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f
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,
r
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y
,
as
we
ll
as
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
[
1
]
.
T
h
e
g
r
o
win
g
p
en
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o
f
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e
n
ewa
b
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tu
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r
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m
ass
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s
tr
ea
m
s
o
f
o
p
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ati
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al
d
ata
[
2
]
,
[
3
]
.
T
o
g
eth
er
,
th
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tr
en
d
s
cr
ea
te
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o
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p
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r
tu
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f
o
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en
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y
m
an
a
g
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en
t
(
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[
4
]
.
On
o
n
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h
an
d
,
I
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T
tech
n
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lo
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n
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to
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m
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m
o
n
ito
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lo
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[
5
]
.
On
th
e
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th
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h
an
d
,
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iab
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th
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tatio
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b
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n
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s
s
in
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d
ata
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tr
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m
s
co
m
p
licate
ef
f
icien
t
g
r
id
o
p
er
atio
n
[
6
]
.
Glo
b
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p
r
o
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n
s
em
p
h
asize
th
e
s
ca
le
o
f
th
is
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
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n
.
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e
I
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ter
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Ag
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m
ates
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I
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,
Vo
l.
1
6
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il
20
2
6
:
6
9
9
-
716
700
an
d
win
d
as
th
e
d
o
m
in
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t
co
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tr
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u
to
r
s
[
7
]
,
[
8
]
.
I
n
p
ar
allel,
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
I
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T
-
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to
SGs
f
o
r
m
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n
ito
r
i
n
g
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
[
9
]
,
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
ese
d
ev
ices
o
f
f
er
e
n
h
an
ce
d
au
t
o
m
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,
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er
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y
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d
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ain
s
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b
u
t
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ey
also
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en
e
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ass
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d
atasets
th
at
m
u
s
t
b
e
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al
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d
in
n
ea
r
r
e
al
tim
e.
T
h
is
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ata
i
n
ten
s
ity
,
co
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b
in
ed
with
r
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n
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b
le
in
t
er
m
itten
cy
,
cr
ea
tes
o
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al
ch
allen
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clu
d
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u
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s
u
p
p
ly
-
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em
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n
d
b
alan
ce
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p
ea
k
lo
a
d
s
tr
ess
,
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
ed
v
u
ln
er
ab
ilit
y
to
in
e
f
f
icien
cie
s
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
.
I
o
T
-
b
ased
E
M
s
y
s
tem
s
,
en
ab
led
b
y
s
m
ar
t
m
eter
s
,
in
tellig
en
t
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
,
an
d
n
etwo
r
k
ed
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
ar
e
v
ital
f
o
r
b
alan
cin
g
s
u
p
p
ly
a
n
d
d
e
m
an
d
in
SGs
[
1
3
]
.
Pric
e
-
b
ased
d
em
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
e
(
DR
)
h
as
em
er
g
ed
as
a
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
m
ec
h
an
is
m
,
en
co
u
r
ag
in
g
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s
u
m
er
s
to
ad
ju
s
t
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
i
n
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
d
y
n
am
ic
elec
tr
icity
p
r
ices
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
5
]
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
DR
d
ep
en
d
s
cr
itically
o
n
ac
cu
r
ate
f
o
r
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asti
n
g
a
n
d
a
d
ap
tiv
e
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
to
r
esp
o
n
d
to
u
n
p
r
ed
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le
v
ar
ia
tio
n
s
in
g
en
er
atio
n
an
d
d
em
a
n
d
[
1
6
]
.
At
th
e
s
a
m
e
tim
e,
u
n
r
eso
lv
e
d
is
s
u
es
s
u
ch
as
d
ata
s
ec
u
r
ity
r
is
k
s
,
h
ig
h
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
,
an
d
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
l
im
itatio
n
s
co
n
tin
u
e
to
co
n
s
tr
ai
n
I
o
T
-
d
r
i
v
en
E
M
s
y
s
tem
s
[
1
7
]
,
[
1
8
]
.
Ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
ese
ch
allen
g
es
r
eq
u
ir
es
ad
v
an
ce
d
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
an
d
o
p
tim
i
za
tio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
ca
p
a
b
le
o
f
h
an
d
lin
g
r
en
ewa
b
le
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
an
d
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
I
o
T
d
ata
s
tr
ea
m
s
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
e,
r
eliab
le,
an
d
r
esil
ien
t
SG
o
p
er
atio
n
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
0
]
.
Desp
ite
th
ese
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
ts
,
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
r
en
ewa
b
le
s
o
u
r
ce
s
an
d
I
o
T
in
SGs
p
r
esen
ts
s
ev
er
al
cr
itical
ch
allen
g
es.
T
h
is
is
b
e
ca
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
is
s
u
es
r
elatin
g
t
o
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
,
f
lu
ctu
atin
g
p
ea
k
d
em
an
d
,
an
d
th
e
co
m
p
lex
ity
o
f
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
d
at
a
in
ca
s
es
wh
er
e
R
E
S
is
in
te
g
r
ated
in
to
SGs
.
Ho
wev
er
,
n
e
ith
er
s
o
lar
n
o
r
win
d
en
er
g
y
(
W
E
)
is
s
tead
y
b
ec
au
s
e
wh
ile
th
e
s
o
lar
lig
h
t
is
h
ig
h
est
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
d
ay
an
d
is
to
tally
o
f
f
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
n
ig
h
t,
th
e
win
d
is
s
im
ilar
ly
n
o
t
co
n
s
tan
t
d
u
e
to
u
n
ce
r
tain
ty
in
win
d
p
o
wer
(
W
P).
M
o
r
eo
v
er
,
f
l
u
ctu
atio
n
s
in
d
em
an
d
,
esp
ec
ially
d
u
r
in
g
p
ea
k
h
o
u
r
s
,
tr
i
g
g
er
in
s
tab
ilit
ies
th
at
ca
n
o
n
ly
b
e
co
n
tr
o
lled
af
ter
u
n
d
er
tak
in
g
co
m
p
lex
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
an
d
s
ch
e
d
u
lin
g
o
f
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
s
u
p
p
l
y
,
an
d
c
o
s
ts
o
f
o
p
e
r
atin
g
th
e
e
lectr
icity
g
r
id
.
Als
o
,
I
o
T
-
in
teg
r
ated
SGs
p
r
o
d
u
ce
m
ass
iv
e
d
ata
f
r
o
m
DE
R
s
,
s
m
ar
t
m
eter
s
,
a
n
d
s
en
s
o
r
s
th
at
r
e
q
u
ir
e
s
o
u
n
d
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
m
o
d
els
to
an
al
y
ze
an
d
m
an
a
g
e
th
is
d
ata.
Ne
v
er
th
eless
,
I
o
T
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
b
r
in
g
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
ts
in
ter
m
s
o
f
a
u
to
m
atio
n
,
d
is
tan
t
co
n
tr
o
l,
an
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
E
M
o
n
a
lar
g
e
s
ca
le;
th
e
latter
is
al
s
o
ac
co
m
p
a
n
ied
b
y
cy
b
er
s
ec
u
r
ity
is
s
u
es,
th
e
lim
itatio
n
s
o
f
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
,
an
d
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
m
o
m
en
ts
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
I
o
T
-
b
ased
SGs
is
co
s
tly
s
in
ce
it
n
ee
d
s
h
ig
h
-
s
p
ee
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
ef
f
icien
t
ed
g
e
co
m
p
u
tin
g
,
also
d
ata
s
to
r
ag
e
f
ac
ilit
ies,
wh
ich
r
em
ain
k
ey
b
ar
r
ier
s
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
i
n
g
in
SGs
r
em
ain
s
a
ch
allen
g
e,
as
c
o
n
v
en
tio
n
al
al
g
o
r
ith
m
s
s
tr
u
g
g
l
e
to
p
r
o
ce
s
s
h
ig
h
-
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
I
o
T
d
ata
s
tr
ea
m
s
ef
f
icien
tly
,
lim
itin
g
th
e
s
y
s
tem
'
s
ab
ilit
y
to
ad
ap
t
to
f
lu
ct
u
atin
g
R
E
S
g
e
n
er
atio
n
as
w
ell
as
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
p
atter
n
s
.
Ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
ese
ch
a
llen
g
es
h
as
m
o
tiv
ated
ex
ten
s
i
v
e
r
esear
ch
,
lead
in
g
to
v
ar
i
o
u
s
o
p
tim
izatio
n
s
an
d
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
tech
n
iq
u
es.
T
h
e
f
o
l
lo
win
g
s
ec
tio
n
r
ev
iews th
ese
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
Nu
m
er
o
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
attem
p
ted
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
ese
ch
allen
g
es
u
s
in
g
d
iv
er
s
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
an
d
E
M
s
tr
ateg
ies.
So
m
e
o
f
th
ese
s
t
u
d
ies
ar
e
r
ev
iewe
d
.
T
h
e
m
e
th
o
d
s
o
f
win
d
-
d
r
iv
e
n
o
p
tim
i
za
tio
n
(
W
DO)
an
d
b
ac
ter
ial
f
o
r
a
g
in
g
o
p
tim
izatio
n
(
B
FO)
h
av
e
b
ee
n
in
te
g
r
ate
d
in
a
win
d
-
d
r
i
v
en
b
ac
ter
ial
f
o
r
g
in
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
(
W
B
F
A
)
in
tr
o
d
u
c
ed
b
y
Haf
e
ez
et
a
l.
[
2
1
]
.
T
o
less
en
p
ea
k
-
to
-
av
er
a
g
e
r
atio
(
PAR
)
,
r
e
d
u
ce
elec
tr
icity
b
ills
,
also
m
ax
im
ize
u
s
er
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
,
a
s
ch
ed
u
le
f
o
r
th
e
p
o
wer
u
s
ag
e
o
f
I
o
T
-
e
n
ab
led
s
m
ar
t
ap
p
lian
ce
s
in
r
esid
en
tial
co
m
p
lex
es
was
f
o
r
m
u
lated
b
ased
o
n
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
W
B
FA.
T
h
e
W
B
FA
s
o
lu
tio
n
r
ea
cts
to
p
r
ice
-
b
ased
DR
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
au
t
o
m
atica
lly
,
h
en
ce
s
o
lv
in
g
th
e
co
r
e
is
s
u
e
with
th
ese
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
th
at
cu
s
to
m
er
s
lack
th
e
ca
p
ac
ity
to
r
esp
o
n
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
wh
en
r
ec
eiv
in
g
DR
s
ig
n
als.
Alo
n
g
with
th
e
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
R
E
S,
i.e
.
,
s
o
lar
en
e
r
g
y
,
th
e
r
m
al
en
er
g
y
,
c
o
n
tr
o
lled
h
ea
t
as
well
as
p
o
wer
,
an
d
W
E
,
R
eh
m
an
et
a
l.
[
2
2
]
h
av
e
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
e
n
e
r
g
y
u
s
ag
e,
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
,
also
m
an
ag
em
en
t
in
a
n
elec
tr
ic
u
tili
ty
'
s
D
R
p
r
o
g
r
am
.
R
E
S
also
m
in
im
izes
th
e
h
a
r
m
f
u
l
im
p
ac
ts
o
f
ca
r
b
o
n
em
is
s
io
n
s
an
d
elec
tr
icity
p
r
ices
o
n
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
A
n
E
M
co
n
tr
o
ller
an
d
s
ch
e
d
u
le
r
f
o
r
s
m
ar
t
ap
p
lian
ce
s
wer
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
.
Heu
r
is
tic
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
lik
e
g
e
n
etic
alg
o
r
ith
m
(
GA)
,
win
d
-
d
r
i
v
en
o
p
tim
izatio
n
,
an
d
p
ar
ticle
s
war
m
o
p
tim
izatio
n
(
PS
O)
,
th
en
o
u
r
s
u
g
g
ested
h
y
b
r
i
d
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
s
er
v
ed
as th
eir
f
o
u
n
d
a
tio
n
.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
,
lo
ca
tio
n
,
d
e
p
lo
y
m
en
t,
an
d
ass
ess
m
en
t
o
f
an
I
o
T
-
b
ased
s
m
ar
t
en
er
g
y
m
an
ag
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
s
(
SEM
S)
en
co
m
p
ass
in
g
SMs
an
d
a
n
I
o
T
m
id
d
lewa
r
e
m
o
d
u
le
h
av
e
b
ee
n
illu
s
tr
ated
b
y
Saleem
et
a
l
.
[
2
3
]
with
th
e
ad
v
an
ta
g
es
th
at
co
m
e
alo
n
g
with
it.
T
h
e
s
u
g
g
ested
SEM
S
wa
s
web
-
b
ased
an
d
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
lo
ad
p
r
o
f
iles
(
L
Ps
)
to
s
u
p
p
lier
s
a
n
d
clien
ts
at
a
d
is
tan
ce
.
T
h
e
in
ce
n
tiv
es
ca
n
b
e
allo
ca
te
d
an
d
r
eg
u
lated
b
y
s
u
p
p
lier
s
,
wh
o
ca
n
also
m
o
ti
v
ate
cu
s
to
m
er
s
to
m
o
d
i
f
y
th
e
ir
en
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
ap
p
r
ec
iatio
n
s
to
s
u
it
th
eir
cu
s
to
m
er
s
'
L
Ps
.
Al
s
o
,
th
ese
L
Ps
wer
e
u
s
ed
as
a
r
ef
er
en
ce
f
o
r
d
ev
el
o
p
in
g
s
o
m
e
o
f
th
e
D
SM
tech
n
iq
u
es.
I
n
f
o
u
r
o
f
Sty
lo
Pv
t.
L
td
.
'
s
s
ites
in
Pak
is
tan
,
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
s
y
s
tem
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
s
en
d
in
g
d
ir
ec
ti
v
es
an
d
tr
ac
k
in
g
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
u
tili
ty
'
s
elec
tr
icity
was im
p
lem
en
ted
an
d
ass
ess
ed
.
T
h
e
h
y
b
r
i
d
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
wh
ich
was
p
r
esen
ted
b
y
Sh
r
ee
n
id
h
i
an
d
R
am
aiah
[
2
4
]
,
was
an
o
p
tim
al
lo
ad
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
t
h
at
m
an
ag
es
an
d
s
h
if
ts
th
e
co
n
s
u
m
er
'
s
lo
ad
,
lo
wer
in
g
th
e
elec
tr
icity
b
ill
in
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
B
y
ac
cu
r
ately
p
r
ed
ictin
g
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
p
r
icin
g
s
ig
n
al
u
s
in
g
th
e
DR
p
r
icin
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
th
is
m
o
d
el'
s
f
o
r
ec
aster
s
ch
em
e
f
ac
ilit
ates
th
e
m
o
s
t
co
n
v
en
ien
t
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ical
d
ec
i
s
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
.
B
ased
o
n
an
tici
p
ated
f
u
tu
r
e
p
r
ices,
th
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
p
lan
s
th
e
ap
p
lian
ce
s
'
p
o
wer
u
s
ag
e
h
ab
its
.
T
h
is
r
ed
u
ce
s
PA
R
an
d
b
ill
p
ay
m
en
ts
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
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eme
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r
t g
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id
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u
s
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g
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tern
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o
f th
in
g
s
an
d
…
(
Ma
n
ju
Ja
y
a
ku
ma
r
R
a
g
h
vin
)
701
th
r
o
u
g
h
elec
tr
icity
wh
ile
en
h
a
n
cin
g
u
s
er
co
m
f
o
r
t
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
cu
s
to
m
er
s
with
h
o
u
s
eh
o
l
d
lo
ad
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
ch
allen
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es.
A
co
m
f
o
r
t
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d
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o
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tim
izatio
n
-
b
ased
DSM
s
ch
ed
u
ler
an
d
E
M
co
n
t
r
o
ller
f
o
r
a
s
m
ar
t
h
o
m
e
(
SH)
h
as
b
ee
n
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
b
y
Ali
et
a
l.
[
2
5
]
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
DSM,
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
SEM
C
d
ev
elo
p
s
an
o
p
er
atio
n
al
s
tr
ateg
y
c
o
n
s
id
er
i
n
g
co
m
f
o
r
t
an
d
u
s
er
-
ce
n
tr
icit
y
.
C
u
s
to
m
er
s
ca
n
s
av
e
en
er
g
y
ex
p
en
s
es,
ca
r
b
o
n
em
is
s
io
n
s
,
an
d
PAR
,
as
well
as
en
h
an
ce
th
eir
th
er
m
al,
lig
h
tin
g
,
as
well
as
a
p
p
lian
ce
u
s
a
g
e
p
r
e
f
er
en
ce
s
b
y
u
s
in
g
th
e
cr
ea
ted
ap
p
lian
ce
o
p
er
atin
g
p
lan
.
A
SH
E
M
s
y
s
tem
with
r
ea
l
-
ti
m
e
p
r
icin
g
-
b
ased
DR
f
o
r
o
p
ti
m
al
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
b
atter
ies,
E
Vs,
an
d
DG
b
ased
o
n
R
E
S
to
m
itig
ate
th
e
d
ep
en
d
e
n
cy
o
n
th
e
g
r
id
h
as
b
ee
n
estab
lis
h
ed
b
y
Kan
a
k
ad
h
u
r
g
a
an
d
Pra
b
ah
ar
an
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
e
SH
co
m
p
r
is
es
1
8
SH
ap
p
lian
ce
s
an
d
an
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
(
E
V)
.
E
ith
e
r
V2
G
o
r
G2
V
m
o
d
e
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
with
t
h
e
E
V.
T
h
e
r
m
al
a
n
d
elec
tr
ical
lo
a
d
s
wer
e
th
e
two
ca
teg
o
r
ies
in
to
wh
ich
th
e
SH's
ap
p
lian
ce
s
wer
e
d
iv
id
ed
.
T
h
e
b
in
ar
y
PS
O
(
B
PS
O)
m
eth
o
d
was
u
s
ed
to
s
ch
ed
u
le
th
e
wo
r
k
in
g
tim
e
s
lo
ts
an
d
d
u
r
atio
n
s
o
f
ea
ch
s
m
ar
t
ap
p
lian
ce
,
tak
in
g
i
n
to
ac
co
u
n
t
th
e
tar
if
f
,
a
v
ailab
i
lity
o
f
s
to
r
ag
e
d
ev
ices,
an
d
DGs,
all
with
o
u
t
co
m
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
u
s
er
p
r
ef
e
r
en
c
es.
T
h
e
s
u
g
g
ested
tech
n
i
q
u
e
will
lo
wer
th
e
n
et
C
OE
b
y
m
in
im
izin
g
th
e
SH'
s
r
elian
ce
o
n
th
e
g
r
id
i
n
e
v
er
y
tim
e
s
lo
t.
T
h
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
wa
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
b
y
in
v
esti
g
atin
g
s
o
m
e
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
v
a
r
io
u
s
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
s
o
f
r
en
ewa
b
le
-
b
ased
DGs,
in
clu
d
in
g
W
T
,
PV,
an
d
b
atter
y
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
s
(
B
E
SS
)
with
in
th
e
SH.
A
n
i
n
t
e
l
li
g
e
n
t
e
l
ec
t
r
o
m
a
g
n
e
t
i
c
s
y
s
te
m
f
o
r
a
s
m
a
r
t
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
w
a
s
p
r
es
e
n
t
e
d
b
y
S
al
e
e
m
e
t
a
l
.
[
2
7
]
.
T
o
e
n
s
u
r
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
DS
M
,
it
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
e
d
t
h
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
w
i
t
h
a
n
I
o
T
m
i
d
d
l
e
w
a
r
e
m
o
d
u
l
e
.
W
i
t
h
e
ac
h
a
p
p
l
i
a
n
c
e
,
i
t
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
a
n
e
n
e
r
g
y
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
—
a
n
I
o
T
d
e
v
i
c
e
c
o
m
p
r
i
s
i
n
g
a
s
e
r
i
e
s
o
f
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
a
n
d
a
c
t
u
a
t
o
r
s
.
T
o
m
a
x
i
m
i
z
e
t
h
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
u
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
a
i
r
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
i
n
g
s
y
s
t
e
m
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
b
u
i
l
d
in
g
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
d
y
n
a
m
i
c
s
a
n
d
e
x
t
e
r
n
a
l
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
,
it
c
o
l
l
e
ct
s
d
at
a
o
n
en
e
r
g
y
u
s
e
f
r
o
m
a
l
l
t
h
e
s
m
a
r
t
d
ev
i
c
e
s
a
c
r
o
s
s
a
s
e
r
ie
s
o
f
ti
m
e
d
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
.
EM
in
S
G
s
h
a
s
b
ee
n
w
id
e
ly
e
x
p
lo
r
ed
u
s
in
g
tr
ad
i
tio
n
al
o
p
ti
m
iz
at
io
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
s
u
ch
a
s
GA,
PS
O,
an
d
A
C
O
.
W
h
il
e
th
e
s
e
m
eth
o
d
s
h
av
e
d
em
o
n
s
t
r
at
ed
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
s
in
lo
a
d
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
an
d
co
s
t
r
ed
u
c
tio
n
,
th
ey
r
em
a
in
co
n
s
tr
a
in
ed
b
y
s
in
g
le
-
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
f
o
r
m
u
la
ti
o
n
s
,
s
t
at
ic
s
c
h
ed
u
lin
g
a
s
s
u
m
p
tio
n
s
,
an
d
w
ea
k
ad
ap
tab
il
ity
to
r
en
ew
ab
l
e
f
l
u
ctu
at
io
n
s
.
Mo
r
e
r
e
ce
n
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
,
s
u
ch
a
s
W
B
F
A
an
d
ME
HO
A,
h
av
e
im
p
r
o
v
ed
o
p
t
im
i
za
tio
n
ef
f
i
ci
en
cy
b
u
t
s
t
il
l
s
tr
u
g
g
le
wi
th
s
ca
l
ab
i
l
ity
,
f
o
r
ec
a
s
t
in
g
p
r
e
ci
s
i
o
n
,
an
d
in
t
eg
r
a
t
io
n
wi
th
r
en
e
wab
le
-
r
ic
h
,
I
o
T
-
en
ab
le
d
g
r
id
s
.
T
o
o
v
er
co
m
e
t
h
es
e
ch
al
len
g
e
s
,
th
i
s
s
tu
d
y
i
n
tr
o
d
u
c
e
s
a
h
y
b
r
id
en
er
g
y
v
a
ll
ey
o
p
t
im
i
ze
r
-
p
y
r
am
id
al
d
i
la
t
io
n
at
ten
tio
n
co
n
v
o
lu
t
io
n
al
n
eu
r
al
n
e
t
wo
r
k
(
E
VO
-
P
DA
C
N
N
)
f
r
am
e
wo
r
k
th
a
t
in
teg
r
at
e
s
P
DA
C
NN
f
o
r
ac
cu
r
a
te
f
o
r
ec
as
tin
g
wi
th
th
e
en
e
r
g
y
v
a
ll
ey
o
p
tim
iz
er
(
E
VO
)
f
o
r
ad
ap
tiv
e
m
u
l
ti
-
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
o
p
t
im
i
za
tio
n
.
T
h
i
s
p
ap
er
s
h
o
w
s
th
a
t
co
m
b
in
in
g
d
ee
p
l
ea
r
n
in
g
(
D
L
)
-
b
a
s
ed
f
o
r
ec
as
t
in
g
wi
th
ad
ap
t
iv
e
o
p
tim
iz
at
io
n
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
s
a
s
c
al
ab
l
e
a
s
we
l
l
a
s
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
s
o
lu
t
i
o
n
to
ad
d
r
e
s
s
t
h
e
lim
i
ta
tio
n
s
o
f
ex
is
t
in
g
ap
p
r
o
a
ch
e
s
,
th
er
eb
y
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
f
o
r
e
ca
s
t
in
g
a
cc
u
r
ac
y
,
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
e
l
ec
t
r
i
ci
ty
co
s
t
s
,
an
d
m
in
i
m
i
zin
g
P
A
R
in
I
o
T
-
en
ab
l
ed
SG
s
.
E
x
is
tin
g
E
M
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
in
I
o
T
-
en
ab
led
SGs
,
s
u
ch
as
GA,
PS
O,
AC
O,
W
B
FA,
an
d
ME
HOA,
s
till
f
ac
e
cr
itical
lim
itatio
n
s
.
T
h
ey
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
o
n
l
y
m
o
d
er
ate
ac
cu
r
ac
y
in
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
d
y
n
am
ic
e
n
er
g
y
d
em
an
d
,
lack
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
to
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
in
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
(
R
E
)
g
en
e
r
atio
n
,
an
d
o
f
ten
in
cu
r
h
ig
h
c
o
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
co
s
ts
,
m
ak
in
g
t
h
em
u
n
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
l
ar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
d
ep
l
o
y
m
en
t.
T
h
ese
is
s
u
es
h
in
d
er
th
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
o
f
co
s
t
-
ef
f
icien
t,
s
tab
le,
also
r
esil
ien
t
SG
o
p
er
atio
n
s
.
T
o
a
d
d
r
ess
th
is
p
r
o
b
le
m
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
s
u
g
g
ests
a
h
y
b
r
id
E
VO
-
PDAC
NN
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
th
at
in
teg
r
ates D
L
-
b
ased
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
with
ev
o
lu
ti
o
n
ar
y
o
p
tim
izatio
n
,
aim
i
n
g
to
en
h
an
ce
p
r
ed
ictio
n
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
a
d
ap
tab
ilit
y
,
a
n
d
s
c
h
ed
u
lin
g
ef
f
icien
cy
u
n
d
er
p
r
ice
-
b
ased
DR
.
T
h
e
g
o
al
o
f
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
is
to
a
d
v
an
ce
a
n
in
tellig
e
n
t,
ad
ap
tiv
e,
as
well
as
c
o
m
p
u
tatio
n
ally
ef
f
icien
t
E
M
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
I
o
T
-
en
a
b
led
SGs
th
at
ca
n
ad
d
r
ess
R
E
v
ar
ia
b
ilit
y
an
d
d
y
n
a
m
ic
d
em
an
d
u
n
d
er
p
r
ice
-
b
ased
DR
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
.
T
h
is
wo
r
k
ar
g
u
es
t
h
at
co
m
b
i
n
in
g
PDAC
NN
with
E
VO
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
s
u
p
er
io
r
s
o
lu
tio
n
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
o
p
tim
izatio
n
m
et
h
o
d
s
.
B
y
in
teg
r
atin
g
ac
cu
r
ate
d
em
an
d
p
r
ed
ictio
n
with
ad
ap
ti
v
e
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
,
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
E
VO
-
PDAC
NN
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
ac
h
iev
es
r
ed
u
ce
d
e
lectr
icity
co
s
ts
,
m
in
im
ized
P
AR
,
also
en
h
an
ce
d
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
e
f
f
icien
cy
,
th
er
eb
y
ad
v
an
cin
g
th
e
s
tate
o
f
SG
E
M.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
o
f
f
e
r
s
s
ev
er
al
n
o
v
e
l c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
th
at
ad
v
a
n
ce
E
M
in
I
o
T
-
e
n
ab
led
SGs
:
a.
I
t
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
a
h
y
b
r
i
d
E
VO
-
PDAC
NN
m
o
d
el
co
m
b
in
in
g
th
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
DL
to
m
ak
e
p
r
ed
i
ctio
n
s
with
th
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
ev
o
lu
tio
n
ar
y
o
p
tim
izatio
n
b
ased
o
n
s
tab
ilit
y
in
a
u
n
if
ied
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
,
a
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
ch
an
g
e
o
f
tr
ad
itio
n
al
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m
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ig
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ican
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e
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VO
alg
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ith
m
is
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ap
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lin
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th
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er
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i
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t c
o
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d
itio
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g
en
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tio
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.
d.
T
h
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
ac
h
iev
es
m
o
r
e
s
ca
lab
ilit
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co
n
v
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g
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n
ce
s
p
ee
d
,
an
d
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
to
r
en
ewa
b
le
v
ar
iab
ilit
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th
an
GA,
PS
O,
AC
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W
B
FA,
an
d
ME
HOA
b
ec
a
u
s
e
f
o
r
ec
a
s
tin
g
an
d
o
p
tim
izatio
n
ar
e
in
tim
ately
co
u
p
le
d
as in
ter
d
ep
en
d
e
n
t e
n
titi
es.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
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7
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8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
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m
p
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,
Vo
l.
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6
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2
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Ap
r
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20
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9
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ased
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izatio
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a
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al
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h
itectu
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d
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tem
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ea
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r
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th
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ig
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als,
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y
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im
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p
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ac
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ased
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ly
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o
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izatio
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s
s
g
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id
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ilit
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d
a
d
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s
tin
g
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h
e
b
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r
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u
tp
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t.
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e
th
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l n
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f
th
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itectu
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s
s
ca
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f
lex
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o
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ican
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s
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p
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ad
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m
eth
o
d
s
o
f
h
eu
r
is
ti
c
-
b
ased
o
r
s
in
g
le
-
s
tag
e
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M
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
.
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r
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e
r
,
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
h
as
a
co
n
t
r
ib
u
tio
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b
ey
o
n
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t.
T
h
e
p
r
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ted
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VO
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PDAC
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f
r
am
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k
p
r
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ts
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u
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if
ied
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asti
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tim
izatio
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f
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th
at
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tially
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is
tin
ct
f
r
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m
a
c
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v
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s
eq
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e
n
tial
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h
eu
r
is
tically
-
b
ased
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ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
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y
co
m
b
in
i
n
g
m
u
lti
-
s
ca
le
tem
p
o
r
al
f
ea
tu
r
e
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
with
s
tab
ilit
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g
u
id
ed
ev
o
l
u
tio
n
ar
y
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
,
th
e
m
et
h
o
d
ad
v
an
ce
s
s
cien
tific
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
h
o
w
h
y
b
r
id
AI
m
o
d
els
ca
n
en
h
an
ce
r
esil
ien
ce
,
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
,
a
n
d
ef
f
icien
cy
in
SG
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
.
T
h
is
in
te
g
r
ated
p
e
r
s
p
ec
tiv
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
t
o
th
e
b
r
o
ad
er
f
ield
b
y
o
f
f
er
in
g
a
r
ep
licab
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a
n
d
s
c
alab
le
th
eo
r
etica
l f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
f
o
r
n
ex
t
-
g
en
er
atio
n
E
M
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
s
ec
tio
n
s
o
f
th
is
wo
r
k
ar
e
o
r
g
an
ized
as
f
o
llo
w
s
.
Sectio
n
2
ex
p
lain
s
th
e
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
e
o
f
th
e
I
o
T
-
en
a
b
led
E
M
s
y
s
tem
in
SGs
,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
m
o
d
elin
g
o
f
PV,
W
T
,
an
d
B
E
SS
.
Se
ctio
n
3
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u
tlin
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th
e
r
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ch
m
eth
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o
lo
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,
d
ataset
,
an
d
m
o
d
el
tr
ain
in
g
p
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c
ess
,
wh
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Sectio
n
4
ex
p
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s
th
e
wo
r
k
in
g
p
r
in
cip
les
o
f
th
e
PDAC
NN
f
o
r
ec
aster
an
d
E
VO
s
ch
ed
u
ler
.
Sectio
n
5
p
r
esen
ts
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
es
th
e
e
x
p
er
im
en
tal
r
esu
lts
,
in
clu
d
in
g
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
an
aly
s
es
with
GA,
PS
O,
AC
O,
W
B
FA,
an
d
ME
HOA.
Sectio
n
6
c
o
n
clu
d
es
b
y
s
u
m
m
ar
izin
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tco
m
es,
n
o
tin
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lim
itatio
n
s
,
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d
s
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g
g
esti
n
g
i
m
p
licatio
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s
an
d
f
u
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r
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d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
.
2.
ST
RUC
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UR
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O
F
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-
B
AS
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D
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RG
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M
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SM
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Fig
u
r
e
1
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
I
o
T
-
en
ab
led
E
M
s
y
s
tem
in
teg
r
ated
w
ith
th
e
E
VO
-
PDAC
NN
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
with
in
an
SG
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
.
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o
T
s
en
s
o
r
s
m
o
n
ito
r
a
n
d
co
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t
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l
en
e
r
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f
lo
w
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o
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g
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s
o
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r
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s
,
in
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PV
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,
W
T
,
b
atter
ies,
an
d
f
u
el
ce
lls
(
FC
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[
2
8
]
.
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h
is
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
en
ab
les
DR
ad
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s
tm
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ased
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er
g
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alan
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s
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th
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g
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r
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o
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th
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y
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T
tech
n
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g
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ac
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ea
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les
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d
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h
e
SG
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f
r
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r
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en
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r
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o
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n
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m
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e
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lu
ct
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atio
n
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
I
o
T
-
b
ased
E
M
in
an
SG in
teg
r
ated
with
th
e
E
VO
-
P
DACNN a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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&
C
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p
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I
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N:
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izatio
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ical
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/F
C
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s
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r
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ain
ts
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h
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co
m
b
in
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th
e
th
r
ee
m
ain
ch
allen
g
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id
en
tifie
d
ea
r
lier
:
r
en
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b
le
in
ter
m
itten
cy
,
p
ea
k
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
,
an
d
lar
g
e
I
o
T
d
ata
v
o
lu
m
es.
2
.
1
.
M
o
dellin
g
o
f
ph
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ics
PV
s
y
s
tem
m
o
d
elin
g
is
f
u
n
d
a
m
en
tal
f
o
r
p
r
e
d
ictin
g
en
e
r
g
y
o
u
tp
u
t
a
n
d
o
p
tim
izin
g
SG
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Mo
d
elin
g
d
ete
r
m
in
es
th
e
o
p
tim
al
s
o
lar
PV
ce
ll
d
esig
n
,
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
o
v
er
all
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
o
f
th
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
.
Ho
wev
er
,
m
o
d
elin
g
PV
ce
lls
ca
n
b
e
ch
allen
g
in
g
d
u
e
t
o
th
e
in
tr
in
s
ic
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
ity
o
f
th
e
ce
l
l
[
2
9
]
.
E
q
u
atio
n
(
1
)
g
iv
es th
e
to
tal
cu
r
r
e
n
t p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
th
e
s
in
g
le
-
d
io
d
e
PV m
o
d
el:
=
−
−
(
1
)
wh
er
e,
d
en
o
tes
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
th
e
PV,
d
en
o
tes
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
p
ass
in
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
d
io
d
e,
an
d
in
d
icate
s
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
s
h
u
n
t
r
esis
tan
ce
.
T
h
e
e
x
is
tin
g
e
q
u
atio
n
ca
n
b
e
r
ewr
itten
as
(
2
)
b
y
ch
a
n
g
in
g
th
e
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
s
f
o
r
an
d
.
=
−
0
(
(
1
−
1
)
)
−
(
+
)
(
2
)
wh
er
e,
in
d
icate
s
th
e
th
er
m
al
v
o
ltag
e,
1
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
i
d
ea
lity
f
ac
to
r
,
0
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
d
io
d
e
,
d
en
o
te
s
d
io
d
e
leak
ag
e
cu
r
r
en
t,
an
d
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ce
lls
lin
k
ed
in
s
er
ies.
T
h
e
r
elat
io
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
s
h
o
r
t
-
cir
cu
it c
u
r
r
en
t (
SC
C
)
an
d
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
is
g
iv
en
b
y
(
3
)
:
=
(
0
)
[
+
(
−
0
)
]
(
3
)
T
h
e
SC
C
u
n
d
er
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
test
co
n
d
itio
n
s
is
in
d
icate
d
b
y
.
s
tan
d
s
f
o
r
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
co
ef
f
i
cien
t
f
ac
to
r
s
,
wh
ile
an
d
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
,
r
ef
lect
th
e
ac
tu
al
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
a
n
d
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
v
alu
es.
T
h
e
ce
l
l
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
in
Kelv
in
is
d
en
o
ted
b
y
,
an
d
th
e
B
o
ltzm
an
n
co
n
s
tan
t is si
g
n
if
ied
b
y
.
2
.
2
.
M
o
delin
g
o
f
w
ind
W
T
m
o
d
elin
g
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
ass
es
s
in
g
R
E
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
,
a
s
o
u
tp
u
t
d
ep
e
n
d
s
o
n
win
d
s
p
ee
d
(
W
S)
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
an
d
tu
r
b
in
e
p
a
r
am
eter
s
.
T
h
e
s
p
ee
d
o
f
th
e
wi
n
d
an
d
th
e
ar
ea
it
b
lo
ws
ac
r
o
s
s
af
f
ec
t
h
o
w
m
u
ch
p
o
wer
a
W
T
ca
n
p
r
o
d
u
ce
[
3
0
]
.
E
q
u
atio
n
(
4
)
is
u
s
ed
t
o
ca
lcu
l
ate
a
W
T
's p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t:
(
)
=
{
0
(
)
≤
(
)
≥
(
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−
−
<
(
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<
≤
(
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<
(
4
)
wh
er
e,
(
)
,
,
,
an
d
s
tan
d
f
o
r
th
e
W
S
at
th
e
n
ec
es
s
ar
y
h
eig
h
t,
t
h
e
cu
t
-
in
an
d
cu
t
-
o
f
f
s
p
ee
d
s
,
th
e
r
ated
W
S,
an
d
th
e
r
ated
p
o
wer
o
f
W
T
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
E
q
u
atio
n
(
5
)
r
e
p
r
esen
ts
W
S
'
s
p
r
o
b
ab
il
ity
d
en
s
ity
f
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n
ctio
n
(
PDF):
(
1
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(
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wh
er
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r
ep
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esen
t
th
e
W
S
PD
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1
an
d
2
in
d
icate
s
an
y
2
W
S
.
T
h
e
W
eib
u
ll
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
u
s
ed
f
o
r
W
S
m
o
d
elin
g
is
g
iv
e
n
in
(
6
)
:
=
(
)
−
1
(
(
)
)
(
6
)
wh
er
e
,
also
ar
e
th
e
s
h
a
p
e
p
ar
am
eter
,
s
ca
le
p
ar
am
eter
,
as
well
as
W
S,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
e
W
S
at
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
h
eig
h
t is ca
lcu
lated
u
s
in
g
(
7
)
:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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2
0
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8
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I
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1
6
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No
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2
,
Ap
r
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2
6
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6
9
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0
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0
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wh
er
e,
th
e
W
S a
t th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
h
eig
h
t is sh
o
wn
b
y
,
0
,
an
d
α
.
T
h
e
f
r
ictio
n
co
e
f
f
icien
t is d
en
o
ted
b
y
0
,
an
d
th
e
W
S a
t r
ef
er
en
ce
h
eig
h
t b
y
.
T
h
e
to
tal
W
P g
en
er
ated
(
)
b
y
W
T
is
g
iv
en
b
y
(
8
)
:
(
)
=
(
)
(
8
)
wh
er
e,
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
W
T
.
2
.
3
.
M
o
delin
g
o
f
b
a
t
t
er
y
B
atter
y
s
to
r
ag
e
(
B
S)
m
o
d
elin
g
p
la
y
s
a
v
ital
r
o
le
in
b
ala
n
cin
g
R
E
v
a
r
iab
ilit
y
,
also
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
a
n
u
n
in
ter
r
u
p
ted
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
i
n
SGs
.
B
ec
au
s
e
W
S
an
d
ir
r
e
g
u
lar
s
o
lar
r
a
d
iatio
n
ca
n
af
f
e
ct
p
o
wer
g
e
n
er
atio
n
,
b
ac
k
u
p
E
Ss
s
u
ch
as
lith
iu
m
-
b
ased
an
d
lead
-
ac
id
b
atter
ies
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
ep
l
o
y
ed
.
L
a
r
g
e
-
s
ca
le
E
n
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
(
E
SS
)
em
p
lo
y
s
th
ese
b
atter
ies
d
u
e
to
th
eir
af
f
o
r
d
ab
ilit
y
,
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
,
an
d
ea
s
e
o
f
u
s
e.
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
d
ay
s
with
o
u
t
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
f
r
o
m
p
o
wer
s
o
u
r
ce
s
is
s
h
o
wn
b
y
th
e
B
S,
wh
ich
i
s
m
o
d
if
ied
to
m
ee
t
lo
ad
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
.
T
h
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
b
a
tter
y
ca
p
ac
ity
f
o
r
a
g
i
v
en
lo
a
d
d
em
an
d
is
ca
lcu
lated
u
s
in
g
(
9
)
:
=
(
∗
)
(
∗
∗
)
(
9
)
wh
er
e,
s
tan
d
s
f
o
r
b
atter
y
ca
p
a
city
,
f
o
r
lo
a
d
d
em
an
d
,
f
o
r
d
ep
th
o
f
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
,
an
d
f
o
r
b
atte
r
y
an
d
in
v
er
ter
e
f
f
icien
cy
.
T
h
e
B
E
SS
f
o
r
m
u
latio
n
is
em
p
lo
y
ed
.
T
h
e
g
o
al
o
f
d
ev
el
o
p
in
g
h
y
b
r
id
PV/W
T
an
d
B
E
SS
i
s
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
b
o
th
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
an
d
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ical
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
at
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e.
3.
M
E
T
H
O
DS
3
.
1
.
St
a
nd
a
rd
a
nd
no
v
el
a
pp
ro
a
ches
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
in
teg
r
ates
b
o
th
s
tan
d
ar
d
a
n
d
n
o
v
el
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
to
en
s
u
r
e
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
ical
s
o
u
n
d
n
ess
an
d
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
e
o
r
ig
in
ality
o
f
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
.
On
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
id
e,
well
-
estab
lis
h
ed
m
o
d
els
wer
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
PV,
W
T
,
an
d
B
E
SS
,
as
th
ese
f
o
r
m
u
latio
n
s
ar
e
wid
ely
v
alid
ated
in
R
E
r
esea
r
ch
a
n
d
ac
cu
r
ately
ca
p
tu
r
e
s
y
s
tem
d
y
n
am
ics
u
n
d
er
v
a
r
y
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
A
b
en
ch
m
ar
k
d
ataset
o
f
elec
tr
ici
ty
p
r
ices
a
n
d
l
o
ad
d
em
an
d
f
r
o
m
Sep
tem
b
e
r
2
0
0
6
to
Au
g
u
s
t
2
0
0
7
was
em
p
lo
y
ed
,
as
it
is
f
r
e
q
u
en
tly
u
s
ed
in
SG
s
tu
d
ies
an
d
ca
p
tu
r
es
d
aily
,
wee
k
ly
,
an
d
s
e
aso
n
al
v
ar
iatio
n
s
r
elev
an
t
to
DR
ev
alu
atio
n
.
C
o
n
v
en
tio
n
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
s
u
ch
as
GA,
PS
O,
AC
O,
ME
HOA,
an
d
W
B
FA
wer
e
im
p
lem
en
ted
as
b
aselin
e
m
eth
o
d
s
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
a
s
tr
o
n
g
r
ef
er
en
ce
p
o
in
t
f
o
r
c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
.
T
h
e
n
o
v
el
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
th
is
wo
r
k
is
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
E
VO
-
PDAC
NN
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
,
wh
e
r
e
th
e
PDAC
NN
en
h
an
ce
s
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
ac
cu
r
ac
y
b
y
ca
p
tu
r
in
g
l
o
n
g
-
ter
m
tem
p
o
r
al
d
ep
e
n
d
en
c
ies
an
d
p
r
io
r
itizin
g
cr
itical
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
-
p
r
ice
f
ea
tu
r
es,
wh
ile
th
e
E
VO
a
d
ap
tiv
e
ly
b
alan
ce
s
p
ea
k
an
d
v
alley
d
em
an
d
t
o
m
i
n
im
ize
co
s
t
an
d
PAR
.
T
o
g
eth
er
,
th
ese
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
v
er
c
o
m
e
t
h
e
s
c
alab
ilit
y
,
ad
ap
ta
b
ilit
y
,
an
d
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
lim
itatio
n
s
o
f
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
m
et
h
o
d
s
i
n
I
o
T
-
en
ab
led
SGs
.
Valid
ity
o
f
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
is
s
u
p
p
o
r
te
d
b
y
th
r
ee
asp
ec
ts
:
i)
r
elian
ce
o
n
wid
ely
ac
ce
p
te
d
s
y
s
tem
m
o
d
els
an
d
a
b
en
ch
m
ar
k
d
ataset
en
s
u
r
es
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
co
m
p
a
r
ab
ilit
y
,
ii)
b
en
ch
m
ar
k
in
g
a
g
ain
s
t
estab
lis
h
ed
o
p
tim
izatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
p
r
o
v
id
es
f
air
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
ev
alu
atio
n
,
an
d
iii)
ass
e
s
s
m
en
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
r
o
b
u
s
t
m
etr
ics
(
r
o
o
t
m
ea
n
s
q
u
ar
e
er
r
o
r
(
R
MSE
)
,
m
ea
n
ab
s
o
lu
te
e
r
r
o
r
(
MA
E
)
,
m
ea
n
s
q
u
ar
ed
er
r
o
r
(
MSE
)
,
PAR
r
e
d
u
ctio
n
,
c
o
s
t
r
ed
u
ctio
n
,
c
o
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
tim
e)
an
d
s
tatis
tical
v
alid
atio
n
co
n
f
ir
m
s
th
at
th
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
ac
h
iev
e
d
b
y
th
e
E
VO
-
PDAC
NN
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
ar
e
b
o
th
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t a
n
d
r
eliab
le.
3
.
2
.
Da
t
a
s
et
d
escript
io
n
T
h
e
d
ataset
u
s
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
h
is
to
r
ical
lo
ad
an
d
p
r
ice
d
ata,
en
ab
lin
g
ac
cu
r
a
te
tr
ain
in
g
,
v
alid
atio
n
,
a
n
d
test
in
g
o
f
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
E
VO
-
PDAC
NN
m
o
d
el.
Fo
r
tr
ain
i
n
g
,
v
alid
ati
n
g
,
a
n
d
test
in
g
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
E
VO
-
PDAC
N
N
m
o
d
el
to
s
o
lv
e
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
s
p
ec
if
ic
o
p
tim
izatio
n
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
I
o
T
-
b
ased
E
M
u
n
d
er
p
r
ice
-
b
ased
DR
,
th
is
wo
r
k
em
p
lo
y
s
a
d
ataset
co
n
tai
n
in
g
p
o
wer
p
r
ices
an
d
lo
ad
d
ata
f
r
o
m
Sep
tem
b
er
2
0
0
6
to
A
u
g
u
s
t
2
0
0
7
.
W
h
ile
t
h
e
tr
ain
in
g
d
ata
s
et
is
f
r
o
m
Se
p
tem
b
er
2
0
0
6
to
Ma
y
2
0
0
7
,
w
h
ich
is
u
s
ed
to
tr
ain
th
e
m
o
d
el
a
n
d
e
x
tr
ac
t
p
atter
n
s
b
etwe
en
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
an
d
p
r
icin
g
,
th
e
v
alid
ate
d
a
taset
is
f
r
o
m
J
u
n
e
2
0
0
7
to
J
u
ly
2
0
0
7
to
ch
ec
k
f
o
r
m
o
d
el
g
en
e
r
aliza
tio
n
an
d
p
r
ev
en
t
o
v
er
f
itti
n
g
;
th
e
test
d
ata
s
et
is
f
o
r
Au
g
u
s
t
2
0
0
7
t
o
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
m
o
d
el'
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
n
d
ata
th
at
it
h
a
s
n
o
t
s
ee
n
b
ef
o
r
e
a
n
d
en
s
u
r
e
t
h
at
th
e
m
o
d
el
d
o
es,
in
f
ac
t,
wo
r
k
f
o
r
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
f
o
r
ec
asts
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
d
ataset
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
es
ch
an
g
es
in
en
er
g
y
d
em
an
d
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
h
o
u
r
s
o
f
th
e
d
ay
,
wee
k
d
ay
s
/wee
k
en
d
s
,
an
d
s
e
aso
n
s
,
wh
ich
is
g
o
o
d
f
o
r
ev
al
u
atin
g
DR
in
SGs
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
E
VO
-
PDAC
NN
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
b
r
in
g
s
less
er
r
o
r
in
e
n
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
an
d
p
r
ice
p
r
ed
ict
io
n
th
an
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
ap
p
r
o
a
ch
es
an
d
,
th
er
ef
o
r
e
,
co
u
ld
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
m
o
r
e
ac
cu
r
ate.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
E
n
erg
y
ma
n
a
g
eme
n
t i
n
s
ma
r
t g
r
id
s
u
s
in
g
in
tern
et
o
f th
in
g
s
an
d
…
(
Ma
n
ju
Ja
y
a
ku
ma
r
R
a
g
h
vin
)
705
3
.
3
.
M
o
del
t
ra
ini
ng
T
h
e
tr
ain
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
teg
r
at
es
PDA
C
NN
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
wit
h
E
VO
o
p
tim
izatio
n
,
en
s
u
r
i
n
g
ac
cu
r
ate
p
r
ed
ictio
n
s
an
d
ef
f
icien
t
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
u
n
d
e
r
d
y
n
a
m
ic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
in
p
u
t
tim
e
-
s
er
ies
d
ata
u
n
d
er
g
o
es
Min
-
Ma
x
n
o
r
m
aliza
tio
n
to
s
c
ale
v
alu
es
with
in
[
0
,
1
]
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
s
tab
le
tr
ain
in
g
.
T
h
e
d
ata
s
et
is
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
s
u
b
g
r
o
u
p
s
f
o
r
tr
ai
n
in
g
(
7
0
%)
an
d
test
in
g
(
1
5
%),
an
d
v
alid
at
io
n
(
1
5
%).
T
h
e
PDAC
NN
m
o
d
el
is
tr
ain
ed
u
s
in
g
th
e
Ad
am
o
p
tim
izer
with
a
b
a
tch
s
ize
o
f
6
4
an
d
a
lea
r
n
in
g
r
ate
o
f
0
.
0
0
1
f
o
r
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
ef
f
icien
cy
,
with
MSE
s
er
v
in
g
as
t
h
e
lo
s
s
f
u
n
ctio
n
.
Simu
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
,
th
e
E
VO
r
u
n
s
in
p
ar
allel,
o
p
tim
izin
g
h
y
p
er
p
a
r
am
eter
s
b
y
ev
alu
atin
g
th
e
MA
PE
af
ter
ea
ch
tr
ain
in
g
iter
atio
n
.
On
ce
o
p
tim
izatio
n
is
co
m
p
lete,
t
h
e
b
est
E
VO
-
tu
n
ed
PDAC
N
N
m
o
d
el
is
test
ed
o
n
u
n
s
ee
n
d
ata,
with
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ass
ess
ed
u
s
in
g
R
MSE
,
MA
E
,
an
d
MA
PE,
en
s
u
r
in
g
r
o
b
u
s
t g
e
n
er
aliza
tio
n
.
3
.
4
.
E
x
perim
ent
a
l
p
ro
ce
du
r
e
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
was
co
n
d
u
cte
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
d
f
iv
e
-
s
tep
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e.
First,
a
b
en
ch
m
a
r
k
d
ataset
o
f
elec
tr
icity
p
r
ice
an
d
lo
ad
(
S
ep
tem
b
er
2
0
0
6
-
Au
g
u
s
t
2
0
0
7
)
was
co
llected
,
p
r
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
to
h
an
d
le
m
is
s
in
g
v
alu
es,
n
o
r
m
alize
d
,
an
d
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
tr
ain
in
g
,
v
alid
atio
n
,
also
test
in
g
s
e
ts
.
Seco
n
d
,
s
tan
d
ar
d
m
o
d
els
f
o
r
PV,
win
d
,
an
d
b
atter
y
s
y
s
tem
s
we
r
e
im
p
lem
en
ted
to
s
im
u
late
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
g
en
er
atio
n
an
d
s
to
r
a
g
e
d
y
n
am
ics.
T
h
ir
d
,
th
e
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
s
tag
e
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
PDAC
NN,
wh
ich
was
tr
ai
n
ed
a
n
d
v
alid
ated
to
ca
p
tu
r
e
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
-
p
r
ice
p
atter
n
s
with
h
i
g
h
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
.
Fo
u
r
th
,
th
e
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
s
tag
e
ap
p
lied
th
e
E
VO,
wh
ich
iter
ativ
ely
r
ef
in
e
d
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
to
b
alan
ce
p
ea
k
an
d
v
alley
d
e
m
an
d
an
d
m
in
im
ize
elec
tr
icity
co
s
ts
.
F
in
ally
,
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
was
ev
alu
ated
o
n
th
e
test
s
et
u
s
in
g
wid
ely
ac
ce
p
ted
er
r
o
r
m
etr
ics
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
in
d
icat
o
r
s
,
an
d
ex
p
e
r
im
en
ts
wer
e
r
ep
ea
ted
m
u
ltip
le
tim
es with
s
tatis
t
ical
test
in
g
to
co
n
f
ir
m
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
a
n
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
r
esu
lts
.
4.
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
H
YB
R
I
D
E
VO
-
P
DACN
N
AP
P
RO
ACH
T
h
e
en
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t
o
f
E
M
in
S
G
with
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
H
y
b
r
id
E
VO
-
PDAC
NN
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
te
g
r
ates
I
o
T
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
with
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
as
well
as
o
p
tim
izatio
n
m
et
h
o
d
s
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
in
v
o
lv
es
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
PDAC
N
N
f
o
r
an
ac
cu
r
ate
f
o
r
ec
ast
o
n
en
er
g
y
d
em
a
n
d
with
th
e
h
elp
o
f
m
o
n
ito
r
s
an
d
I
o
T
s
en
s
o
r
s
to
ca
p
tu
r
e
co
m
p
lex
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
p
atter
n
s
.
On
ce
th
e
d
em
a
n
d
is
d
er
i
v
ed
,
th
e
E
VO
o
p
tim
ally
tim
es
th
e
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
o
f
en
er
g
y
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
with
th
e
i
n
ten
t
o
f
cu
ttin
g
t
h
e
PAR
co
s
t
as
well.
T
h
e
ex
p
lan
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
m
eth
o
d
,
s
tep
b
y
s
tep
,
is
p
r
o
v
id
ed
.
4
.
1
.
P
y
ra
m
ida
l
dil
a
t
io
n a
t
t
e
ntio
n c
o
nv
o
lutio
na
l neura
l net
wo
rk
T
h
e
PDAC
NN
is
em
p
lo
y
ed
as
a
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
m
o
d
el
to
ca
p
t
u
r
e
co
m
p
lex
tem
p
o
r
al
d
e
p
en
d
en
cies
in
en
er
g
y
d
em
an
d
an
d
p
r
ice
s
ig
n
als.
Data
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
o
f
PD
AC
NN
tak
es
ad
v
an
tag
e
o
f
th
r
ee
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
o
f
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
,
i
n
clu
d
in
g
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
p
y
r
am
id
a
n
d
d
ilatio
n
,
an
d
last
ly
th
e
atten
tio
n
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
T
h
e
s
am
e
f
ea
tu
r
e
o
f
th
e
p
y
r
am
id
al
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
en
ab
les
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
t
o
p
r
o
ce
s
s
d
ata
o
f
an
y
s
ize
f
o
r
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
d
is
co
v
er
in
g
f
in
e
-
g
r
ain
ed
an
d
also
m
o
r
e
ab
s
tr
ac
t
f
ea
tu
r
es
[
3
1
]
.
T
h
e
m
u
lti
-
s
ca
le
tech
n
iq
u
e
is
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
an
ef
f
icien
t
an
aly
s
is
f
o
r
m
u
ltip
le
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as
s
ig
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
an
d
o
th
er
tim
e
s
er
ies
an
aly
s
is
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
B
y
d
ila
tio
n
,
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
g
ets
en
lar
g
ed
co
n
tex
t
awa
r
en
ess
,
b
u
t
wi
th
o
u
t
ad
d
in
g
e
x
tr
a
p
ar
am
eter
s
to
th
e
m
o
d
el.
PDAC
NN
ca
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
ad
ju
s
t
th
e
d
ilatio
n
r
ates
with
in
p
y
r
a
m
id
lev
els
to
h
a
n
d
le
d
ata
h
av
i
n
g
v
ar
io
u
s
in
p
u
t
s
i
ze
s
,
wh
ich
m
a
k
es
th
is
m
o
d
e
l
id
ea
l
f
o
r
s
ev
er
al
p
r
o
b
lem
s
th
at
h
av
e
in
tr
icate
p
atter
n
s
.
Du
e
t
o
its
h
ig
h
s
ca
l
ab
ilit
y
an
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
ca
p
ac
it
y
,
PDAC
NN
s
u
cc
ee
d
s
at
h
an
d
lin
g
b
i
g
I
o
T
d
ata
s
tr
ea
m
s
to
m
ax
im
ize
en
er
g
y
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
ef
f
icien
c
y
as
wel
l
as
m
in
im
ize
ex
p
en
s
es
s
tem
m
in
g
f
r
o
m
v
ar
iab
le
p
r
icin
g
.
A
d
d
itio
n
ally
,
its
v
er
s
atility
allo
ws
PDA
C
NN
to
b
e
ad
ap
ted
to
v
ar
i
o
u
s
SG
s
ce
n
ar
i
o
s
,
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
b
o
th
o
p
er
atio
n
al
e
f
f
icien
cy
a
n
d
c
o
n
s
u
m
er
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
b
y
alig
n
in
g
en
er
g
y
d
em
an
d
with
p
r
ice
s
ig
n
als.
=
1
1
∧
2
2
∧
3
3
∧
.
.
.
.
.
.
∧
(
1
0
)
wh
er
e,
=
2
1
in
d
icate
s
d
ilated
f
ac
to
r
f
o
r
th
e
s
tack
in
g
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f
s
u
b
d
ilated
co
n
v
o
lu
tio
n
al
lay
er
(
S
DC
L
)
an
d
d
en
o
tes th
e
ℎ
PDC
lay
er
,
r
ep
r
e
s
en
ts
ℎ
SDC
L
,
as we
ll a
s
d
en
o
t
es
ℎ
PD
C
co
atin
g
.
T
h
e
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
f
o
r
s
p
ec
tr
al
atten
tio
n
is
s
h
o
wn
in
(
1
1
)
.
′
=
(
,
)
=
,
=
1
,
.
.
.
,
(
1
1
)
wh
er
e,
d
en
o
tes
th
e
s
u
m
o
f
a
ll
p
o
s
s
ib
le
p
o
o
ls
,
av
er
ag
e
p
o
o
lin
g
,
a
n
d
(
,
)
s
ig
n
if
ies
s
p
ec
tr
al
-
wis
e
m
u
ltip
licatio
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
f
ea
tu
r
e
m
ap
also
th
e
s
ca
lar
.
I
n
te
r
m
s
o
f
s
p
atial
atten
tio
n
,
th
e
s
ig
m
o
id
ac
tiv
atio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
u
t
ilized
f
o
r
th
e
g
lo
b
al
av
e
r
ag
e
p
o
o
lin
g
an
d
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
o
lin
g
o
f
th
e
in
p
u
t
d
ata
is
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
(
1
2
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
6
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il
20
2
6
:
6
9
9
-
716
706
=
(
[
,
]
∗
)
(
1
2
)
wh
er
e,
d
en
o
tes
lear
n
ab
le
b
u
il
t
-
in
p
ar
a
m
eter
th
at
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
co
n
v
o
lu
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Fo
r
e
v
er
y
s
am
p
le
(
x
i
)
,
a
p
r
ed
icted
o
n
e
-
h
o
t
lab
el
̂
ca
n
b
e
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
u
s
in
g
th
e
PDAC
n
etwo
r
k
'
s
p
r
ed
ictio
n
o
f
u
n
lab
eled
d
ata.
SP
L
u
s
es (
1
3
)
to
g
iv
e
ea
ch
s
am
p
le
a
weig
h
t
:
,
(
,
;
)
=
∑
(
̂
,
ℎ
(
,
)
)
=
1
−
∑
=
1
0
≤
≤
1
,
=
1
,
.
.
.
.
.
,
(
1
3
)
I
n
th
e
m
o
d
el,
in
d
icate
s
a
p
ar
a
m
eter
.
W
eig
h
t
r
ep
r
esen
ts
s
im
p
le
to
o
b
tain
,
as sh
o
wn
in
(
1
4
)
.
=
{
1
,
(
̂
,
ℎ
(
,
)
)
<
0
,
ℎ
}
(
1
4
)
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t is cr
ea
ted
b
y
c
o
m
b
in
i
n
g
th
e
r
esu
lts
as we
ll a
s
th
en
f
ee
d
in
g
th
em
in
t
o
th
e
co
n
v
o
lu
tio
n
lay
er
.
Hy
p
e
r
p
ar
am
eter
o
f
PD
AC
NN
i
s
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
ab
le
1
.
PDAC
NN
h
y
p
er
p
ar
a
m
eter
H
y
p
e
r
p
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
V
a
l
u
e
K
e
r
n
e
l
s
i
z
e
3
×
3
D
i
l
a
t
i
o
n
r
a
t
e
s
[
1
,
2
,
4
,
8
]
Le
a
r
n
i
n
g
r
a
t
e
10
-
3
B
a
t
c
h
s
i
z
e
64
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
e
p
o
c
h
s
1
0
0
4
.
2
.
E
nerg
y
v
a
lley
o
pti
m
izer
T
h
e
E
VO
s
er
v
es
as
an
ad
ap
tiv
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
th
at
b
alan
ce
s
s
u
p
p
ly
an
d
d
em
an
d
b
y
m
in
im
izin
g
co
s
t,
PAR
,
an
d
s
y
s
tem
in
s
tab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
E
VO
is
a
s
o
p
h
is
ticated
o
p
tim
izatio
n
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
th
at
m
an
ag
es
en
e
r
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
s
to
r
ag
e,
an
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
in
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
SG
an
d
h
y
b
r
id
R
E
S
[
3
2
]
.
I
t
ad
d
r
ess
es
th
e
ch
allen
g
e
o
f
u
n
ev
en
en
er
g
y
d
em
an
d
,
c
o
m
m
o
n
l
y
k
n
o
wn
as
"v
alley
s
"
d
u
r
in
g
lo
w
d
em
a
n
d
an
d
"p
ea
k
s
"
d
u
r
in
g
h
ig
h
d
em
an
d
,
b
y
u
tili
zin
g
ad
v
an
ce
d
al
g
o
r
ith
m
s
,
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
an
aly
tics
,
an
d
ML
m
o
d
els.
E
VO
also
co
-
o
p
tim
izes
an
E
SS
to
g
eth
er
with
s
ev
er
al
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
R
E
,
s
u
ch
as
win
d
o
r
s
o
la
r
en
er
g
y
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
th
at
th
e
E
VO
h
as
a
r
an
g
e
o
f
b
en
ef
its
,
f
o
r
ex
am
p
le,
it
h
elp
s
to
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
v
o
lati
lity
in
t
h
e
g
r
id
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t
o
f
E
SS
.
E
VO
also
en
ab
les
th
e
in
te
g
r
atio
n
o
f
in
ter
m
itten
t
R
E
in
m
an
y
ca
s
es
an
d
,
as
a
r
esu
lt,
s
tr
en
g
th
en
s
a
n
d
m
ak
es
th
e
en
e
r
g
y
s
y
s
tem
m
o
r
e
s
e
cu
r
e.
Fin
ally
,
its
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
c
ap
ab
ilit
ies
h
elp
th
e
co
m
p
an
y
to
p
r
ed
ict
en
er
g
y
r
e
q
u
ir
em
en
ts
an
d
th
u
s
h
elp
in
c
u
ttin
g
ex
p
en
s
es
o
v
er
th
e
lo
n
g
er
ter
m
,
as
well
a
s
en
h
an
cin
g
th
e
s
tab
ilit
y
also
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
en
er
g
y
s
u
p
p
ly
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
s
tep
-
by
-
s
tep
p
r
o
ce
s
s
s
h
o
ws
th
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
g
o
f
th
e
ab
o
v
e
-
m
e
n
t
io
n
ed
ar
c
h
itectu
r
e:
Step
1
:
i
n
itializatio
n
Set th
e
in
p
u
t p
ar
a
m
eter
s
,
s
u
ch
as th
e
PV w
in
d
also
th
e
b
atter
y
'
s
v
o
ltag
e,
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t.
Step
2
:
r
an
d
o
m
g
e
n
er
atio
n
T
h
e
E
VO
in
itializes d
ec
is
io
n
v
ar
iab
les as r
ep
r
esen
ted
in
(
1
5
)
:
=
,
+
.
(
,
−
,
)
,
{
=
1
,
2
,
.
.
.
.
,
.
=
1
,
2
,
.
.
.
.
,
ℎ
(
1
5
)
wh
er
e,
is
th
e
u
n
iv
er
s
e's
to
ta
l
p
ar
ticle
co
u
n
t,
ℎ
is
th
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
,
is
th
e
ℎ
d
ec
is
io
n
v
ar
iab
le
th
at
d
eter
m
i
n
es
th
e
s
tar
tin
g
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
th
e
ℎ
ca
n
d
i
d
ate,
,
,
,
ar
e
th
e
lo
wer
an
d
u
p
p
er
b
o
u
n
d
s
o
f
th
e
ℎ
v
ar
iab
le,
an
d
d
en
o
tes
a
r
an
d
o
m
n
u
m
b
er
in
th
e
r
an
g
e
[
0
,
1
]
with
a
u
n
if
o
r
m
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
.
Step
3
:
f
itn
ess
f
u
n
ctio
n
E
q
u
atio
n
(
1
6
)
illu
s
tr
ates
h
o
w
th
e
E
VO
alg
o
r
ith
m
m
in
im
izes
th
e
o
b
jectiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
iter
ativ
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
.
=
(
)
(
1
6
)
wh
er
e,
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
f
itn
ess
f
u
n
ctio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
E
n
erg
y
ma
n
a
g
eme
n
t i
n
s
ma
r
t g
r
id
s
u
s
in
g
in
tern
et
o
f th
in
g
s
an
d
…
(
Ma
n
ju
Ja
y
a
ku
ma
r
R
a
g
h
vin
)
707
Step
4
:
e
x
p
lo
r
atio
n
p
h
ase
T
h
e
p
o
s
itio
n
u
p
d
ate
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
g
u
id
es
p
ar
ticles
to
war
d
th
e
ce
n
ter
an
d
th
e
m
o
s
t
co
n
s
is
ten
t
p
ar
ticle,
r
ep
licatin
g
th
eir
te
n
d
en
c
y
to
co
n
v
e
r
g
e
to
th
e
s
tab
ilit
y
b
a
n
d
.
Du
r
i
n
g
th
e
ex
p
l
o
r
atio
n
p
h
ase,
th
e
u
p
d
ated
p
o
s
itio
n
is
ca
lcu
lated
u
s
in
g
(
1
7
)
:
1
=
+
(
1
×
−
2
×
)
,
=
1
,
2
,
.
.
.
,
(
1
7
)
wh
er
e,
is
th
e
p
ar
ticle
'
s
p
o
s
itio
n
v
ec
to
r
with
th
e
h
ig
h
est
s
tab
ilit
y
lev
el,
is
th
e
p
ar
ticle
ce
n
ter
'
s
p
o
s
itio
n
v
ec
to
r
,
an
d
is
th
e
ℎ
p
ar
ticle'
s
s
ta
b
ilit
y
lev
el.
Step
5
:
e
x
p
lo
itatio
n
p
h
ase
T
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
ic
ex
p
lo
itatio
n
,
an
ad
d
itio
n
al
lo
ca
t
io
n
u
p
d
ate
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
t
h
e
p
ar
ticles
u
tili
zin
g
b
eta
d
ec
ay
.
I
n
th
e
ex
p
lo
itatio
n
p
h
ase,
th
e
p
o
s
itio
n
u
p
d
ate
(
1
8
)
:
2
=
+
(
3
×
−
4
×
)
,
=
1
,
2
,
.
.
.
.
,
(
1
8
)
wh
er
e,
in
d
icate
s
th
e
p
ar
ticle's
p
o
s
itio
n
v
ec
to
r
with
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
est
lev
el
o
f
s
tab
ilit
y
,
an
d
d
en
o
tes
th
e
p
ar
ticle'
s
n
eig
h
b
o
r
in
g
p
o
s
itio
n
v
ec
to
r
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
ℎ
p
ar
ticle.
T
h
e
n
ew
s
o
lu
tio
n
is
r
ef
i
n
ed
u
s
in
g
(
1
9
)
:
=
+
,
=
1
,
2
,
.
.
.
.
,
(
1
9
)
wh
er
e,
an
d
ar
e
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
an
d
p
r
esen
t
lo
ca
tio
n
v
ec
t
o
r
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
d
ep
icts
th
e
E
VO
alg
o
r
ith
m
’
s
wo
r
k
f
lo
w,
o
p
tim
izin
g
en
er
g
y
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
b
y
b
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a
n
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f
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h
y
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ar
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eter
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s
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ated
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Fig
u
r
e
2
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Flo
wch
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
6
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il
20
2
6
:
6
9
9
-
716
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T
ab
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.
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h
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2
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10
-
5
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r
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o
v
e
r
r
a
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0
.
8
Step
6
:
T
er
m
in
atio
n
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
en
d
s
if
th
e
o
p
tim
al
s
o
lu
tio
n
is
f
o
u
n
d
;
if
n
o
t
,
m
o
v
e
o
n
t
o
s
tep
3
.
C
h
ec
k
th
e
r
e
q
u
ir
em
en
ts
f
o
r
ter
m
in
atio
n
.
5.
RE
SU
L
T
S
AND
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
o
u
tco
m
es
estab
lis
h
th
at
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
E
VO
-
PDAC
NN
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
s
ex
is
tin
g
m
eth
o
d
s
in
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
ac
cu
r
ac
y
an
d
o
p
tim
izatio
n
ef
f
icien
cy
.
B
ased
o
n
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
,
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
s
u
g
g
ested
E
VO
-
PDAC
NN
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
ex
a
m
in
ed
in
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
.
T
h
e
h
y
b
r
id
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
E
VO
an
d
PDAC
NN
f
o
r
E
M
in
th
e
SG
s
y
s
tem
.
I
m
p
lem
en
ted
o
n
MA
T
L
AB
,
th
e
m
eth
o
d
is
ev
alu
ated
with
ex
is
tin
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
s
u
c
h
as
W
B
FA,
G
A,
PS
O,
ME
HOA,
an
d
AC
O
to
ev
alu
ate
i
ts
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
ts
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
FC
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
o
v
er
2
4
h
o
u
r
s
in
an
I
o
T
-
b
ased
SG
s
y
s
tem
o
p
er
atin
g
u
n
d
er
a
p
r
ice
-
b
ased
DR
s
tr
ateg
y
.
T
h
e
p
o
wer
o
u
t
p
u
t
s
tar
ts
at
1
.
1
k
W
at
1
h
o
u
r
an
d
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
to
0
.
8
k
W
at
2
h
o
u
r
s
.
Fo
llo
win
g
th
is
d
ip
,
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
s
a
d
ev
iatio
n
,
r
is
in
g
t
o
2
.
2
k
W
at
9
h
o
u
r
s
an
d
p
ea
k
in
g
at
5
.
7
k
W
at
1
5
h
o
u
r
s
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
co
n
clu
d
es
at
0
.
3
k
W
af
ter
2
4
h
o
u
r
s
.
T
h
ese
f
l
u
ctu
atio
n
s
in
d
icate
th
at
th
e
lo
west
lev
els
o
cc
u
r
d
u
r
in
g
ea
r
l
y
m
o
r
n
in
g
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d
late
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en
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g
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w
h
ile
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o
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le
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ar
e
o
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er
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d
in
th
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m
id
-
af
ter
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o
n
.
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h
ese
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ea
k
s
lik
ely
co
r
r
esp
o
n
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to
p
er
io
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s
o
f
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ig
h
er
d
em
a
n
d
,
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em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
th
e
FC
’
s
ad
ap
tiv
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
d
y
n
am
ic
en
er
g
y
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
.
T
h
e
f
ig
u
r
e
h
ig
h
l
ig
h
ts
th
e
s
y
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tem
’
s
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
t
o
o
p
tim
ize
en
e
r
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y
g
en
er
atio
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i
n
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
p
r
ici
n
g
s
ig
n
als.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
On
e
-
d
ay
e
v
alu
atio
n
o
f
FC
p
o
wer
Fig
u
r
e
4
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
ev
alu
a
tio
n
o
f
W
P
o
u
tp
u
t
o
v
er
t
h
e
s
am
e
2
4
-
h
o
u
r
p
er
io
d
,
r
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
r
ed
.
T
h
e
p
o
wer
g
en
e
r
atio
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
W
P
s
h
o
ws
a
m
o
r
e
v
ar
iab
le
p
atter
n
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
th
e
PV
o
u
tp
u
t.
T
h
er
e
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
s
p
ik
e
ar
o
u
n
d
h
o
u
r
1
5
,
in
d
icatin
g
a
p
e
r
io
d
o
f
h
i
g
h
er
W
S
an
d
en
er
g
y
g
en
er
ati
o
n
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
d
ay
,
t
h
e
W
P
o
u
tp
u
t
f
lu
ctu
ates
m
o
r
e
d
r
am
atica
lly
,
with
p
er
i
o
d
s
o
f
lo
w
an
d
m
o
d
er
ate
g
en
er
atio
n
in
te
r
s
p
er
s
ed
.
T
h
is
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
h
i
g
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
ch
allen
g
e
o
f
m
an
ag
in
g
W
E
as
it
is
less
p
r
ed
ictab
le
t
h
an
s
o
lar
e
n
er
g
y
,
n
ec
ess
itatin
g
r
o
b
u
s
t
E
M
s
tr
ate
g
ies
in
th
e
SG
to
ac
co
m
m
o
d
at
e
th
ese
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
a
n
d
e
n
s
u
r
e
a
b
alan
ce
d
s
u
p
p
ly
an
d
d
em
a
n
d
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
ev
alu
at
io
n
o
f
PV
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
o
v
er
2
4
h
o
u
r
s
with
in
th
e
c
o
n
tex
t
o
f
an
SG
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
g
r
ap
h
,
m
ar
k
ed
i
n
b
lu
e,
in
d
icate
s
th
at
PV
p
o
wer
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
ex
h
i
b
its
a
d
is
tin
ct
d
iu
r
n
al
p
atter
n
,
p
ea
k
in
g
ar
o
u
n
d
h
o
u
r
s
1
2
to
1
5
,
wh
ich
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
s
to
m
id
d
ay
wh
en
s
u
n
lig
h
t
i
n
ten
s
ity
is
at
its
h
ig
h
est.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
s
tar
ts
lo
w
in
th
e
ea
r
ly
h
o
u
r
s
,
g
r
ad
u
ally
in
c
r
ea
s
in
g
a
s
th
e
s
u
n
r
is
es,
an
d
th
en
tap
e
r
in
g
o
f
f
in
th
e
late
af
ter
n
o
o
n
a
n
d
e
v
en
in
g
.
T
h
is
b
eh
av
io
r
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
t
h
e
d
e
p
en
d
en
ce
o
f
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
g
en
e
r
atio
n
o
n
s
u
n
lig
h
t
av
ailab
ilit
y
,
r
ef
lectin
g
h
o
w
E
M
s
y
s
tem
s
ca
n
lev
er
ag
e
th
is
in
ter
m
itten
t
s
o
u
r
ce
d
u
r
in
g
p
ea
k
s
o
lar
h
o
u
r
s
to
o
p
tim
ize
o
v
er
all
g
r
id
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.