
i
s
to
r
tio
n
(
T
HD)
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
at
th
e
PC
C
with
a
s
p
ec
if
ied
T
HD
th
r
esh
o
ld
.
W
h
en
th
e
m
icr
o
g
r
id
is
o
p
e
r
atin
g
in
a
g
r
id
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
c
o
n
d
itio
n
,
th
e
in
v
er
ter
an
d
th
e
lo
ad
p
r
o
d
u
ce
r
elativ
ely
f
ew
h
ar
m
o
n
ics,
an
d
th
e
P
C
C
v
o
ltag
e
is
a
r
eg
u
lar
s
in
e
wav
e.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
in
v
er
ter
'
s
d
is
to
r
tio
n
s
will
c
au
s
e
th
e
PC
C
v
o
ltag
e
to
b
e
d
is
to
r
ted
wh
ile
in
th
e
is
lan
d
in
g
ty
p
e
o
f
e
x
ec
u
ti
o
n
,
m
a
k
in
g
is
lan
d
in
g
d
etec
ta
b
le
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
is
tech
n
i
q
u
e
h
as
a
4
5
m
s
DT
an
d
wo
r
k
s
well
f
o
r
s
ev
er
al
DGs
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
te
d
to
a
s
in
g
le
PC
C
.
I
t
is
s
tr
aig
h
tf
o
r
war
d
to
b
u
ild
.
Settin
g
th
e
th
r
esh
o
ld
is
c
h
allen
g
in
g
b
ec
a
u
s
e
g
r
id
in
ter
r
u
p
tio
n
m
ig
h
t
r
e
s
u
lt
in
in
ac
cu
r
ate
E
DR
,
an
d
b
ig
q
u
ality
f
ac
to
r
Q
an
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
t N
DZ
d
e
m
an
d
s
co
u
ld
av
o
id
is
lan
d
in
g
f
r
o
m
b
ein
g
d
etec
ted
[
2
9
]
.
g.
W
T
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
:
W
T
is
co
n
ce
p
tu
alize
d
as
a
s
ig
n
al
p
r
o
jecte
d
in
to
a
wav
elet
s
et
o
f
b
asic
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
ca
n
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
is
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
with
in
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
f
r
e
q
u
en
cy
b
a
n
d
s
in
ce
p
o
wer
c
h
an
g
es
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
it
ca
n
h
an
d
le
s
ig
n
als
at
v
ar
io
u
s
f
r
eq
u
en
cies
an
d
tim
in
g
s
[
3
0
]
.
Fin
d
in
g
th
e
h
ig
h
-
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
th
at
PV
in
v
er
ter
s
s
u
p
p
ly
is
th
e
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
W
T
tech
n
iq
u
e.
T
h
e
d
etec
tio
n
tim
e
(
DT
)
s
p
an
s
f
r
o
m
1
7
.
1
9
to
2
6
.
8
7
m
s
,
th
e
NDZ
is
s
m
all,
an
d
it is
im
m
u
n
e
to
v
ar
iatio
n
s
i
n
g
r
id
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
[
3
1
]
.
h.
FT
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
:
W
h
ile
FT
is
a
h
ig
h
ly
u
s
ef
u
l
tech
n
iq
u
e
f
o
r
ex
a
m
in
in
g
s
tatio
n
ar
y
s
ig
n
als,
it
is
n
o
t
as
g
o
o
d
in
an
aly
zin
g
n
o
n
-
s
tatio
n
ar
y
s
ig
n
als,
ch
an
g
es,
o
r
tr
an
s
ito
r
y
in
te
r
v
als.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
th
at
f
lu
ctu
ate
as
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
is
lan
d
in
g
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
an
aly
ze
d
u
s
in
g
FT,
e
v
en
if
it
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
ex
am
i
n
e
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
h
ar
m
o
n
ics
i
n
s
tatio
n
ar
y
m
o
d
e
.
FT
-
b
ased
m
eth
o
d
s
h
av
e
a
h
i
g
h
c
o
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
co
s
t
d
esp
ite
b
ein
g
f
ast
an
d
ef
f
icien
t
[
3
2
]
,
[
3
3
]
.
T
ab
le
1
g
i
v
es th
e
s
u
m
m
ar
y
o
f
th
e
p
ass
iv
e
I
DAs
.
A
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
a
n
d
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
e
t
h
e
P
C
C
P
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
I
f
(
P
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
≥
T
h
r
e
s
h
o
l
d
V
a
l
u
e
)
D
e
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
I
s
l
a
n
d
I
s
l
a
n
d
n
o
t
d
e
t
e
c
t
e
d
a
n
d
D
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
e
P
o
w
e
r
Q
u
a
l
i
t
y
Y
e
s
N
o
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
b
asic stru
ctu
r
e
o
f
PID
A
T
ab
le
1
.
Su
m
m
a
r
y
o
f
Pas
s
iv
e
I
DAs
P
a
ssi
v
e
I
D
A
s
P
o
w
e
r
Q
u
a
l
i
t
y
I
mp
a
c
t
NDZ
DT
ED
R
M
u
l
t
i
p
l
e
I
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
s
P
e
r
f
o
r
ma
n
c
e
O
V
U
/
O
V
F
No
La
r
g
e
4
ms
-
2
s
Le
ss
Y
e
s
Lo
w
R
C
V
/
R
C
F
/
R
C
F
O
P
No
S
mal
l
2
4
/
2
4
/
1
0
0
ms
H
i
g
h
e
r
Y
e
s
G
o
o
d
R
F
O
P
No
S
mal
l
24
-
2
6
ms
H
i
g
h
e
r
Y
e
s
Lo
w
;
o
n
l
y
i
f
b
a
l
a
n
c
e
d
l
o
a
d
s w
i
l
l
n
o
t
c
o
m
p
e
n
sa
t
e
f
o
r
t
h
e
c
h
a
n
g
e
o
f
l
o
a
d
VUA
No
La
r
g
e
5
3
ms
Le
ss
Y
e
s
G
o
o
d
V
P
JD
No
La
r
g
e
10
-
2
0
ms
Le
ss
Y
e
s
G
o
o
d
;
o
n
l
y
w
h
e
n
p
o
w
e
r
m
e
r
i
t
c
l
o
s
e
t
o
1
H
C
D
No
La
r
g
e
(
F
o
r
h
i
g
h
e
r
Q)
4
5
ms
H
i
g
h
e
r
Y
e
s
G
o
o
d
,
b
u
t
f
a
i
l
s
a
t
h
i
g
h
e
r
Q
WT
No
V
e
r
y
sm
a
l
l
U
p
t
o
2
0
ms
NA
Y
e
s
H
i
g
h
e
r
o
n
l
y
w
h
e
n
D
G
u
n
i
t
s
a
r
e
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
t
o
P
C
C
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
I
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
s
FT
No
NA
U
p
t
o
1
m
s
NA
Y
e
s
H
i
g
h
;
C
o
st
i
s
mo
r
e
2
.
1
.
2
.
Act
iv
e
is
la
nd
ing
det
ec
t
io
n a
pp
ro
a
ches
T
h
e
p
er
t
u
r
b
atio
n
an
d
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
p
r
i
n
cip
le
u
n
d
er
p
in
s
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
ac
tiv
e
is
lan
d
i
n
g
d
etec
tio
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
(
AI
DAs)
.
T
h
ese
te
ch
n
iq
u
es
ca
u
s
e
d
is
tu
r
b
a
n
ce
s
t
o
th
e
h
ar
m
o
n
ics,
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
,
c
u
r
r
en
t,
an
d
v
o
ltag
es
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
m
a
g
n
itu
d
e
o
f
th
e
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
at
th
e
PC
C
is
m
in
im
al
wh
e
n
a
r
ig
id
g
r
id
is
p
r
esen
t
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
g
r
id
v
ar
iab
les
tak
e
ce
n
ter
s
tag
e.
Ho
wev
er
,
in
tr
o
d
u
ci
n
g
a
p
er
tu
r
b
atio
n
at
th
e
PC
C
ca
u
s
es
a
n
o
tab
le
ch
a
n
g
e
in
th
e
DG
p
r
o
p
er
ties
as
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
is
lan
d
in
g
o
cc
u
r
r
en
c
es.
T
h
e
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
g
o
f
AI
DAs
is
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
e
NDZ
an
d
E
DR
s
o
f
AI
DA
s
ar
e
lo
wer
th
an
th
o
s
e
o
f
PID
As.
T
o
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
,
m
o
r
e
elec
tr
ical
d
ev
ices
ar
e
n
ee
d
ed
b
ec
a
u
s
e
AI
DAs
d
eg
r
ad
e
th
e
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
.
L
o
n
g
er
DT
is
n
ee
d
ed
t
o
n
o
tice
th
e
i
m
p
ac
t
o
f
d
is
r
u
p
tio
n
,
wh
ich
m
ay
co
m
p
r
o
m
is
e
th
e
s
y
s
tem
'
s
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
Als
o
,
th
e
m
ajo
r
ity
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
6
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il
20
2
6
:
6
0
8
-
618
612
o
f
AI
DAs
wer
e
cr
ea
ted
f
o
r
D
G
u
n
its
with
in
v
er
ter
s
;
th
ey
d
o
n
o
t
wo
r
k
with
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
o
u
s
p
o
wer
p
lan
ts
.
Her
e
ar
e
d
escr
ip
tio
n
s
o
f
a
f
ew
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t w
ell
-
k
n
o
wn
AI
DAs
.
a.
AP
an
d
R
P
v
ar
iatio
n
s
:
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
d
etec
ts
is
lan
d
in
g
b
y
ad
ju
s
tin
g
th
e
p
o
wer
o
f
th
e
i
n
jecte
d
in
v
er
te
r
wh
ile
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
an
d
am
p
litu
d
e
v
ar
iatio
n
s
i
n
th
e
v
o
lta
g
e
[
3
4
]
.
Du
r
in
g
is
lan
d
in
g
,
th
e
AP
g
en
er
ated
in
th
e
DG
u
n
its
will
ev
ap
o
r
ate
in
t
h
e
lo
a
d
s
;
th
er
ef
o
r
e,
f
o
r
t
h
e
AP
in
t
h
e
DG
an
d
th
e
lo
ad
s
t
o
b
e
eq
u
al,
th
e
V
v
a
r
iatio
n
m
u
s
t
s
atis
f
y
V2
/R
.
W
h
en
th
e
V
v
ar
iatio
n
ab
o
v
e
th
e
OUV
th
r
esh
o
ld
,
is
lan
d
in
g
is
d
etec
ted
.
W
h
en
th
e
F v
a
r
ies ab
o
v
e
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
lev
el,
is
lan
d
in
g
is
d
etec
ted
,
ju
s
t lik
e
th
e
R
P d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
d
o
es.
T
h
is
tech
n
iq
u
e
h
as
a
m
o
d
est
NDZ
an
d
a
DT
b
etwe
en
0
.
3
a
n
d
0
.
7
5
s
ec
o
n
d
s
.
I
t
is
also
s
tr
aig
h
tf
o
r
war
d
to
u
s
e.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
ap
p
r
o
a
ch
m
ig
h
t
n
o
t
b
e
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
wh
en
s
ev
er
al
in
v
e
r
ter
s
o
p
er
at
e
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
[
3
5
]
.
b.
HC
I
:
Sev
er
al
n
am
es
ex
is
t
f
o
r
th
is
tech
n
iq
u
e:
h
ig
h
-
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
s
ig
n
al
in
jectio
n
s
,
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
am
p
litu
d
e
ju
m
p
,
o
r
im
p
e
d
an
ce
at
a
p
ar
tic
u
lar
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
.
T
h
e
NDZ
h
as
d
ec
r
e
ased
,
DT
is
s
h
o
r
t
(
a
f
ew
m
s
)
,
an
d
th
e
E
DR
is
p
o
o
r
f
o
r
t
h
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
f
r
eq
u
en
t
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
s
o
f
th
e
H
C
I
m
eth
o
d
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
th
e
HC
I
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
r
esu
lts
in
a
m
in
o
r
lo
s
s
o
f
p
o
we
r
q
u
alit
y
,
r
aisi
n
g
th
e
s
ig
n
al'
s
T
HD
[
3
6
]
,
[
3
7
]
.
c.
PLL
-
PP
:
B
y
in
jectin
g
a
s
ec
o
n
d
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
in
ter
r
u
p
tio
n
p
u
ls
e
at
th
e
PLL
r
ef
er
en
ce
,
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
d
r
asti
ca
lly
alter
s
th
e
in
v
er
ter
cu
r
r
e
n
t
p
u
l
s
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
.
A
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
'
s
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
at
th
e
PC
C
is
co
n
t
in
g
en
t
u
p
o
n
th
e
im
p
ed
an
ce
lin
k
ed
to
th
is
lo
c
atio
n
.
Sin
ce
th
e
u
tili
ty
g
r
id
s
tab
ilizes
th
e
elec
tr
ical
v
o
lta
g
e,
th
e
r
e
is
n
o
ap
p
ar
en
t
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
c
ed
cu
r
r
en
t
wh
en
it
is
g
r
id
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
o
n
ce
a
s
ec
o
n
d
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
is
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
,
th
e
elec
tr
ical
v
o
ltag
e
at
th
e
PC
C
will
v
ar
y
,
m
ak
in
g
it
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
id
en
tif
y
is
lan
d
in
g
wh
e
n
th
e
g
r
id
is
in
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le.
W
ith
a
DT
o
f
ab
o
u
t
1
2
0
m
s
,
it
b
o
a
s
ts
a
tin
y
NDZ
an
d
a
lo
w
E
DR
.
I
t
is
also
co
m
p
atib
le
with
th
e
p
ar
allel
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
s
ev
er
al
lo
ca
l
p
o
we
r
p
lan
ts
[
3
8
]
.
d.
AI
D
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
:
W
ith
th
is
tech
n
iq
u
e,
a
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
in
a
v
o
ltag
e
is
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
a
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
in
th
e
elec
tr
ical
cu
r
r
en
t
o
r
th
e
r
ev
er
s
e.
I
t
also
d
is
r
u
p
ts
th
e
elec
tr
icity
s
y
s
tem
.
W
h
ile
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
ty
p
ic
ally
r
esu
lts
in
a
s
m
aller
NDZ
,
it
is
less
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
wh
en
s
ev
e
r
al
lo
ca
lized
in
v
er
ter
s
ex
is
t.
T
h
e
n
eg
ativ
e
s
eq
u
en
ce
c
u
r
r
e
n
ts
(
NSC
'
s
)
d
is
r
u
p
tio
n
p
u
ls
e
is
in
jecte
d
in
to
th
e
PC
C
v
ia
th
e
NSC
in
jectin
g
m
eth
o
d
.
T
h
e
e
lectr
ic
g
r
id
will
r
ec
eiv
e
th
is
n
e
g
ativ
e
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
wh
en
ev
e
r
a
g
r
id
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
.
B
u
t
it
will
f
lo
w
to
th
e
lo
a
d
o
n
ce
it
h
as
ar
r
iv
ed
,
th
r
o
win
g
o
f
f
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
b
ala
n
ce
.
I
s
lan
d
in
g
will
b
e
id
en
tifi
ed
if
th
is
im
b
alan
ce
is
m
o
r
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
th
an
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
v
alu
e.
E
m
p
lo
y
in
g
a
p
er
io
d
ic
s
ig
n
al
as
th
e
NS
C
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
ig
n
al
en
h
a
n
ce
s
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
s
en
s
itiv
ity
to
n
o
is
e
wh
ile
m
in
im
izin
g
th
e
NDZ
[
3
9
]
,
[
4
0
]
.
e.
AFD:
W
h
en
in
v
er
ter
cu
r
r
en
t
is
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
PC
C
,
an
AFD
p
ar
tially
m
o
d
if
ies
th
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
.
Vo
ltag
e,
as
well
as
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
in
th
e
g
r
id
-
c
o
n
n
ec
te
d
s
tate,
ar
e
s
tead
y
an
d
g
o
v
er
n
ed
b
y
th
e
g
r
id
.
W
h
en
is
lan
d
in
g
o
cc
u
r
s
,
th
e
i
n
jecte
d
cu
r
r
e
n
t
wav
ef
o
r
m
d
ef
o
r
m
s
,
ca
u
s
in
g
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
t
o
ze
r
o
c
r
o
s
s
ea
r
lier
th
an
ex
p
ec
ted
.
Un
less
th
e
OUF
lim
it
f
o
r
r
ec
o
g
n
izin
g
is
lan
d
in
g
is
ex
ce
ed
ed
b
y
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
m
o
n
ito
r
ed
at
th
e
PC
C
,
th
e
in
v
er
ter
cu
r
r
en
t
(
o
u
tp
u
t)
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
will
k
ee
p
d
r
if
tin
g
.
AFD'
s
n
ar
r
o
w
NDZ
an
d
s
h
o
r
t
d
etec
tio
n
tim
e
(
less
th
an
two
s
ec
o
n
d
s
)
m
a
k
e
it a
s
im
p
le
s
o
lu
t
io
n
to
u
s
e
[
4
1
]
,
[
4
2
]
.
f.
FJ
A:
Sin
ce
FJ
A
ad
d
itio
n
ally
c
r
ea
tes
d
ea
d
r
eg
io
n
s
with
in
th
e
p
r
esen
t
wa
v
es,
it
is
an
alter
e
d
ty
p
e
o
f
AFD.
Dea
d
r
eg
io
n
s
ar
e
ad
d
ed
to
FJ
A
cy
cles
ev
er
y
th
r
ee
,
as
o
p
p
o
s
ed
to
AFD
cy
cle
s
wh
er
ein
th
ey
ar
e
ad
d
ed
to
ea
ch
cy
cle.
E
v
en
th
o
u
g
h
th
e
in
v
er
ter
'
s
cu
r
r
e
n
t
is
d
ef
o
r
m
e
d
,
its
v
o
ltag
e
wav
e
at
th
e
PC
C
in
th
e
g
r
id
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
s
tate
is
u
n
d
is
to
r
te
d
.
A
v
o
ltag
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
f
lu
ct
u
atio
n
th
at
o
cc
u
r
s
d
u
r
in
g
is
lan
d
in
g
will
b
e
u
tili
ze
d
to
id
en
tif
y
is
lan
d
in
g
.
Similar
to
AFD,
th
is
m
eth
o
d
m
ig
h
t
n
o
t
b
e
ab
le
to
d
etec
t
is
lan
d
in
g
wh
e
n
m
u
ltip
le
in
v
er
ter
s
ar
e
r
u
n
n
in
g
at
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e
[
4
3
]
.
g.
SF
S:
Simi
lar
to
AFD,
SF
S
o
p
er
ates
b
y
in
tr
o
d
u
cin
g
a
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
to
th
e
i
n
v
er
ter
'
s
v
o
ltag
e
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
wh
ile
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
p
o
s
itiv
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
.
E
v
en
th
o
u
g
h
th
e
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
tr
ie
s
to
alter
th
e
PC
C
's
v
o
ltag
e
f
r
e
q
u
en
cy
,
th
e
g
r
id
m
ain
tain
s
it
wh
en
th
e
PC
C
i
s
in
a
g
r
id
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
s
tate.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
d
u
r
in
g
is
lan
d
in
g
,
th
e
PC
C
'
s
o
f
f
-
g
r
id
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
in
cr
ea
s
es
alo
n
g
with
th
e
in
v
er
te
r
'
s
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
r
ep
ea
ted
u
n
til
is
lan
d
in
g
is
f
o
u
n
d
.
W
ith
a
d
etec
tio
n
tim
e
o
f
0
.
5
s
ec
o
n
d
s
,
th
is
m
et
h
o
d
h
as
th
e
s
m
allest
NDZ
wh
en
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
th
e
o
th
er
AI
DAs
[
4
4
]
,
[
4
5
]
.
h.
SVS:
T
h
e
SV
S
an
d
SF
S
wo
r
k
o
n
th
e
s
am
e
p
r
i
n
cip
le,
wh
ic
h
is
u
tili
zin
g
p
o
s
itiv
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
to
ch
an
g
e
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
o
f
t
h
e
in
v
er
ter
an
d
a
d
ju
s
t
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
o
f
th
e
PC
C
.
T
h
e
PC
C
'
s
v
o
ltag
e
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
is
u
n
af
f
ec
te
d
b
y
p
o
wer
ch
a
n
g
es
in
th
e
g
r
i
d
-
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
s
tate.
Sti
ll,
it
is
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
p
o
wer
ch
an
g
es
in
is
lan
d
m
o
d
e,
m
a
k
in
g
id
en
tify
i
n
g
is
lan
d
in
g
p
o
s
s
ib
le.
SVS
is
s
im
p
le
to
o
p
er
a
te
an
d
h
as
two
d
r
awb
ac
k
s
:
it
s
o
m
ewh
at
r
ed
u
ce
s
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
,
an
d
th
e
r
esu
ltin
g
p
o
wer
ch
an
g
e
m
a
y
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
th
e
in
v
er
ter
'
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
[
4
6
]
,
[
4
7
]
.
i.
SMFS:
I
t
u
s
es
p
o
s
itiv
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
to
alter
th
e
PC
C
'
s
v
o
ltag
e
p
h
ase
wh
ile
f
o
c
u
s
in
g
o
n
th
e
F
v
ar
iatio
n
to
id
en
tify
is
lan
d
in
g
.
T
h
e
lo
ad
'
s
PA
an
d
F
will
f
lu
ctu
ate
wh
ile
is
lan
d
in
g
ac
tiv
ity
;
if
th
e
ch
an
g
e
in
F
is
m
o
r
e
th
an
th
e
lim
it,
is
lan
d
in
g
ca
n
b
e
id
en
tifie
d
.
T
h
e
SMFS
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
h
as
th
e
b
en
ef
its
o
f
b
ein
g
s
im
p
le
to
u
s
e,
h
av
in
g
a
less
er
NDZ
with
a
DT
o
f
r
o
u
g
h
l
y
0
.
4
s
ec
o
n
d
s
,
a
n
d
b
ein
g
v
er
y
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
with
v
ar
io
u
s
in
v
er
ter
s
etu
p
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
t
h
is
ap
p
r
o
a
ch
af
f
ec
ts
th
e
s
y
s
tem
'
s
s
tab
il
it
y
d
u
r
in
g
tr
an
s
ien
ts
an
d
lo
wer
s
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
[
4
8
]
,
[
4
9
]
.
T
h
e
s
u
m
m
ar
y
o
f
th
e
Activ
e
I
DAs is
tab
u
lated
in
T
ab
le
2
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
A
n
ex
ten
s
ive
r
ev
iew
o
f isl
a
n
d
in
g
d
etec
tio
n
a
p
p
r
o
a
ch
es in
mi
cro
g
r
id
s
fo
r
…
(
R
esn
a
S
.
R
.
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613
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e
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t
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r
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t
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l
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e
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t
i
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h
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P
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C
A
n
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t
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i
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e
r
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a
l
i
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e
s
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Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
e
b
asic stru
ctu
r
e
o
f
AI
DA
T
ab
le
2
.
Su
m
m
a
r
y
o
f
th
e
Acti
v
e
I
DAs
A
c
t
i
v
e
I
D
A
s
P
o
w
e
r
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
i
mp
a
c
t
NDZ
DT
ED
R
M
u
l
t
i
p
l
e
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
s
P
e
r
f
o
r
ma
n
c
e
A
P
a
n
d
R
P
V
a
r
i
a
t
i
o
n
s
D
e
g
r
a
d
e
s
S
mal
l
0
.
3
-
0
.
7
5
s
Le
ss
Y
e
s
I
n
st
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
i
s
su
e
s
o
c
c
u
r
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
D
G
u
n
i
t
i
n
j
e
c
t
s
a
d
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
A
P
/
R
P
i
n
t
o
t
h
e
g
r
i
d
.
H
C
I
D
e
g
r
a
d
e
s
(
S
l
i
g
h
t
l
y
)
V
e
r
y
sm
a
l
l
f
e
w
ms
Le
ss
Y
e
s
G
o
o
d
P
LL
-
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D
e
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r
a
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e
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e
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i
g
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b
l
e
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mal
l
1
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0
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s
Le
ss
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e
s
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o
o
d
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I
D
D
e
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r
a
d
e
s
S
mal
l
0
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7
5
-
0
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9
5
ms
Le
ss
No
G
o
o
d
A
F
D
D
e
g
r
a
d
e
s
La
r
g
e
(
f
o
r
h
i
g
h
e
r
Q)
2
s
H
i
g
h
e
r
Y
e
s
G
o
o
d
f
o
r
r
e
s
i
st
i
v
e
l
o
a
d
s
F
JA
D
e
g
r
a
d
e
s
S
mal
l
7
5
ms
Le
ss
Y
e
s;
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
r
e
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
Lo
w
e
r
;
w
h
e
n
m
u
l
t
i
p
l
e
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
s a
r
e
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
i
z
e
d
SFS
D
e
g
r
a
d
e
s
(
S
l
i
g
h
t
l
y
)
S
mal
l
0
.
5
-
1
s
Le
ss
Y
e
s
G
o
o
d
S
V
S
D
e
g
r
a
d
e
s
(
S
l
i
g
h
t
l
y
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mal
l
0
.
5
s
Le
ss
Y
e
s;
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
r
e
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
D
T
a
r
e
h
i
g
h
e
r
G
o
o
d
;
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
p
o
si
t
i
v
e
f
e
e
d
b
a
c
k
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
u
s
e
s
S
M
F
S
D
e
g
r
a
d
e
s
S
mal
l
0
.
4
ms
Le
ss
Y
e
s
Lo
w
e
r
;
w
h
e
n
l
o
a
d
p
h
a
se
>
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
d
e
v
i
a
t
i
o
n
s
l
o
p
e
2
.
1
.
3
.
H
y
brid is
la
nd
ing
det
ec
t
io
n a
pp
ro
a
ches
Pas
s
iv
e
an
d
ac
tiv
e
I
DA
s
o
f
f
er
HI
DAs,
wh
ich
ar
e
ap
p
lied
in
two
s
tag
es.
T
h
e
in
itia
l
s
tag
e
m
ak
es
u
s
e
o
f
a
PID
A,
m
ain
ly
f
o
r
is
lan
d
i
n
g
d
etec
tio
n
.
An
AI
DA
is
u
s
ed
to
p
r
ec
is
ely
id
en
tif
y
is
lan
d
in
g
if
it
is
d
etec
ted
in
th
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tag
e
.
T
h
e
f
l
o
w
ch
ar
t
f
o
r
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
is
lan
d
in
g
d
ete
ctio
n
m
eth
o
d
is
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
W
h
en
PID
A
an
d
AI
DA
ar
e
co
m
b
i
n
ed
,
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
m
etr
ics
will
in
cr
ea
s
e;
th
ey
ty
p
ically
ex
h
ib
it
a
s
m
all
NDZ
an
d
m
in
im
al
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
lo
s
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
is
ex
p
e
n
s
iv
e,
an
d
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
tak
es
a
lo
n
g
DT
,
s
o
its
ex
ec
u
tio
n
is
n
o
t
v
iab
le.
B
elo
w
is
an
o
v
er
v
iew
o
f
a
f
ew
o
f
th
e
HI
DAs
th
at
h
av
e
b
ee
n
co
v
e
r
ed
in
th
e
a
v
ailab
le
liter
atu
r
e.
a.
VFI
:
Dete
ctin
g
is
lan
d
in
g
in
v
o
lv
es
co
m
b
in
in
g
R
C
V
an
d
R
C
F
in
th
is
VFI
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
T
o
d
e
ter
m
in
e
wh
eth
er
is
lan
d
in
g
m
ay
h
ap
p
e
n
,
th
e
PC
C
m
o
n
ito
r
s
b
o
th
t
h
e
R
C
V
an
d
R
C
F.
I
f
eith
er
o
f
th
ese
r
ates is
ab
o
v
e
a
ce
r
tain
th
r
esh
o
ld
,
ac
tio
n
is
tak
en
[
5
0
]
.
Fo
r
ap
p
r
o
v
al,
a
h
ig
h
-
im
p
e
d
an
ce
lo
ad
th
at
s
witch
es
o
n
an
d
o
f
f
r
ep
ea
ted
ly
is
ap
p
lied
in
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
tag
e,
wh
ich
ca
u
s
es
a
v
o
ltag
e
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
.
I
s
lan
d
in
g
is
d
etec
ted
b
y
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
th
e
PC
C
v
o
ltag
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
is
lan
d
in
g
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
to
s
ee
wh
eth
er
th
e
p
er
io
d
ic
f
lu
ctu
at
io
n
af
f
ec
ts
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
[
5
1
]
.
Ma
s
s
iv
e
DG
s
y
s
tem
s
m
ay
f
in
d
th
is
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
l
ess
ef
f
ec
tiv
e,
as
it
is
n
o
t
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
o
n
q
u
ality
v
ar
iab
les an
d
h
av
e
a
DT
o
f
less
th
an
0
.
2
1
6
s
.
b.
R
C
V
an
d
AP
s
h
if
t
:
T
h
is
is
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
ed
b
y
in
te
g
r
atin
g
th
e
AP
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
with
th
e
R
C
V.
First,
th
e
m
ea
n
R
C
V
ac
r
o
s
s
f
iv
e
c
y
cles
is
co
m
p
u
ted
to
lo
o
k
f
o
r
ev
id
en
ce
o
f
is
lan
d
in
g
.
T
h
e
s
e
co
n
d
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
ad
d
s
m
o
r
e
AP
to
th
e
s
y
s
tem
to
v
er
if
y
wh
eth
er
is
lan
d
in
g
h
as
o
cc
u
r
r
ed
if
th
e
co
m
p
u
ted
v
o
ltag
e
is
h
ig
h
e
r
th
an
th
e
s
et
th
r
esh
o
ld
le
v
el.
T
h
e
ad
d
itio
n
al
AP
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
m
icr
o
g
r
id
is
lan
d
in
g
ac
tiv
it
y
will
ca
u
s
e
th
e
PC
C
'
s
v
o
ltag
e
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
to
r
is
e.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
is
lan
d
in
g
ca
n
b
e
f
o
u
n
d
b
y
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
t
h
e
PC
C
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
u
s
in
g
a
DT
o
f
less
th
an
0
.
5
s
ec
o
n
d
s
.
W
h
en
R
P
i
s
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
,
th
e
PC
C
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
r
is
es,
an
d
if
th
i
s
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
v
a
r
iatio
n
is
ab
o
v
e
a
n
estab
lis
h
ed
lim
it,
is
lan
d
in
g
c
an
b
e
id
e
n
tifie
d
[
5
2
]
,
[
5
3
]
.
c.
VUA
an
d
SF
S:
T
h
e
VUA
a
n
d
SF
S
a
r
e
c
o
m
b
in
ed
t
o
m
a
k
e
t
h
is
tas
k
p
o
s
s
i
b
l
e.
T
h
e
i
n
i
tial
s
te
p
i
n
t
h
is
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
is
to
ca
l
c
u
la
te
t
h
e
a
v
e
r
a
g
e
V
U
d
u
e
to
ch
an
g
es
in
th
e
s
y
s
t
em
a
n
d
t
h
e
l
o
a
d
.
S
u
p
p
o
s
e
t
h
e
d
e
te
cte
d
VU
is
m
o
r
e
t
h
a
n
3
5
%
o
f
t
h
e
av
er
a
g
e
V
U.
I
n
t
h
a
t
c
ase
,
t
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
te
p
u
s
es
a
p
o
s
iti
v
e
f
e
ed
b
ac
k
-
b
ase
d
m
ec
h
an
is
m
t
o
d
r
o
p
t
h
e
SF
S
p
r
o
g
r
ess
i
v
el
y
,
f
r
o
m
6
0
t
o
5
9
H
z
in
o
n
e
s
ec
o
n
d
,
to
d
is
ti
n
g
u
is
h
wh
e
th
e
r
t
h
e
V
U
h
as
b
e
en
t
r
i
g
g
e
r
e
d
b
y
is
la
n
d
i
n
g
o
r
s
y
s
te
m
f
lu
ct
u
at
io
n
[
5
4
]
.
T
h
e
v
o
lta
g
e
c
h
a
n
g
e
was
n
o
t
c
au
s
ed
b
y
is
la
n
d
i
n
g
if
t
h
e
n
o
m
in
al
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
r
e
m
a
in
e
d
at
t
h
e
PC
C
.
Ho
w
e
v
e
r
,
if
t
h
e
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
d
r
o
p
s
b
el
o
w
5
9
.
2
Hz
in
t
h
e
n
ex
t
1
.
5
s
ec
o
n
d
s
,
is
la
n
d
i
n
g
w
ill
b
e
id
e
n
t
if
ie
d
.
T
h
is
VUA
wi
th
t
h
e
SF
S
te
ch
n
i
q
u
e
is
m
o
s
t
e
f
f
ec
t
iv
e
i
n
m
i
cr
o
g
r
id
s
wh
e
r
e
t
h
e
p
e
n
e
tr
ati
o
n
o
f
n
o
n
-
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
o
u
s
p
o
we
r
p
l
an
ts
is
m
o
d
est
,
wit
h
a
DT
o
f
0
.
1
5
–
0
.
2
1
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
6
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il
20
2
6
:
6
0
8
-
618
614
d.
Hy
b
r
id
SF
S
an
d
Q
-
F
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
:
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
ad
d
s
a
Q
-
F
d
r
o
o
p
cu
r
v
e
to
th
e
SF
S
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
m
o
d
if
y
it
an
d
m
in
im
ize
th
e
NDZ
wh
ile
k
ee
p
in
g
th
e
id
ea
l
g
ain
(
K)
co
n
s
tan
t
[
5
5
]
.
T
h
e
lo
ad
'
s
q
u
ality
f
ac
to
r
d
eter
m
in
es
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
g
ai
n
(
K)
;
if
t
h
e
q
u
ality
f
ac
to
r
is
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
5
,
th
e
g
ain
(
K)
will
b
e
to
o
h
ig
h
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
a
f
alse
p
o
s
itiv
e
a
n
d
m
ay
p
o
ten
tially
lead
to
s
y
s
tem
i
n
s
tab
ilit
ies.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
h
as
a
1
.
4
s
DT
an
d
o
b
s
er
v
es th
is
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
'
s
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
f
o
r
is
lan
d
in
g
[
5
5
]
,
[
5
6
]
.
e.
R
C
R
P
an
d
lo
ad
-
co
n
n
ec
tin
g
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
:
T
h
e
m
et
h
o
d
f
o
r
d
et
ec
tin
g
is
lan
d
in
g
in
v
o
lv
es
m
er
g
in
g
th
e
R
C
R
P
with
th
e
lo
ad
lin
k
.
I
n
th
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tep
,
th
e
m
o
n
ito
r
ed
ch
a
n
g
e
i
n
R
P
ex
ce
ed
s
th
e
p
r
ed
eter
m
in
ed
th
r
esh
o
ld
.
I
n
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
tag
e,
an
ap
p
r
o
p
r
i
ate
lo
ad
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
t
o
th
e
m
icr
o
g
r
id
t
o
v
ar
y
th
e
R
P;
h
o
wev
er
,
f
o
r
an
y
alter
atio
n
in
lo
ad
wh
ile
is
lan
d
in
g
ac
tiv
ity
R
C
R
P,
th
e
ad
d
i
tio
n
al
co
n
n
ec
ted
d
em
an
d
is
u
s
ed
to
id
en
tify
is
lan
d
in
g
.
T
h
is
tech
n
iq
u
e
h
as
a
4
0
m
s
DT
an
d
ca
n
id
en
tify
i
s
lan
d
in
g
ev
en
with
s
lig
h
t lo
ad
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
.
T
h
e
d
r
awb
ac
k
o
f
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
th
at
it
is
d
if
f
icu
lt
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
th
e
r
ig
h
t
ad
d
itio
n
al
lo
ad
[
5
7
]
,
[
5
8
]
.
T
h
e
s
u
m
m
ar
y
o
f
th
e
h
y
b
r
i
d
I
DAs is
tab
u
lated
in
T
ab
le
3
.
A
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
a
n
d
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
e
t
h
e
P
C
C
P
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
I
f
(
P
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
≥
T
h
r
e
s
h
o
l
d
V
a
l
u
e
)
D
e
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
I
s
l
a
n
d
P
e
r
t
u
r
b
a
t
i
o
n
S
i
g
n
a
l
I
n
j
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
t
t
h
e
P
C
C
Y
e
s
N
o
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
b
asic stru
ctu
r
e
o
f
HI
DA
T
ab
le
3
.
Su
m
m
a
r
y
o
f
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
I
DAs
H
y
b
r
i
d
I
D
A
s
P
o
w
e
r
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
i
mp
a
c
t
NDZ
DT
ED
R
M
u
l
t
i
p
l
e
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
s
P
e
r
f
o
r
ma
n
c
e
V
F
I
D
e
g
r
a
d
e
s
;
O
n
l
y
w
h
e
n
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
f
l
u
c
t
u
a
t
e
s
S
mal
l
0
.
2
s
Le
ss
NA
G
o
o
d
R
C
V
a
n
d
A
P
s
h
i
f
t
S
l
i
g
h
t
l
y
;
O
n
l
y
w
h
e
n
A
P
t
r
i
g
g
e
r
s
S
mal
l
0
.
5
s
Le
ss
Y
e
s
S
a
me
a
s AP
a
n
d
R
P
v
a
r
i
a
t
i
o
n
s
V
U
A
a
n
d
S
F
S
S
l
i
g
h
t
l
y
;
O
n
l
y
w
h
e
n
S
F
S
t
r
i
g
g
e
r
s
S
mal
l
0
.
1
5
-
0
.
2
1
s
Le
ss
Y
e
s
G
o
o
d
H
y
b
r
i
d
S
F
S
a
n
d
Q
-
F
A
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
D
e
g
r
a
d
e
s
;
L
e
ss
t
h
a
n
S
F
S
H
i
g
h
e
r
t
h
a
n
S
F
S
1
.
4
s
l
e
ss
t
h
a
n
SFS
NA
H
i
g
h
e
r
t
h
a
n
S
F
S
R
C
R
P
a
n
d
l
o
a
d
-
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
i
n
g
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
D
e
g
r
a
d
e
s
(
S
l
i
g
h
t
l
y
)
;
W
h
e
n
u
si
n
g
t
h
e
Lo
a
d
-
C
o
n
n
e
c
t
i
n
g
A
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
S
mal
l
4
0
ms
NA
Y
e
s
G
o
o
d
2
.
2
.
Re
m
o
t
e
is
la
nd
ing
det
ec
t
io
n a
pp
ro
a
ches
R
em
o
te
is
la
n
d
i
n
g
d
et
ec
ti
o
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
(
R
I
DAs
)
u
s
e
s
o
p
h
is
ti
ca
t
ed
s
ig
n
al
a
n
al
y
s
is
a
n
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
ca
t
io
n
n
et
wo
r
k
s
t
o
d
ete
ct
is
l
a
n
d
in
g
.
R
I
DAs
a
r
e
p
a
r
ti
c
u
la
r
l
y
g
o
o
d
f
o
r
is
la
n
d
i
n
g
d
e
te
cti
o
n
s
in
ce
t
h
ey
d
o
n
o
t
h
a
v
e
a
n
NDZ
,
E
DR
c
an
b
e
r
e
m
o
v
ed
,
an
d
t
h
e
y
d
o
n
o
t
i
m
p
ac
t
p
o
wer
q
u
alit
y
.
R
I
DAs
ar
e
h
i
g
h
l
y
a
d
v
a
n
t
a
g
e
o
u
s
f
o
r
ex
t
e
n
s
i
v
e
m
ic
r
o
g
r
i
d
u
s
a
g
e
,
e
v
en
i
f
t
h
ey
ar
e
t
y
p
ic
all
y
c
o
s
t
ly
to
a
d
o
p
t
f
o
r
s
m
all
m
i
cr
o
g
r
i
d
s
.
H
er
e'
s
a
d
is
c
u
s
s
i
o
n
o
f
a
f
ew
o
f
t
h
e
r
e
m
o
t
e
tec
h
n
i
q
u
es
l
ik
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
ic
ati
o
n
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es
(
p
o
w
er
li
n
e
c
ar
r
i
er
co
m
m
u
n
i
ca
t
io
n
(
PLCC
)
,
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
at
a
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
(
SDC
)
)
a
n
d
u
tili
ty
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
-
i
m
p
e
d
a
n
c
e
in
s
er
ti
o
n
(
UA
-
I
I
)
a
s
m
e
n
ti
o
n
e
d
in
th
e
lite
r
a
tu
r
e
.
a.
PLCC
:
T
h
e
DG
an
d
g
r
id
s
id
es
ar
e
wh
er
e
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
s
(
T
Xs)
an
d
r
ec
eiv
e
r
s
(
R
Xs)
ar
e
p
lace
d
in
th
e
PLCC
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
W
h
en
a
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
ig
n
al
is
d
is
r
u
p
ted
,
it
s
ig
n
if
ies
th
at
is
lan
d
in
g
h
as
o
cc
u
r
r
e
d
[
5
9
]
.
T
Xs
g
en
er
ate
th
is
ty
p
e
o
f
s
ig
n
al
in
ad
d
itio
n
to
th
e
p
o
wer
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
.
T
h
e
PLCC
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
ca
n
id
en
tify
is
lan
d
in
g
if
th
e
s
ig
n
al
is
lo
s
t
f
o
r
3
co
n
s
ec
u
tiv
e
p
er
i
o
d
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
its
f
o
u
r
-
c
y
cle
s
ig
n
al
d
u
r
atio
n
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
h
as
b
ee
n
s
h
o
wn
to
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
n
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
in
v
e
r
ter
s
y
s
tem
s
,
h
as
a
2
0
0
m
s
DT
,
h
a
s
n
o
NDZ
,
an
d
h
as
n
o
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
th
is
s
tr
ateg
y
is
n
o
t
v
iab
le
f
o
r
lo
w
-
v
o
lu
m
e
DG
s
y
s
tem
s
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
ex
p
en
s
iv
e
T
X
s
et
at
th
e
g
r
id
s
id
e
[
6
0
]
b.
S
DC
:
T
h
i
s
g
r
o
u
p
i
n
c
l
u
d
es
n
u
m
e
r
o
u
s
s
t
r
a
t
e
g
i
es
,
i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g
c
r
e
a
t
i
n
g
a
s
e
p
a
r
a
t
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
t
h
e
u
ti
l
it
y
g
r
i
d
a
n
d
t
h
e
m
i
c
r
o
g
r
i
d
.
A
wid
ely
u
s
ed
tech
n
iq
u
e
k
n
o
wn
as
s
ig
n
a
l
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
d
is
co
n
n
ec
t
(
SP
D)
in
v
o
lv
es
s
en
d
in
g
a
s
ig
n
al
ex
cl
u
s
iv
ely
wh
en
th
e
elec
tr
ic
g
r
id
is
cu
t
o
f
f
.
A
s
u
p
er
v
is
o
r
y
co
n
tr
o
l
a
n
d
d
ata
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
s
y
s
tem
(
SC
ADA)
is
th
e
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
o
f
s
p
ec
if
ic
ad
d
itio
n
al
m
eth
o
d
s
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
an
d
en
a
b
les
r
em
o
te
p
o
wer
p
lan
t
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
o
f
s
tatu
s
[
6
1
]
.
An
in
tr
icate
an
d
co
s
tly
tr
an
s
f
er
tr
ip
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
[
6
2
]
ca
n
also
s
er
v
e
as th
e
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
A
n
ex
ten
s
ive
r
ev
iew
o
f isl
a
n
d
in
g
d
etec
tio
n
a
p
p
r
o
a
ch
es in
mi
cro
g
r
id
s
fo
r
…
(
R
esn
a
S
.
R
.
)
615
c.
UA
-
I
I
:
T
h
is
tech
n
iq
u
e
in
v
o
lv
es
ad
d
in
g
a
lo
wer
-
v
alu
e
im
p
ed
an
ce
to
th
e
g
r
id
s
id
e,
ty
p
ically
a
s
er
ies
o
f
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
.
T
h
is
p
ar
t'
s
b
r
ea
k
er
s
ar
e
ty
p
ically
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le;
th
ey
clo
s
e
o
n
ly
if
an
is
lan
d
in
g
s
itu
atio
n
ar
is
e
s
[
6
3
]
.
T
h
e
m
icr
o
g
r
id
ca
n
im
m
ed
iately
id
en
tify
th
e
u
n
e
x
p
ec
t
ed
ch
an
g
e
in
R
P
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
r
esu
ltin
g
f
r
o
m
th
is
.
T
h
e
s
u
m
m
ar
y
o
f
th
e
r
em
o
te
I
DAs is
tab
u
lated
in
T
ab
le
4
.
T
ab
le
4
.
Su
m
m
a
r
y
o
f
th
e
r
em
o
te
I
DAs
R
e
m
o
t
e
I
D
A
s
P
o
w
e
r
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
i
m
p
a
c
t
NDZ
DT
ED
R
M
u
l
t
i
p
l
e
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
s
P
e
r
f
o
r
ma
n
c
e
P
LC
C
No
S
mal
l
V
e
r
y
F
e
w
ms
NA
Y
e
s
H
i
g
h
e
r
S
D
C
No
S
mal
l
V
e
r
y
F
e
w
ms
NA
Y
e
s
H
i
g
h
e
r
UI
-
II
No
V
e
r
y
sm
a
l
l
F
e
w
ms
Le
ss
Y
e
s
H
i
g
h
e
r
3.
RE
S
E
ARCH
G
AP
S AN
D
F
UT
UR
E
SUG
G
E
ST
I
O
NS
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
m
er
its
,
d
em
er
its
,
r
esear
ch
g
ap
s
,
an
d
f
u
tu
r
e
s
u
g
g
esti
o
n
s
o
f
I
DAs.
T
h
e
m
er
its
an
d
d
em
e
r
its
o
f
th
e
r
e
m
o
te
an
d
l
o
ca
l
I
DAs
ar
e
ad
d
r
ess
ed
b
elo
w:
R
em
o
te
I
DAs,
wh
ich
h
av
e
ze
r
o
NDZ
an
d
lo
w
DT
,
p
r
o
v
id
e
h
ig
h
er
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
T
h
eir
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
n
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
is
m
in
im
al.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
a
n
d
,
r
em
o
te
I
DAs
h
av
e
m
o
r
e
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t
ex
ec
u
tio
n
co
s
ts
an
d
co
m
p
lex
ity
.
Pas
s
iv
e
I
DAs
ar
e
m
o
r
e
s
tr
aig
h
tf
o
r
war
d
an
d
b
en
ef
icial
d
u
e
to
th
eir
l
o
w
co
s
t
as
well
a
s
s
h
o
r
t
DT
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
is
s
u
es.
Ho
we
v
er
,
th
ey
ar
e
m
o
r
e
v
u
ln
er
ab
le
t
o
th
r
esh
o
l
d
s
ettin
g
s
an
d
d
ea
l w
ith
lar
g
e
r
NDZ
,
w
h
ich
im
p
ac
ts
r
eliab
ilit
y
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
th
e
ac
tiv
e
I
DAs
h
av
e
a
h
ig
h
er
DT
an
d
less
NDZ
an
d
E
DR
,
b
u
t
th
ey
h
av
e
a
m
o
r
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
ac
t
o
n
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
i
n
ject
p
er
t
u
r
b
atio
n
s
.
C
o
m
p
ar
e
d
to
p
ass
iv
e
I
DAs,
ac
tiv
e
I
DAs
h
av
e
a
m
o
d
est
ex
ec
u
tio
n
co
s
t
an
d
co
m
p
lex
ity
.
Hy
b
r
id
I
DA
s
h
av
e
v
er
y
s
h
o
r
t
DT
s
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
p
er
tu
r
b
atio
n
o
n
ly
in
ca
s
es wh
er
e
an
is
lan
d
in
g
is
s
u
e
is
an
ticip
ated
.
Nev
er
th
eless
,
th
eir
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
is
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
lex
an
d
co
s
tly
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
er
s
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
l
y
ad
d
r
ess
ed
is
lan
d
in
g
d
if
f
icu
lties
,
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
r
estrictio
n
s
r
em
ain
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
ar
e
s
o
m
e
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
g
a
p
s
th
at
r
e
ce
n
t r
ev
iew
wo
r
k
s
h
av
e
h
i
g
h
li
g
h
ted
:
a.
L
ar
g
er
NDZ
s
in
p
ass
iv
e
I
DAs:
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
is
s
u
es
with
lar
g
e
NDZ
s
an
d
th
e
s
y
s
tem
's
d
if
f
icu
lty
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
g
in
p
ass
iv
e
I
DAs
with
a
n
eg
lig
ib
le
o
r
ze
r
o
p
o
we
r
im
b
alan
ce
,
th
ese
m
o
d
er
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
en
h
an
ce
th
e
s
y
s
tem
's ac
cu
r
ac
y
an
d
ef
f
e
ctiv
en
ess
wh
ile
m
itig
atin
g
th
e
is
s
u
e
o
f
lar
g
er
NDZ
s
.
b.
L
ess
em
p
h
asis
o
n
I
DAs f
o
r
D
C
n
etwo
r
k
s
: T
h
e
DC
n
etwo
r
k
h
as m
an
y
p
r
o
b
lem
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
d
etec
tio
n
o
f
is
lan
d
in
g
.
Sev
er
al
in
v
esti
g
ati
o
n
s
o
n
I
DAs
ar
e
o
n
g
o
i
n
g
f
o
r
AC
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
b
u
t
u
n
til
r
ec
en
tly
,
th
e
r
e
was
little
liter
atu
r
e
o
n
th
e
is
lan
d
in
g
is
s
u
e
f
o
r
DC
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
c.
An
is
s
u
e
with
n
o
is
y
m
etr
ics:
R
ea
l
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
tati
s
tic
s
h
av
e
a
n
o
is
y
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
et,
y
et
s
p
ec
if
ic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es d
o
n
o
t e
f
f
ec
tiv
el
y
h
an
d
le
th
is
is
s
u
e.
d.
Usi
n
g
co
n
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
I
DAs:
T
o
s
o
lv
e
th
e
is
lan
d
in
g
d
etec
tio
n
p
r
o
b
lem
,
c
o
n
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
I
D
As
s
u
ch
as
s
ig
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
an
d
a
r
tific
ial
in
tellig
en
ce
-
b
ased
s
tr
ateg
ies
ar
e
b
ein
g
u
s
ed
.
T
h
ese
tech
n
i
q
u
es
ca
n
h
a
n
d
le
co
m
p
lex
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
s
y
s
tem
ch
a
llen
g
es.
e.
C
o
m
m
o
n
is
s
u
es
:
Mo
s
t
o
f
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
(
r
em
o
te,
ac
tiv
e
an
d
h
y
b
r
i
d
)
in
c
u
r
h
ig
h
ex
ec
u
tio
n
c
o
s
ts
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
u
s
ag
e
o
f
e
x
p
en
s
iv
e
d
ev
ices.
Few
o
f
th
e
p
ass
iv
e
I
DAs
ar
e
n
o
t
s
o
ac
cu
r
ate
d
u
r
in
g
u
s
ag
e
in
s
m
all
-
s
ca
le
n
etwo
r
k
s
th
an
o
t
h
er
I
DA
s
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
f
ew
I
DAs
ca
u
s
ed
p
r
o
b
lem
s
with
p
o
wer
q
u
al
ity
an
d
a
h
ea
v
y
co
m
p
u
tin
g
lo
ad
o
n
th
e
m
ac
h
in
e.
E
v
en
th
o
u
g
h
I
DAs
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
s
tu
d
ied
f
o
r
o
v
er
th
r
ee
d
ec
ad
es
,
th
er
e
ar
e
s
till
m
an
y
av
e
n
u
es
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
.
R
esear
ch
in
to
th
e
co
m
b
in
atio
n
s
th
at
co
llab
o
r
ate
with
v
ar
io
u
s
I
DAs
co
u
ld
b
e
p
u
r
s
u
ed
to
d
ev
elo
p
n
o
v
el
h
y
b
r
id
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
C
o
m
b
in
atio
n
s
with
in
s
ig
h
t
ca
n
l
o
wer
th
e
NDZ
,
lo
wer
th
e
E
D
R
,
an
d
r
aise
th
e
DT
.
T
h
e
f
u
tu
r
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
I
D
As is
li
s
ted
as f
o
llo
ws:
a.
Sin
ce
p
ass
iv
e
I
DAs
ar
e
lo
w
-
co
s
t,
m
o
r
e
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t,
d
esp
ite
d
if
f
ic
u
lties
,
is
an
ticip
ated
.
B
ec
au
s
e
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
its
elf
s
er
v
es
as
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
h
a
r
m
o
n
ic
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
o
f
s
witch
in
g
h
ar
m
o
n
ics,
u
s
in
g
p
a
s
s
iv
e
I
DAs b
ec
o
m
es m
o
r
e
p
r
a
ctica
l.
b.
W
h
ile
ac
tiv
e
I
DAs
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
tin
y
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
in
a
s
tead
y
s
tate,
th
ey
h
elp
d
etec
t
is
lan
d
in
g
.
Ho
wev
er
,
p
r
ev
en
tin
g
th
e
s
tead
y
-
s
tate
lo
s
s
o
f
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
will r
em
ain
a
ch
allen
g
e
f
o
r
ac
tiv
e
I
DAs.
c.
Fro
m
an
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
p
e
r
s
p
ec
tiv
e,
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
u
l
d
co
n
ce
n
tr
ate
o
n
lo
w
-
co
s
t
m
eth
o
d
s
th
at
ca
n
er
ad
icate
NDZ
to
o
v
er
c
o
m
e
lim
itatio
n
s
.
Ad
d
itio
n
al
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
I
DAs
will
p
r
im
ar
ily
f
o
cu
s
o
n
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
s
p
ee
d
a
n
d
p
r
ec
is
io
n
o
f
i
d
en
tific
atio
n
.
d.
W
h
ile
I
DAs
m
ay
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
o
r
e
s
o
f
twar
e
an
d
h
ar
d
war
e
ca
p
a
b
ilit
ies,
lear
n
in
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
a
n
d
s
o
p
h
is
ticated
d
ig
ital
s
ig
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
(
DS
P)
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
ar
e
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
to
o
ls
f
o
r
is
lan
d
in
g
id
en
tific
ati
o
n
an
d
will
b
e
f
u
r
th
er
im
p
r
o
v
ed
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
ar
ticle
p
r
esen
ts
an
ex
ten
s
iv
e
ass
es
s
m
en
t
o
f
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
I
DAs.
I
DAs
ca
n
b
e
b
r
o
ad
ly
d
i
v
id
ed
in
to
two
ca
teg
o
r
ies:
lo
ca
l
an
d
r
e
m
o
te.
R
em
o
te
I
DAs
ar
e
q
u
ic
k
,
d
ep
e
n
d
ab
le,
a
n
d
ef
f
icien
t
with
n
o
NDZ
s
;
th
ey
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
6
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il
20
2
6
:
6
0
8
-
618
616
o
p
er
ate
b
y
u
s
in
g
s
ig
n
als
f
o
r
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
to
co
n
n
ec
t
th
e
m
icr
o
g
r
id
to
th
e
ce
n
tr
al
g
r
id
.
T
h
ese
m
eth
o
d
s
ar
e
s
o
p
h
is
ticated
an
d
co
s
tly
,
y
et
th
ey
m
ay
b
e
u
s
ed
with
m
u
lti
-
in
v
er
ter
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
an
d
d
o
n
o
t
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
.
L
o
ca
l
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es
f
all
in
to
th
r
ee
ca
teg
o
r
ies:
h
y
b
r
id
,
ac
tiv
e
,
an
d
p
ass
iv
e.
Pas
s
iv
e
I
DAs
ar
e
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
b
ec
au
s
e
it
is
s
im
p
le
an
d
af
f
o
r
d
ab
le
to
u
s
e
i
n
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
s
itu
atio
n
s
.
Activ
e
I
DAs
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
a
p
er
tu
r
b
atio
n
in
to
t
h
e
s
y
s
tem
th
at
im
p
ac
ts
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
.
W
h
ile
h
y
b
r
id
I
DAs
in
clu
d
e
p
ass
iv
e
an
d
ac
tiv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
T
h
e
n
ec
e
s
s
ity
f
o
r
ad
d
itio
n
al
g
ad
g
ets
in
ac
tiv
e
an
d
h
y
b
r
id
I
DA
s
to
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
th
e
p
er
tu
r
b
atio
n
in
cr
ea
s
es
th
e
d
if
f
icu
lty
an
d
co
s
t
o
f
ex
ec
u
tio
n
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast
to
lo
ca
l
I
DAs,
s
ig
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
-
b
ased
I
DAs
h
av
e
r
ec
en
tly
d
r
awn
g
r
ea
ter
in
ter
est
f
o
r
th
eir
ab
ilit
y
to
ac
cu
r
ately
an
d
e
f
f
icien
tl
y
d
etec
t
is
lan
d
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
in
th
e
s
h
o
r
test
tim
e
wh
ile
m
ain
tain
in
g
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
.
T
h
e
s
tatis
tical
ev
al
u
atio
n
o
f
th
e
I
DAs'
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
b
ased
o
n
NDZ
,
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
im
p
ac
t,
DT
,
an
d
E
DR
was e
x
p
lo
r
ed
.
Fin
ally
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
t th
e
g
ap
s
in
th
e
r
esear
ch
an
d
s
u
g
g
est f
u
r
th
er
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
n
o
f
u
n
d
in
g
in
v
o
lv
ed
.
CO
NF
L
I
C
T
O
F
I
N
T
E
R
E
S
T
ST
A
T
E
M
E
NT
Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
n
o
co
n
f
lict o
f
in
t
er
est.
DATA AV
AI
L
AB
I
L
I
T
Y
Data
a
v
aila
b
i
lit
y
is
n
o
t
a
p
p
li
ca
b
le
t
o
t
h
is
p
ap
er
as
n
o
n
e
w
d
a
t
a
w
er
e
cr
ea
te
d
o
r
an
al
y
z
e
d
i
n
t
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
T.
Z
h
e
n
g
,
H
.
Y
a
n
g
,
R
.
Z
h
a
o
,
Y
.
C
.
K
a
n
g
,
a
n
d
V
.
Te
r
z
i
j
a
,
“
D
e
si
g
n
,
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
i
m
p
l
e
me
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
a
n
i
sl
a
n
d
i
n
g
d
e
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
met
h
o
d
f
o
r
a
mi
c
r
o
-
g
r
i
d
,
”
E
n
e
r
g
i
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
1
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
.
3
2
3
,
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
e
n
1
1
0
2
0
3
2
3
.
[
2
]
K
.
S
u
b
r
a
ma
n
i
a
n
a
n
d
A
.
K
.
L
o
g
a
n
a
t
h
a
n
,
“
I
sl
a
n
d
i
n
g
d
e
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
u
s
i
n
g
a
mi
c
r
o
-
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
p
h
a
s
o
r
f
o
r
d
i
st
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
s
y
s
t
e
ms
w
i
t
h
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
d
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
E
n
e
r
g
i
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
3
,
n
o
.
1
9
,
p
.
5
1
8
0
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
e
n
1
3
1
9
5
1
8
0
.
[
3
]
M
.
K
a
r
i
mi
,
M
.
F
a
r
s
h
a
d
,
Q
.
H
o
n
g
,
H
.
La
a
k
s
o
n
e
n
,
a
n
d
K
.
K
a
u
h
a
n
i
e
mi
,
“
A
n
i
sl
a
n
d
i
n
g
d
e
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
f
o
r
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
-
b
a
s
e
d
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
d
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
mi
c
r
o
g
r
i
d
s,”
En
e
r
g
i
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
4
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
.
1
3
0
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
e
n
1
4
0
1
0
1
3
0
.
[
4
]
R
.
S
.
P
a
t
e
k
a
r
a
n
d
B
.
K
.
P
a
n
i
g
r
a
h
i
,
“
A
n
o
v
e
l
t
w
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