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The dev
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m
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g
s
(
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T
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tec
h
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o
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g
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t
o
c
o
n
tr
o
l
a
n
d
m
o
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it
o
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tri
c
a
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e
rg
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ro
c
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ss
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s
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c
h
a
s:
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g
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a
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h
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m
in
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lu
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s:
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l
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ip
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t
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NX
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c
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ti
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ty
),
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o
T
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o
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t
ro
l
b
o
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rd
,
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o
lar
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a
n
e
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h
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t
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ro
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e
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lec
tri
c
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y
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su
p
p
l
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e
sy
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m
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b
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tt
e
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sto
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g
e
d
e
v
ice
s,
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o
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v
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rters
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n
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o
ll
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o
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ich
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e
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se
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f
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d
a
p
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rtme
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t
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g
s
(lu
x
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r
y
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o
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sta
te);
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ffice
s,
h
o
tels,
a
n
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g
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rd
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n
v
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las
.
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h
e
sy
ste
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wa
s
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se
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rc
h
e
d
a
n
d
tes
ted
a
t
t
h
e
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ra
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ti
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e
wo
rk
sh
o
p
f
o
r
i
n
d
u
strial
fa
c
to
r
ies
a
n
d
e
n
terp
rise
s,
b
rin
g
in
g
h
ig
h
re
su
lt
s.
T
h
e
sy
ste
m
a
ims
to
sa
v
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e
n
e
rg
y
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th
e
c
o
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tex
t
o
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in
c
re
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g
ly
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e
p
lete
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e
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o
t
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n
Vie
tn
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m
a
n
d
a
ro
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n
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th
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rld
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ey
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d
s
:
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er
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av
in
g
I
n
tellig
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t c
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tr
o
l
I
n
ter
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et
o
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th
in
g
s
KNX
R
em
o
te
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n
tr
o
l
So
lar
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er
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y
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
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n
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c
c
e
ss
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rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
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SA
li
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e
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se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
T
r
an
Du
c
C
h
u
y
en
Facu
lty
o
f
E
lectr
ical
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
-
Au
to
m
atio
n
; U
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
o
f
E
co
n
o
m
ics
-
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
I
n
d
u
s
tr
ies,
Han
o
i
,
Viet
n
am
4
5
6
P.
Min
h
Kh
ai,
Vin
h
T
u
y
,
Hai
B
a
Tr
u
n
g
,
Han
o
i
,
Vietn
a
m
E
m
ail:
td
ch
u
y
en
@
u
n
eti.
e
d
u
.
v
n
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
No
wad
ay
s
,
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
s
cien
ce
an
d
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
c
o
m
b
in
ed
with
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
elec
tr
ical
en
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
is
b
ein
g
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
an
d
d
ev
e
lo
p
ed
.
I
n
p
ar
ticu
lar
,
elec
tr
ical
en
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
-
n
e
w
an
d
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
c
o
m
b
in
ed
with
s
m
ar
t
g
r
i
d
,
co
n
tr
o
l;
r
e
m
o
te
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
an
d
d
ata
co
ll
ec
tio
n
o
f
elec
tr
icity
ar
e
ap
p
lied
in
t
h
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
h
ig
h
-
tech
in
d
u
s
tr
y
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
ef
f
icien
cy
,
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
s
u
s
tain
ab
l
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
g
r
ee
n
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
en
er
g
y
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
B
ec
au
s
e
f
o
s
s
il
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er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
ar
e
in
c
r
ea
s
in
g
ly
d
ep
leted
,
f
o
r
co
u
n
tr
ies
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
wo
r
ld
[
1
]
–
[
5
]
.
T
h
e
in
t
er
n
et
o
f
th
in
g
s
(
I
o
T
)
r
e
v
o
lu
ti
o
n
co
m
b
i
n
ed
with
Ko
n
n
ex
(
KNX
)
s
m
ar
t
elec
tr
ical
eq
u
ip
m
en
t (
KNX
elec
tr
ical
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
a
n
d
g
lo
b
al
s
tan
d
a
r
d
s
f
o
r
s
m
ar
t h
o
m
es)
h
as
cr
ea
ted
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ch
an
g
es
in
th
e
liv
es
o
f
p
eo
p
le
n
o
w
an
d
in
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
[
6
]
–
[
8
]
.
No
wad
ay
s
,
with
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
in
ter
n
et
,
s
m
ar
t
elec
tr
ical
eq
u
ip
m
en
t,
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
es
,
co
m
p
u
ter
s
,
e
lectr
o
n
ics
,
an
d
esp
ec
ially
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
s
m
ar
t
KNX
elec
tr
ica
l
d
ev
ices,
I
o
T
,
co
m
b
in
ed
wit
h
n
ew
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
s
u
ch
as
s
o
lar
p
an
els
an
d
en
d
less
s
u
n
lig
h
t
a
r
e
b
ec
o
m
in
g
a
n
ew
tr
en
d
i
n
th
e
wo
r
ld
[
9
]
–
[
1
3
]
.
Dev
elo
p
e
d
co
u
n
tr
ies
in
th
e
wo
r
ld
s
u
ch
as
Ger
m
a
n
y
,
th
e
Neth
er
lan
d
s
,
th
e
U
n
ited
S
tate
s
,
C
h
in
a,
Ko
r
ea
,
J
ap
an
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
an
d
Vietn
am
,
h
av
e
b
ee
n
a
p
p
ly
in
g
n
ew
elec
t
r
ical
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
n
ew
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
co
m
b
i
n
ed
with
n
ew
I
o
T
an
d
a
r
tific
ial
in
tellig
en
ce
,
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
o
f
n
e
w
r
en
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b
le
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er
g
y
s
o
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r
ce
s
,
in
o
r
d
er
to
d
ev
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p
s
m
ar
t
p
o
wer
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y
s
tem
s
,
b
r
in
g
in
g
h
ig
h
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o
n
o
m
ic
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e
n
ef
its
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
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,
it
also
b
r
in
g
s
g
r
ea
t
p
r
o
f
its
wh
en
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p
ly
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g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
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&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
Th
e
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
a
s
ma
r
t g
r
id
co
n
tr
o
l sys
tem
b
a
s
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o
n
K
N
X
elec
tr
ica
l e
q
u
ip
men
t a
n
d
…
(
T
r
a
n
Du
c
C
h
u
ye
n
)
1021
th
is
n
ew
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
to
m
o
n
it
o
r
ca
p
ac
ity
,
v
o
ltag
e,
cu
r
r
en
t,
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
s
m
ar
t
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
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o
r
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u
ild
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g
s
;
ap
ar
tm
en
ts
,
h
o
tels
,
o
r
to
u
r
is
t
ar
ea
s
[
1
4
]
–
[
1
9
]
.
Mo
n
it
o
r
in
g
t
h
e
p
a
r
am
eter
s
o
f
v
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e,
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p
o
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ta
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t
is
s
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e
in
to
d
ay
'
s
in
d
u
s
tr
y
to
s
av
e
en
e
r
g
y
[
5
]
,
[
8
]
,
[
2
0
]
–
[
2
3
]
.
Alo
n
g
with
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
elec
tr
ical
an
d
elec
tr
o
n
ic
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
I
o
T
-
AI
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
is
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
with
th
e
ab
ilit
y
t
o
in
ter
ac
t,
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
elec
tr
i
ca
l
d
ev
ices;
n
ew
m
ea
s
u
r
i
n
g
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
d
ev
ices
to
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ay
ca
n
b
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
v
ia
t
h
e
in
ter
n
et
a
n
d
th
e
o
v
er
all
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
in
f
r
astru
ct
u
r
e
b
r
in
g
s
h
ig
h
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
b
en
ef
its
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
,
u
s
in
g
elec
tr
icity
,
ec
o
n
o
m
i
ca
lly
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
[
9
]
,
[
1
0
]
,
[
2
4
]
–
[
2
6
]
.
Alo
n
g
tim
e
with
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
s
cien
ce
,
th
er
e
ar
e
m
an
y
d
if
f
er
en
t
ty
p
es
o
f
elec
tr
ical
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
s
u
ch
as
Sch
n
eid
e
r
,
Mitsu
b
is
h
i,
Pan
aso
n
ic,
K
NX,
L
u
m
i,
an
d
C
r
estro
n
,
KNX
s
m
ar
t
elec
tr
ica
l
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
is
b
ein
g
ap
p
lie
d
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
i
n
d
u
s
tr
ial
elec
tr
icity
,
s
m
ar
t
elec
tr
icity
f
o
r
b
u
ild
in
g
s
,
co
m
b
in
e
d
with
I
o
T
an
d
AI
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
alwa
y
s
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
a
n
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
i
n
r
ea
l
tim
e.
I
n
p
ar
ticu
lar
,
t
h
e
s
o
lar
b
atter
y
s
y
s
tem
th
at
co
m
b
in
es
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
KNX
elec
tr
ical
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
with
I
o
T
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
to
an
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
elec
tr
ical
s
y
s
tem
o
r
a
g
r
id
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
elec
tr
ical
s
y
s
tem
[
1
1
]
.
I
n
[
4
]
,
r
esear
ch
o
n
I
o
T
f
o
r
b
u
ild
in
g
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es,
b
ased
o
n
clo
u
d
c
o
m
p
u
ti
n
g
f
o
r
m
ed
ical
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e.
I
n
[
6
]
,
[
9
]
,
r
esear
ch
o
n
I
o
T
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
s
m
ar
t
h
o
m
e
s
y
s
tem
s
with
o
u
t
co
m
b
in
in
g
wi
th
KNX
elec
tr
ical
eq
u
ip
m
e
n
t,
s
o
lar
b
atter
y
e
q
u
ip
m
e
n
t
s
elf
-
s
u
p
p
lies
th
e
s
y
s
tem
,
f
o
r
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l.
W
o
r
k
s
[
5
]
,
[
8
]
,
[
1
0
]
s
tu
d
y
KNX
elec
tr
ical
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
f
o
r
th
e
f
ield
o
f
s
m
ar
t
h
o
m
e
au
to
m
atio
n
co
n
tr
o
l
ac
c
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
o
f
KN
X
co
m
p
an
y
,
co
n
n
ec
tin
g
,
s
witch
in
g
d
e
v
ices,
an
d
au
to
m
atic
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
lo
ad
s
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
wo
r
k
s
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
9
]
s
tu
d
y
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
au
to
m
atio
n
ap
p
licatio
n
s
with
I
o
T
c
o
n
n
ec
t
io
n
to
m
an
y
s
m
ar
t
elec
tr
ical
a
n
d
elec
tr
o
n
ic
d
ev
ices.
I
n
g
en
e
r
al,
th
e
wo
r
k
s
h
av
e
s
tu
d
ied
s
m
ar
t
elec
tr
ical
an
d
el
ec
tr
o
n
ic
d
ev
ices
f
r
o
m
KNX,
with
I
o
T
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
b
u
t
h
av
e
n
o
t
b
ee
n
co
m
b
i
n
e
d
an
d
d
e
v
elo
p
e
d
a
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
c
o
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
with
s
o
lar
b
atte
r
ies,
b
ased
o
n
KNX
elec
tr
ical
eq
u
ip
m
e
n
t
an
d
I
o
T
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
as th
e
co
n
ten
ts
o
f
t
h
is
ar
ticle.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
r
esear
c
h
in
g
an
d
estab
lis
h
in
g
a
s
m
ar
t
h
o
m
e
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
a
n
d
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
u
s
in
g
KNX
elec
tr
ical
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
an
d
I
o
T
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
.
T
h
e
g
o
al
o
f
t
h
is
s
y
s
te
m
is
to
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
m
o
n
ito
r
p
ar
am
eter
s
:
ca
p
ac
ity
,
v
o
ltag
e,
a
n
d
c
u
r
r
en
t,
f
o
r
a
u
to
m
atic
lo
ad
s
witch
in
g
a
n
d
o
n
-
o
f
f
o
p
er
atio
n
s
,
au
to
m
atic
lig
h
tin
g
co
n
tr
o
l
f
o
r
b
u
ild
in
g
s
,
v
illas
,
r
eso
r
ts
,
to
u
r
is
t
ar
ea
s
,
g
ar
d
e
n
lig
h
tin
g
,
an
d
au
to
m
atic
p
u
b
lic
lig
h
tin
g
,
o
n
th
e
b
asis
o
f
s
m
ar
t
d
ev
ice
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
i
n
ter
n
et:
co
m
p
u
ter
s
,
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
es,
an
d
iPad
s
,
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
,
wh
il
e
s
till
en
s
u
r
in
g
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
I
E
E
E
5
1
9
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
.
2.
T
H
E
CO
N
T
E
NT
O
F
DE
SI
G
N
O
F
M
O
NI
T
O
RI
NG
A
ND
CO
NT
RO
L
SYS
T
E
M
CO
M
B
I
NING
K
NX
E
L
E
C
T
RIC
AL
E
Q
UI
P
M
E
N
T
AND
I
O
T
T
E
CH
N
O
L
O
G
Y
2
.
1
.
Resea
rc
h o
n desi
g
n o
f
m
o
nito
ring
co
ntr
o
l sy
s
t
em
a
nd
s
y
s
t
em
m
o
delin
g
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
a
n
d
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
s
in
clu
d
es
b
o
th
s
m
ar
t
city
an
d
s
m
ar
t
h
o
m
e,
an
d
in
s
m
ar
t
cit
y
th
er
e
is
al
s
o
s
m
ar
t
b
u
ild
in
g
ab
o
u
t
th
e
in
teg
r
ated
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
f
r
o
m
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
(
s
o
lar
p
an
els
an
d
r
o
o
f
to
p
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
)
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
f
o
r
a
b
u
ild
in
g
o
r
a
n
ap
ar
tm
en
t
co
n
s
u
m
in
g
elec
tr
icity
with
th
e
f
ea
tu
r
e
o
f
u
s
in
g
s
m
ar
t
KNX
elec
tr
ical
eq
u
ip
m
en
t.
Fr
o
m
th
er
e
,
KNX
elec
tr
ical
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
allo
ws
to
co
m
b
in
e
with
I
o
T
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
to
m
o
n
ito
r
,
c
o
n
tr
o
l
au
to
m
atic
s
witch
in
g
o
f
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
lo
a
d
s
f
o
r
th
e
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
s
y
s
tem
ac
co
r
d
i
n
g
to
th
e
d
em
an
d
f
o
r
civ
il
an
d
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
elec
tr
icity
lo
ad
s
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
h
as
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
co
n
n
ec
t to
th
e
n
atio
n
al
g
r
id
[
2
6
]
.
I
n
F
ig
u
r
e
1
,
th
e
p
a
n
els
s
o
l
ar
b
a
tte
r
y
s
y
s
t
em
i
n
s
t
all
e
d
o
n
t
h
e
r
o
o
f
o
f
t
h
e
b
u
il
d
i
n
g
i
n
cl
u
d
es:
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
ltai
c
(
PV
)
p
a
n
els
(
1
)
(
t
o
c
o
l
le
ct
s
o
l
ar
en
er
g
y
)
t
o
p
ass
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
c
o
n
v
e
r
te
r
(
2
)
,
c
o
n
n
ec
te
d
t
o
e
l
ec
t
r
ic
al
eq
u
i
p
m
e
n
t
,
u
s
i
n
g
KNX
s
m
a
r
t
ele
ct
r
ic
al
e
q
u
i
p
m
en
t
a
n
d
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
l
y
(
4
)
,
e
le
ct
r
o
n
i
c
e
q
u
i
p
m
en
t,
b
att
er
y
s
t
o
r
a
g
e
s
y
s
t
em
,
two
-
w
ay
m
et
e
r
to
m
e
asu
r
e
el
ec
t
r
ic
it
y
(
3
)
,
n
a
ti
o
n
al
g
r
i
d
s
y
s
tem
(
6
)
.
I
n
a
d
d
it
io
n
,
t
h
e
r
e
is
a
s
y
s
t
em
o
f
in
te
r
n
et
n
et
wo
r
k
s
wi
tc
h
i
n
g
e
q
u
i
p
m
e
n
t
,
Wi
-
Fi
,
W
i
MA
X
,
s
y
s
te
m
m
o
n
i
to
r
i
n
g
a
n
d
m
e
asu
r
i
n
g
eq
u
i
p
m
e
n
t
,
p
o
we
r
s
tab
ili
za
t
io
n
c
o
n
t
r
o
lle
r
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
,
w
it
h
b
o
t
h
s
wit
ch
in
g
a
n
d
p
r
o
te
cti
o
n
m
e
asu
r
i
n
g
e
q
u
ip
m
e
n
t
[
1
9
]
.
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
2
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
s
a
n
d
c
o
n
v
er
ter
ty
p
es
s
u
ch
as
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
;
DC
-
AC
co
n
v
er
t
er
s
,
p
h
ase
-
lo
ck
ed
lo
o
p
(
PLL
)
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
s
,
an
d
PW
M
co
n
v
er
ter
s
(
e
n
clo
s
ed
b
y
d
ash
ed
lin
es).
KNX
ele
ctr
ical
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
is
u
s
ed
to
s
witch
,
lo
a
d
,
c
o
n
n
ec
t
elec
tr
ical
eq
u
ip
m
e
n
t
an
d
I
o
T
(
in
clu
d
i
n
g
c
tr
2
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
)
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
will
m
ea
s
u
r
e
an
d
ch
ec
k
cir
cu
it
p
ar
am
eter
s
s
u
ch
as
v
o
ltag
e,
cu
r
r
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
p
an
el
p
o
wer
s
o
u
r
ce
th
at
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
elec
tr
icity
to
ch
ar
g
e
t
h
e
b
atter
y
,
th
er
eb
y
s
u
p
p
l
y
in
g
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
ty
p
es
o
f
lo
a
d
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
c
o
n
v
er
ter
.
T
h
e
c
tr
3
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
a
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
w
er
p
o
in
t
tr
ac
k
in
g
(
MPPT
)
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
s
tab
ilizin
g
th
e
p
o
wer
to
o
b
tain
m
ax
im
u
m
en
er
g
y
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
o
u
tp
u
ts
a
s
em
i
-
s
in
e
wa
v
e
cu
r
r
en
t
a
n
d
v
o
ltag
e
at
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
th
e
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
a
n
d
a
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
wav
e
at
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
tem
's
b
r
id
g
e
in
v
er
ter
.
T
o
co
n
n
ec
t
to
th
e
n
atio
n
al
g
r
id
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
o
n
ly
n
ee
d
s
to
r
eq
u
est
a
co
n
s
tan
t
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
alter
n
atin
g
cu
r
r
en
t
s
o
u
r
ce
.
T
h
e
p
a
r
am
eter
s
o
f
t
h
e
s
et
q
u
an
tity
ar
e
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
b
y
PLL
an
d
MPPT.
T
o
p
er
f
o
r
m
t
h
e
g
r
id
co
n
n
e
ctio
n
task
,
t
o
en
s
u
r
e
s
tr
ict
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
'
s
o
u
tp
u
t
p
ar
am
eter
s
(
am
p
litu
d
e,
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
,
an
d
p
h
a
s
e)
,
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
co
n
tr
o
l
lo
o
p
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d
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ec
tly
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
s
y
s
tem
'
s
o
u
tp
u
t
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r
r
en
t.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
a
n
d
co
n
tr
o
ller
u
s
in
g
STM
3
2
f
o
r
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
to
co
n
n
ec
t I
o
T
d
e
v
ices to
th
e
I
n
t
er
n
et
also
wo
r
k
i
n
p
ar
allel
wit
h
th
e
s
y
s
tem
,
[
9
]
,
[
1
6
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
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:
2
0
8
8
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I
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r
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1022
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n
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ee
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at
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MPPT
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o
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ased
o
n
th
e
P
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ch
ar
ac
ter
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tics
o
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o
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el,
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er
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o
l
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et
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r
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g
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e
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ter
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el.
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h
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lcu
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m
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ar
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o
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e
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Fig
u
r
e
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o
f
th
e
P&
O
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ith
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.
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h
u
s
,
th
e
MPP
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lcu
latio
n
f
o
r
th
e
s
y
s
tem
h
er
e
f
o
llo
ws
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
v
alu
es
an
d
p
o
wer
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
p
an
el
to
h
av
e
an
im
p
ac
t
o
n
t
h
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t,
m
a
k
in
g
th
e
s
y
s
tem
wo
r
k
at
t
h
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
to
m
a
x
im
ize
th
e
p
o
wer
o
b
tain
ed
as sh
o
wn
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
KNX
elec
tr
ical
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
f
o
r
b
u
ild
in
g
s
p
o
we
r
ed
b
y
g
r
id
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
p
a
n
els s
o
lar
an
d
I
o
T
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
G
r
i
d
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
B
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
o
f
th
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
o
f
g
r
id
-
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
PV sy
s
tem
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
n
u
m
e
r
ical
m
eth
o
d
s
to
f
i
n
d
ex
t
r
em
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
o
f
MPPT
p
r
o
b
lem
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
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n
g
I
SS
N:
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8
Th
e
d
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s
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r
t g
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o
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tem
b
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N
X
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ica
l e
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ip
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(
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1023
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m
Fig
u
r
e
4
,
we
ca
n
s
ee
th
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
s
o
u
r
ce
p
ar
am
eter
s
in
s
o
lar
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
tem
s
co
n
tr
o
lled
b
y
p
o
we
r
elec
tr
o
n
ic
s
in
g
en
e
r
al,
th
e
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
alt
er
n
atin
g
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
in
th
e
s
y
s
tem
h
as
q
u
an
titi
es
s
u
ch
as
m
ax
im
u
m
v
alu
e
(
)
,
ef
f
ec
t
iv
e
v
alu
e,
in
s
tan
tan
e
o
u
s
v
alu
e
(
(
)
)
,
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
(
)
,
p
h
ase
(
)
.
An
d
th
e
in
s
tan
tan
eo
u
s
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
is
th
e
q
u
a
n
tity
th
at
ca
r
r
ies
all
th
e
a
b
o
v
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
(
(
)
=
(
+
)
)
.
I
f
th
e
in
s
tan
tan
eo
u
s
cu
r
r
e
n
t
is
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l v
ar
iab
le,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
will
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
co
n
tr
o
l a
ll
th
e
q
u
an
titi
es
o
f
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
ca
l
cu
latio
n
an
d
a
n
aly
s
is
o
f
t
h
e
p
o
wer
,
v
o
ltag
e,
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
v
alu
es,
g
iv
en
to
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
en
th
e
g
r
id
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
p
h
ase
an
g
le
will
alwa
y
s
b
e
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
ized
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
PLL
b
ased
o
n
th
e
s
ig
n
al
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
izatio
n
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
f
r
am
e
f
o
r
th
e
s
y
s
tem
,
[
9
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
is
is
s
u
e
will
s
tab
ilize
t
h
e
p
o
wer
ca
p
ac
ity
to
b
e
ab
le
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
co
n
t
r
o
lle
r
s
,
co
n
v
e
r
ter
s
,
elec
tr
ical
s
witch
in
g
d
ev
ices
an
d
lo
a
d
co
n
tr
o
l
f
o
r
b
u
ild
in
g
s
,
s
m
ar
t
elec
tr
ical
s
y
s
tem
s
u
s
in
g
KNX
elec
tr
ical
eq
u
i
p
m
en
t.
I
n
ad
d
it
io
n
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
also
h
as
th
e
a
b
ilit
y
to
c
o
n
n
ec
t
to
th
e
n
atio
n
al
g
r
id
in
th
e
ca
s
e
t
h
at
th
e
elec
tr
icity
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
o
lar
b
atter
y
d
ev
ice
s
to
r
ed
in
th
e
s
to
r
ag
e
b
atter
y
alwa
y
s
r
ea
ch
es o
v
er
9
0
% o
f
th
e
s
to
r
ed
elec
tr
icity
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
g
r
a
p
h
e
x
p
lain
s
t
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
c
u
r
r
e
n
t tr
ac
k
in
g
at
a
g
iv
en
tim
e
2
.
2
.
T
he
bu
ild
a
lg
o
rit
hm
s
a
nd
co
ntr
o
l pro
g
ra
m
s
f
o
r
t
he
s
y
s
t
e
m
R
esear
ch
in
g
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
o
f
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
,
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
,
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
an
d
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
to
p
r
o
g
r
am
co
n
tr
o
ls
f
o
r
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
c
o
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
s
b
ased
o
n
KNX
e
lectr
ical
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
an
d
I
o
T
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
we
s
tu
d
y
th
e
s
y
s
tem
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
in
cl
u
d
es:
(
1
)
s
o
lar
p
an
els
,
c
o
n
tr
o
l
p
an
el
1
c
o
n
tr
o
ls
th
e
s
o
lar
p
an
el
s
y
s
tem
,
(
2
)
DC
d
is
co
n
n
ec
t
,
(
3
)
s
o
lar
ch
ar
g
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
(
4
)
b
atter
y
b
an
k
,
(
5
)
in
v
er
ter
/c
h
ar
g
er
,
(
6
)
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
an
d
I
o
T
co
n
n
ec
to
r
.
(
7
)
Dev
ice
is
a
cr
itica
l
lo
ad
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
p
an
el
,
(
8
)
m
ain
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
p
a
n
el
KNX
elec
tr
ical
p
an
el
in
cl
u
d
es:
co
n
tr
o
l
p
an
el
2
,
lo
a
d
L
1
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
lig
h
t
in
g
s
y
s
tem
,
wate
r
p
u
m
p
s
y
s
tem
,
ex
h
au
s
t
s
y
s
tem
,
air
co
n
d
itio
n
in
g
s
y
s
tem
,
wate
r
h
ea
ter
s
y
s
tem
,
au
t
o
m
atic
g
ate
s
y
s
tem
;
L
2
lo
ad
in
clu
d
es
cu
r
t
ain
s
y
s
tem
,
s
o
u
n
d
s
y
s
tem
,
(
9
)
u
tili
ty
m
eter
c
o
n
n
e
cted
o
u
ts
id
e
th
e
r
o
o
m
; (
1
0
)
u
ti
lity
g
r
id
p
r
o
v
id
es e
lectr
icity
w
h
en
n
ee
d
ed
.
I
n
wh
ich
,
s
o
lar
b
atter
y
s
iz
e
(
6
0
×
6
0
)
cm
;
X
-
Pr
o
MF4
4
B
1
9
FL
b
atter
y
(
4
0
Ah
–
12
V)
;
s
ize
(
1
8
7
×
127
×
2
0
3
)
m
m
,
elec
tr
ical
ca
b
in
et
1
in
clu
d
es:
th
r
ee
-
p
h
a
s
e
an
d
1
-
p
h
ase
ap
to
m
at
s
wit
ch
in
g
s
y
s
tem
;
lo
g
o
h
ar
d
war
e,
KNX
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
l
y
,
KNX
ce
n
tr
al
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
,
cu
r
t
ain
m
o
d
u
le,
lig
h
tin
g
m
o
d
u
le,
an
d
in
cl
u
d
es
m
an
y
o
th
er
s
witch
in
g
,
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
a
n
d
p
r
o
tectio
n
d
ev
ices.
T
h
e
d
etailed
ar
r
an
g
em
en
t
o
f
th
e
K
NX
s
m
ar
t
elec
tr
ical
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
in
s
talled
in
s
id
e
ele
ctr
ical
ca
b
in
et
1
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
T
h
e
elec
tr
ical
ca
b
in
et
2
in
clu
d
es:
in
v
er
ter
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
s
m
ar
t
c
h
ar
g
in
g
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
f
r
o
m
s
o
lar
b
atter
y
to
b
atter
y
,
Ar
d
u
in
o
E
SP
8
2
6
6
c
ir
cu
it
m
o
d
u
le
a
n
d
cu
r
r
en
t
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
v
o
ltag
e
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
Dco
m
4
G
m
o
d
u
le,
s
o
m
e
p
o
we
r
m
o
d
u
l
es
an
d
m
an
y
o
th
e
r
s
witch
in
g
an
d
p
r
o
tectio
n
d
e
v
ices.
Hig
h
-
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
c
o
m
p
u
ter
with
in
ter
n
et
ac
ce
s
s
,
co
n
tr
o
l
p
r
o
g
r
am
in
ter
f
ac
e
in
s
talled
with
KNX
s
o
f
twar
e,
(
with
f
u
ll
in
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
an
d
m
an
u
al
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
)
.
T
h
e
o
v
er
all
v
iew
o
f
th
e
im
p
lem
en
ted
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
tal
co
n
tr
o
l sy
s
tem
m
o
d
el
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Gen
er
al
wo
r
k
in
g
p
r
in
cip
le
f
o
r
th
e
s
y
s
tem
(
f
o
r
s
im
u
latio
n
an
d
ex
p
er
im
en
tatio
n
)
:
th
is
is
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
two
s
y
s
tem
s
in
to
a
co
m
p
lete
s
y
s
tem
in
clu
d
in
g
:
o
n
-
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
(
g
r
id
-
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
s
y
s
tem
)
:
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
elec
tr
icity
f
r
o
m
s
o
l
ar
p
an
els
in
t
o
2
2
0
V
AC
/
50
Hz
elec
tr
icity
to
c
o
n
n
ec
t
to
th
e
g
r
id
.
o
f
f
-
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
(
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
s
y
s
tem
)
:
s
o
lar
p
a
n
els
ar
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
t
o
p
r
o
d
u
ce
elec
tr
icity
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
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n
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ter
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atter
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o
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ates
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f
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m
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n
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o
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e
air
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n
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r
u
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d
r
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o
d
e
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d
will
au
to
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atica
lly
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r
k
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r
ca
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r
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f
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th
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air
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is
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ar
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en
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o
r
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r
ts
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ate
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atica
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air
in
th
e
h
o
u
s
e
o
r
r
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m
.
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f
th
er
e
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ir
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e
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en
s
o
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ated
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f
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td
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is
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ath
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atica
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atio
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s
,
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au
th
o
r
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tu
d
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t
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o
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ir
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ilt
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ased
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u
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RE
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ith
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
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I
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2
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Ap
r
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20
2
6
:
1
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9
1026
First
,
we
h
a
v
e
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h
e
d
ata
p
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r
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m
et
er
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t
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li
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te
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e
s
y
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te
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in
cl
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d
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a
PV
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n
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th
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o
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n
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o
w
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R
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0
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-
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d
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y
3
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2
2
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W
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m
ax
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m
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lta
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5
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ax
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lta
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=
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r
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9
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A
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a
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r
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ar
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3
6
8
.
2
8
A
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d
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o
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ca
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ib
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ien
t
tem
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r
e
2
5
ºC
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ed
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r
an
g
e
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
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Po
wer
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
with
g
r
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co
n
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ec
ted
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v
er
ter
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with
MPPT
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n
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o
lle
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p
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atin
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O
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o
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ith
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ig
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n
Fig
u
r
e
1
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
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Th
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1027
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it
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d
c
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o
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tem
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ased
o
n
KNX
elec
tr
ical
eq
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ip
m
en
t
an
d
I
o
T
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
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p
p
licatio
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m
ar
t
elec
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ical
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o
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els
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o
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b
u
ild
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g
s
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o
f
f
ice
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u
ild
in
g
s
,
a
n
d
v
illas
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
allo
ws
m
o
n
ito
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in
g
o
f
v
o
ltag
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cu
r
r
en
t,
p
o
wer
,
f
r
eq
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en
cy
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ar
a
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eter
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im
u
ltan
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ly
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n
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g
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ce
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g
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h
e
allo
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le
th
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esh
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ld
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o
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an
y
p
a
r
am
et
er
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n
ad
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itio
n
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
ca
n
b
e
au
to
m
atica
ll
y
co
n
tr
o
lled
v
ia
s
m
ar
tp
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o
n
e
s
,
tab
lets
,
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
u
s
er
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
f
o
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to
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atic
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n
tr
o
l
b
y
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r
ess
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g
b
u
tto
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n
s
m
ar
tp
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n
e
ap
p
licatio
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s
,
p
er
s
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n
al
co
m
p
u
te
r
s
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
is
d
esig
n
ed
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
h
ar
d
w
ar
e
an
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s
o
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o
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les
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m
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ito
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g
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n
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o
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it.
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a
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ap
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licatio
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ar
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es
f
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ia
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an
d
An
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id
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y
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tem
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Fro
m
th
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ab
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v
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r
esear
ch
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esu
lts
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n
s
ee
th
at
th
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
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n
d
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
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tem
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ee
n
test
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p
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s
tallatio
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Ho
u
s
e,
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3
5
3
T
r
an
Hu
n
g
Dao
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Nam
Din
h
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Nin
h
B
in
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Pro
v
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ce
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h
e
m
ea
s
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r
em
e
n
t
r
esu
lts
co
llect
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ata
f
r
o
m
th
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
cir
cu
it
s
y
s
tem
o
f
th
e
elec
tr
ical
c
ab
in
et
2
.
T
h
is
s
h
o
ws
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at
th
e
m
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ito
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g
an
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l
o
n
th
e
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m
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u
ter
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d
th
e
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h
o
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e,
c
o
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p
ar
e
d
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ated
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ea
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u
r
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t
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o
m
th
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tu
al
s
p
ec
ialized
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ea
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r
in
g
d
ev
ices
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e
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e
s
am
e.
T
h
er
eb
y
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it
s
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o
ws
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at
th
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d
if
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er
en
ce
in
p
a
r
am
eter
s
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etwe
en
th
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ito
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g
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ev
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d
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p
ec
ialized
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ea
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u
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in
g
d
ev
ice
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s
ig
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if
ican
t.
T
h
e
m
o
n
ito
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c
o
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o
l
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ee
ts
th
e
r
eq
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ir
e
m
en
ts
o
f
th
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s
m
ar
t
h
o
m
e
m
o
n
ito
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i
n
g
an
d
c
o
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tr
o
l
m
o
d
el
in
Vietn
am
.
T
h
is
is
a
s
o
lu
tio
n
th
at
co
n
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ib
u
tes
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lem
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o
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co
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n
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r
ies is
cu
r
r
en
tly
b
ei
n
g
s
tu
d
ied
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
was
s
u
p
p
o
r
te
d
b
y
f
ac
u
lty
o
f
elec
tr
ical
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
-
au
to
m
atio
n
,
Un
i
v
er
s
ity
o
f
E
co
n
o
m
ics
-
T
ec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
f
o
r
I
n
d
u
s
tr
ies,
Vietn
am
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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I
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F
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ittee.
DATA AV
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AB
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Data
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v
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RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
A
.
B
a
c
c
i
o
t
t
i
,
S
t
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
a
n
d
c
o
n
t
ro
l
o
f
l
i
n
e
a
r
sys
t
e
m
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
8
5
.
C
h
a
m:
S
p
r
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g
e
r
I
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o
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:
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7
8
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3
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0
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4
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5
-
5.
[
2
]
J.
C
o
n
n
o
r
a
n
d
S
.
La
f
l
a
mm
e
,
“
A
d
v
a
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c
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c
o
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t
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t
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y
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n
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t
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Mo
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m:
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6
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_
1
0
.
[
3
]
L.
K
e
v
i
c
z
k
y
,
R
.
B
a
r
s
,
J.
H
e
t
t
h
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ss
y
,
a
n
d
C
.
B
á
n
y
á
sz
,
“
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n
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o
l
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n
g
i
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:
M
A
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B
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c
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ses,
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7
8
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.
[
4
]
I
.
M
.
A
l
-
Jo
b
o
u
r
y
a
n
d
E.
H
.
H
e
mi
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r
y
,
“
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Th
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n
a
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I
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f
o
rm
a
t
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o
n
&
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m
m
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e
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v
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1
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o
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1
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[
5
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T.
F
e
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g
a
n
d
B
.
Zh
a
n
g
,
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n
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o
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1
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1
4
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2
0
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3
.
[
6
]
O
.
B
r
u
n
,
Y
.
Y
i
n
,
a
n
d
E.
G
e
l
e
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e
,
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D
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se
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r
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tro
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telli
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rti
ficia
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telli
g
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c
e
.
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c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
td
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h
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y
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ti
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d
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v
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g
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ted
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m
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lo
g
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f
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r
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n
d
u
stries
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t
n
a
m
in
2
0
2
4
.
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is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
w
o
rk
in
g
a
t
t
h
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F
a
c
u
l
ty
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
i
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e
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rin
g
-
A
u
to
m
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ti
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n
,
Un
iv
e
rsity
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f
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n
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m
ics
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h
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lo
g
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fo
r
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n
d
u
stries
.
M
a
i
Va
n
Ta
o
'
s
m
a
in
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
a
re
:
in
d
u
str
ial
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
p
o
we
r
s
u
p
p
ly
s
y
ste
m
s,
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
in
sta
ll
a
ti
o
n
s,
in
tern
e
t
o
f
th
in
g
s
(I
o
T)
,
tele
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
n
e
two
rk
sy
ste
m
s
a
n
d
a
rti
ficia
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in
telli
g
e
n
c
e
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
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m
a
il
:
m
v
tao
@
u
n
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ti
.
e
d
u
.
v
n
.
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o
a
n
g
Din
h
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o
wa
s
b
o
rn
in
Na
m
Din
h
.
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g
ra
d
u
a
ted
a
s
a
n
e
n
g
i
n
e
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r
in
a
u
to
m
a
ti
o
n
a
t
Th
a
i
Ng
u
y
e
n
Un
i
v
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rsity
o
f
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
I
n
d
u
stry
in
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0
0
2
.
He
g
ra
d
u
a
ted
wit
h
a
M
a
ste
r
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
in
c
o
n
tro
l
a
n
d
a
u
to
m
a
ti
o
n
fro
m
Ha
n
o
i
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
Vie
tn
a
m
i
n
2
0
1
3
.
S
in
c
e
2
0
0
0
,
h
e
is
a
lec
tu
re
r
a
t
th
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F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
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c
tri
c
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l
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g
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n
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rin
g
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i
v
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o
f
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n
o
m
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In
d
u
str
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Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
;
M
in
istr
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f
I
n
d
u
stry
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n
d
Co
m
m
e
rc
e
Vie
tn
a
m
.
M
a
in
re
se
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rc
h
d
irec
ti
o
n
:
i
n
telli
g
e
n
t
c
o
n
tr
o
l,
fu
z
z
y
c
o
n
tr
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l
a
n
d
n
e
u
ra
l
n
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two
rk
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c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
h
d
c
o
@
u
n
e
ti
.
e
d
u
.
v
n
.
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