I
nd
o
ne
s
ia
n J
o
urna
l o
f
E
lect
rica
l En
g
ineering
a
nd
Co
m
pu
t
er
Science
Vo
l.
42
,
No
.
1
,
A
p
r
il
20
26
,
p
p
.
93
~
1
0
4
I
SS
N:
2
502
-
4
7
52
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/ijee
cs
.v
42.
i
1
.
p
p
93
-
104
93
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
ee
cs
.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
To
wa
rds g
reener
telec
o
m:
energy
-
e
ff
icien
t
hy
bri
d so
l
a
r
–
g
rid
sy
stems for remo
t
e bas
e statio
n ope
ra
tions
H
a
s
a
na
h P
utr
i
1,
2
,3
,
Rendy
M
un
a
di
4
,
So
f
ia
Na
nin
g
H
er
t
ia
na
4
,
Alf
in H
ik
m
a
t
uro
k
hm
a
n
5
1
Te
l
e
c
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
Te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
D
i
p
l
o
m
a
,
Te
l
k
o
m U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
,
B
a
n
d
u
n
g
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
2
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
T
e
l
k
o
m
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
,
B
a
n
d
u
n
g
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
si
a
3
C
e
n
t
e
r
o
f
E
x
c
e
l
l
e
n
c
e
f
o
r
G
r
e
e
n
Te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
I
n
st
i
t
u
t
e
f
o
r
I
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
t
B
u
s
i
n
e
ss
a
n
d
S
u
st
a
i
n
a
b
l
e
E
c
o
n
o
m
y
,
Te
l
k
o
m U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
,
B
a
n
d
u
n
g
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
si
a
4
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
T
e
l
k
o
m
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
,
B
a
n
d
u
n
g
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
si
a
5
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
Te
l
e
c
o
m
mu
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
Te
l
k
o
m
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
,
P
u
r
w
o
k
e
r
t
o
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
J
u
l
14
,
2
0
2
5
R
ev
is
ed
Feb
23
,
2
0
2
6
Acc
ep
ted
Mar
4
,
2
0
2
6
Eff
icie
n
t
a
n
d
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tall
y
f
rien
d
l
y
e
n
e
r
g
y
u
se
f
o
r
b
a
se
tr
a
n
sc
e
iv
e
r
sta
ti
o
n
s
(BTS
)
in
re
m
o
te
a
re
a
s
is
e
ss
e
n
ti
a
l
fo
r
tele
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
n
e
two
rk
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t.
Th
is
stu
d
y
sim
u
late
s
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
a
re
s
two
BTS
c
o
n
fig
u
ra
ti
o
n
s:
a
c
o
n
v
e
n
ti
o
n
a
l
g
rid
-
p
o
we
re
d
sy
ste
m
a
n
d
a
h
y
b
rid
so
lar
-
g
rid
sy
ste
m
,
fo
c
u
sin
g
o
n
e
n
e
rg
y
e
fficie
n
c
y
,
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
a
l
c
o
st,
a
n
d
c
a
rb
o
n
e
m
issio
n
s.
Th
e
s
imu
latio
n
wa
s
c
o
n
d
u
c
ted
o
v
e
r
a
o
n
e
-
y
e
a
r
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
a
l
p
e
ri
o
d
u
si
n
g
P
y
t
h
o
n
-
b
a
se
d
m
o
d
e
li
n
g
with
re
a
li
stic
in
p
u
t
p
a
ra
m
e
ters
.
Th
e
re
su
lt
s
in
d
ica
te
th
a
t
t
h
e
h
y
b
rid
sy
ste
m
c
a
n
su
p
p
ly
a
p
p
ro
x
ima
tely
7
4
%
o
f
t
h
e
a
n
n
u
a
l
e
n
e
r
g
y
d
e
m
a
n
d
u
si
n
g
so
lar
p
o
we
r,
a
c
h
iev
i
n
g
2
4
.
4
%
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
a
l
c
o
st
sa
v
in
g
s
a
n
d
re
d
u
c
i
n
g
c
a
rb
o
n
e
m
issio
n
s
b
y
7
3
%
c
o
m
p
a
re
d
t
o
th
e
g
rid
-
o
n
ly
sy
ste
m
.
T
h
e
se
fin
d
i
n
g
s
c
o
n
firm
th
a
t
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
BT
S
sy
ste
m
is
a
fe
a
sib
le
a
n
d
su
sta
in
a
b
le
so
lu
t
io
n
t
o
su
p
p
o
rt
tele
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
e
x
p
a
n
sio
n
i
n
re
m
o
te
a
re
a
s
with
l
o
we
r
c
o
st
a
n
d
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
tal
imp
a
c
t.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
B
ase
tr
an
s
ce
iv
er
s
tatio
n
C
ar
b
o
n
em
is
s
io
n
s
E
n
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
Hy
b
r
id
s
o
lar
–
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
Op
er
atio
n
al
co
s
t
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Hasan
ah
Pu
tr
i
Sch
o
o
l o
f
E
lectr
ical
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
T
elk
o
m
Un
iv
e
r
s
ity
B
an
d
u
n
g
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
E
m
ail:
h
asan
ah
p
u
tr
i@
telk
o
m
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
.
ac
.
id
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
I
n
r
ec
e
n
t
y
ea
r
s
,
th
e
p
u
r
s
u
it
o
f
eq
u
itab
le
d
ig
ital
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
a
n
atio
n
al
p
r
io
r
it
y
in
m
an
y
co
u
n
t
r
ies
[
1
]
,
esp
ec
ially
t
h
o
s
e
wit
h
v
ast
ar
c
h
i
p
el
a
g
ic
an
d
r
u
r
a
l
la
n
d
s
c
ap
es
s
u
c
h
as
I
n
d
o
n
esi
a.
As
t
h
e
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
t
c
o
n
t
in
u
es
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
d
i
g
i
tal
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
a
n
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
in
cl
u
s
i
o
n
[
2
]
,
t
h
e
d
e
p
l
o
y
m
en
t o
f
m
o
b
il
e
n
et
wo
r
k
i
n
f
r
ast
r
u
ct
u
r
e
,
p
a
r
ti
cu
lar
ly
b
ase
tr
an
s
ce
iv
er
s
ta
ti
o
n
s
(
B
T
S
)
,
i
n
r
em
o
t
e
a
n
d
u
n
d
e
r
s
e
r
v
e
d
r
e
g
i
o
n
s
p
la
y
s
a
ce
n
t
r
al
r
o
le
.
H
o
w
ev
e
r
,
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
f
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
t
al
b
a
r
r
ie
r
s
t
o
t
h
is
ex
p
an
s
io
n
is
n
o
t
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
ic
al
c
o
m
p
le
x
it
y
,
b
u
t
r
a
th
e
r
t
h
e
ac
c
ess
i
b
il
it
y
,
c
o
s
t,
a
n
d
r
el
ia
b
il
it
y
o
f
ele
ct
r
ic
al
e
n
e
r
g
y
t
o
p
o
w
er
s
u
c
h
in
f
r
ast
r
u
c
tu
r
e
[
3
]
,
[
4
]
.
T
r
ad
itio
n
al
B
T
S
o
p
er
atio
n
s
in
u
r
b
an
an
d
s
u
b
u
r
b
an
ar
ea
s
b
en
ef
it
f
r
o
m
s
tab
le
g
r
id
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
an
d
well
-
d
e
v
el
o
p
e
d
u
tili
ty
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
y
s
tem
s
[
5
]
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
B
T
S
in
s
tallatio
n
s
in
r
em
o
te
lo
ca
tio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
m
o
u
n
tain
o
u
s
r
eg
i
o
n
s
,
o
u
ter
is
lan
d
s
,
an
d
f
r
o
n
tier
z
o
n
es,
o
f
ten
f
ac
e
in
ter
m
itten
t
g
r
id
s
u
p
p
ly
o
r
ar
e
en
tire
ly
o
f
f
-
g
r
id
[
6
]
.
I
n
th
ese
co
n
tex
ts
,
o
p
er
ato
r
s
f
r
e
q
u
en
tly
d
e
p
en
d
o
n
d
iesel
g
en
er
ato
r
s
as
th
e
p
r
im
a
r
y
o
r
b
ac
k
u
p
s
o
u
r
c
e
o
f
p
o
wer
.
W
h
ile
d
iesel
g
en
s
ets
o
f
f
er
im
m
ed
iate
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
t
ad
v
an
tag
es,
th
e
y
ar
e
ass
o
ci
ated
with
h
ig
h
f
u
el
co
s
ts
,
lo
g
is
tics
ch
allen
g
es
in
f
u
el
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
,
m
ec
h
an
ical
m
ain
ten
an
ce
b
u
r
d
e
n
s
,
an
d
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
im
p
ac
t
d
u
e
to
c
ar
b
o
n
e
m
is
s
io
n
s
[
7
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
o
p
er
ati
o
n
al
ex
p
en
d
itu
r
e
(
OPEX
)
f
o
r
m
ain
ta
in
in
g
o
f
f
-
g
r
id
B
T
S
u
s
in
g
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
p
o
wer
s
o
u
r
ce
s
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
tl
y
h
ig
h
er
th
an
th
eir
u
r
b
a
n
c
o
u
n
ter
p
ar
ts
[
8
]
.
Stu
d
ies
h
a
v
e
s
h
o
wn
th
at
in
s
o
m
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
42
,
No
.
1
,
Ap
r
il
20
26
:
93
-
1
0
4
94
lo
ca
tio
n
s
,
en
er
g
y
co
s
ts
ca
n
ac
co
u
n
t
f
o
r
u
p
to
6
0
%
o
f
th
e
to
tal
OPEX
f
o
r
r
u
r
al
tele
co
m
to
wer
s
.
T
h
ese
co
n
d
itio
n
s
c
r
ea
te
a
d
is
in
ce
n
ti
v
e
f
o
r
o
p
er
at
o
r
s
to
ex
p
an
d
s
er
v
ices
in
lo
w
-
i
n
co
m
e
o
r
s
p
ar
s
e
ly
p
o
p
u
lated
ar
ea
s
,
d
esp
ite
th
e
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t'
s
u
n
iv
er
s
al
s
er
v
ice
o
b
lig
atio
n
(
U
SO)
m
an
d
ate
an
d
in
c
r
ea
s
in
g
d
em
an
d
f
o
r
b
asic
in
ter
n
et
s
er
v
ices,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
h
ea
lth
,
an
d
d
i
s
aster
r
esp
o
n
s
e
[9
]
.
I
n
lig
h
t
o
f
th
ese
ch
allen
g
es,
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
h
av
e
em
er
g
e
d
as
v
iab
le
alter
n
ativ
es
f
o
r
p
o
wer
i
n
g
telec
o
m
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
[
1
0
]
.
Am
o
n
g
v
ar
io
u
s
o
p
tio
n
s
,
s
o
la
r
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
PV)
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
m
at
u
r
e
an
d
ad
a
p
tab
le
[
1
1
]
,
g
iv
en
I
n
d
o
n
esia’
s
h
ig
h
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
lev
els
ac
r
o
s
s
m
o
s
t
o
f
it
s
r
eg
io
n
s
.
W
h
en
in
teg
r
ated
with
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
s
(
lith
iu
m
-
io
n
o
r
lead
-
ac
id
b
atter
ies)
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
th
e
g
r
id
o
r
a
m
in
im
al
d
i
esel
b
ac
k
u
p
,
h
y
b
r
id
s
o
lar
-
b
ased
s
y
s
tem
s
ca
n
r
e
d
u
c
e
lo
n
g
-
te
r
m
co
s
ts
,
en
s
u
r
e
o
p
er
at
io
n
al
co
n
tin
u
ity
,
a
n
d
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
th
e
n
atio
n
al
g
o
al
o
f
ca
r
b
o
n
n
e
u
tr
ality
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
3
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
d
ec
lin
in
g
g
lo
b
al
co
s
t
o
f
s
o
lar
m
o
d
u
les
an
d
b
atter
y
s
y
s
tem
s
f
u
r
th
er
s
tr
en
g
th
e
n
s
th
e
b
u
s
in
ess
ca
s
e
f
o
r
s
u
c
h
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
w
h
ile
th
e
th
eo
r
etica
l
a
n
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
h
y
b
r
id
B
T
S
is
well
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
[
1
4
]
,
p
r
ac
tical
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
r
eq
u
i
r
es
co
n
tex
t
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
an
aly
s
is
[
1
5
]
.
E
ac
h
r
em
o
te
s
ite
p
r
esen
ts
u
n
iq
u
e
v
a
r
iab
les
s
u
ch
as
s
o
lar
p
o
ten
tial,
lo
ad
p
r
o
f
iles
,
f
u
el
co
s
ts
,
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
av
ailab
ilit
y
,
an
d
r
eg
u
lato
r
y
s
u
p
p
o
r
t.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e,
s
im
u
latio
n
-
b
ased
s
tu
d
ies
th
at
r
ef
lect
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
co
n
d
itio
n
s
ar
e
ess
en
tia
l
to
in
f
o
r
m
in
v
estme
n
t
d
ec
is
io
n
s
,
p
o
licy
f
o
r
m
u
latio
n
,
an
d
tech
n
ical
p
lan
n
in
g
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
v
is
io
n
o
f
r
eliab
le
an
d
en
er
g
y
-
ef
f
icien
t
p
o
wer
s
o
u
r
ce
s
f
o
r
B
T
S
in
r
em
o
te
a
n
d
u
n
d
e
r
s
er
v
ed
r
e
g
io
n
s
h
as
g
ar
n
er
e
d
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
atten
tio
n
in
b
o
th
ac
ad
em
ic
an
d
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
d
o
m
ain
s
.
A
lar
g
e
b
o
d
y
o
f
l
iter
atu
r
e
id
en
tifie
s
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
as
a
d
o
m
in
an
t
f
ac
to
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
to
th
e
OPEX
o
f
telec
o
m
to
wer
s
,
e
s
p
ec
ially
in
o
f
f
-
g
r
id
o
r
s
em
i
-
g
r
i
d
ar
ea
s
[
1
6
]
.
Ald
o
s
s
ar
y
[
1
7
]
esti
m
ate
th
at
en
e
r
g
y
-
r
elate
d
co
s
ts
ca
n
r
ep
r
ese
n
t
6
0
-
7
0
%
o
f
to
tal
OPEX
in
r
em
o
te
B
T
S
o
p
er
atio
n
s
.
R
ajesh
an
d
Dev
i
[
1
8
]
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
a
m
icr
o
-
h
y
d
r
o
an
d
s
o
lar
PV
h
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
tem
,
wh
ich
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
r
ed
u
ce
d
d
iesel
f
u
el
d
ep
en
d
en
cy
an
d
en
h
an
ce
d
s
y
s
tem
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
.
L
ik
ewise,
[
1
9
]
p
r
esen
ted
e
v
id
en
ce
s
h
o
win
g
th
at
s
o
lar
-
b
atter
y
p
o
wer
ed
B
T
S
ac
h
iev
ed
u
p
t
o
8
0
%
s
av
in
g
s
i
n
f
u
el
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
a
n
d
a
6
0
%
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
n
et
p
r
esen
t
c
o
s
t
(
NPC
)
[
2
0
]
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
h
o
w
r
ep
lacin
g
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
h
i
g
h
-
p
r
ess
u
r
e
s
o
d
iu
m
(
HPS)
lam
p
s
with
s
m
ar
t
L
E
D
s
tr
ee
tlig
h
ts
in
I
r
aq
led
to
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
r
ed
u
ctio
n
s
in
e
n
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
a
n
d
o
p
er
atio
n
al
co
s
t.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
,
w
h
ich
u
s
ed
MA
T
L
AB
-
b
ased
m
o
d
elin
g
,
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
s
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
in
te
g
r
atin
g
en
er
g
y
-
ef
f
icien
t
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
in
in
f
r
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
p
r
o
jects
a
p
r
in
cip
le
th
at
alig
n
s
clo
s
ely
with
th
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
h
y
b
r
id
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
f
o
r
B
T
S in
r
em
o
te
ar
ea
s
.
Sev
er
al
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
in
v
esti
g
ated
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
r
en
e
wab
le
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
to
p
o
wer
r
em
o
te
telec
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
b
ase
s
tatio
n
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
h
y
b
r
id
s
o
lar
-
g
r
id
an
d
s
o
lar
-
b
atter
y
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
.
Prio
r
wo
r
k
s
h
av
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
p
o
ten
tial
r
ed
u
ctio
n
s
in
o
p
er
atio
n
al
e
x
p
en
d
i
tu
r
e
an
d
ca
r
b
o
n
em
is
s
io
n
s
b
y
in
teg
r
atin
g
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
s
y
s
tem
s
in
to
b
ase
s
tatio
n
p
o
we
r
s
u
p
p
ly
a
r
ch
ite
ctu
r
es.
Ho
wev
er
,
m
an
y
o
f
t
h
e
s
e
s
tu
d
ies
f
o
cu
s
o
n
g
en
er
alize
d
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
o
r
s
p
e
cif
ic
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ic
co
n
tex
ts
,
with
lim
ited
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
o
n
p
r
ac
tical
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t
co
n
s
t
r
ain
ts
in
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
r
e
g
i
o
n
s
.
Var
io
u
s
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
o
f
h
y
b
r
id
en
e
r
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
ex
ten
s
iv
ely
an
aly
ze
d
.
T
h
ese
ty
p
ically
in
c
lu
d
e
co
m
b
in
atio
n
s
o
f
s
o
lar
P
V,
d
iesel
g
en
er
at
o
r
s
,
win
d
tu
r
b
in
es,
an
d
en
e
r
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Z
eb
r
a
et
a
l
.
[
2
1
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
s
o
lar
-
d
ies
el
h
y
b
r
id
m
o
d
el
th
at
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
ts
in
f
u
el
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
o
p
er
ati
o
n
al
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
Am
m
ar
i
et
a
l.
[
2
2
]
,
r
esear
ch
er
s
u
s
ed
HOM
E
R
Pro
to
s
im
u
late
PV
-
win
d
-
d
ies
el
-
b
atter
y
s
etu
p
s
t
h
at
ac
h
iev
e
d
o
v
er
7
0
%
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
p
en
etr
atio
n
wit
h
a
co
m
p
etitiv
e
lev
elize
d
co
s
t
o
f
elec
tr
icity
(
L
C
OE
)
.
Similar
ly
,
Z
h
a
n
g
et
a
l.
[
2
3
]
i
n
v
esti
g
ated
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
r
ep
u
r
p
o
s
ed
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
b
atter
ies
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
B
T
S
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
,
wh
ile
[
2
4
]
ca
r
r
ie
d
o
u
t
a
life
-
c
y
cle
an
aly
s
is
o
f
lith
iu
m
-
io
n
b
atter
i
es,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
b
o
th
ec
o
n
o
m
i
c
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
b
en
e
f
its
.
An
ee
s
h
an
d
Sh
aik
h
[
2
5
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
n
o
v
el
D
2
D
-
d
r
iv
en
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
in
em
er
g
in
g
6
G
n
etwo
r
k
s
b
y
d
y
n
am
ically
en
ab
lin
g
d
ev
i
ce
-
to
-
d
ev
ice
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
cl
u
s
ter
s
.
T
h
eir
s
tu
d
y
,
wh
ich
em
p
lo
y
ed
K
-
m
ea
n
s
clu
s
ter
in
g
an
d
test
b
ed
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tatio
n
,
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
a
5
%
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
in
n
etwo
r
k
l
if
etim
e
p
er
s
ec
o
n
d
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
lo
ca
lized
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies
ca
n
s
u
b
s
tan
tially
r
ed
u
ce
en
er
g
y
u
s
ag
e
,
in
s
ig
h
ts
th
at
co
u
ld
b
e
ad
ap
ted
f
o
r
r
u
r
al
B
T
S scen
ar
io
s
wh
er
e
m
in
im
izin
g
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
is
cr
itical.
T
h
e
tech
n
o
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
im
u
latio
n
o
f
h
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
tem
s
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
a
cr
itical
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
in
ev
alu
atin
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
en
t
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ical
co
n
tex
t
s
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
y
u
tili
ze
d
Py
th
o
n
an
d
MA
T
L
AB
to
s
im
u
late
a
m
u
lti
-
s
o
u
r
ce
en
e
r
g
y
s
y
s
tem
(
PV,
b
io
m
ass
,
win
d
)
tailo
r
ed
f
o
r
r
e
m
o
te
i
s
lan
d
s
,
s
h
o
win
g
its
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
b
o
th
ec
o
n
o
m
ically
an
d
tech
n
ically
.
Olao
g
u
n
et
a
l.
[2
6
]
co
n
d
u
cted
a
s
im
ilar
s
tu
d
y
u
s
in
g
HOM
E
R
Pro
to
o
p
tim
ize
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
h
y
b
r
id
B
T
S
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Ad
d
itio
n
al
s
tu
d
ies
s
u
ch
as
th
e
o
n
e
b
y
[2
7
]
,
[
2
8
]
em
p
h
asized
th
at
h
y
b
r
i
d
m
o
d
e
ls
ca
n
r
ed
u
ce
d
iesel
u
s
e
b
y
u
p
to
6
5
%
wh
ile
m
ain
tain
in
g
s
y
s
tem
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
m
ak
in
g
th
em
h
ig
h
ly
attr
ac
tiv
e
f
o
r
d
ev
elo
p
i
n
g
r
eg
io
n
s
.
A
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
lo
g
ical
co
n
tr
o
l
m
ec
h
an
is
m
f
o
r
DC
–
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
in
s
war
m
-
b
ased
n
an
o
g
r
id
s
to
ef
f
icien
tly
d
is
tr
ib
u
te
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
am
o
n
g
ch
a
r
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
s
in
g
ated
co
m
m
u
n
ities
.
T
h
e
p
r
in
cip
le
o
f
d
ir
ec
t
D
C
u
s
ag
e
with
o
u
t
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
a
l
in
v
er
ter
s
tag
es
is
h
ig
h
ly
r
elev
an
t
f
o
r
r
em
o
te
B
T
S
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
,
wh
er
e
en
er
g
y
l
o
s
s
es
an
d
eq
u
i
p
m
en
t
c
o
s
ts
m
u
s
t
b
e
m
in
im
ize
d
.
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
s
u
s
tai
n
ab
ilit
y
,
h
y
b
r
id
B
T
S
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
s
h
av
e
s
h
o
wn
a
n
o
ta
b
le
r
ed
u
ctio
n
i
n
ca
r
b
o
n
em
is
s
io
n
s
.
Go
u
d
an
d
Kalp
an
a
[
29
]
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
at
s
h
if
tin
g
f
r
o
m
d
iesel
-
o
n
ly
s
y
s
tem
s
to
s
o
l
ar
-
h
y
b
r
id
B
T
S
ca
n
lo
wer
C
O₂
em
is
s
io
n
s
b
y
m
o
r
e
th
an
9
0
%
o
v
er
th
e
s
y
s
tem
’
s
life
tim
e.
T
h
is
al
ig
n
s
with
p
r
o
jectio
n
s
b
y
th
e
I
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
E
n
e
r
g
y
Ag
en
c
y
,
wh
ich
esti
m
ates
th
at
o
v
er
7
5
%
o
f
n
ew
telec
o
m
to
wer
s
i
n
em
er
g
in
g
m
ar
k
ets
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
To
w
a
r
d
s
g
r
ee
n
er tele
co
m:
en
erg
y
-
efficien
t h
yb
r
id
s
o
la
r
–
g
r
id
s
ystems
…
(
Ha
s
a
n
a
h
P
u
tr
i)
95
will
b
e
p
o
wer
ed
,
at
least
p
ar
tially
,
b
y
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
e
r
g
y
s
y
s
t
em
s
with
in
th
e
n
ex
t
d
ec
ad
e.
Po
licy
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
ts
h
av
e
also
s
h
ap
e
d
th
e
d
is
co
u
r
s
e
ar
o
u
n
d
h
y
b
r
id
B
T
S
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t.
GSMA
2
0
2
2
h
i
g
h
lig
h
te
d
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
in
teg
r
ated
r
eg
u
latio
n
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
a
n
d
telec
o
m
s
ec
to
r
s
to
f
ac
ilit
ate
r
e
n
ewa
b
l
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
i
n
B
T
S
o
p
er
atio
n
s
[3
0
]
.
I
n
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
th
e
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
C
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
an
d
I
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
(
KOM
I
NFO
)
h
as
d
ir
ec
ted
its
u
n
iv
er
s
al
s
er
v
ice
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
(
B
AKT
I
)
to
p
r
io
r
itiz
e
en
er
g
y
-
r
esil
ien
t
an
d
o
f
f
-
g
r
i
d
-
co
m
p
atib
le
B
T
S
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
ts
in
f
r
o
n
tier
,
o
u
ter
m
o
s
t,
an
d
least
-
d
ev
elo
p
ed
(
3
T
)
r
e
g
io
n
s
[3
1
]
.
Desp
ite
th
ese
r
eg
u
lato
r
y
ad
v
an
ce
m
e
n
ts
,
m
an
y
o
p
e
r
ato
r
s
s
til
l la
ck
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
f
r
am
e
wo
r
k
s
f
o
r
s
elec
tin
g
an
d
d
ep
lo
y
in
g
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
b
ased
o
n
s
ite
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
n
ee
d
s
,
s
o
lar
r
e
s
o
u
r
ce
av
ailab
ilit
y
,
an
d
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
o
p
e
r
atio
n
al
c
o
s
t
tar
g
ets.
B
ey
o
n
d
tech
n
o
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
tu
d
ies,
r
ec
e
n
t
r
esear
ch
h
as
also
ex
p
lo
r
ed
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies,
b
atter
y
d
eg
r
a
d
atio
n
m
o
d
els,
an
d
r
em
o
te
e
n
er
g
y
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
e
r
esear
c
h
er
s
[3
2
]
,
[
3
3
]
r
e
v
iew
s
u
r
v
ey
e
d
a
r
an
g
e
o
f
h
y
b
r
id
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
(
HR
E
S)
with
f
o
cu
s
o
n
telec
o
m
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
n
o
tin
g
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
d
y
n
am
ic
en
er
g
y
m
a
n
ag
em
e
n
t
an
d
p
r
e
d
ictiv
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
to
o
p
tim
ize
en
er
g
y
d
is
p
atch
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
y
i
n
g
lo
ad
co
n
d
itio
n
s
[3
4
]
.
I
n
s
u
m
,
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
s
u
g
g
ests
s
tr
o
n
g
e
m
p
ir
ical
a
n
d
t
h
eo
r
etica
l
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
th
e
a
d
o
p
t
io
n
o
f
h
y
b
r
i
d
s
o
lar
-
g
r
id
o
r
s
o
lar
–
d
iesel
s
y
s
tem
s
in
r
u
r
al
B
T
S
co
n
tex
ts
.
No
n
eth
el
ess
,
m
o
s
t
m
o
d
els
ar
e
eith
er
to
o
l
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
o
r
b
ased
o
n
id
ea
lized
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
n
o
t
f
u
lly
ad
a
p
ted
to
th
e
I
n
d
o
n
esian
co
n
te
x
t.
T
h
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
s
ee
k
s
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
is
g
ap
b
y
u
s
in
g
Py
th
o
n
-
b
ased
s
im
u
latio
n
s
,
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
r
eg
io
n
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
d
at
a,
o
p
er
atio
n
al
c
o
s
ts
,
an
d
r
ea
lis
tic
B
T
S
lo
ad
p
r
o
f
iles
to
ass
e
s
s
th
e
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
ef
f
icien
cy
a
n
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
i
lit
y
o
f
two
B
T
S
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
:
a
g
r
id
-
o
n
ly
s
y
s
tem
an
d
a
s
o
lar
–
g
r
id
h
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
tem
.
Desp
ite
th
ese
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
ex
is
tin
g
s
tu
d
ies
o
f
ten
r
ely
o
n
s
im
p
lif
ied
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
av
ailab
ilit
y
an
d
s
y
s
tem
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
.
I
n
p
ar
ticu
lar
,
lim
ited
atten
tio
n
h
as
b
ee
n
g
i
v
en
to
d
aily
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
v
ar
i
ab
ilit
y
,
in
s
tallatio
n
s
p
ac
e
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
,
an
d
th
ei
r
im
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
ca
p
ital
ex
p
en
d
itu
r
e
in
r
e
m
o
te
b
ase
s
tatio
n
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
a
n
aly
s
es
b
etwe
en
g
r
id
-
o
n
ly
an
d
h
y
b
r
id
s
o
lar
–
g
r
id
s
y
s
te
m
s
u
n
d
er
r
ea
lis
tic
o
p
er
atio
n
al
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
r
em
ai
n
s
ca
r
ce
.
T
h
e
m
ai
n
co
n
t
r
ib
u
tio
n
s
o
f
th
is
p
ap
er
ar
e
s
u
m
m
a
r
ized
as f
o
llo
ws:
−
T
h
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
t
s
im
u
latio
n
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
to
e
v
alu
ate
th
e
en
e
r
g
y
,
co
s
t,
an
d
em
is
s
io
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
h
y
b
r
id
s
o
lar
-
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
s
f
o
r
r
em
o
te
b
ase
s
tatio
n
s
;
−
T
h
e
q
u
an
tific
atio
n
o
f
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
p
e
n
etr
atio
n
,
o
p
er
atio
n
al
co
s
t
s
av
in
g
s
,
an
d
C
O₂
em
is
s
io
n
r
ed
u
ctio
n
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
g
r
id
-
o
n
ly
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
; a
n
d
−
T
h
e
in
clu
s
io
n
o
f
p
r
ac
tical
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
p
h
o
to
v
o
l
tai
c
in
s
tallat
io
n
ar
ea
an
d
ca
p
ital
ex
p
en
d
itu
r
e
im
p
licatio
n
s
to
en
h
an
ce
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
ap
p
licab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
r
em
ain
d
er
o
f
th
is
p
a
p
er
i
s
o
r
g
an
ized
as
f
o
llo
ws.
Sectio
n
2
d
escr
ib
es
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
an
d
s
y
s
tem
m
o
d
el
.
Sectio
n
3
p
r
e
s
en
ts
th
e
r
esu
lts
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
i
o
n
.
Fin
a
lly
,
Sectio
n
4
c
o
n
clu
d
es
th
e
p
ap
er
an
d
o
u
tlin
es f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
d
ir
ec
ti
o
n
s
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ev
alu
ates
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
a
h
y
b
r
id
s
o
lar
–
g
r
id
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
s
y
s
tem
d
esig
n
ed
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
o
p
e
r
atio
n
o
f
a
r
em
o
te
telec
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
b
ase
s
t
atio
n
.
T
h
e
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
a
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
PV)
s
y
s
tem
in
t
eg
r
ated
with
th
e
u
tili
ty
g
r
id
i
n
a
g
r
i
d
-
tied
ar
r
an
g
em
e
n
t,
w
h
er
e
s
o
lar
en
e
r
g
y
is
u
tili
ze
d
as
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
wh
en
ev
er
av
ailab
le,
wh
ile
th
e
g
r
id
s
u
p
p
lies
th
e
r
em
ain
in
g
d
em
an
d
to
en
s
u
r
e
co
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
o
p
er
atio
n
.
T
h
e
b
ase
s
tatio
n
lo
ad
is
as
s
u
m
ed
to
b
e
co
n
s
tan
t
o
v
er
th
e
ev
alu
atio
n
p
er
io
d
,
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
a
co
n
s
er
v
ativ
e
o
p
e
r
atio
n
al
s
ce
n
ar
io
f
o
r
r
u
r
al
an
d
u
n
d
e
r
s
er
v
ed
ar
ea
s
.
E
n
er
g
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
n
o
t
in
clu
d
e
d
in
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
m
o
d
el
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
f
o
cu
s
o
n
t
h
e
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tal
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
s
o
lar
en
e
r
g
y
a
n
d
to
r
ef
lect
co
m
m
o
n
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
t p
r
ac
tices wh
er
e
b
atter
y
in
teg
r
atio
n
m
ay
b
e
co
n
s
tr
ain
ed
b
y
co
s
t a
n
d
m
ain
ten
an
ce
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
.
2
.
1
.
O
v
er
v
iew
o
f
t
he
s
t
ud
y
a
pp
ro
a
ch
T
h
e
co
r
e
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
to
s
im
u
late
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
ar
e
th
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
p
atter
n
s
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
o
u
tco
m
es o
f
two
en
er
g
y
s
u
p
p
ly
m
o
d
els f
o
r
B
T
S:
a.
Scen
ar
io
A:
A
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
B
T
S p
o
wer
ed
en
tire
l
y
b
y
th
e
n
a
tio
n
al
g
r
id
.
b.
Scen
ar
io
B
:
A
h
y
b
r
id
B
T
S p
o
wer
ed
p
r
im
ar
ily
b
y
s
o
lar
PV w
ith
g
r
id
b
ac
k
u
p
.
T
h
e
ev
alu
atio
n
is
co
n
d
u
cted
u
s
in
g
Py
th
o
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
i
n
g
lan
g
u
ag
e
,
wh
ich
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
an
d
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
cy
in
m
o
d
elin
g
a
n
d
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
o
p
er
ates o
n
a
d
aily
b
asis
f
o
r
a
p
er
io
d
o
f
3
6
5
d
ay
s
,
ass
u
m
in
g
co
n
s
tan
t d
aily
e
n
er
g
y
d
em
an
d
.
2
.
2
.
Sy
s
t
e
m
a
rc
hite
ct
ure
a
n
d scena
rio
des
ig
n
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
is
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
,
wh
ich
s
h
o
ws
th
e
m
ain
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
o
f
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
B
T
S
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
:
s
o
lar
PV
m
o
d
u
les,
b
atter
y
s
to
r
ag
e
(
o
p
t
io
n
al
f
o
r
f
u
t
u
r
e
im
p
lem
en
tati
o
n
)
,
th
e
B
T
S
lo
ad
,
an
d
th
e
g
r
id
as
a
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
e
n
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
.
E
n
er
g
y
g
en
er
at
ed
f
r
o
m
s
o
lar
p
an
els
is
p
r
io
r
itized
,
an
d
th
e
g
r
id
s
u
p
p
lies
th
e
r
em
ain
in
g
en
er
g
y
wh
en
s
o
lar
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
is
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
42
,
No
.
1
,
Ap
r
il
20
26
:
93
-
1
0
4
96
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Sy
s
tem
Ar
ch
itectu
r
e
o
f
th
e
h
y
b
r
i
d
s
o
lar
–
g
r
id
p
o
we
r
ed
B
T
S
Fig
u
r
e
1
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
s
y
s
tem
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
o
f
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
s
o
lar
–
g
r
i
d
p
o
wer
e
d
B
T
S.
I
n
th
is
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
:
a.
T
h
e
So
lar
PV A
r
r
ay
s
er
v
es a
s
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
th
at
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
s
u
p
p
lies
th
e
B
T
S lo
ad
.
b.
T
h
e
B
T
S
L
o
ad
,
wh
ich
r
eq
u
i
r
es
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
1
5
k
W
h
p
er
d
ay
,
p
r
io
r
itizes
en
er
g
y
in
tak
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
o
lar
PV sy
s
tem
.
c.
T
h
e
Gr
id
Po
wer
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
as
a
b
ac
k
u
p
s
o
u
r
ce
,
a
u
to
m
atica
lly
s
u
p
p
lem
e
n
tin
g
t
h
e
B
T
S
l
o
ad
wh
e
n
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
is
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t to
m
ee
t d
aily
e
n
er
g
y
d
em
a
n
d
s
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
s
o
lid
ar
r
o
ws
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
o
lar
PV
a
r
r
ay
to
th
e
B
T
S
l
o
ad
in
d
icate
s
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
en
er
g
y
f
lo
w
,
wh
ile
th
e
d
ash
ed
ar
r
o
w
f
r
o
m
g
r
id
p
o
wer
t
o
th
e
B
T
S
l
o
ad
r
ep
r
esen
ts
co
n
d
itio
n
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
wh
en
s
o
lar
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
f
alls
s
h
o
r
t.
T
h
is
s
etu
p
o
p
tim
izes
th
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
,
r
ed
u
ce
s
r
elian
ce
o
n
g
r
i
d
p
o
wer
,
lo
wer
s
o
p
er
atio
n
al
c
o
s
ts
,
an
d
m
in
im
izes c
ar
b
o
n
em
is
s
io
n
s
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
is
b
u
ilt u
s
in
g
t
h
e
Py
th
o
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
i
n
g
lan
g
u
ag
e.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
lib
r
ar
ies ar
e
u
tili
ze
d
:
a.
p
an
d
as: f
o
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
tim
e
-
s
er
ies d
ata
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
,
b.
n
u
m
p
y
:
f
o
r
n
u
m
e
r
ical
ca
lcu
lat
io
n
s
,
c.
m
atp
lo
tlib
: f
o
r
d
ata
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
,
d.
s
cip
y
.
o
p
tim
ize:
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
m
o
d
el
en
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t th
r
o
u
g
h
c
o
s
t o
p
tim
izatio
n
.
Py
th
o
n
is
s
elec
ted
d
u
e
to
its
o
p
en
-
s
o
u
r
ce
n
at
u
r
e,
tr
an
s
p
ar
e
n
cy
,
an
d
ea
s
e
o
f
r
ep
r
o
d
u
cib
ilit
y
-
m
ak
in
g
it
id
ea
l f
o
r
ac
a
d
em
ic
an
d
p
o
licy
-
d
r
iv
en
e
n
er
g
y
s
tu
d
ies.
2
.
3
.
M
o
delin
g
a
s
s
um
ptio
ns
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
u
s
es
r
ea
lis
tic
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
r
ele
v
an
t
to
ty
p
ical
r
u
r
al
I
n
d
o
n
esian
B
T
S
in
s
tallatio
n
s
.
All
v
alu
es a
r
e
b
ased
o
n
eith
er
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iews o
r
p
u
b
licly
a
v
ailab
le
d
atasets
,
as su
m
m
ar
ized
in
T
ab
le
1.
T
ab
le
1
.
Simu
latio
n
p
ar
am
eter
s
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
V
a
l
u
e
S
o
u
r
c
e
/
j
u
st
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
D
a
i
l
y
B
TS
l
o
a
d
1
5
k
W
h
/
d
a
y
C
o
n
st
a
n
t
l
o
a
d
p
r
o
f
i
l
e
S
o
l
a
r
i
r
r
a
d
i
a
n
c
e
(
a
v
g
)
5
.
2
k
W
h
/
m²
/
d
a
y
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
i
n
t
r
o
p
i
c
a
l
I
n
d
o
n
e
si
a
S
o
l
a
r
p
a
n
e
l
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
1
8
%
C
o
mm
e
r
c
i
a
l
-
g
r
a
d
e
mo
n
o
c
r
y
st
a
l
l
i
n
e
p
a
n
e
l
s
S
o
l
a
r
p
a
n
e
l
a
r
e
a
1
2
m²
Est
i
m
a
t
e
d
~
2
.
2
k
W
p
s
y
s
t
e
m
G
r
i
d
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
c
o
s
t
I
D
R
1
,
5
0
0
/
k
W
h
P
LN
t
a
r
i
f
f
(
h
o
u
s
e
h
o
l
d
/
b
u
s
i
n
e
ss c
a
t
e
g
o
r
y
)
S
o
l
a
r
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
c
o
st
I
D
R
5
0
0
/
k
W
h
Le
v
e
l
i
z
e
d
c
o
st
b
a
se
d
o
n
e
q
u
i
p
me
n
t
a
mo
r
t
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
C
a
r
b
o
n
e
mi
ss
i
o
n
(
g
r
i
d
)
0
.
8
2
k
g
C
O
₂/
k
W
h
R
e
g
i
o
n
a
l
v
a
l
u
e
f
r
o
m I
EA
(
2
0
2
5
)
2
.
4
.
Sim
ula
t
i
o
n a
lg
o
rit
h
m
a
nd
m
a
t
hem
a
t
ic
a
l f
o
r
m
ula
t
io
n
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
p
r
o
ce
ed
s
as f
o
l
lo
ws:
2
.
4
.
1
.
So
la
r
irra
dia
nce
mo
delin
g
To
en
h
an
ce
th
e
r
ea
lis
m
o
f
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
,
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
g
en
e
r
atio
n
is
m
o
d
elled
u
s
in
g
a
tim
e
-
v
ar
y
in
g
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
p
r
o
f
ile
r
ath
e
r
th
an
a
s
in
g
le
an
n
u
al
av
er
ag
e
v
alu
e.
Mo
n
th
ly
av
er
a
g
e
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
d
ata
r
ep
r
esen
tativ
e
o
f
tr
o
p
ical
r
e
g
io
n
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
as
th
e
b
a
s
is
f
o
r
th
e
m
o
d
el
an
d
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
in
ter
p
o
late
d
to
g
en
er
ate
d
aily
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
v
alu
es
o
v
er
a
o
n
e
-
y
ea
r
p
er
io
d
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
ca
p
tu
r
es
s
ea
s
o
n
al
an
d
d
aily
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
in
s
o
lar
av
ailab
ilit
y
wh
ile
m
ain
tain
in
g
c
o
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
e
f
f
icien
cy
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
s
y
s
tem
-
lev
el
an
a
ly
s
is
.
B
y
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
tim
e
-
v
a
r
y
in
g
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
,
th
e
m
o
d
el
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
a
m
o
r
e
ac
cu
r
ate
r
ep
r
esen
tati
o
n
o
f
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
en
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
y
ea
r
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
co
n
s
tan
t
-
av
er
ag
e
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
.
2
.
4
.
2
.
P
ho
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
ener
g
y
g
e
nera
t
io
n m
o
del
T
h
e
d
aily
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
en
e
r
g
y
o
u
tp
u
t
is
ca
lcu
lated
as
a
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
d
aily
s
o
lar
ir
r
a
d
ian
ce
,
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
an
el
ar
ea
,
an
d
th
e
o
v
er
all
s
y
s
tem
ef
f
icien
cy
.
T
h
e
an
n
u
al
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
en
er
g
y
g
en
er
atio
n
is
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
ag
g
r
eg
atin
g
d
aily
o
u
tp
u
ts
o
v
er
t
h
e
en
tire
y
ea
r
a
n
d
is
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as:
PV
a
nnua
l
=
∑
(
)
×
365
=
1
PV
×
PV
(
1
)
wh
er
e
(
)
d
en
o
tes th
e
d
aily
s
o
lar
i
r
r
ad
ian
ce
o
n
d
a
y
(
k
W
h
/m
²/d
ay
)
,
PV
is
th
e
to
tal
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
an
el
ar
ea
,
an
d
PV
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
o
v
er
all
e
f
f
i
cien
cy
o
f
t
h
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
s
y
s
tem
,
in
clu
d
in
g
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
a
n
d
s
y
s
tem
lo
s
s
es.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
To
w
a
r
d
s
g
r
ee
n
er tele
co
m:
en
erg
y
-
efficien
t h
yb
r
id
s
o
la
r
–
g
r
id
s
ystems
…
(
Ha
s
a
n
a
h
P
u
tr
i)
97
2
.
4
.
3
.
G
rid
ener
g
y
s
up
ply
m
o
del
T
h
e
u
tili
ty
g
r
id
s
u
p
p
lies
th
e
r
em
ain
in
g
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
th
e
b
ase
s
tatio
n
en
er
g
y
d
em
a
n
d
t
h
at
is
n
o
t
m
et
b
y
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
g
en
er
ati
o
n
.
T
h
e
a
n
n
u
al
g
r
id
en
e
r
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
i
s
ca
lcu
lated
as:
gr
id
=
load
−
PV
a
nnua
l
(
2
)
T
h
is
f
o
r
m
u
latio
n
en
s
u
r
es
th
at
th
e
to
tal
en
er
g
y
d
em
a
n
d
o
f
th
e
b
ase
s
tatio
n
is
alwa
y
s
s
ati
s
f
ie
d
,
th
er
eb
y
p
r
eser
v
in
g
o
p
er
atio
n
al
r
eliab
i
lity
.
T
h
e
g
r
id
-
tied
co
n
f
ig
u
r
at
io
n
allo
ws
s
ea
m
les
s
en
er
g
y
b
alan
cin
g
b
etwe
en
s
o
lar
g
en
er
atio
n
an
d
g
r
id
s
u
p
p
ly
with
o
u
t in
tr
o
d
u
cin
g
ad
d
itio
n
al
s
to
r
ag
e
co
m
p
lex
ity
.
2
.
4
.
4
.
O
pera
t
io
na
l
c
o
s
t
a
nd
em
is
s
io
n m
o
delin
g
Op
er
atio
n
al
ex
p
e
n
d
itu
r
e
is
p
r
im
ar
ily
ass
o
ciate
d
with
g
r
i
d
elec
tr
icity
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
T
h
e
an
n
u
al
o
p
er
atio
n
al
c
o
s
t is ca
l
cu
lated
b
ased
o
n
th
e
g
r
id
en
er
g
y
u
s
ag
e
an
d
th
e
a
p
p
licab
le
elec
tr
icity
tar
if
f
.
OPEX
=
gr
id
×
gr
id
(
3
)
wh
er
e
gr
id
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
u
n
it c
o
s
t
o
f
g
r
id
elec
tr
icity
.
C
ar
b
o
n
d
i
o
x
id
e
e
m
is
s
io
n
s
ar
e
esti
m
ated
b
y
ap
p
l
y
in
g
a
n
em
is
s
io
n
f
ac
to
r
to
t
h
e
g
r
id
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
wh
ile
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
ltaic
g
en
er
atio
n
is
ass
u
m
ed
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
n
e
g
lig
ib
le
d
ir
ec
t
em
is
s
io
n
s
d
u
r
in
g
o
p
er
atio
n
.
T
h
e
a
n
n
u
al
ca
r
b
o
n
em
is
s
io
n
s
ar
e
th
er
ef
o
r
e
e
x
p
r
es
s
ed
as:
CO
2
=
gr
id
×
EF
gr
id
(
4
)
wh
er
e
EF
gr
id
d
en
o
tes th
e
g
r
id
e
m
is
s
i
o
n
f
ac
to
r
.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
h
y
b
r
i
d
s
o
lar
-
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
is
ev
alu
at
ed
u
s
in
g
s
ev
er
al
k
ey
m
etr
ics,
in
clu
d
in
g
:
(
a)
An
n
u
al
en
er
g
y
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
an
d
g
r
id
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
(
b
)
R
ed
u
ctio
n
in
g
r
id
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
g
r
id
-
o
n
ly
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
,
(
c)
Op
e
r
atio
n
a
l
ex
p
en
d
itu
r
e
s
av
in
g
s
,
a
n
d
(
d
)
C
ar
b
o
n
e
m
is
s
io
n
r
ed
u
ctio
n
.
T
h
ese
m
etr
ics
en
ab
le
a
c
o
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
t
ec
h
n
ical,
ec
o
n
o
m
ic,
a
n
d
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
tal
im
p
ac
ts
o
f
in
teg
r
atin
g
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
ltaic
s
y
s
tem
s
in
to
r
em
o
te
b
a
s
e
s
tatio
n
o
p
er
atio
n
s
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
is
ex
ec
u
te
d
u
s
in
g
a
d
eter
m
in
is
tic
p
r
o
ce
s
s
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
,
d
escr
ib
in
g
th
e
d
aily
en
e
r
g
y
f
l
o
w
an
d
ev
alu
atio
n
lo
g
ic
f
r
o
m
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
to
co
s
t a
n
d
e
m
is
s
io
n
esti
m
atio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Simu
latio
n
wo
r
k
f
lo
w
f
o
r
d
aily
B
T
S e
n
er
g
y
ca
lcu
l
atio
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
42
,
No
.
1
,
Ap
r
il
20
26
:
93
-
1
0
4
98
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
ca
lcu
latin
g
d
aily
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
en
e
r
g
y
g
en
e
r
atio
n
b
ased
o
n
tim
e
-
v
ar
y
in
g
s
o
lar
ir
r
a
d
ian
ce
,
ag
g
r
e
g
atin
g
th
e
r
esu
lts
to
o
b
tain
an
n
u
al
v
alu
es,
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
ar
in
g
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
s
o
lar
–
g
r
id
c
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
ag
ain
s
t
a
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
g
r
id
-
o
n
ly
b
a
s
elin
e.
All
ca
lcu
lati
o
n
s
ar
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
ed
o
v
e
r
a
o
n
e
-
y
ea
r
p
er
io
d
to
en
s
u
r
e
co
n
s
is
t
en
cy
in
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
co
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
an
d
to
ca
p
tu
r
e
s
ea
s
o
n
al
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
s
o
lar
av
ailab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
is
v
alid
ated
th
r
o
u
g
h
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
with
p
u
b
l
is
h
ed
m
o
d
els
an
d
in
d
u
s
tr
y
b
e
n
ch
m
ar
k
s
.
W
h
ile
th
e
m
o
d
el
p
r
o
v
id
es
g
en
er
aliza
b
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
,
it
ass
u
m
es
co
n
s
tan
t
d
aily
lo
ad
an
d
av
er
ag
e
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
,
wh
ich
m
ay
n
o
t
f
u
lly
ca
p
tu
r
e
s
ite
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
.
Nev
e
r
th
eless
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
ar
e
s
u
f
f
ici
en
t
to
c
o
m
p
ar
e
th
e
r
elativ
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
h
y
b
r
i
d
an
d
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
s
y
s
tem
s
in
r
u
r
al
B
T
S scen
ar
io
s
.
2
.
5
.
P
V
I
ns
t
a
lla
t
io
n
a
re
a
a
n
d CA
P
E
X
esti
m
a
t
io
n
T
h
e
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
a
l
f
e
as
i
b
il
i
t
y
o
f
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
i
n
te
g
r
a
t
i
o
n
is
f
u
r
t
h
er
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
e
d
b
y
e
s
ti
m
a
ti
n
g
t
h
e
in
s
t
a
ll
a
t
i
o
n
a
r
e
a
a
n
d
a
s
s
o
c
i
a
te
d
c
a
p
i
t
al
e
x
p
e
n
d
i
t
u
r
e
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
d
f
o
r
t
h
e
h
y
b
r
i
d
s
o
l
a
r
-
g
r
i
d
s
y
s
t
e
m
.
T
h
e
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
d
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
a
r
e
a
i
s
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
e
d
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
t
h
e
s
e
l
ec
t
e
d
p
a
n
e
l
c
a
p
a
ci
t
y
a
n
d
t
y
p
i
c
a
l
p
o
w
e
r
d
e
n
s
i
t
y
v
a
l
u
es
o
f
c
o
m
m
e
r
c
i
a
l
P
V
m
o
d
u
l
e
s
.
Fo
r
s
y
s
tem
-
lev
el
an
aly
s
is
,
th
e
to
tal
PV in
s
tallatio
n
ar
ea
is
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ated
as:
PV
=
PV
PV
(
5
)
wh
er
e
PV
d
en
o
tes th
e
in
s
talled
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
ca
p
ac
ity
an
d
PV
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
PV
p
o
wer
d
en
s
ity
(
W
/m
²)
.
C
ap
ital
ex
p
en
d
itu
r
e
is
esti
m
ated
u
s
in
g
r
ep
r
esen
tativ
e
u
n
it
c
o
s
ts
f
o
r
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
m
o
d
u
les,
m
o
u
n
tin
g
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es,
p
o
wer
c
o
n
d
itio
n
in
g
eq
u
ip
m
en
t,
an
d
i
n
s
tallati
o
n
.
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
aim
s
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
an
o
r
d
er
-
of
-
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
e
s
t
i
m
a
ti
o
n
r
ath
er
th
an
a
d
etailed
f
i
n
an
cial
b
r
ea
k
d
o
wn
,
th
e
r
eb
y
illu
s
tr
atin
g
th
e
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
im
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
PV d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t in
r
em
o
te
b
ase
s
tatio
n
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
is
ch
ap
ter
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
c
o
m
p
a
r
ativ
e
an
al
y
s
is
b
etwe
en
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
g
r
id
-
o
n
ly
B
T
S
an
d
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
s
o
lar
-
g
r
id
p
o
wer
ed
B
T
S.
T
h
e
ev
alu
atio
n
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
th
r
ee
k
e
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
d
icato
r
s
(
KPI
)
:
en
er
g
y
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
,
o
p
er
atio
n
al
co
s
t,
an
d
ca
r
b
o
n
em
is
s
io
n
s
o
v
er
a
o
n
e
-
y
ea
r
o
p
er
atio
n
al
p
er
io
d
.
3
.
1
.
Annu
a
l e
nerg
y
co
ntr
ib
utio
n
T
a
b
l
e
2
p
r
es
e
n
ts
t
h
e
a
n
n
u
a
l
e
n
e
r
g
y
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
h
y
b
r
i
d
s
o
l
a
r
-
g
r
i
d
s
y
s
t
e
m
,
s
h
o
w
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
t
i
o
n
o
f
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
u
p
p
l
i
e
d
b
y
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
t
h
e
u
t
i
l
i
t
y
g
r
i
d
.
T
h
e
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
i
n
d
i
c
a
t
e
t
h
a
t
s
o
l
a
r
p
o
w
e
r
i
s
a
b
l
e
t
o
s
u
p
p
l
y
a
s
u
b
s
t
a
n
t
i
a
l
p
o
r
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
b
a
s
e
s
t
a
t
i
o
n
’
s
a
n
n
u
a
l
e
n
e
r
g
y
d
e
m
a
n
d
,
w
h
i
l
e
t
h
e
g
r
i
d
e
n
s
u
r
e
s
c
o
n
t
i
n
u
o
u
s
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
d
u
r
i
n
g
p
e
r
i
o
d
s
o
f
i
n
s
u
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
s
o
l
a
r
a
v
a
i
l
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
.
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
s
h
o
w
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
s
o
l
a
r
P
V
s
y
s
t
e
m
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
s
a
p
p
r
o
x
i
m
a
t
e
l
y
7
4
%
o
f
t
h
e
t
o
t
a
l
a
n
n
u
a
l
e
n
e
r
g
y
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
d
t
o
o
p
e
r
a
t
e
t
h
e
B
T
S
.
T
h
e
r
e
m
a
i
n
i
n
g
2
6
%
o
f
t
h
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
d
e
m
a
n
d
i
s
s
u
p
p
l
i
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
g
r
i
d
p
o
w
e
r
d
u
e
t
o
o
c
c
a
s
i
o
n
a
l
i
n
s
u
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
o
f
s
o
l
a
r
e
n
e
r
g
y
.
T
ab
le
2
.
An
n
u
al
en
e
r
g
y
c
o
n
tr
i
b
u
tio
n
f
r
o
m
ea
c
h
s
o
u
r
ce
En
e
r
g
y
s
o
u
r
c
e
A
n
n
u
a
l
e
n
e
r
g
y
(
k
W
h
)
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
(
%)
S
o
l
a
r
P
V
4
,
0
1
4
7
3
.
3
%
G
r
i
d
p
o
w
e
r
1
,
4
6
1
2
6
.
7
%
To
t
a
l
5
,
4
7
5
1
0
0
%
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
l
a
ti
o
n
i
s
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
t
i
m
e
-
v
a
r
y
i
n
g
d
a
i
l
y
s
o
l
a
r
i
r
r
a
d
i
a
n
c
e
v
a
l
u
e
s
d
e
r
i
v
e
d
f
r
o
m
a
n
a
v
e
r
a
g
e
a
n
n
u
a
l
i
r
r
a
d
i
a
n
c
e
o
f
5
.
2
k
W
h
/
m
²
/
d
a
y
,
w
h
i
c
h
i
s
t
y
p
i
c
a
l
f
o
r
r
u
r
a
l
r
e
g
i
o
n
s
i
n
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
.
T
h
e
p
r
i
o
r
it
iz
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
s
o
l
a
r
P
V
s
u
c
c
es
s
f
u
l
l
y
r
e
d
u
c
es
g
r
i
d
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
c
y
a
n
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
u
s
t
a
i
n
a
b
i
l
it
y
g
o
a
l
s
.
T
h
i
s
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
p
a
t
t
e
r
n
r
e
f
l
e
c
ts
t
h
e
c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
is
t
i
cs
o
f
g
r
i
d
-
t
i
e
d
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
i
n
t
r
o
p
i
c
a
l
r
e
g
i
o
n
s
,
w
h
e
r
e
s
o
l
a
r
e
n
e
r
g
y
c
a
n
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
l
y
r
e
d
u
c
e
g
r
i
d
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
c
y
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
c
o
m
p
r
o
m
i
s
i
n
g
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
r
e
l
i
a
b
i
li
t
y
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
e
d
t
o
p
r
e
v
i
o
u
s
s
t
u
d
i
es
r
e
p
o
r
t
i
n
g
r
e
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
p
e
n
e
t
r
at
i
o
n
l
e
v
e
l
s
o
f
a
p
p
r
o
x
i
m
a
t
e
l
y
3
0
-
5
0
%
i
n
h
y
b
r
i
d
-
p
o
w
e
r
e
d
b
a
s
e
s
t
a
ti
o
n
s
[3
5
]
,
[3
6
]
,
t
h
e
r
e
s
u
l
ts
o
f
t
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
a
r
e
c
o
n
s
is
t
e
n
t
w
i
t
h
e
x
i
s
t
i
n
g
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
s
u
n
d
e
r
r
e
a
l
i
s
t
i
c
o
p
e
r
a
ti
o
n
a
l
as
s
u
m
p
t
i
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
a
n
n
u
a
l
e
n
e
r
g
y
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
a
r
e
o
b
t
a
i
n
e
d
b
y
a
g
g
r
e
g
a
t
i
n
g
d
a
i
l
y
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
e
n
e
r
g
y
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
v
e
r
t
h
e
e
n
t
i
r
e
y
e
a
r
,
t
h
e
r
e
b
y
a
c
c
o
u
n
t
i
n
g
f
o
r
s
e
a
s
o
n
a
l
v
a
r
i
a
ti
o
n
s
i
n
s
o
l
a
r
i
r
r
ad
i
a
n
c
e
.
T
h
e
s
e
r
e
s
u
lt
s
s
u
g
g
es
t
t
h
a
t
e
v
e
n
m
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
o
n
c
a
n
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
m
e
a
n
i
n
g
f
u
l
r
e
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
s
i
n
g
r
i
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
t
i
o
n
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
a
l
a
d
o
p
t
i
o
n
o
f
h
y
b
r
i
d
s
o
l
a
r
-
g
r
i
d
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
f
o
r
r
e
m
o
te
b
a
s
e
s
t
at
i
o
n
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
To
w
a
r
d
s
g
r
ee
n
er tele
co
m:
en
erg
y
-
efficien
t h
yb
r
id
s
o
la
r
–
g
r
id
s
ystems
…
(
Ha
s
a
n
a
h
P
u
tr
i)
99
3
.
2
.
Annu
a
l o
pera
t
io
na
l c
o
s
t
co
m
pa
riso
n
T
h
e
co
s
t
a
n
aly
s
is
r
ev
ea
ls
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
e
d
u
ctio
n
in
an
n
u
al
o
p
er
atio
n
al
ex
p
en
d
it
u
r
e
wh
e
n
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
s
o
lar
-
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
.
As
s
h
o
wn
i
n
T
a
b
le
3
,
t
h
e
h
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
tem
ac
h
ie
v
es
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
2
4
.
4
%
an
n
u
al
co
s
t
s
av
in
g
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
c
o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
g
r
id
-
o
n
ly
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
ese
s
av
in
g
s
ar
e
m
ain
ly
attr
ib
u
ted
to
th
e
lo
wer
co
s
t
o
f
s
o
lar
-
g
e
n
er
ated
elec
tr
icity
(
I
DR
5
0
0
/k
W
h
)
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
t
h
e
g
r
id
tar
if
f
(
I
DR
1
,
5
0
0
/
k
W
h
)
.
T
ab
le
3
.
An
n
u
al
o
p
er
atio
n
al
c
o
s
t c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
C
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
A
n
n
u
a
l
c
o
s
t
(
I
D
R
)
G
r
i
d
-
o
n
l
y
B
TS
8
,
2
1
2
,
5
0
0
H
y
b
r
i
d
so
l
a
r
–
g
r
i
d
B
TS
6
,
2
0
5
,
5
0
0
C
o
s
t
sa
v
i
n
g
s
2
,
0
0
7
,
0
0
0
(
2
4
.
4
%)
T
h
e
an
n
u
al
o
p
er
atio
n
al
ex
p
e
n
d
itu
r
e
c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
two
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
is
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
e
h
y
b
r
id
s
o
lar
–
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
ac
h
iev
es
a
n
o
tab
l
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
i
n
OPEX
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
g
r
id
-
o
n
ly
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
,
m
ain
ly
d
u
e
to
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
elec
tr
icity
p
r
o
cu
r
e
m
en
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
u
tili
ty
g
r
id
.
T
h
e
b
ar
c
h
ar
t
clea
r
l
y
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
in
an
n
u
al
o
p
er
atio
n
al
c
o
s
ts
b
etwe
en
th
e
Gr
id
-
On
ly
B
T
S
an
d
th
e
Hy
b
r
id
So
lar
-
Gr
id
B
T
S.
T
h
e
Gr
id
-
On
ly
B
T
S
in
cu
r
s
an
an
n
u
al
o
p
er
atio
n
al
co
s
t
o
f
I
DR
8
,
2
1
2
,
5
0
0
,
wh
ich
r
e
f
lects
th
e
h
ig
h
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
cy
o
n
g
r
i
d
elec
tr
icity
with
a
r
elativ
ely
ex
p
e
n
s
iv
e
tar
if
f
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
th
e
Hy
b
r
id
So
lar
-
Gr
id
B
T
S
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates a
m
u
ch
lo
wer
an
n
u
al
co
s
t o
f
I
DR
6
,
2
0
5
,
5
0
0
.
T
h
is
r
ed
u
ctio
n
is
p
r
im
ar
ily
ac
h
i
ev
ed
b
y
in
teg
r
atin
g
s
o
lar
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
as
th
e
p
r
i
m
ar
y
e
n
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
,
w
h
ich
o
f
f
er
s
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tially
lo
wer
g
en
er
atio
n
co
s
t
p
er
k
ilo
watt
-
h
o
u
r
.
T
h
e
an
n
u
al
co
s
t
s
av
in
g
s
ac
h
ie
v
ed
b
y
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
tem
is
I
DR
2
,
0
0
7
,
0
0
0
p
er
y
ea
r
,
tr
a
n
s
latin
g
to
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
2
4
.
4
%
r
e
d
u
ctio
n
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
t
h
e
g
r
id
-
o
n
ly
co
n
f
ig
u
r
ati
o
n
.
T
h
ese
s
av
i
n
g
s
ca
n
ac
cu
m
u
late
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
o
v
er
m
u
lti
-
y
ea
r
B
T
S
o
p
e
r
atio
n
,
p
o
te
n
tially
o
f
f
s
ettin
g
th
e
in
itial
in
v
estme
n
t
in
s
o
lar
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
An
n
u
al
o
p
er
atio
n
al
c
o
s
t c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
T
h
is
co
s
t
r
ed
u
ctio
n
ca
n
b
e
attr
ib
u
ted
to
th
e
d
ir
ec
t
u
ti
lizatio
n
o
f
s
o
lar
-
g
en
er
ated
en
e
r
g
y
,
wh
i
ch
o
f
f
s
ets
a
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
th
e
g
r
id
elec
tr
icity
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
an
d
th
er
eb
y
lo
wer
s
r
ec
u
r
r
in
g
en
e
r
g
y
co
s
ts
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
h
y
b
r
i
d
s
y
s
tem
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
ad
d
itio
n
al
ca
p
ital
in
v
estme
n
t
f
o
r
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
ltaic
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
,
its
o
p
er
atio
n
al
co
s
t
ad
v
an
tag
e
b
ec
o
m
es
ev
id
e
n
t
o
v
er
lo
n
g
-
te
r
m
o
p
e
r
atio
n
.
I
n
co
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
with
p
r
io
r
wo
r
k
s
r
e
p
o
r
tin
g
O
PEX
s
av
in
g
s
in
th
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
2
0
-
3
0
%
f
o
r
h
y
b
r
id
-
p
o
wer
ed
b
ase
s
tatio
n
s
[3
7
]
,
[
38
]
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
b
tai
n
ed
i
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
co
m
p
etitiv
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
u
n
d
er
co
n
s
er
v
ativ
e
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
in
clu
s
io
n
o
f
lo
ca
l
tar
if
f
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
f
u
r
th
er
en
h
an
ce
s
th
e
p
r
ac
tical
r
elev
an
ce
o
f
th
e
p
r
esen
ted
an
al
y
s
is
.
3
.
3
.
Annu
a
l c
a
rbo
n e
m
is
s
io
ns
estim
a
t
io
n
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
also
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
ed
u
ctio
n
i
n
ca
r
b
o
n
e
m
is
s
io
n
s
.
As
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
4
,
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
s
o
lar
–
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
r
ed
u
ce
s
an
n
u
al
ca
r
b
o
n
em
is
s
io
n
s
b
y
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
7
3
%
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
g
r
id
-
o
n
ly
c
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
.
Ass
u
m
in
g
an
em
is
s
io
n
f
ac
to
r
o
f
0
.
8
2
k
g
C
O₂
p
er
k
W
h
f
o
r
g
r
id
elec
t
r
icity
,
th
e
esti
m
ated
em
is
s
io
n
s
ar
e
as
f
o
llo
ws.
T
h
e
h
y
b
r
i
d
s
y
s
tem
ca
n
r
ed
u
ce
ca
r
b
o
n
em
is
s
io
n
s
b
y
ap
p
r
o
x
im
a
tely
7
3
%
p
er
y
ea
r
,
alig
n
in
g
with
n
atio
n
al
an
d
g
lo
b
al
ca
r
b
o
n
r
ed
u
ctio
n
tar
g
ets.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
42
,
No
.
1
,
Ap
r
il
20
26
:
93
-
1
0
4
100
Fig
u
r
e
4
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
a
n
n
u
al
ca
r
b
o
n
d
i
o
x
i
d
e
em
is
s
io
n
s
b
etwe
en
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
g
r
id
-
p
o
wer
ed
b
ase
s
tatio
n
a
n
d
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
s
o
lar
–
g
r
id
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
.
T
h
e
h
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
tem
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
C
O₂
em
is
s
io
n
s
,
wh
ich
d
ir
ec
tly
r
esu
lts
f
r
o
m
lo
wer
g
r
i
d
elec
tr
icity
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
ed
r
elian
ce
o
n
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
T
h
e
b
ar
ch
ar
t
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
clea
r
co
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
th
e
an
n
u
al
ca
r
b
o
n
em
is
s
io
n
s
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
th
e
Gr
id
-
On
ly
B
T
S
an
d
th
e
Hy
b
r
id
So
lar
-
Gr
id
B
T
S.
T
h
e
Gr
id
-
On
ly
B
T
S
g
en
er
ates
4
,
4
8
8
k
g
o
f
C
O₂
p
er
y
ea
r
,
wh
ic
h
is
f
u
lly
attr
ib
u
ted
to
its
d
ep
en
d
e
n
cy
o
n
g
r
i
d
elec
tr
icity
s
o
u
r
ce
d
p
r
ed
o
m
i
n
an
tly
f
r
o
m
f
o
s
s
il
f
u
els.
T
h
e
Hy
b
r
id
So
lar
–
Gr
id
B
T
S
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
o
n
l
y
1
,
1
9
7
k
g
o
f
C
O₂
p
er
y
ea
r
,
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
r
ed
u
ctio
n
ac
h
iev
ed
b
y
u
tili
zin
g
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
as
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
s
o
u
r
ce
.
T
h
e
Hy
b
r
i
d
So
lar
–
Gr
id
B
T
S
r
ed
u
ce
s
ca
r
b
o
n
e
m
is
s
io
n
s
b
y
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
7
3
%
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
th
e
g
r
id
-
o
n
ly
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
is
r
ed
u
ctio
n
is
h
ig
h
ly
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
an
d
d
ir
ec
tly
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
n
atio
n
al
an
d
g
lo
b
al
ca
r
b
o
n
n
eu
tr
ality
i
n
itiativ
es.
T
h
e
em
is
s
io
n
r
ed
u
ctio
n
p
o
ten
tial
is
esp
ec
ially
v
al
u
ab
l
e
f
o
r
r
u
r
al
d
e
p
lo
y
m
e
n
ts
wh
er
e
th
e
c
o
s
t
o
f
en
er
g
y
tr
a
n
s
itio
n
ca
n
b
e
m
itig
ated
b
y
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
e
r
g
y
av
ailab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
em
is
s
io
n
r
ed
u
ctio
n
is
p
r
o
p
o
r
ti
o
n
al
to
th
e
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
p
en
et
r
atio
n
ac
h
iev
ed
b
y
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
s
y
s
tem
an
d
r
ef
lects
th
e
ca
r
b
o
n
in
ten
s
ity
o
f
g
r
i
d
elec
tr
icity
g
en
er
atio
n
.
B
y
r
ed
u
cin
g
d
ep
e
n
d
en
ce
o
n
f
o
s
s
il
f
u
el
–
d
o
m
in
ated
g
r
id
p
o
we
r
,
th
e
h
y
b
r
i
d
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
m
o
r
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
b
ase
s
tatio
n
o
p
er
at
io
n
.
Similar
em
is
s
io
n
r
ed
u
ctio
n
tr
en
d
s
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
r
ep
o
r
ted
in
ea
r
lier
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
r
en
ewa
b
le
-
p
o
wer
ed
telec
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
[
3
9
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
s
tr
en
g
th
e
n
s
ex
is
tin
g
f
in
d
in
g
s
b
y
q
u
an
tify
i
n
g
e
m
is
s
io
n
s
av
in
g
s
u
n
d
er
r
ea
lis
tic
o
p
er
ati
o
n
al
p
a
r
am
eter
s
an
d
ex
p
licitly
lin
k
in
g
en
er
g
y
s
u
b
s
titu
tio
n
to
em
is
s
io
n
in
ten
s
ity
f
ac
to
r
s
r
elev
an
t t
o
d
ev
el
o
p
i
n
g
co
u
n
tr
ies.
T
ab
le
4
.
An
n
u
al
ca
r
b
o
n
e
m
is
s
i
o
n
s
C
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
A
n
n
u
a
l
c
a
r
b
o
n
(
k
g
C
O
₂)
)
G
r
i
d
-
on
l
y
B
TS
4
,
4
8
8
H
y
b
r
i
d
so
l
a
r
–
g
r
i
d
B
TS
1
,
1
9
7
Emi
ssi
o
n
r
e
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
3
,
2
9
1
(
7
3
.
3
%)
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
An
n
u
al
ca
r
b
o
n
e
m
is
s
io
n
s
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
3
.
4
.
Dis
cus
s
io
n o
f
re
s
ults
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
in
d
icate
th
at
h
y
b
r
id
s
o
lar
–
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
tech
n
ical
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
b
en
ef
its
f
o
r
b
ase
s
t
atio
n
d
ep
l
o
y
m
en
t
in
r
em
o
te
r
eg
io
n
s
.
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
s
h
o
ws
th
at
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
ca
n
s
u
p
p
ly
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
th
e
an
n
u
al
en
er
g
y
d
em
a
n
d
i
n
ar
ea
s
with
m
o
d
er
ate
to
h
ig
h
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
,
th
er
eb
y
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
r
elian
ce
o
n
g
r
id
elec
tr
icity
wh
ile
m
ain
ta
in
in
g
o
p
er
atio
n
al
co
n
tin
u
ity
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
ar
e
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
i
es
th
at
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
e
r
g
y
in
teg
r
atio
n
in
p
o
wer
in
g
telec
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
b
ase
s
tatio
n
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
in
r
u
r
al
an
d
o
f
f
-
g
r
id
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
co
n
f
i
r
m
in
g
en
er
g
y
an
d
co
s
t
b
en
ef
its
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ex
ten
d
s
ex
is
tin
g
wo
r
k
b
y
ex
p
licitly
lin
k
in
g
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
t
o
o
p
er
atio
n
al
ex
p
e
n
d
itu
r
e
s
av
in
g
s
an
d
ca
r
b
o
n
e
m
is
s
io
n
r
e
d
u
ctio
n
u
n
d
e
r
r
ea
lis
tic
d
ep
l
o
y
m
en
t
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
.
Fro
m
an
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e,
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
o
p
er
atio
n
al
co
s
t
s
av
in
g
s
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
t
h
e
p
o
ten
t
ial
o
f
h
y
b
r
id
s
o
lar
-
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
s
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
an
d
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
v
iab
ilit
y
o
f
r
u
r
al
telec
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
o
p
e
r
atio
n
s
.
E
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tally
,
th
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
ca
r
b
o
n
e
m
is
s
io
n
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
n
atio
n
al
an
d
g
lo
b
al
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
tar
g
ets
an
d
m
ay
en
a
b
le
o
p
e
r
ato
r
s
to
b
en
ef
it
f
r
o
m
g
r
ee
n
en
e
r
g
y
in
ce
n
t
iv
es.
T
h
ese
asp
ec
ts
ar
e
p
a
r
ticu
l
ar
ly
r
elev
a
n
t
f
o
r
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
c
o
u
n
tr
ies
s
u
c
h
a
s
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
wh
er
e
ex
p
a
n
d
in
g
d
ig
ital
i
n
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
m
u
s
t
b
e
b
alan
ce
d
with
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
co
n
s
id
er
ati
o
n
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
To
w
a
r
d
s
g
r
ee
n
er tele
co
m:
en
erg
y
-
efficien
t h
yb
r
id
s
o
la
r
–
g
r
id
s
ystems
…
(
Ha
s
a
n
a
h
P
u
tr
i)
101
Nev
er
th
eless
,
s
ev
er
al
lim
itatio
n
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
e
d
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
is
b
ased
o
n
a
v
er
ag
e
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
v
alu
es
an
d
d
o
es
n
o
t
f
u
lly
ca
p
tu
r
e
s
ea
s
o
n
al
v
ar
iab
i
lity
,
wh
ich
m
a
y
af
f
ec
t
th
e
an
n
u
al
en
er
g
y
b
ala
n
ce
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
n
o
t
co
n
s
id
er
ed
in
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
m
o
d
el.
W
h
ile
b
atter
y
in
teg
r
atio
n
co
u
ld
f
u
r
th
er
r
ed
u
ce
g
r
i
d
d
e
p
en
d
en
cy
,
it
wo
u
ld
als
o
in
t
r
o
d
u
ce
ad
d
itio
n
al
ca
p
ital
ex
p
e
n
d
itu
r
e
a
n
d
s
y
s
tem
co
m
p
lex
ity
.
Desp
ite
th
ese
lim
itatio
n
s
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
co
n
f
ir
m
th
at
h
y
b
r
id
b
ase
s
tatio
n
d
esig
n
s
ar
e
tec
h
n
ically
f
ea
s
ib
le
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ically
attr
ac
tiv
e
f
o
r
r
u
r
al
an
d
u
n
d
e
r
s
er
v
ed
ar
ea
s
.
T
h
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
f
o
r
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
ad
o
p
tio
n
in
u
n
iv
e
r
s
al
s
er
v
ice
o
b
lig
atio
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
an
d
s
im
ilar
in
itiativ
es
a
im
ed
at
ex
p
an
d
in
g
n
atio
n
al
d
i
g
ital
in
f
r
astru
ct
u
r
e
wh
ile
m
in
im
izin
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
im
p
ac
t.
Fu
tu
r
e
wo
r
k
s
h
o
u
l
d
th
er
e
f
o
r
e
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
tim
e
-
v
a
r
y
in
g
s
o
lar
p
r
o
f
iles
,
b
atter
y
s
to
r
ag
e
o
p
tio
n
s
,
an
d
f
ield
v
alid
atio
n
to
f
u
r
th
er
s
tr
en
g
th
e
n
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
Fro
m
a
d
e
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t
p
er
s
p
ec
t
iv
e,
th
e
esti
m
ated
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
aic
in
s
tallatio
n
ar
ea
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
h
y
b
r
id
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
ati
o
n
ca
n
b
e
ac
co
m
m
o
d
ate
d
u
s
in
g
r
o
o
f
to
p
o
r
g
r
o
u
n
d
-
m
o
u
n
ted
i
n
s
tallatio
n
s
co
m
m
o
n
l
y
av
ailab
le
at
r
em
o
t
e
b
ase
s
tatio
n
s
ites
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
in
teg
r
atio
n
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
a
d
d
itio
n
al
ca
p
ital
ex
p
en
d
itu
r
e,
th
e
r
e
q
u
ir
ed
in
s
tallatio
n
s
ca
le
r
em
ain
s
m
o
d
er
ate,
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
th
e
tech
n
ical
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
h
y
b
r
id
s
o
lar
–
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
s
f
o
r
r
u
r
al
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t
s
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
esen
ts
a
s
im
u
lati
o
n
-
b
ased
an
aly
s
is
co
m
p
ar
in
g
th
e
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icie
n
cy
,
o
p
e
r
atio
n
al
co
s
ts
,
an
d
ca
r
b
o
n
em
is
s
io
n
s
o
f
two
B
T
S
p
o
wer
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
:
a
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
g
r
id
-
o
n
ly
s
y
s
tem
an
d
a
h
y
b
r
id
s
o
lar
–
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
was
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
o
v
e
r
a
o
n
e
-
y
e
ar
o
p
er
atio
n
al
cy
cle
u
s
in
g
r
e
alis
tic
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
r
elev
an
t
to
r
em
o
te
B
T
S
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
ts
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
T
h
e
r
es
u
lts
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
s
o
lar
–
g
r
i
d
B
T
S
o
f
f
er
s
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ad
v
a
n
tag
es
o
v
er
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
g
r
id
-
o
n
l
y
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
.
T
h
e
s
o
lar
PV
s
y
s
tem
was
ab
le
to
s
u
p
p
ly
a
p
p
r
o
x
im
ately
7
4
%
o
f
th
e
an
n
u
al
en
e
r
g
y
d
em
a
n
d
,
s
u
b
s
tan
tially
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
t
h
e
r
elian
ce
o
n
g
r
id
elec
tr
icity
.
T
h
is
r
ed
u
ctio
n
tr
an
s
lates to
an
an
n
u
al
o
p
er
atio
n
al
co
s
t sav
in
g
s
o
f
2
4
.
4
% c
o
m
p
a
r
ed
to
th
e
g
r
i
d
-
o
n
ly
s
y
s
tem
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
tem
ac
h
iev
e
d
an
esti
m
ated
ca
r
b
o
n
e
m
is
s
io
n
s
r
ed
u
cti
o
n
o
f
7
3
%,
wh
ich
d
ir
ec
tly
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
n
atio
n
al
ca
r
b
o
n
n
eu
tr
ality
tar
g
ets
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
tes
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tally
s
u
s
tain
a
b
le
telec
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
i
n
f
r
astru
ct
u
r
e.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
co
n
f
ir
m
t
h
at
h
y
b
r
id
B
T
S
s
y
s
tem
s
ca
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
a
n
d
e
n
er
g
y
-
ef
f
icien
t
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
e
x
p
an
d
in
g
r
u
r
a
l
telec
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
a
r
ea
s
with
f
av
o
r
a
b
le
s
o
lar
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
T
h
e
lo
wer
o
p
er
atio
n
al
co
s
ts
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
d
ca
r
b
o
n
f
o
o
tp
r
in
t
m
a
k
e
h
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
tem
s
a
v
iab
le
alter
n
ativ
e
f
o
r
u
n
iv
er
s
al
s
er
v
ice
p
r
o
jects
an
d
r
u
r
al
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
also
r
ec
o
g
n
izes
ce
r
tain
lim
itatio
n
s
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
m
o
d
el
in
co
r
p
o
r
ates
tim
e
-
v
a
r
y
in
g
d
a
ily
ir
r
a
d
ian
ce
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
m
o
n
t
h
ly
av
e
r
ag
es
,
s
ite
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
s
o
lar
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
m
ay
s
till
af
f
ec
t
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
an
d
t
h
e
m
o
d
el
ass
u
m
es
a
co
n
s
tan
t
d
aily
en
er
g
y
lo
ad
.
Fu
tu
r
e
s
tu
d
ies
ar
e
e
n
co
u
r
ag
ed
to
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
d
y
n
am
ic
lo
ad
p
r
o
f
iles
,
s
ea
s
o
n
al
en
e
r
g
y
f
lu
ct
u
atio
n
s
,
an
d
b
atter
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
s
y
s
tem
s
to
en
h
an
ce
m
o
d
el
ac
cu
r
ac
y
a
n
d
r
e
f
lect
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
ely
.
I
n
co
n
clu
s
io
n
,
th
e
a
d
o
p
tio
n
o
f
h
y
b
r
id
s
o
lar
–
g
r
id
p
o
wer
ed
B
T
S is
a
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
s
tr
ateg
y
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
telec
o
m
o
p
er
ato
r
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia'
s
u
n
d
er
s
er
v
e
d
an
d
r
em
o
te
r
eg
io
n
s
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
M
E
N
T
S
T
h
e
au
t
h
o
r
s
w
o
u
ld
lik
e
to
ex
p
r
ess
th
eir
s
in
ce
r
e
g
r
atitu
d
e
t
o
th
e
Sch
o
o
l
o
f
E
lectr
ical
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
T
elk
o
m
Un
iv
e
r
s
ity
,
f
o
r
th
e
c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
an
d
p
r
o
v
is
io
n
o
f
s
im
u
latio
n
to
o
ls
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
t
h
is
r
esear
ch
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
is
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
'
ac
ad
em
ic
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
to
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
telec
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
w
ith
a
p
a
r
ticu
lar
f
o
cu
s
o
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
co
n
n
e
ctiv
ity
i
n
r
em
o
t
e
an
d
u
n
d
er
s
er
v
ed
ar
ea
s
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
th
at
th
is
r
es
ea
r
ch
d
id
n
o
t
r
ec
eiv
e
an
y
s
p
ec
if
ic
g
r
an
t
f
r
o
m
f
u
n
d
in
g
ag
en
cies
in
th
e
p
u
b
lic,
co
m
m
er
cial,
o
r
n
o
t
-
f
o
r
-
p
r
o
f
it
s
ec
to
r
s
in
th
e
co
n
d
u
c
t
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
.
All
s
im
u
latio
n
ac
tiv
ities
an
d
m
an
u
s
cr
ip
t p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
wer
e
i
n
d
ep
en
d
en
tly
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
as
p
a
r
t
o
f
th
eir
ac
ad
e
m
ic
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
ies
at
th
e
Sch
o
o
l o
f
E
lectr
ical
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
T
el
k
o
m
Un
i
v
er
s
ity
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
Hasan
ah
Pu
tr
i
s
er
v
ed
as
th
e
lead
au
th
o
r
an
d
was
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
th
e
o
v
er
all
co
n
ce
p
t
u
aliza
tio
n
,
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
d
esig
n
,
d
ata
s
im
u
latio
n
u
s
in
g
Py
th
o
n
,
an
al
y
s
is
o
f
r
esu
lts
,
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
,
an
d
d
r
af
tin
g
o
f
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
42
,
No
.
1
,
Ap
r
il
20
26
:
93
-
1
0
4
102
m
an
u
s
cr
ip
t.
R
en
d
y
Mu
n
a
d
i,
as
th
e
m
ain
d
is
s
er
tatio
n
s
u
p
er
v
is
o
r
,
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
d
to
th
e
s
u
p
er
v
is
io
n
o
f
th
e
r
esear
c
h
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
,
p
r
o
v
id
ed
cr
itical
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
o
n
th
e
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
,
an
d
o
f
f
e
r
ed
g
u
i
d
an
ce
d
u
r
in
g
m
a
n
u
s
cr
ip
t
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
.
So
f
ia
Nan
in
g
H
er
tian
a,
as
co
-
p
r
o
m
o
ter
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
th
e
r
esear
ch
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
r
eg
u
lar
r
ev
iew,
v
alid
atio
n
o
f
r
esu
lts
,
an
d
r
ef
in
em
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
ac
ad
e
m
ic
p
r
esen
tatio
n
.
Alf
in
Hik
m
atu
r
o
k
h
m
an
,
as
co
-
p
r
o
m
o
te
r
,
co
n
tr
ib
u
ted
to
th
e
tech
n
ical
v
alid
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
m
o
d
ellin
g
,
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
in
s
ig
h
ts
o
n
th
e
telec
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
e
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
asp
ec
ts
,
a
n
d
ass
is
ted
in
r
ev
iewin
g
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
t
h
e
tec
h
n
ical
clar
ity
o
f
th
e
m
an
u
s
cr
ip
t.
All a
u
th
o
r
s
h
av
e
r
ea
d
an
d
a
p
p
r
o
v
ed
t
h
e
f
in
al
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
m
an
u
s
cr
ip
t.
Na
m
e
o
f
Aut
ho
r
C
M
So
Va
Fo
I
R
D
O
E
Vi
Su
P
Fu
Hasan
ah
Pu
tr
i
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
R
en
d
y
Mu
n
ad
i
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
So
f
ia
Nan
in
g
Her
tian
a
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Alf
in
H
ik
m
atu
r
o
k
h
m
an
✓
✓
✓
✓
C
:
C
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
M
:
M
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
So
:
So
f
t
w
a
r
e
Va
:
Va
l
i
d
a
t
i
o
n
Fo
:
Fo
r
mal
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
I
:
I
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
R
:
R
e
so
u
r
c
e
s
D
:
D
a
t
a
C
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
O
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
O
r
i
g
i
n
a
l
D
r
a
f
t
E
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
R
e
v
i
e
w
&
E
d
i
t
i
n
g
Vi
:
Vi
su
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
Su
:
Su
p
e
r
v
i
s
i
o
n
P
:
P
r
o
j
e
c
t
a
d
mi
n
i
st
r
a
t
i
o
n
Fu
:
Fu
n
d
i
n
g
a
c
q
u
i
si
t
i
o
n
CO
NF
L
I
C
T
O
F
I
N
T
E
R
E
S
T
ST
A
T
E
M
E
NT
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
d
ec
lar
es
n
o
co
n
f
li
ct
o
f
in
ter
est
r
elate
d
to
t
h
e
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
,
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
,
o
r
p
u
b
lica
tio
n
o
f
th
is
ar
ticle.
DATA AV
AI
L
AB
I
L
I
T
Y
T
h
e
d
ata
th
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
av
aila
b
le
f
r
o
m
th
e
c
o
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
a
u
th
o
r
u
p
o
n
r
ea
s
o
n
ab
le
r
eq
u
est.
T
h
e
Py
th
o
n
s
im
u
latio
n
s
cr
ip
ts
u
s
ed
to
g
en
er
ate
th
e
r
esu
lts
ca
n
also
b
e
p
r
o
v
i
d
ed
to
f
ac
ili
tate
r
ep
licatio
n
o
r
f
u
r
th
er
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
M
.
T.
C
h
o
n
g
,
C
.
H
.
P
u
a
h
,
S
.
A
.
M
a
n
s
o
r
,
a
n
d
C
.
S
.
Te
h
,
“
D
i
g
i
t
a
l
C
o
n
n
e
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
B
r
i
d
g
i
n
g
D
i
g
i
t
a
l
A
S
EA
N
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ec
o
n
o
m
i
c
s
a
n
d
Ma
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
,
v
o
l
.
1
7
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
3
9
–
1
4
9
,
A
p
r
.
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
4
7
8
3
6
/
i
j
e
a
m.
1
7
.
1
.
1
0
.
[
2
]
I
.
M
a
v
l
u
t
o
v
a
,
A
.
S
p
i
l
b
e
r
g
s,
A
.
V
e
r
d
e
n
h
o
f
s,
A
.
N
a
t
r
i
n
s
,
I
.
A
r
e
f
j
e
v
s
,
a
n
d
T.
V
o
l
k
o
v
a
,
“
D
i
g
i
t
a
l
Tr
a
n
sf
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
a
s
a
D
r
i
v
e
r
o
f
t
h
e
F
i
n
a
n
c
i
a
l
S
e
c
t
o
r
S
u
st
a
i
n
a
b
l
e
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
men
t
:
A
n
I
mp
a
c
t
o
n
F
i
n
a
n
c
i
a
l
I
n
c
l
u
s
i
o
n
a
n
d
O
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
Ef
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
,
”
S
u
st
a
i
n
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
,
v
o
l
.
1
5
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
.
2
0
7
,
D
e
c
.
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
su
1
5
0
1
0
2
0
7
.
[
3
]
R
.
J.
F
o
s
t
e
r
,
“
Te
n
u
o
u
s
C
o
n
n
e
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
:
Ti
m
e
,
C
i
t
i
z
e
n
s
h
i
p
,
a
n
d
I
n
f
r
a
st
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
i
n
a
P
a
p
u
a
N
e
w
G
u
i
n
e
a
Te
l
e
c
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
N
e
t
w
o
r
k
,
”
As
i
a
P
a
c
i
f
i
c
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
An
t
h
ro
p
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
2
4
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
9
1
–
1
1
5
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/
1
4
4
4
2
2
1
3
.
2
0
2
3
.
2
1
7
7
3
3
0
.
[
4
]
C
.
Ta
n
g
,
Y
.
X
u
e
,
H
.
W
u
,
M
.
I
r
f
a
n
,
a
n
d
Y
.
H
a
o
,
“
H
o
w
d
o
e
s
t
e
l
e
c
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
i
n
f
r
a
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
a
f
f
e
c
t
e
c
o
-
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
?
E
v
i
d
e
n
c
e
f
r
o
m
a
q
u
a
si
-
n
a
t
u
r
a
l
e
x
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
i
n
C
h
i
n
a
,
”
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
i
n
S
o
c
i
e
t
y
,
v
o
l
.
6
9
,
p
.
1
0
1
9
6
3
,
M
a
y
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
t
e
c
h
so
c
.
2
0
2
2
.
1
0
1
9
6
3
.
[
5
]
T.
M
.
C
h
o
i
,
“
B
l
o
c
k
c
h
a
i
n
-
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
-
su
p
p
o
r
t
e
d
p
l
a
t
f
o
r
ms
f
o
r
d
i
a
mo
n
d
a
u
t
h
e
n
t
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
c
e
r
t
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
l
u
x
u
r
y
su
p
p
l
y
c
h
a
i
n
s,”
T
ra
n
s
p
o
rt
a
t
i
o
n
R
e
se
a
rc
h
P
a
rt
E:
L
o
g
i
st
i
c
s
a
n
d
T
r
a
n
s
p
o
rt
a
t
i
o
n
R
e
v
i
e
w
,
v
o
l
.
1
2
8
,
p
p
.
1
7
–
2
9
,
A
u
g
.
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
t
r
e
.
2
0
1
9
.
0
5
.
0
1
1
.
[
6
]
D
.
B
a
n
t
o
r
o
,
S
.
S
u
a
t
mi
a
t
i
,
a
n
d
A
.
W
.
W
a
r
d
h
a
n
a
,
“
I
mp
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
R
o
a
d
E
q
u
i
p
me
n
t
I
n
st
a
l
l
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
S
o
u
t
h
S
u
ma
t
e
r
a
P
r
o
v
i
n
c
e
(
C
a
se
S
t
u
d
y
o
f
I
n
st
a
l
l
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
S
t
r
e
e
t
Li
g
h
t
i
n
g
E
q
u
i
p
m
e
n
t
o
n
t
h
e
B
e
t
u
n
g
–
B
TS
S
e
c
t
i
o
n
,
P
a
l
e
m
b
a
n
g
C
i
t
y
)
,
”
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
o
c
i
a
l
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
R
e
se
a
rc
h
a
n
d
Re
v
i
e
w
,
v
o
l
.
7
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
6
6
–
7
0
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
4
7
8
1
4
/
i
j
ssr
r
.
v
7
i
3
.
1
8
9
2
.
[
7
]
A
.
M
a
r
t
i
n
e
z
A
l
o
n
s
o
,
G
.
M
a
t
u
t
e
,
J
.
M
.
Y
u
st
a
,
a
n
d
T.
C
o
o
sem
a
n
s,
“
M
u
l
t
i
-
st
a
t
e
o
p
t
i
mal
p
o
w
e
r
d
i
sp
a
t
c
h
m
o
d
e
l
f
o
r
p
o
w
e
r
-
to
-
p
o
w
e
r
sy
st
e
ms
i
n
o
f
f
-
g
r
i
d
h
y
b
r
i
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
y
st
e
ms:
A
c
a
se
s
t
u
d
y
i
n
S
p
a
i
n
,
”
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
H
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
En
e
r
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
5
2
,
p
p
.
1
0
4
5
–
1
0
6
1
,
J
a
n
.
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
i
j
h
y
d
e
n
e
.
2
0
2
3
.
0
6
.
0
1
9
.
[
8
]
M
.
B
.
A
l
i
,
S
.
A
.
A
.
K
a
z
mi
,
S
.
N
.
K
h
a
n
,
a
n
d
M
.
F
.
A
b
b
a
s
,
“
T
e
c
h
n
o
-
e
c
o
n
o
m
i
c
a
ss
e
ssm
e
n
t
a
n
d
o
p
t
i
m
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
f
r
a
me
w
o
r
k
w
i
t
h
e
n
e
r
g
y
st
o
r
a
g
e
f
o
r
h
y
b
r
i
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
r
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
i
n
b
a
se
t
r
a
n
sce
i
v
e
r
st
a
t
i
o
n
s
-
b
a
se
d
i
n
f
r
a
st
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
a
c
r
o
s
s
v
a
r
i
o
u
s
c
l
i
ma
t
i
c
r
e
g
i
o
n
s
a
t
a
c
o
u
n
t
r
y
sca
l
e
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
n
e
rg
y
S
t
o
r
a
g
e
,
v
o
l
.
7
2
,
p
.
1
0
8
0
3
6
,
N
o
v
.
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
e
st
.
2
0
2
3
.
1
0
8
0
3
6
.
[
9
]
S
.
M
o
o
r
h
e
a
d
,
“
R
e
v
i
si
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
u
n
i
v
e
r
s
a
l
ser
v
i
c
e
o
b
l
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
s
c
h
e
me
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
T
e
l
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s a
n
d
t
h
e
D
i
g
i
t
a
l
Ec
o
n
o
m
y
,
v
o
l
.
9
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
9
4
–
2
1
5
,
S
e
p
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
8
0
8
0
/
JTD
E.
V
9
N
3
.
4
5
1
.
[
1
0
]
M
.
L
a
i
m
o
n
a
n
d
T
.
Y
u
saf,
“
T
o
w
a
r
d
s
e
n
e
r
g
y
f
r
e
e
d
o
m:
E
x
p
l
o
r
i
n
g
s
u
s
t
a
i
n
a
b
l
e
s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
s
f
o
r
e
n
e
r
g
y
i
n
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
se
l
f
-
su
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
u
s
i
n
g
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
e
d
r
e
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
-
d
r
i
v
e
n
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
s
y
st
e
m,”
R
e
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
E
n
e
r
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
2
2
2
,
p
.
1
1
9
9
4
8
,
F
e
b
.
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
r
e
n
e
n
e
.
2
0
2
4
.
1
1
9
9
4
8
.
[
1
1
]
S
.
N
.
V
o
d
a
p
a
l
l
y
a
n
d
M
.
H
.
A
l
i
,
“
O
v
e
r
v
i
e
w
o
f
I
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
t
I
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
s
a
n
d
A
sso
c
i
a
t
e
d
C
y
b
e
r
sec
u
r
i
t
y
I
ssu
e
s
f
o
r
a
G
r
i
d
-
C
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
S
o
l
a
r
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
S
y
st
e
m,”
E
n
e
r
g
i
e
s
, v
o
l
.
1
6
,
n
o
.
1
6
,
p
.
5
9
0
4
,
A
u
g
.
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
e
n
1
6
1
6
5
9
0
4
.
[
1
2
]
S
.
M
o
h
a
m
ma
d
z
a
d
e
h
B
i
n
a
,
H
.
F
u
j
i
i
,
S
.
Ts
u
y
a
,
a
n
d
H
.
K
o
s
u
k
e
g
a
w
a
,
“
C
o
mp
a
r
a
t
i
v
e
s
t
u
d
y
o
f
h
y
b
r
i
d
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
o
u
r
c
e
h
e
a
t
p
u
mp
i
n
c
o
o
l
i
n
g
a
n
d
h
e
a
t
i
n
g
d
o
m
i
n
a
n
t
c
l
i
mat
e
s
,
”
E
n
e
r
g
y
C
o
n
v
e
rs
i
o
n
a
n
d
Ma
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
,
v
o
l
.
2
5
2
,
p
.
1
1
5
1
2
2
,
Jan
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
e
n
c
o
n
ma
n
.
2
0
2
1
.
1
1
5
1
2
2
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.