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I
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:
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8
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698
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s
h
if
ted
f
u
ll
-
b
r
id
g
e
(
PS
FB
)
co
n
v
er
ter
s
h
av
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
s
u
p
er
io
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
h
ig
h
-
ef
f
icien
cy
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
,
th
an
k
s
to
th
eir
ab
ilit
y
to
r
ed
u
ce
s
witch
in
g
lo
s
s
es
an
d
h
an
d
le
h
ig
h
-
p
o
wer
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
2
7
]
–
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
p
h
ase
-
s
h
if
ted
p
u
ls
e
wid
t
h
m
o
d
u
lati
o
n
(
PW
M)
c
o
n
tr
o
l
en
ab
les
p
r
ec
is
e
v
o
ltag
e
r
eg
u
latio
n
,
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
h
ig
h
o
u
tp
u
t
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
lo
w
h
a
r
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
,
m
ak
in
g
it id
ea
l f
o
r
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
[
3
0
]
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
b
o
th
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
in
d
iv
i
d
u
ally
s
tu
d
ied
an
d
o
p
tim
ized
with
in
th
e
E
V
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ics
liter
atu
r
e,
e
x
is
tin
g
wo
r
k
s
ty
p
ically
tr
ea
t
th
e
m
as
is
o
lated
s
u
b
s
y
s
tem
s
r
ath
er
t
h
an
co
o
r
d
in
ated
an
d
in
teg
r
ated
ch
ar
g
in
g
a
r
ch
itectu
r
e.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
m
an
y
s
tu
d
ie
s
f
o
cu
s
o
n
th
eo
r
etica
l
an
aly
s
is
o
r
h
ar
d
war
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tatio
n
with
o
u
t
p
r
esen
tin
g
a
u
n
if
ied
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
o
f
m
o
d
elin
g
,
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
elec
tio
n
,
a
n
d
in
teg
r
ated
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
e
v
alu
atio
n
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
ad
d
r
ess
es
th
is
g
ap
b
y
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
a
c
o
m
p
lete
A
C
–
DC
–
DC
ch
ar
g
in
g
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
th
at
co
m
b
in
es I
B
C
an
d
PS
FB
co
n
v
er
ter
s
with
in
a
u
n
if
ied
s
im
u
latio
n
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
.
T
h
e
k
ey
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
o
f
th
i
s
p
ap
er
ar
e
as
f
o
llo
ws:
i)
An
in
teg
r
ated
E
V
ch
ar
g
e
r
a
r
ch
itectu
r
e
co
m
b
in
in
g
I
B
C
f
o
r
DC
b
u
s
r
eg
u
latio
n
an
d
PS
FB
f
o
r
is
o
l
ated
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
;
ii)
E
x
p
licit
an
aly
tical
d
esig
n
o
f
L
an
d
C
v
alu
es,
in
clu
d
in
g
r
i
p
p
le
-
b
ased
s
elec
tio
n
an
d
ex
a
m
p
le
ca
lcu
latio
n
s
;
iii
)
Simu
latio
n
-
b
ased
v
er
if
icatio
n
o
f
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
s
tab
le
6
0
0
V
DC
-
b
u
s
r
eg
u
latio
n
,
c
o
n
tr
o
lle
d
1
0
0
A
ch
ar
g
in
g
cu
r
r
en
t,
<2
%
v
o
ltag
e
r
ip
p
le,
a
n
d
9
5
%
o
v
er
all
ef
f
icien
cy
;
a
n
d
iv
)
A
v
ali
d
ated
m
o
d
ellin
g
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
h
ar
d
war
e
p
r
o
to
ty
p
in
g
,
f
o
r
m
in
g
a
b
asis
f
o
r
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
im
p
le
m
en
tatio
n
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l r
ef
i
n
em
en
t.
B
y
d
ep
lo
y
in
g
th
e
I
B
C
o
n
th
e
f
r
o
n
t
-
e
n
d
to
m
i
n
im
ize
in
p
u
t
r
i
p
p
le
an
d
u
tili
zin
g
th
e
PS
FB
t
o
p
o
lo
g
y
at
th
e
b
ac
k
-
en
d
to
en
ab
le
s
o
f
t
-
s
witch
in
g
an
d
is
o
latio
n
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
en
h
an
ce
s
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
ef
f
icien
cy
,
th
er
m
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
a
n
d
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
p
r
esen
ted
in
th
is
wo
r
k
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
e
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
b
en
ef
its
o
f
th
e
in
teg
r
ated
to
p
o
l
o
g
y
,
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
v
alu
ab
le
in
s
ig
h
t
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
h
ig
h
-
p
o
wer
E
V
f
ast
-
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
d
esig
n
s
.
2.
T
H
E
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
O
F
E
L
E
CT
RI
C
VE
H
I
CL
E
CH
ARG
E
R
SYS
T
E
M
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
E
V
c
h
ar
g
er
s
y
s
tem
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
o
v
er
all
d
esig
n
o
f
t
h
e
ch
ar
g
er
,
wh
ich
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
an
AC
p
o
wer
s
o
u
r
ce
,
a
f
u
ll
-
b
r
id
g
e
r
ec
tifi
er
,
an
I
B
C
,
a
PS
F
B
co
n
v
er
ter
,
an
L
C
f
ilter
,
an
d
a
ch
ar
g
er
co
n
tr
o
ller
cir
cu
it.
T
h
e
AC
s
o
u
r
ce
p
r
o
v
id
es
th
e
in
p
u
t
AC
v
o
ltag
e,
wh
ich
is
f
ir
s
t
r
ec
tifie
d
b
y
th
e
f
u
ll
-
b
r
id
g
e
r
ec
tifie
r
.
T
h
e
r
esu
ltin
g
DC
v
o
ltag
e
is
th
en
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
b
y
th
e
I
B
C
,
wh
ich
s
tep
s
u
p
an
d
r
e
g
u
lates
th
e
v
o
l
tag
e
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
a
s
tab
le
DC
b
u
s
v
o
ltag
e.
T
h
is
DC
b
u
s
v
o
lta
g
e
is
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
f
ed
in
to
th
e
PSFB
co
n
v
er
ter
,
wh
ich
en
s
u
r
es
a
well
-
r
eg
u
late
d
DC
o
u
tp
u
t
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
ch
ar
g
in
g
th
e
E
V
b
atter
y
p
ac
k
.
An
L
C
f
ilter
is
co
n
n
ec
t
ed
at
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
s
tag
e
to
r
ed
u
ce
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
r
i
p
p
le,
th
er
eb
y
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
q
u
ality
d
eliv
er
e
d
to
th
e
b
atter
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
B
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
E
V
ch
ar
g
er
s
y
s
tem
T
h
e
ch
ar
g
er
co
n
tr
o
ller
ci
r
cu
it
p
lay
s
a
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
in
c
o
o
r
d
in
atin
g
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
E
V
ch
ar
g
er
.
At
th
e
f
r
o
n
t
-
en
d
,
t
h
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
r
e
g
u
lates
th
e
d
u
ty
cy
cle
o
f
th
e
I
B
C
to
m
ain
tain
a
s
tab
le
DC
b
u
s
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
to
m
in
im
ize
in
p
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t
r
ip
p
le
,
th
er
eb
y
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
d
r
awn
f
r
o
m
th
e
g
r
id
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
Desig
n
a
n
d
s
imu
la
tio
n
o
f a
n
e
lectric v
eh
icle
ch
a
r
g
er w
ith
in
teg
r
a
ted
…
(
A
h
ma
d
S
a
u
d
i S
a
mo
s
ir
)
689
At
th
e
DC
-
DC
s
tag
e,
th
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
d
r
iv
es
th
e
PS
FB
co
n
v
er
ter
u
s
in
g
p
h
ase
-
s
h
if
ted
p
u
ls
e
-
wid
th
m
o
d
u
latio
n
(
PS
-
PW
M)
.
T
h
is
tech
n
iq
u
e
allo
ws
p
r
ec
is
e
r
eg
u
latio
n
o
f
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
wh
ile
en
ab
lin
g
s
o
f
t
-
s
witch
in
g
o
p
er
atio
n
,
wh
ich
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
r
ed
u
ce
s
s
witch
in
g
lo
s
s
es a
n
d
en
h
an
ce
s
s
y
s
tem
ef
f
icien
cy
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
r
eg
u
latio
n
,
th
e
ch
a
r
g
er
co
n
tr
o
ller
in
co
r
p
o
r
ates
m
u
ltip
le
p
r
o
tectio
n
f
ea
tu
r
es,
s
u
ch
as
o
v
er
-
v
o
ltag
e
,
o
v
er
-
cu
r
r
en
t,
an
d
s
h
o
r
t
-
cir
cu
it
p
r
o
tectio
n
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
s
af
e
o
p
er
atio
n
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
B
y
d
y
n
am
ic
ally
ad
ju
s
tin
g
s
witch
in
g
p
a
r
a
m
eter
s
b
ased
o
n
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
f
r
o
m
b
o
th
th
e
DC
b
u
s
an
d
th
e
b
atter
y
p
ac
k
,
th
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
g
u
a
r
an
tees
ef
f
i
cien
t,
s
tab
le,
an
d
r
eliab
le
ch
a
r
g
in
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
e.
T
h
is
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
en
s
u
r
es
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
E
V
ch
ar
g
e
r
s
y
s
tem
m
ee
ts
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
f
o
r
h
ig
h
ef
f
icien
c
y
,
r
ed
u
ce
d
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
,
an
d
co
m
p
lian
ce
with
s
af
ety
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
in
m
o
d
er
n
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
2
.
1
.
I
nte
rlea
v
ed
bo
o
s
t
c
o
nv
e
rt
er
An
in
ter
leav
ed
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
t
er
(
I
B
C
)
is
a
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ics
cir
cu
it
d
esig
n
ed
to
s
tep
u
p
(
b
o
o
s
t)
a
n
in
p
u
t
DC
v
o
ltag
e
to
a
h
ig
h
e
r
DC
v
o
ltag
e,
wh
ile
m
in
im
izi
n
g
cu
r
r
en
t
r
ip
p
le
an
d
en
h
a
n
c
in
g
o
v
e
r
all
s
y
s
tem
ef
f
icien
cy
.
T
h
e
k
ey
p
r
in
ci
p
le
b
eh
in
d
th
is
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
is
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
m
u
ltip
le
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
s
o
p
er
atin
g
in
p
ar
allel,
with
a
p
h
ase
s
h
if
t
b
etwe
en
th
em
.
T
h
is
p
h
ase
-
s
h
if
tin
g
o
p
er
atio
n
h
elp
s
d
is
tr
ib
u
t
e
th
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
lo
ad
ev
en
ly
,
th
e
r
eb
y
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
r
ip
p
l
e
cu
r
r
en
t a
n
d
m
i
n
im
izin
g
s
tr
ess
o
n
in
d
iv
id
u
al
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
illu
s
tr
ates
a
two
-
p
h
ase
I
B
C
cir
cu
it
with
a
r
ec
tifi
ed
AC
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e.
I
t
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
two
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
s
o
p
er
atin
g
i
n
p
a
r
allel,
with
a
ty
p
ical
p
h
ase
s
h
if
t
o
f
1
8
0
d
eg
r
ee
s
b
et
wee
n
th
em
.
I
n
th
is
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
,
th
e
two
co
n
v
er
ter
s
s
h
ar
e
th
e
lo
ad
,
an
d
th
eir
o
p
er
atio
n
is
ar
r
an
g
e
d
s
o
th
at
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
r
ip
p
le
f
r
o
m
ea
ch
in
d
u
cto
r
p
ar
tially
c
an
ce
ls
ea
ch
o
th
er
o
u
t.
As
a
r
e
s
u
lt,
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
is
s
m
o
o
th
er
,
an
d
th
e
in
p
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t
r
ip
p
le
is
r
ed
u
ce
d
,
lead
in
g
to
im
p
r
o
v
ed
o
v
er
all
s
y
s
tem
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
lo
wer
s
tr
ess
o
n
in
d
iv
id
u
al
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
I
n
a
two
-
p
h
ase
I
B
C
,
th
e
in
p
u
t
DC
v
o
ltag
e
is
alter
n
ately
ap
p
lied
to
two
in
d
u
cto
r
s
,
ea
ch
o
p
er
atin
g
at
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
h
ases
with
in
th
e
s
witch
in
g
cy
cle.
T
h
is
p
h
ase
-
s
h
if
ted
o
p
er
atio
n
h
elp
s
b
alan
c
e
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
lo
a
d
,
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
in
t
er
f
er
en
ce
(
E
MI
)
,
a
n
d
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
s
ize
an
d
c
o
s
t
o
f
p
ass
iv
e
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
s
u
ch
as
in
d
u
cto
r
s
an
d
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
.
M
o
r
eo
v
e
r
,
th
e
two
-
p
h
ase
d
esig
n
en
ab
les
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
to
o
p
er
ate
at
h
ig
h
er
s
witch
in
g
f
r
eq
u
en
cies
with
o
u
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
lo
s
s
es
o
r
th
e
s
ize
o
f
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
d
e
p
icts
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t f
l
o
w,
with
th
e
p
h
ase
-
1
cu
r
r
en
t illu
s
tr
ated
in
r
ed
a
n
d
t
h
e
p
h
ase
-
2
cu
r
r
e
n
t in
b
l
u
e.
T
h
e
k
ey
a
d
v
an
tag
es
o
f
I
B
C
s
in
clu
d
e
im
p
r
o
v
ed
e
f
f
icien
cy
,
r
ed
u
ce
d
E
MI
,
an
d
en
h
a
n
ce
d
th
er
m
al
m
an
ag
em
en
t.
B
y
d
is
tr
ib
u
tin
g
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
lo
a
d
ac
r
o
s
s
m
u
ltip
le
in
d
u
cto
r
s
,
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
ca
n
o
p
e
r
ate
at
h
ig
h
e
r
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cies
with
o
u
t
ca
u
s
in
g
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
cr
ea
s
es
in
lo
s
s
es
o
r
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
ize.
T
h
ese
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
m
ak
e
I
B
C
s
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
h
ig
h
-
p
o
wer
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as
E
V
ch
ar
g
er
s
an
d
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
,
wh
er
e
h
ig
h
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
l
o
w
r
ip
p
le
ar
e
ess
en
tial f
o
r
o
p
tim
a
l p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
I
B
C
cir
cu
it with
r
ec
t
if
ied
AC
v
o
ltag
e
in
p
u
t
2
.
2
.
P
ha
s
e
-
s
hift
ed
f
ull
-
bridg
e
co
nv
er
t
er
T
h
e
p
h
ase
-
s
h
if
ted
f
u
ll
-
b
r
id
g
e
(
PS
FB
)
co
n
v
er
ter
is
a
wid
el
y
ad
o
p
ted
to
p
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
h
ig
h
-
ef
f
icien
cy
DC
–
DC
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
,
esp
ec
ially
in
ap
p
licatio
n
s
th
at
d
em
an
d
h
ig
h
p
o
wer
o
u
t
p
u
t su
ch
as E
V
ch
ar
g
er
s
,
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
lies
,
an
d
r
en
ewa
b
l
e
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
[
3
1
]
.
T
h
is
co
n
v
er
ter
em
p
lo
y
s
f
o
u
r
s
witch
in
g
d
ev
ices,
ty
p
ically
m
etal
-
o
x
id
e
-
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
f
i
eld
-
ef
f
ec
t
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
(
MO
SF
E
T
s
)
o
r
in
s
u
lated
g
ate
b
ip
o
lar
t
r
an
s
is
to
r
s
(
I
GB
T
s
)
,
co
n
f
ig
u
r
ed
in
a
f
u
ll
b
r
id
g
e
ar
r
an
g
em
en
t.
T
h
e
f
u
n
d
a
m
en
tal
p
r
in
cip
le
o
f
o
p
e
r
atio
n
lies
in
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
th
e
p
h
ase
s
h
if
t
b
etwe
en
th
e
g
ati
n
g
s
ig
n
als
o
f
th
e
two
b
r
id
g
e
leg
s
.
B
y
v
ar
y
in
g
th
is
p
h
ase
s
h
if
t,
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
r
eg
u
lates
th
e
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
er
wh
ile
en
ab
lin
g
s
o
f
t
s
witch
in
g
,
wh
ich
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
r
e
d
u
ce
s
s
witch
in
g
lo
s
s
es
an
d
E
MI
,
th
er
eb
y
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
o
v
e
r
a
ll e
f
f
icien
cy
,
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
at
h
i
g
h
s
witch
in
g
f
r
e
q
u
en
cies
[
3
2
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
6
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il
20
2
6
:
6
8
7
-
698
690
I
n
th
is
to
p
o
lo
g
y
,
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
s
id
e
o
f
th
e
t
r
an
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
is
d
r
iv
e
n
b
y
th
e
f
o
u
r
p
o
wer
s
witch
es,
wh
ile
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
id
e
em
p
l
o
y
s
r
ec
tif
icatio
n
an
d
f
ilter
in
g
to
d
eliv
er
a
s
tab
le
DC
o
u
tp
u
t.
T
h
e
p
h
as
e
s
h
if
t
b
etwe
en
th
e
two
s
witch
p
air
s
g
o
v
e
r
n
s
th
e
ap
p
lied
v
o
ltag
e
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
er
,
th
er
eb
y
d
eter
m
in
in
g
th
e
en
e
r
g
y
tr
an
s
f
er
an
d
tim
in
g
o
f
th
e
s
witch
in
g
tr
an
s
itio
n
s
.
Un
d
er
ap
p
r
o
p
r
ia
te
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
th
is
co
n
tr
o
l
e
n
ab
les
ze
r
o
-
v
o
ltag
e
s
witch
in
g
(
Z
VS)
,
an
d
in
s
o
m
e
ca
s
es,
ze
r
o
-
cu
r
r
en
t switch
in
g
(
Z
C
S),
b
o
th
o
f
w
h
ich
r
ed
u
ce
s
witch
in
g
s
tr
ess
an
d
en
h
an
ce
c
o
n
v
er
te
r
r
eliab
ilit
y
[
3
3
]
.
A
cr
itical
en
ab
ler
o
f
Z
VS
in
th
e
PS
FB
co
n
v
er
ter
is
th
e
leak
a
g
e
in
d
u
ctan
ce
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
an
d
th
e
p
ar
asit
ic
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
s
o
f
th
e
s
witch
in
g
d
ev
ices.
T
h
e
lea
k
ag
e
in
d
u
ctan
c
e
s
to
r
es
en
e
r
g
y
d
u
r
in
g
ea
ch
s
witch
in
g
cy
cle,
wh
ich
is
th
en
u
s
ed
to
ch
ar
g
e
an
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
t
h
e
p
ar
a
s
itic
o
u
tp
u
t
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
s
o
f
th
e
MO
SF
E
T
s
.
T
h
is
in
ter
ac
tio
n
en
s
u
r
es th
at
th
e
s
witch
v
o
ltag
e
f
alls
to
ze
r
o
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
d
ev
ice
is
tu
r
n
ed
o
n
,
th
er
e
b
y
ac
h
iev
in
g
Z
VS.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
s
witch
in
g
tr
an
s
itio
n
s
o
cc
u
r
with
m
in
im
al
o
v
er
lap
b
etwe
en
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
wa
v
ef
o
r
m
s
,
d
r
asti
ca
lly
r
ed
u
cin
g
s
witch
in
g
lo
s
s
es.
Ho
wev
er
,
ad
eq
u
ate
leak
ag
e
in
d
u
cta
n
ce
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
g
u
ar
an
tee
r
eliab
le
Z
VS o
v
er
th
e
e
n
tire
lo
ad
r
an
g
e
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
u
n
d
er
li
g
h
t
-
lo
ad
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
On
th
e
o
t
h
er
h
an
d
,
th
e
p
ar
asit
ic
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
s
o
f
th
e
s
witch
es,
wh
ile
ty
p
ically
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
a
n
o
n
-
id
ea
l
ef
f
ec
t,
ar
e
d
elib
er
ately
ex
p
lo
i
ted
in
th
e
PS
FB
to
p
o
lo
g
y
to
f
ac
ilit
ate
Z
VS.
T
h
ese
ca
p
ac
i
tan
ce
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
th
e
n
atu
r
al
r
eso
n
an
t
elem
en
ts
th
at
in
ter
ac
t
with
th
e
leak
ag
e
in
d
u
ctan
ce
,
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
a
r
eso
n
an
t
tr
an
s
itio
n
th
at
s
h
a
p
es
th
e
s
witch
v
o
ltag
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
er
b
alan
ce
b
etwe
en
leak
ag
e
in
d
u
ctan
c
e
an
d
d
e
v
i
ce
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
s
is
th
er
ef
o
r
e
cr
u
cial:
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t
i
n
d
u
ctan
ce
m
ay
p
r
ev
e
n
t
co
m
p
lete
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
o
f
th
e
p
ar
asit
ic
c
ap
ac
itan
ce
s
,
wh
ile
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
in
d
u
ctan
ce
ca
n
in
t
r
o
d
u
ce
u
n
n
ec
ess
ar
y
cir
cu
lati
n
g
cu
r
r
en
ts
an
d
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
lo
s
s
es.
Ov
er
all,
th
e
PS
F
B
co
n
v
er
ter
ac
h
ie
v
es
h
ig
h
ef
f
icien
cy
b
y
le
v
er
ag
in
g
p
h
ase
-
s
h
if
t
m
o
d
u
latio
n
,
leak
ag
e
in
d
u
ctan
ce
,
an
d
p
ar
asit
ic
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
s
to
r
ea
li
ze
Z
VS,
m
ak
in
g
it
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
r
eliab
le
an
d
ef
f
icien
t
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
f
o
r
h
ig
h
-
p
o
wer
DC
–
DC
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
ws
th
e
s
ch
em
atic
o
f
a
PS
F
B
co
n
v
er
ter
.
T
h
e
p
h
ase
-
s
h
if
t
co
n
tr
o
l
allo
ws
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
to
ad
ap
t
to
v
ar
y
i
n
g
lo
a
d
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
,
th
er
eb
y
m
ain
tain
i
n
g
h
ig
h
e
f
f
icien
cy
a
n
d
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
a
s
tab
l
e
DC
o
u
tp
u
t.
I
n
th
e
f
ig
u
r
e,
th
e
p
h
ase
-
1
cu
r
r
en
t
is
d
en
o
ted
b
y
th
e
r
ed
tr
ac
e
,
wh
ile
th
e
p
h
ase
-
2
cu
r
r
en
t
is
d
en
o
t
ed
b
y
th
e
b
lu
e
tr
ac
e
.
T
h
is
to
p
o
lo
g
y
is
r
en
o
w
n
ed
f
o
r
its
ab
ilit
y
to
d
eliv
er
a
r
eg
u
la
ted
DC
o
u
tp
u
t
with
m
in
im
al
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
,
m
ak
in
g
it
a
p
r
ef
er
r
ed
ch
o
ice
f
o
r
m
o
d
er
n
p
o
wer
c
o
n
v
er
s
i
o
n
s
y
s
tem
s
th
at
p
r
io
r
itize
b
o
th
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
a
n
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
PS
FB
co
n
v
er
ter
s
ch
e
m
atic
d
iag
r
am
2
.
3
.
I
nte
g
ra
t
ed
IBC
a
nd
P
S
F
B
co
nv
er
t
er
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
an
I
B
C
an
d
a
PS
F
B
co
n
v
er
ter
p
r
esen
t
a
h
ig
h
ly
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
,
as
it
co
m
b
in
es
t
h
e
ad
v
an
tag
es
o
f
b
o
th
to
p
o
l
o
g
ies
to
en
h
a
n
ce
o
v
er
all
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
r
elia
b
ilit
y
.
At
th
e
f
r
o
n
t
-
en
d
s
tag
e,
th
e
I
B
C
i
s
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
s
tep
u
p
th
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
wh
ile
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
r
ed
u
cin
g
cu
r
r
en
t
r
ip
p
le.
B
y
in
ter
leav
in
g
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
m
u
ltip
le
b
o
o
s
t
p
h
ases
with
a
1
8
0
°
(
o
r
p
h
ase
-
s
h
if
ted
)
s
witch
in
g
s
ch
em
e,
th
e
in
p
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t
r
i
p
p
le
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
m
in
im
i
ze
d
.
T
h
eo
r
etica
lly
,
f
o
r
an
N
-
p
h
ase
in
ter
leav
e
d
co
n
v
er
ter
,
th
e
in
p
u
t c
u
r
r
en
t r
ip
p
le
ca
n
b
e
e
x
p
r
ess
ed
as:
∆
=
∙
(
1
−
)
∙
∙
(
1
)
wh
er
e
is
th
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e,
is
th
e
d
u
ty
cy
cle,
is
th
e
i
n
d
u
ctan
ce
p
er
p
h
ase,
is
th
e
s
witch
in
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
,
a
n
d
is
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
h
ases
.
Fro
m
th
is
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
,
it
is
ev
id
en
t
th
at
in
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
in
ter
leav
ed
p
h
ases
r
ed
u
ce
s
r
ip
p
le
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
es
ef
f
icien
cy
.
T
h
is
also
lead
s
to
lo
wer
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
a
n
d
s
witch
in
g
lo
s
s
es
in
ea
ch
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
d
ev
ice,
im
p
r
o
v
ed
th
er
m
al
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
,
an
d
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
o
p
er
ate
at
h
ig
h
er
p
o
wer
d
e
n
s
ities
,
wh
ich
ar
e
ess
en
tial f
o
r
h
i
g
h
-
p
o
wer
E
V
ch
a
r
g
in
g
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
Desig
n
a
n
d
s
imu
la
tio
n
o
f a
n
e
lectric v
eh
icle
ch
a
r
g
er w
ith
in
teg
r
a
ted
…
(
A
h
ma
d
S
a
u
d
i S
a
mo
s
ir
)
691
T
h
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
o
f
th
e
in
ter
leav
ed
b
o
o
s
t
s
tag
e
f
ee
d
s
i
n
to
a
r
eg
u
la
ted
DC
b
u
s
,
en
s
u
r
i
n
g
s
tab
le
v
o
ltag
e
with
m
in
im
al
r
ip
p
le.
T
h
is
s
tab
le
DC
b
u
s
is
a
cr
itical
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
t,
as
it
d
ir
ec
tly
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
is
o
lated
co
n
v
e
r
s
io
n
s
tag
e.
T
h
e
PS
FB
co
n
v
er
ter
is
th
en
u
tili
ze
d
as
th
e
is
o
lated
DC
-
DC
s
tag
e.
T
h
e
PS
F
B
to
p
o
lo
g
y
o
p
e
r
ates
b
ased
o
n
p
h
ase
-
s
h
if
t
m
o
d
u
latio
n
,
wh
er
e
th
e
lead
in
g
an
d
la
g
g
i
n
g
leg
s
o
f
th
e
f
u
ll
b
r
id
g
e
ar
e
c
o
n
tr
o
lled
with
a
v
ar
iab
le
p
h
ase
s
h
if
t
to
r
eg
u
late
p
o
wer
tr
a
n
s
f
er
.
O
n
e
o
f
its
th
e
o
r
etica
l
ad
v
a
n
tag
es
is
th
e
ac
h
iev
em
en
t
o
f
Z
VS
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
s
witch
es,
wh
ich
r
ed
u
ce
s
s
witch
in
g
lo
s
s
es
an
d
en
h
an
ce
s
ef
f
icien
cy
at
h
ig
h
f
r
e
q
u
en
cies.
T
h
e
s
o
f
t
-
s
witch
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
is
m
ad
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
d
u
e
to
th
e
en
er
g
y
s
t
o
r
ed
in
th
e
lea
k
ag
e
in
d
u
ctan
ce
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
an
d
th
e
p
ar
asit
ic
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
o
f
th
e
MO
SF
E
T
s
,
wh
ich
ass
is
t
in
th
e
r
eso
n
an
t
tr
an
s
itio
n
o
f
th
e
s
witch
in
g
d
ev
ices.
T
h
e
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
th
e
PS
FB
co
n
v
er
ter
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as
(
2
)
:
=
∙
ℎ
2
∙
(
2
)
wh
er
e
is
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
tu
r
n
s
r
atio
,
ℎ
is
th
e
p
h
ase
s
h
if
t
r
ati
o
(
0
–
1
)
,
an
d
V
dc
is
th
e
in
p
u
t
DC
b
u
s
v
o
ltag
e
s
u
p
p
lied
b
y
th
e
i
n
ter
leav
ed
b
o
o
s
t
s
tag
e.
T
h
is
eq
u
atio
n
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
PS
FB
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
wid
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
r
eg
u
latio
n
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
wh
ile
m
a
in
tain
in
g
s
o
f
t
-
s
witch
in
g
c
o
n
d
it
io
n
s
o
v
er
a
b
r
o
a
d
lo
ad
r
an
g
e.
B
y
in
teg
r
atin
g
th
ese
two
co
n
v
er
ter
s
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
b
en
ef
its
f
r
o
m
th
e
lo
w
in
p
u
t
r
ip
p
le
an
d
h
ig
h
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
in
ter
lea
v
ed
b
o
o
s
t
s
tag
e
an
d
th
e
h
ig
h
-
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
is
o
latio
n
,
g
al
v
an
ic
s
af
ety
,
an
d
s
o
f
t
-
s
witch
in
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
t
h
e
PS
FB
s
ta
g
e.
T
h
is
s
y
n
er
g
y
m
ak
es
t
h
e
co
m
b
in
ed
to
p
o
lo
g
y
an
id
ea
l
ca
n
d
id
ate
f
o
r
n
ex
t
-
g
en
er
atio
n
h
ig
h
-
p
o
wer
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
,
wh
er
e
ef
f
icien
cy
,
p
o
wer
d
e
n
s
ity
,
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
ar
e
o
f
p
ar
am
o
u
n
t
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
I
B
C
an
d
PS
FB
co
n
v
er
ter
f
o
r
th
e
EV
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
y
s
tem
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
I
n
teg
r
ated
I
B
C
an
d
PS
F
B
co
n
v
er
ter
s
ch
em
atic
d
ia
g
r
am
3.
M
E
T
H
O
D
3
.
1
.
Desig
n o
f
IBC
m
o
del
T
h
e
I
B
C
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
two
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
te
r
s
tag
es
co
n
n
ec
te
d
in
p
ar
allel,
wh
er
e
ea
c
h
s
tag
e
is
co
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
a
n
in
d
u
cto
r
,
a
p
o
wer
s
witch
,
a
d
io
d
e,
a
n
d
an
o
u
tp
u
t
ca
p
ac
ito
r
.
T
h
e
two
co
n
v
er
ter
s
tag
es
o
p
er
ate
with
a
1
8
0
°
p
h
ase
s
h
if
t,
allo
win
g
th
e
in
p
u
t
cu
r
r
e
n
t
to
b
e
ev
en
ly
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
b
etwe
en
b
o
th
p
h
ases
.
T
h
is
in
ter
leav
in
g
o
p
er
atio
n
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
s
tr
ess
o
n
in
d
iv
id
u
al
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
,
s
u
p
p
r
ess
es
b
o
th
in
p
u
t
a
n
d
o
u
t
p
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t
r
ip
p
les,
en
h
a
n
ce
s
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
co
m
p
atib
ilit
y
(
E
MC),
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
es th
e
o
v
er
all
e
f
f
icien
c
y
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
(
)
is
ap
p
lied
eq
u
ally
to
b
o
th
p
h
ases
,
wh
ile
th
e
r
eg
u
lated
DC
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
(
)
is
th
e
co
m
b
in
ed
co
n
t
r
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
th
e
p
a
r
allel
s
tag
es.
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
g
ain
o
f
t
h
e
two
-
p
h
ase
I
B
C
is
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as
(
3
)
:
=
1
−
(
3
)
wh
er
e
is
th
e
d
u
ty
cy
cle
.
W
ith
=
311
an
d
=
600
V
,
th
e
th
e
o
r
etica
l d
u
ty
r
atio
is
D
=
0
.
48
.
a.
I
n
d
u
cto
r
v
alu
e
s
elec
tio
n
T
h
e
in
d
u
ct
o
r
cu
r
r
en
t r
i
p
p
le
p
e
r
p
h
ase
is
g
iv
en
b
y
(
4
)
:
∆
=
∙
(
)
∙
(
4
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
6
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il
20
2
6
:
6
8
7
-
698
692
B
y
s
ettin
g
a
m
ax
im
u
m
allo
wa
b
le
r
ip
p
le
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
1
0
%
o
f
th
e
av
er
ag
e
in
d
u
cto
r
cu
r
r
en
t,
t
h
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
i
n
d
u
ctan
ce
ca
n
b
e
ca
lcu
lated
.
=
220
×
1
.
414
≈
311
V
=
0
.
33
=
20
kHz
Ta
r
g
et
r
ip
p
le
:
=
0
.
1
×
100
A
=
10
A
S
u
b
s
titu
tin
g
:
=
311
×
0
.
33
10
×
20000
=
0
.
74
(
5
)
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
lo
wer
r
ip
p
le
a
n
d
t
h
er
m
al
m
ar
g
in
,
a
p
r
ac
tical
v
al
u
e
o
f
1
m
H
was
s
elec
ted
,
p
r
o
v
i
d
in
g
r
ip
p
le
r
ed
u
ctio
n
b
elo
w
th
e
th
eo
r
eti
ca
l
th
r
esh
o
ld
an
d
en
h
an
cin
g
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
in
ter
leav
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
n
et
r
i
p
p
le
cu
r
r
e
n
t
at
b
o
t
h
th
e
in
p
u
t
an
d
o
u
t
p
u
t.
T
h
is
ef
f
ec
t
o
cc
u
r
s
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
r
ip
p
le
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
g
en
e
r
ated
b
y
t
h
e
two
p
h
ases
ar
e
o
f
o
p
p
o
s
it
e
p
o
lar
ity
an
d
tim
e
-
s
h
if
ted
,
lead
in
g
to
p
ar
tial
ca
n
ce
llatio
n
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
th
e
l
o
ad
r
ec
eiv
es
clea
n
e
r
p
o
wer
,
t
h
e
in
p
u
t
s
o
u
r
ce
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
l
o
wer
s
tr
ess
,
an
d
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
ac
h
iev
es h
ig
h
er
r
eli
ab
ilit
y
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
.
b.
Ou
tp
u
t c
ap
ac
ito
r
s
elec
tio
n
T
o
d
esig
n
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
ca
p
ac
ito
r
,
a
r
ip
p
le
-
b
ased
s
izin
g
m
eth
o
d
is
ap
p
lied
.
T
h
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
v
alu
e
is
s
elec
ted
to
lim
it DC b
u
s
v
o
ltag
e
r
ip
p
le
to
<2
%.
T
h
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
o
u
tp
u
t c
ap
ac
itan
ce
is
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as:
∆
=
∙
∙
(
6
)
wh
er
e
∆
is
th
e
p
er
m
is
s
ib
le
o
u
tp
u
t
r
ip
p
le,
is
th
e
lo
ad
cu
r
r
en
t,
is
th
e
d
u
ty
cy
cle,
is
th
e
s
w
itch
in
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
,
a
n
d
is
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
o
u
tp
u
t c
a
p
ac
itan
ce
.
Fo
r
a
n
o
m
in
al
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
6
0
0
V,
th
e
allo
wab
le
r
ip
p
le
is
s
et
to
2
%
(
∆
=
1
2
V)
,
W
ith
=
1
0
0
A,
=
0
.
3
3
,
an
d
=
2
0
k
Hz,
t
h
e
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
is
ca
lc
u
lated
as:
=
∙
∙
∆
=
100
∙
0
.
33
20000
∙
12
≈
137
(
7
)
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
ag
ain
s
t
e
q
u
iv
alen
t
s
er
ies
r
esis
tan
ce
(
E
SR
)
ef
f
ec
ts
an
d
d
y
n
am
ic
lo
ad
v
ar
iatio
n
,
a
4
7
0
µF
ca
p
ac
ito
r
b
an
k
was im
p
lem
en
t
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
ar
allel
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
r
ip
p
le
-
c
u
r
r
e
n
t h
an
d
lin
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
.
3
.
2
.
Desig
n o
f
P
SFB
co
nv
er
t
er
m
o
del
T
h
e
PS
FB
co
n
v
er
ter
is
d
esig
n
ed
to
ac
h
iev
e
ef
f
icien
t
D
C
–
DC
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
wit
h
r
ed
u
ce
d
s
witch
in
g
lo
s
s
es
an
d
en
h
an
c
ed
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
r
eg
u
latio
n
.
T
h
is
co
n
v
er
ter
to
p
o
l
o
g
y
em
p
lo
y
s
a
f
u
ll
b
r
id
g
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
f
o
u
r
p
o
wer
s
witch
es
ar
r
an
g
ed
in
two
co
m
p
lem
e
n
tar
y
p
air
s
,
a
h
ig
h
-
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
,
r
ec
tifie
r
d
i
o
d
es,
a
n
d
an
o
u
tp
u
t
f
ilter
.
T
h
e
co
n
v
er
ter
o
p
er
ates
u
n
d
er
p
h
ase
-
s
h
if
t
m
o
d
u
latio
n
,
wh
e
r
e
th
e
r
elativ
e
tim
in
g
o
f
th
e
s
witch
in
g
s
ig
n
als
ap
p
lied
to
th
e
b
r
id
g
e
l
eg
s
is
co
n
tr
o
lled
.
T
h
is
tech
n
iq
u
e
en
ab
les
ze
r
o
-
v
o
ltag
e
s
witch
in
g
(
Z
VS)
d
u
r
in
g
co
m
m
u
tatio
n
in
ter
v
als,
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
lo
wer
in
g
s
witch
in
g
lo
s
s
es
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
ef
f
icien
c
y
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
u
n
d
e
r
h
ig
h
-
p
o
wer
o
p
er
atin
g
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
On
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
s
id
e,
th
e
DC
i
n
p
u
t v
o
ltag
e
is
ap
p
lied
to
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
win
d
in
g
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
f
u
ll
b
r
id
g
e
n
etwo
r
k
.
E
n
er
g
y
is
tr
a
n
s
f
er
r
ed
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
h
ig
h
-
f
r
e
q
u
en
cy
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
an
d
r
ec
tifie
d
o
n
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
id
e,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
f
ilter
in
g
t
o
p
r
o
d
u
ce
a
r
eg
u
lated
DC
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
∆
.
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
g
ai
n
o
f
t
h
e
PS
FB
co
n
v
er
ter
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
tu
r
n
s
r
atio
(
)
a
n
d
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
d
u
ty
cy
cle
(
)
o
f
th
e
p
h
ase
-
s
h
if
t
co
n
tr
o
l,
a
n
d
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as:
=
∙
∙
(
8
)
wh
er
e
=
/
,
with
an
d
b
ein
g
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
a
n
d
p
r
im
ar
y
tu
r
n
s
o
f
th
e
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
a
t
u
r
n
s
r
atio
o
f
as
3
:1
(
∶
=
3
∶
1
)
,
is
s
elec
ted
to
s
tep
d
o
wn
a
6
0
0
V
DC
b
u
s
v
o
ltag
e
o
n
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
s
id
e
to
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
2
0
0
V
o
n
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
id
e.
T
h
is
s
elec
tio
n
is
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
E
V
b
atter
y
ch
ar
g
in
g
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
wh
ile
m
ain
tain
in
g
h
i
g
h
ef
f
icien
cy
in
th
e
PS
FB
o
p
er
atio
n
.
T
h
e
Z
VS
m
ec
h
an
is
m
is
ac
h
iev
ed
b
y
u
tili
zin
g
th
e
en
e
r
g
y
s
to
r
ed
in
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
leak
ag
e
in
d
u
ctan
ce
an
d
th
e
p
ar
asit
ic
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
s
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
s
witch
es.
T
h
is
elim
in
ates
th
e
o
v
er
lap
b
etwe
en
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
e
n
t
d
u
r
i
n
g
s
witch
in
g
tr
an
s
itio
n
s
,
th
er
eb
y
r
e
d
u
ci
n
g
p
o
wer
d
is
s
ip
atio
n
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
p
h
ase
-
s
h
if
t
m
o
d
u
latio
n
p
r
o
v
id
es
p
r
ec
is
e
co
n
tr
o
l
o
v
er
e
n
er
g
y
tr
an
s
f
er
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
s
tab
le
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
r
eg
u
latio
n
u
n
d
er
v
ar
iab
le
in
p
u
t a
n
d
l
o
ad
co
n
d
iti
o
n
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
Desig
n
a
n
d
s
imu
la
tio
n
o
f a
n
e
lectric v
eh
icle
ch
a
r
g
er w
ith
in
teg
r
a
ted
…
(
A
h
ma
d
S
a
u
d
i S
a
mo
s
ir
)
693
On
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
id
e,
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
f
ilter
,
ty
p
ically
co
m
p
r
is
in
g
an
in
d
u
cto
r
an
d
a
ca
p
ac
ito
r
,
s
m
o
o
th
s
th
e
r
ec
tifie
d
v
o
ltag
e
to
m
in
i
m
ize
r
ip
p
le
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
p
o
w
er
q
u
ality
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
(
Δ
)
i
s
d
ef
in
ed
as
(
9
)
:
∆
=
∙
∙
(
9
)
wh
er
e
is
th
e
lo
ad
cu
r
r
e
n
t,
is
th
e
s
witch
in
g
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
,
an
d
is
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t c
ap
ac
itan
c
e.
I
n
th
e
d
esig
n
,
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
l
tag
e
r
ip
p
le
is
lim
ited
to
less
th
an
3
%
o
f
th
e
n
o
m
i
n
al
2
0
0
V
o
u
tp
u
t
(
=
6
V)
,
W
ith
=
1
0
0
A,
=
0
.
3
3
,
a
n
d
=
2
0
k
Hz,
an
d
ass
u
m
in
g
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
,
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
is
ca
lcu
la
ted
as
(
10
)
:
=
∙
∙
∆
=
100
∙
0
.
33
20000
∙
6
≈
275
(
1
0
)
T
o
ac
co
u
n
t
f
o
r
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
to
ler
an
ce
s
,
tr
an
s
ien
t
lo
ad
v
ar
i
atio
n
s
,
an
d
ca
p
ac
ito
r
E
SR
,
a
p
r
ac
tical
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
v
alu
e
o
f
4
7
0
µF
is
s
elec
ted
.
T
h
is
v
alu
e
alig
n
s
with
co
m
m
o
n
E
V
ch
a
r
g
er
d
esig
n
s
r
ep
o
r
te
d
in
liter
atu
r
e,
en
s
u
r
in
g
r
ed
u
ce
d
v
o
ltag
e
r
ip
p
le
an
d
en
h
a
n
ce
d
o
u
tp
u
t stab
ilit
y
u
n
d
er
v
ar
y
in
g
lo
ad
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
E
V
c
h
ar
g
e
r
s
y
s
tem
was
s
im
u
lated
u
s
in
g
MA
T
L
AB
/Si
m
u
lin
k
to
ev
alu
ate
its
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
u
n
d
er
v
ar
io
u
s
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
m
o
d
el,
s
h
o
wn
in
F
ig
u
r
e
5
,
ac
cu
r
ately
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
p
o
wer
s
tag
e
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
o
f
th
e
i
n
teg
r
ated
I
B
C
–
PS
F
B
ch
ar
g
er
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
p
ar
am
eter
s
an
d
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t
r
atin
g
s
ar
e
lis
ted
i
n
T
ab
le
1
,
wh
ile
t
h
e
DC
b
u
s
an
d
PS
FB
co
n
tr
o
l
p
ar
am
eter
s
ar
e
d
etailed
i
n
T
ab
les 2
an
d
3
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Simu
lin
k
m
o
d
el
o
f
t
h
e
E
V
ch
ar
g
er
s
y
s
tem
T
ab
le
1
.
E
V
c
h
ar
g
er
cir
cu
it p
a
r
am
eter
s
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
S
y
mb
o
l
V
a
l
u
e
A
C
i
n
p
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
V
2
2
0
V
A
C
i
n
p
u
t
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
f
5
0
H
z
R
e
c
t
i
f
i
e
r
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
C
4
7
0
µ
F
I
n
t
e
r
l
e
a
v
e
d
i
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
L
1
mH
I
n
t
e
r
l
e
a
v
e
d
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
C
4
7
0
µ
F
P
h
a
se
-
s
h
i
f
t
e
d
i
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
L
1
mH
P
h
a
se
-
s
h
i
f
t
e
d
c
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I
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