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I
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Feb
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S
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q
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S
Q).
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EM
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si
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g
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p
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m
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e
d
t
h
e
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t
o
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R
o
n
S
S
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s
in
flu
e
n
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o
n
S
Q,
t
h
e
imp
a
c
t
o
f
S
Q
o
n
sa
ti
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ti
o
n
,
a
n
d
th
e
m
e
d
iat
in
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it
p
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p
.
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d
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ted
t
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o
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b
a
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ty
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sa
m
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g
.
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ta we
re
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o
ll
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si
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g
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te
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d
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=
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a
n
d
th
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t
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6
7
),
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g
a
p
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l
m
e
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iatio
n
e
ffe
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t.
Th
e
fin
d
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s
p
ro
v
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ra
c
ti
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a
l
imp
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s
fo
r
stre
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g
th
e
n
in
g
i
n
stit
u
ti
o
n
a
l
p
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li
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ie
s to
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
SQ
a
n
d
i
n
c
re
a
se
SS
.
K
ey
w
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r
d
s
:
Hig
h
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ca
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Par
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ed
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n
Per
u
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n
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ities
Stru
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eq
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Stu
d
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x
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T
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s
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p
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n
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u
n
d
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e
CC B
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li
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.
C
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A
uth
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r
:
I
s
ac
Fer
n
an
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s
p
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Mo
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Facu
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s
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Un
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s
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Nac
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1
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Per
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p
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1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Hig
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
f
ac
es
t
h
e
ch
allen
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e
o
f
tr
ain
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g
p
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f
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n
als
wh
o
n
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t
o
n
ly
m
aster
s
cien
tific
k
n
o
wled
g
e
b
u
t
also
u
p
h
o
ld
t
h
eir
s
o
cial
an
d
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ta
l
co
m
m
itm
en
ts
.
T
h
is
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e,
p
r
o
m
o
ted
b
y
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
UNE
S
C
O,
h
as
e
s
tab
l
is
h
ed
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
o
cial
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
(
USR
)
a
s
a
ce
n
tr
al
p
illar
in
s
h
ap
in
g
n
atio
n
al
id
en
tity
[
1
]
.
USR
tr
an
s
c
en
d
s
tr
ad
itio
n
al
ac
ad
em
ic
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
;
it
in
teg
r
ates
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tal
v
alu
es
s
u
ch
as
d
i
g
n
ity
,
f
r
ee
d
o
m
,
citizen
s
h
ip
,
s
o
cial
eq
u
ity
,
an
d
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
tal
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
in
to
all
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
o
p
er
atio
n
s
[
2
]
.
I
t
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
ac
tiv
e
co
m
m
itm
en
t
o
f
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ities
to
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
s
o
cial
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
c
o
n
ce
r
n
s
,
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
t
h
e
well
-
b
ei
n
g
o
f
t
h
eir
co
m
m
u
n
ity
an
d
s
o
ciet
y
th
r
o
u
g
h
q
u
ality
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
er
v
ices
[
3
]
,
[
4
]
.
T
h
is
co
m
m
itm
en
t
co
n
s
titu
tes
an
in
v
estme
n
t
in
h
u
m
an
c
ap
ital
an
d
in
th
e
s
tr
en
g
th
en
in
g
o
f
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
with
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
,
[
5
]
.
R
ec
en
t
s
tu
d
ies
co
n
f
ir
m
th
at
t
h
is
ap
p
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o
ac
h
f
o
s
ter
s
s
tu
d
en
t
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
(
SS
)
b
y
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
a
s
o
cially
en
g
ag
ed
an
d
s
tu
d
e
n
t
-
ce
n
ter
e
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
[
6
]
–
[
8
]
.
T
o
ass
ess
th
is
in
s
titu
ti
o
n
al
co
m
m
itm
en
t,
s
er
v
ice
q
u
ality
(
SQ)
an
d
SS
ar
e
ess
en
tial
in
d
icato
r
s
.
B
o
th
v
ar
iab
les
ca
p
tu
r
e
s
tu
d
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ts
’
p
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p
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s
o
f
th
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tan
g
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d
in
tan
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asp
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t
s
o
f
th
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u
n
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s
ity
ex
p
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c
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an
d
ar
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f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tal
f
o
r
ass
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in
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in
s
titu
tio
n
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p
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f
o
r
m
an
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f
r
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m
a
p
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s
p
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v
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f
o
cu
s
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o
n
ac
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-
b
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.
SS
is
d
ef
in
e
d
as
a
s
tu
d
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’
s
p
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p
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n
o
f
th
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ex
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to
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h
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u
ca
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al
ex
p
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s
m
ee
t
o
r
ex
ce
ed
t
h
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ex
p
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tatio
n
s
[
6
]
,
r
e
f
lectin
g
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
ac
ad
em
ic
an
d
a
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m
in
is
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s
er
v
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as
p
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c
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ed
th
r
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g
h
th
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
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e
s
s
,
r
eliab
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an
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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J
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&
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N:
2252
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8
8
2
2
Med
ia
tin
g
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o
f ser
vice
q
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ity
b
etw
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n
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s
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… (
I
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F
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a
n
d
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E
s
p
in
o
z
a
Mo
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tes
)
1143
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
en
ess
o
f
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
with
in
h
ig
h
er
e
d
u
ca
ti
o
n
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
[
7
]
,
[
8
]
.
Simi
lar
ly
,
SQ
m
ea
s
u
r
es
th
e
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
’
s
ab
ilit
y
to
m
ee
t
s
tu
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en
ts
’
d
em
an
d
s
an
d
ex
p
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ctatio
n
s
,
ac
tin
g
as
a
k
ey
p
r
ed
i
cto
r
o
f
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
[
7
]
,
[
9
]
,
[
1
0
]
.
R
ec
en
t
r
esear
ch
in
d
icate
s
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
v
alu
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
asp
ec
ts
s
u
ch
as
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e,
em
p
lo
y
ab
ilit
y
,
a
n
d
s
k
ills
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t w
h
e
n
ev
alu
atin
g
SQ
[1
1
]
.
I
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
d
o
c
u
m
en
ted
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
USR
an
d
SS
.
T
h
is
lin
k
h
as
b
ee
n
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
Sp
an
is
h
u
n
i
v
er
s
ities
[1
2
]
,
[
1
3
]
,
w
h
ile
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
m
o
d
els
ap
p
lied
to
Asi
an
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
h
av
e
co
n
clu
d
e
d
th
at
USR
d
ir
ec
tly
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
[
4
]
.
L
i
k
ewise,
r
esear
ch
h
as
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
s
er
v
ice
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
s
u
ch
as
teac
h
in
g
m
an
ag
em
en
t
an
d
ac
ad
em
ic
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
d
i
r
ec
tly
im
p
ac
t
SS
[1
4
]
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
d
esp
ite
th
is
g
r
o
win
g
b
o
d
y
o
f
ev
id
en
ce
,
L
atin
Am
e
r
ican
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
-
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
th
o
s
e
in
Per
u
-
r
e
m
ain
u
n
d
er
r
ep
r
esen
ted
in
g
lo
b
al
an
aly
s
es.
Per
u
p
r
esen
ts
a
d
is
tin
c
tiv
e
ca
s
e
b
ec
au
s
e
its
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
is
cu
r
r
en
tly
u
n
d
er
g
o
in
g
m
ajo
r
r
ef
o
r
m
s
aim
e
d
at
en
s
u
r
i
n
g
q
u
ality
,
ac
cr
e
d
itatio
n
,
a
n
d
s
o
c
ial
ac
co
u
n
ta
b
ilit
y
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
em
p
ir
ical
ev
id
en
ce
r
em
ain
s
lim
ited
,
r
ec
e
n
t
s
tu
d
ies
in
th
e
Per
u
v
ian
co
n
tex
t
h
av
e
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
th
a
t
p
er
ce
iv
ed
SQ
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
p
r
ed
ic
ts
SS
,
r
ein
f
o
r
cin
g
th
e
s
tr
en
g
t
h
o
f
th
e
SQ
-
SS
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
in
th
e
r
eg
io
n
[1
5
]
.
T
h
ese
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
m
ak
e
Per
u
an
id
ea
l
c
o
n
tex
t
f
o
r
test
in
g
an
d
c
o
n
tr
asti
n
g
i
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
m
o
d
els
o
f
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
an
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
h
o
w
s
o
cial
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
tr
an
s
lates
in
to
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
q
u
ality
an
d
s
tu
d
en
t w
ell
-
b
ein
g
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
o
u
r
f
ir
s
t
h
y
p
o
th
esis
(
H1
)
:
USR
h
as
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
SS
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
th
is
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
t,
it
h
as
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
th
at
SQ
m
ed
iate
s
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
U
SR
an
d
SS
.
SQ
i
s
u
n
d
er
s
to
o
d
as
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ass
ess
m
en
t
o
f
ac
ad
em
ic
an
d
ad
m
in
is
tr
ativ
e
s
er
v
ices
b
ased
o
n
cr
iter
ia
s
u
ch
as
ef
f
icien
cy
,
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
,
eq
u
it
y
,
an
d
ca
r
e
[
7
]
.
I
n
s
titu
tio
n
s
with
a
s
o
cial
co
m
m
itm
en
t
te
n
d
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
an
d
i
n
n
o
v
ativ
e
s
er
v
i
ce
s
,
th
er
eb
y
s
tr
en
g
th
e
n
in
g
s
tu
d
en
t
tr
u
s
t
[
4
]
.
I
n
th
is
r
eg
ar
d
,
ev
id
en
ce
c
o
n
f
ir
m
s
th
at
SQ
ch
an
n
els
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
USR
o
n
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
ti
n
g
th
e
m
e
d
iatin
g
r
o
le
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
is
lead
s
to
o
u
r
s
ec
o
n
d
h
y
p
o
t
h
esis
(
H2
)
:
USR
p
o
s
itiv
ely
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
SQ
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
SQ
is
r
ec
o
g
n
iz
ed
as
a
d
ir
ec
t
p
r
ed
icto
r
o
f
SS
.
Sev
er
al
s
tu
d
ies
h
a
v
e
co
n
f
i
r
m
ed
th
at
ef
f
icien
t
an
d
p
e
r
s
o
n
alize
d
s
e
r
v
ices
s
tr
en
g
th
en
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
p
o
s
itiv
e
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
th
e
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
[1
0
]
,
[
1
7
]
,
[
1
8
]
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
e
n
tly
,
we
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
o
u
r
t
h
ir
d
h
y
p
o
th
esis
(
H3
)
:
SQ
h
as
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
SS
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
s
tu
d
ies
s
h
o
w
th
at
SQ
ac
ts
as
a
m
ed
iatin
g
v
ar
iab
le,
c
h
an
n
elin
g
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
USR
o
n
SS
[
4
]
,
[
16
]
.
Fro
m
t
h
e
s
tak
eh
o
ld
e
r
s
alien
ce
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e,
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
d
ef
in
itiv
e
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
wh
o
s
e
leg
itima
cy
,
p
o
wer
,
an
d
u
r
g
e
n
cy
m
ak
e
th
em
ce
n
tr
al
to
th
e
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
’
s
m
is
s
io
n
an
d
s
tr
ateg
ic
g
o
v
er
n
a
n
ce
.
T
h
ese
attr
ib
u
tes
en
ab
le
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
to
in
f
lu
en
ce
i
n
s
titu
tio
n
al
p
r
io
r
ities
an
d
s
h
ap
e
th
e
q
u
al
ity
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
o
u
tco
m
es,
p
o
s
itio
n
in
g
th
em
as
ess
en
tial
co
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
s
to
s
tu
d
en
t
s
u
cc
ess
an
d
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
[
19
]
.
T
h
is
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
in
f
o
r
m
s
o
u
r
m
ed
iatin
g
h
y
p
o
th
esis
(
H4
)
:
SQ
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
m
ed
iates
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
USR
an
d
SS
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Resea
rc
h desi
g
n
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
e
m
p
lo
y
e
d
a
q
u
an
tit
ativ
e,
ex
p
la
n
ato
r
y
d
esig
n
to
e
x
am
in
e
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
am
o
n
g
a
s
et
o
f
th
eo
r
etica
lly
lin
k
ed
v
ar
iab
les.
I
t
em
p
lo
y
e
d
a
n
o
n
-
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal,
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
d
esig
n
,
co
llectin
g
d
ata
at
a
s
in
g
le
p
o
in
t in
tim
e
t
o
ass
ess
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
USR
,
SQ,
an
d
SS
.
2
.
2
.
P
a
rt
icipa
nts
T
h
e
tar
g
et
p
o
p
u
latio
n
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
u
n
d
e
r
g
r
a
d
u
ate
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
th
e
th
ir
d
to
th
e
ten
th
ac
ad
e
m
ic
cy
cle
at
f
iv
e
ac
cr
ed
ited
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
in
th
e
Ma
n
tar
o
Valley
,
Per
u
.
T
h
ese
in
clu
d
ed
o
n
e
p
u
b
lic
in
s
titu
tio
n
(
Un
iv
e
r
s
id
ad
Nac
io
n
al
d
el
C
en
tr
o
d
el
Per
ú
)
an
d
f
o
u
r
p
r
iv
ate
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
(
Un
iv
er
s
id
ad
C
o
n
tin
en
tal,
U
n
iv
er
s
id
ad
Per
u
an
a
L
o
s
An
d
es,
Un
iv
er
s
id
ad
T
ec
n
o
ló
g
ica
d
el
Per
ú
,
an
d
Un
iv
er
s
id
ad
R
o
o
s
ev
elt)
,
en
s
u
r
i
n
g
r
e
p
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
b
o
th
g
o
v
er
n
an
ce
ty
p
es.
T
h
e
f
in
al
s
a
m
p
le
co
m
p
r
is
ed
5
0
5
s
tu
d
en
ts
(
6
3
.
6
%
f
em
ale
an
d
3
6
.
4
%
m
al
e)
wh
o
v
o
lu
n
tar
ily
p
ar
ticip
ated
af
ter
e
x
clu
d
in
g
in
co
m
p
lete
o
r
at
y
p
ical
r
esp
o
n
s
es.
Par
ticip
an
ts
r
ep
r
esen
ted
d
iv
e
r
s
e
ac
ad
em
ic
d
is
cip
lin
es:
5
7
.
4
%
f
r
o
m
ec
o
n
o
m
ics,
ac
co
u
n
tin
g
,
an
d
b
u
s
in
ess
ad
m
in
is
tr
atio
n
;
8
.
3
%
f
r
o
m
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
in
f
o
r
m
atics
;
8
.
5
%
f
r
o
m
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
;
1
2
.
9
%
f
r
o
m
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
;
4
.
2
%
f
r
o
m
law;
2
.
2
%
f
r
o
m
ag
r
o
n
o
m
y
;
5
.
0
%
f
r
o
m
n
u
r
s
i
n
g
;
0
.
8
%
f
r
o
m
m
ed
ical
la
b
o
r
ato
r
y
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
;
0
.
6
%
f
r
o
m
p
s
y
ch
o
l
o
g
y
;
an
d
0
.
2
%
f
r
o
m
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
.
A
n
o
n
-
p
r
o
b
ab
ilis
tic
co
n
v
e
n
ien
ce
s
am
p
lin
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
was
em
p
lo
y
ed
,
b
ased
o
n
s
tu
d
en
t
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
an
d
willin
g
n
ess
to
p
ar
ticip
ate.
W
h
ile
th
is
m
eth
o
d
lim
its
th
e
g
en
er
aliza
b
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
r
esu
lts
,
it
is
a
c
o
m
m
o
n
a
n
d
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
ex
p
lan
a
to
r
y
s
tu
d
ies.
T
h
is
lim
itatio
n
was
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
ed
in
th
e
c
o
n
clu
s
io
n
s
.
T
o
e
n
s
u
r
e
th
e
v
alid
ity
o
f
o
u
r
r
esu
lts
an
d
p
r
ev
en
t
o
v
er
f
itti
n
g
,
we
ap
p
lied
a
r
an
d
o
m
s
p
lit
-
s
am
p
le
cr
o
s
s
-
v
alid
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e.
A
s
u
b
s
am
p
le
o
f
2
0
0
c
ases
was
u
s
ed
f
o
r
ex
p
lo
r
ato
r
y
f
ac
t
o
r
a
n
aly
s
is
(
E
FA)
,
an
d
th
e
r
em
ain
i
n
g
3
0
5
c
ases
f
o
r
co
n
f
ir
m
ato
r
y
f
ac
to
r
a
n
aly
s
is
(
C
FA)
an
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
m
o
d
el
v
alid
atio
n
.
B
o
th
s
u
b
s
am
p
les
s
atis
f
ied
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
t
o
f
2
0
0
ca
s
es
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
f
o
r
SEM
an
aly
s
es
[2
0
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il
20
2
6
:
1
1
4
2
-
1
1
5
0
1144
2
.
3
.
I
ns
t
rum
ent
s
T
h
r
ee
6
-
p
o
i
n
t
L
ik
e
r
t
-
ty
p
e
s
ca
les
(
1
=stro
n
g
l
y
d
is
ag
r
ee
to
6
=s
tr
o
n
g
ly
ag
r
ee
)
wer
e
u
s
ed
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
m
o
d
el
’
s
co
n
s
tr
u
cts.
T
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
an
d
ad
ap
tatio
n
o
f
th
ese
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
f
o
llo
wed
t
h
e
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ical
g
u
id
elin
es
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
[2
1
]
,
[
2
2
]
,
wh
ich
e
m
p
h
asize
r
ig
o
r
o
u
s
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
f
o
r
tr
an
s
la
tio
n
,
cr
o
s
s
-
cu
ltu
r
al
ad
ap
tatio
n
,
e
x
p
er
t v
ali
d
atio
n
,
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
m
etr
ic
ass
ess
m
en
t to
en
s
u
r
e
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
a
n
d
lin
g
u
is
tic
eq
u
iv
alen
ce
.
E
ac
h
s
ca
le
u
n
d
er
we
n
t a
r
ig
o
r
o
u
s
r
ef
in
em
en
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
v
o
l
v
in
g
b
o
t
h
E
FA a
n
d
C
FA:
−
T
h
e
SS
s
ca
le,
ad
ap
ted
f
r
o
m
R
esin
o
et
a
l.
[2
3
]
,
b
eg
a
n
with
3
8
item
s
.
Fo
llo
win
g
C
FA,
th
e
f
in
al
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
was r
ed
u
ce
d
to
8
item
s
th
at
ass
ess
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
.
−
T
h
e
SQ
s
ca
le
in
itially
co
n
tain
ed
4
3
item
s
.
T
h
e
c
o
n
f
ir
m
at
o
r
y
p
h
ase
y
ield
ed
a
f
in
al
v
er
s
io
n
with
6
item
s
,
r
ef
lectin
g
k
e
y
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
s
u
c
h
as c
u
r
r
icu
lar
r
elev
an
ce
an
d
i
n
s
titu
tio
n
al
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t.
−
T
h
e
USR
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
was
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
ased
o
n
th
e
UR
SUL
A
m
o
d
el
[2
4
]
with
5
5
in
itial
item
s
.
Af
ter
C
FA,
1
2
item
s
wer
e
r
etain
ed
,
co
v
e
r
in
g
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
s
lik
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t a
n
d
et
h
ical
tr
ain
in
g
.
Du
r
in
g
r
ef
i
n
em
en
t,
item
s
we
r
e
ex
clu
d
e
d
if
th
ey
h
ad
f
ac
t
o
r
lo
ad
in
g
s
b
elo
w
0
.
5
0
o
r
d
i
d
n
o
t
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
co
n
v
er
g
en
t v
alid
ity
.
C
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
v
alid
ity
was
v
er
if
ie
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
e
x
p
lo
r
at
o
r
y
an
d
co
n
f
ir
m
ato
r
y
f
ac
t
o
r
an
aly
s
es.
E
FA
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
wed
s
atis
f
ac
to
r
y
KM
O
v
alu
es
(
SS
=0
.
9
7
5
;
SQ=0
.
9
7
5
;
USR
=0
.
9
6
7
;
B
ar
tlett
’
s
te
s
t
p
<
0
.
0
0
1
)
an
d
ex
tr
ac
ted
two
f
ac
to
r
s
f
o
r
SS
an
d
SQ
an
d
f
o
u
r
f
o
r
USR
,
ex
p
lain
i
n
g
7
8
.
7
2
8
%,
7
9
.
8
2
0
%,
a
n
d
7
8
.
3
5
3
%
o
f
th
e
v
ar
ian
ce
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
R
eliab
ilit
y
wa
s
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a,
with
co
ef
f
icien
ts
ab
o
v
e
0
.
9
0
f
o
r
all
co
n
s
tr
u
cts (
SS
=0
.
9
9
1
; SQ=
0
.
9
9
3
; U
SR
=0
.
9
9
1
)
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
ex
ce
llen
t in
te
r
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
.
2
.
4
.
P
r
o
ce
du
re
Data
co
llectio
n
was
co
n
d
u
ct
ed
b
etwe
en
Octo
b
er
an
d
De
ce
m
b
er
2
0
2
3
.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
wer
e
s
elf
-
ad
m
in
is
ter
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
d
i
g
ital
p
latf
o
r
m
.
Par
ticip
an
ts
we
r
e
in
f
o
r
m
ed
o
f
th
e
o
b
jectiv
es o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
an
d
th
e
co
n
f
id
en
tiality
o
f
th
ei
r
r
esp
o
n
s
es
b
ef
o
r
e
co
m
p
letin
g
t
h
e
s
u
r
v
ey
.
Par
ticip
atio
n
was
v
o
lu
n
tar
y
an
d
co
n
d
u
cted
in
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
with
th
e
eth
ical
p
r
in
cip
les
o
f
s
o
cial
s
cien
ce
r
esear
ch
.
As
th
e
s
tu
d
y
in
v
o
lv
ed
n
o
p
h
y
s
ical
o
r
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
r
is
k
,
n
o
r
an
y
clin
ical
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
,
ap
p
r
o
v
al
f
r
o
m
an
eth
ics co
m
m
ittee
was n
o
t r
eq
u
ir
e
d
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
d
etails
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
s
y
ch
o
m
e
tr
ic
v
alid
atio
n
o
f
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
an
d
th
e
esti
m
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
m
o
d
el.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
b
e
g
an
with
an
E
FA
o
n
a
s
u
b
s
am
p
le
o
f
2
0
0
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
,
f
o
llo
we
d
b
y
a
C
FA
an
d
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
m
o
d
el
esti
m
atio
n
u
s
in
g
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
s
am
p
le
o
f
3
0
5
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
.
3
.
1
.
E
v
a
lua
t
i
o
n o
f
t
he
m
ea
s
urem
ent
m
o
dels
T
h
e
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
els
was
co
n
d
u
cted
th
r
o
u
g
h
E
FA,
C
FA,
an
d
d
is
cr
im
in
an
t
v
alid
ity
an
aly
s
is
.
I
n
th
e
f
ir
s
t
p
h
ase,
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
wer
e
v
alid
ated
u
s
in
g
E
FA
with
a
s
u
b
s
am
p
le
(
n
=2
0
0
)
.
B
ef
o
r
e
th
is
,
d
ata
ad
eq
u
ac
y
was
v
er
if
ied
u
s
in
g
th
e
Kaiser
-
Me
y
er
-
Olk
in
(
KM
O)
in
d
ex
a
n
d
B
ar
tlett’s
test
o
f
s
p
h
er
icity
.
T
h
e
p
r
i
n
cip
al
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
m
eth
o
d
with
v
ar
im
a
x
r
o
tatio
n
was
th
en
ap
p
lied
,
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
f
ac
to
r
s
with
eig
en
v
alu
es
g
r
e
ater
th
an
1
an
d
f
ac
to
r
l
o
ad
in
g
s
a
b
o
v
e
0
.
5
0
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
item
s
r
esu
lt
in
g
f
r
o
m
th
e
E
FA,
in
ter
n
al
r
eliab
ilit
y
co
ef
f
icien
ts
wer
e
ca
lcu
lated
u
s
in
g
C
r
o
n
b
a
ch
’
s
alp
h
a,
as sh
o
wn
i
n
T
ab
le
1
.
T
ab
le
1
.
I
n
d
icato
r
s
o
f
E
FA
an
d
in
ter
n
al
r
eliab
ilit
y
C
o
n
st
r
u
c
t
N
o
.
o
f
i
t
e
m
s
r
e
t
a
i
n
e
d
(
EFA
)
K
M
O
B
a
r
t
l
e
t
t
(
χ
²,
g
l
,
p
)
Ex
t
r
a
c
t
e
d
f
a
c
t
o
r
s
V
a
r
i
a
n
c
e
e
x
p
l
a
i
n
e
d
(
%)
C
r
o
n
b
a
c
h
’
s a
l
p
h
a
(
α)
SS
38
0
.
9
7
5
χ
²(
7
0
3
)
=
1
1
6
7
3
,
4
9
6
,
p
<
0
.
0
0
1
2
7
8
.
7
2
8
0
.
9
9
1
SQ
43
0
.
9
7
5
χ
²(
9
0
3
)
=
1
3
7
3
3
,
0
7
5
,
p
<
0
.
0
0
1
2
7
9
.
8
2
0
0
.
9
9
3
U
S
R
54
0
.
9
6
7
χ
²(
1
4
3
1
)
=
1
5
2
4
6
,
7
7
5
,
p
<
0
.
0
0
1
4
7
8
.
3
5
3
0
.
9
9
1
I
n
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
p
h
ase
o
f
c
o
n
f
ir
m
ato
r
y
v
alid
atio
n
,
th
e
m
ain
s
u
b
s
am
p
le
(
n
=
3
0
5
)
was
u
s
ed
t
o
p
er
f
o
r
m
th
e
C
FA
an
d
to
ca
lcu
late
th
e
co
m
p
o
s
ite
r
eliab
ilit
y
(
C
R
)
a
n
d
av
er
ag
e
v
a
r
ian
ce
ex
tr
ac
te
d
(
AVE
)
in
d
icato
r
s
,
f
o
llo
win
g
th
e
c
r
iter
ia
estab
lis
h
ed
b
y
Hair
et
a
l.
[2
5
]
.
As
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
2
,
th
e
C
R
an
d
AV
E
v
alu
es
c
o
n
f
ir
m
ed
th
e
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
t
v
alid
ity
o
f
all
co
n
s
tr
u
cts.
Dis
cr
im
in
an
t
v
alid
ity
was
ass
ess
ed
b
y
a
p
p
ly
in
g
t
h
e
Fo
r
n
ell
–
L
ar
ck
e
r
cr
iter
io
n
[
2
6
]
,
wh
ich
co
m
p
ar
e
s
th
e
s
q
u
ar
e
r
o
o
t
o
f
th
e
AVE
o
f
ea
ch
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
(
v
alu
es
o
n
th
e
d
iag
o
n
al)
wit
h
th
eir
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
with
o
th
er
c
o
n
s
tr
u
cts
(
v
alu
es
o
f
f
th
e
d
ia
g
o
n
al)
.
Fo
r
d
is
cr
im
in
an
t
v
alid
it
y
to
b
e
estab
lis
h
ed
,
ea
ch
s
q
u
ar
e
r
o
o
t
o
f
th
e
AVE
m
u
s
t
b
e
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
its
co
r
r
el
atio
n
s
with
th
e
o
th
er
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
s
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
5
]
,
[
2
6
]
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
3
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Med
ia
tin
g
r
o
le
o
f ser
vice
q
u
a
l
ity
b
etw
ee
n
u
n
ivers
ity
s
o
cia
l
… (
I
s
a
c
F
ern
a
n
d
o
E
s
p
in
o
z
a
Mo
n
tes
)
1145
T
ab
le
2
.
C
R
an
d
AVE
o
f
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t m
o
d
el
(
n
=
3
0
5
)
C
o
n
st
r
u
c
t
N
o
.
o
f
I
t
e
ms (
C
F
A
)
C
r
o
n
b
a
c
h
’
s
a
l
p
h
a
CR
AVE
SS
8
0
.
9
7
2
0
.
9
7
6
0
.
8
3
8
SQ
6
0
.
9
6
6
0
.
9
7
4
0
.
8
6
0
U
S
R
12
0
.
9
7
0
0
.
9
8
3
0
.
8
2
8
C
r
i
t
e
r
i
a
:
C
R
>
0
.
7
a
n
d
A
V
E>
0
.
5
[
2
6
]
T
ab
le
3
.
Dis
cr
im
in
an
t v
ali
d
ity
m
atr
ix
ac
co
r
d
in
g
t
o
Fo
r
n
ell
a
n
d
L
ar
c
k
er
C
o
n
st
r
u
c
t
SS
SQ
U
S
R
SS
0
.
9
1
6
*
0
.
8
0
4
0
.
7
1
2
SQ
0
.
8
0
4
0
.
9
2
7
*
0
.
7
7
4
U
S
R
0
.
7
1
2
0
.
7
7
4
0
.
9
1
0
*
*
t
h
e
s
q
u
a
r
e
r
o
o
t
s
o
f
t
h
e
A
V
E
;
t
h
e
o
f
f
-
d
i
a
g
o
n
a
l
v
a
l
u
e
s
r
e
p
r
e
se
n
t
t
h
e
c
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
a
m
o
n
g
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
s.
D
i
scr
i
mi
n
a
n
t
v
a
l
i
d
i
t
y
i
s
e
st
a
b
l
i
s
h
e
d
b
e
c
a
u
se
e
a
c
h
s
q
u
a
r
e
r
o
o
t
o
f
t
h
e
A
V
E
e
x
c
e
e
d
s
i
t
s r
e
sp
e
c
t
i
v
e
c
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s [
2
7
]
.
3
.
2
.
Str
uct
ura
l
m
o
del e
v
a
lu
a
t
io
n
T
h
e
v
alid
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
m
o
d
el
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
u
s
in
g
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
lik
elih
o
o
d
m
eth
o
d
,
f
o
llo
win
g
t
h
e
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
ical
g
u
id
elin
es
p
r
o
p
o
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ed
b
y
Klin
e
[2
0
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,
with
I
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M
AM
OS
v
2
3
s
o
f
twar
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T
h
is
s
tag
e
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ed
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,
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d
SS
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2
.
1
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G
lo
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it
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=
1
4
7
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6
5
,
d
f
=
8
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p
<
0
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0
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w
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a
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f
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m
[2
0
]
,
[
2
7
]
,
f
o
r
C
F
I
,
TLI
,
R
M
S
EA
,
χ
²/
d
f
,
S
R
M
R
,
P
C
LO
S
E
,
a
n
d
H
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l
t
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r
.
3
.
2
.
2
.
P
a
rt
i
a
l a
djustm
ent
s
a
nd
re
s
idu
a
l c
o
rr
ela
t
io
ns
T
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
m
o
d
el
f
it
wit
h
o
u
t
co
m
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
its
th
eo
r
e
tical
v
alid
ity
,
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
we
r
e
allo
wed
b
etwe
en
two
p
air
s
o
f
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
er
r
o
r
s
:
e1
1
with
e1
2
(
r
=
0
.
3
7
6
)
an
d
e
1
3
with
e1
4
(
r
=
0
.
3
6
2
)
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
co
r
r
elatio
n
was
ju
s
tifie
d
b
ec
a
u
s
e
b
o
th
item
s
ad
d
r
ess
co
m
p
lem
en
tar
y
asp
ec
ts
o
f
civ
ic
a
war
en
ess
with
in
th
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
o
f
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.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
co
r
r
elatio
n
was
e
x
p
lain
e
d
b
y
th
e
h
alo
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t,
a
co
g
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itiv
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wh
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b
y
in
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d
t
o
m
ak
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h
o
m
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g
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s
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d
g
m
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n
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o
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t
d
if
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t a
ttrib
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tes b
ased
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n
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er
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im
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.
I
n
th
is
ca
s
e,
b
o
th
item
s
ass
ess
ed
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
r
eso
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ce
s
f
r
o
m
d
if
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en
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p
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s
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m
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g
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in
r
esp
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atter
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tio
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t
h
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ca
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e
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elled
s
tatis
tically
.
As
n
o
ted
in
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
[2
0
]
,
[
2
8
]
,
th
e
in
co
r
p
o
r
atio
n
o
f
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
b
etwe
en
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r
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s
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ce
p
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th
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3
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2
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G
ra
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epre
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f
t
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del
Fig
u
r
e
1
p
r
esen
ts
th
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f
in
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s
tr
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eq
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wh
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β)
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ip
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il
20
2
6
:
1
1
4
2
-
1
1
5
0
1146
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
an
d
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
m
an
ag
em
en
t
asp
ec
ts
:
eth
ical
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
tr
ain
in
g
(
E
ST)
an
d
s
o
cially
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
tr
ain
in
g
(
SR
T
)
.
T
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
o
f
SQ
was
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
th
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
cu
r
r
icu
lar
r
elev
an
ce
a
n
d
ac
ad
em
ic
tr
ain
in
g
(
C
R
AT
)
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
m
an
a
g
em
e
n
t
(
R
UM
)
,
as
th
ese
ca
p
tu
r
e
elem
en
ts
o
f
th
e
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
ex
p
er
ien
ce
t
h
at
d
ir
ec
tly
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
th
e
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
er
v
ice
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
b
y
th
e
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
SS
was
ev
alu
ate
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
two
ce
n
tr
al
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
s
:
ac
ad
em
ic
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
an
d
s
tu
d
en
t
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
s
er
v
ices
(
ASSD
S
)
an
d
ac
ad
e
m
ic
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
an
d
lear
n
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
(
AE
L
C
)
,
wh
ich
in
teg
r
ate
th
e
o
v
e
r
all
ass
es
s
m
en
t th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
m
ak
e
r
eg
ar
d
i
n
g
th
eir
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
tr
ajec
to
r
y
an
d
th
e
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Stru
ctu
r
al
eq
u
atio
n
m
o
d
el
with
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
co
ef
f
icien
ts
3
.
2
.
4
.
E
x
pla
ined v
a
ria
nce
(
R²)
o
f
t
he
endo
g
eno
us
co
ns
t
ruct
s
T
h
e
ex
p
lan
ato
r
y
p
o
wer
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
el
was
h
ig
h
.
T
h
e
SQ
v
ar
iab
le
s
h
o
wed
a
co
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
d
eter
m
in
atio
n
o
f
R
²=
0
.
6
0
,
i
n
d
icatin
g
th
at
6
0
%
o
f
its
v
a
r
ian
c
e
was
ex
p
lain
ed
b
y
USR
.
I
n
t
u
r
n
,
SS
r
ea
c
h
ed
a
n
R
²=
0
.
6
6
6
,
wh
ich
in
d
icate
d
th
a
t
two
-
th
ir
d
s
o
f
its
v
ar
ian
ce
wa
s
jo
in
tly
ex
p
lain
ed
b
y
USR
an
d
SQ.
T
h
ese
v
alu
es
r
ef
lect
th
e
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
el
an
d
its
ab
ilit
y
to
ca
p
tu
r
e
l
aten
t r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
o
f
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
r
elev
an
ce
.
3
.
3
.
Str
uct
ura
l
m
o
del hy
po
t
hes
is
t
esti
ng
On
ce
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
el
was
v
alid
ated
,
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
p
ath
s
wer
e
a
n
aly
ze
d
to
test
th
e
r
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c
h
h
y
p
o
th
eses
.
All
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
r
ela
tio
n
s
h
ip
s
wer
e
s
tatis
tical
ly
s
ig
n
if
ican
t,
r
ein
f
o
r
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g
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e
th
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r
etica
l
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el.
−
USR
al
s
o
ex
er
ted
a
d
i
r
ec
t a
n
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
t e
f
f
ec
t o
n
SS
(
β=0
.
2
2
4
,
p
=
0
.
0
0
5
)
,
c
o
n
f
ir
m
in
g
H1
.
−
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ex
er
ted
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d
ir
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t,
p
o
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itiv
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an
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
t i
n
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lu
en
ce
o
n
S
Q
(
β=0
.
7
7
4
,
p
<0
.
0
0
1
)
,
v
alid
ati
n
g
H2
.
−
SQ p
r
o
v
ed
t
o
b
e
th
e
s
tr
o
n
g
est
d
ir
ec
t p
r
ed
icto
r
o
f
SS
(
β=0
.
6
3
0
,
p
<0
.
0
0
1
)
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
H3
.
−
Fin
ally
,
th
e
m
ed
iatin
g
r
o
le
o
f
SQ
was
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
.
T
h
e
an
a
ly
s
is
r
ev
ea
led
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
USR
o
n
SS
th
r
o
u
g
h
SQ
(
β=0
.
4
8
8
)
.
Sin
ce
th
e
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
t
(
H1
)
was
also
s
ig
n
if
ican
t,
th
e
d
ata
co
n
f
i
r
m
ed
p
ar
tial m
ed
iatio
n
,
v
alid
atin
g
H
4
.
I
n
t
er
m
s
o
f
e
x
p
la
n
a
t
o
r
y
p
o
w
er
,
t
h
e
m
o
d
e
l d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ate
d
h
i
g
h
p
r
ac
tic
al
r
ele
v
an
ce
.
USR
ex
p
l
a
in
e
d
6
0
%
o
f
t
h
e
v
ar
i
a
n
c
e
i
n
SQ
(
R
²=
0
.
6
0
)
,
an
d
th
e
m
o
d
el
ex
p
l
ai
n
e
d
a
s
u
b
s
ta
n
t
ial
6
7
%
o
f
t
h
e
v
a
r
ia
n
ce
i
n
SS
(
R
²=
0
.
6
7
)
.
T
a
b
le
5
r
e
p
o
r
ts
t
h
e
d
ir
ec
t
,
in
d
i
r
e
ct,
a
n
d
t
o
t
al
ef
f
ec
ts
est
im
ate
d
i
n
t
h
e
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
al
m
o
d
el
.
T
h
e
d
at
a
co
n
f
i
r
m
e
d
t
h
e
h
y
p
o
t
h
es
iz
ed
m
e
d
ia
ti
o
n
,
v
ali
d
ati
n
g
H4
,
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
te
d
th
e
th
eo
r
e
tic
al
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
e
l.
T
ab
le
5
.
R
esu
lts
o
f
d
ir
ec
t a
n
d
in
d
ir
ec
t e
f
f
ec
ts
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
d
el
S
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
a
l
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
s
D
i
r
e
c
t
e
f
f
e
c
t
I
n
d
i
r
e
c
t
e
f
f
e
c
t
To
t
a
l
e
f
f
e
c
t
U
S
R
→S
Q
0
.
7
7
4
*
*
*
—
0
.
7
7
4
S
Q
→S
S
0
.
6
3
0
*
*
*
—
0
.
6
3
0
U
S
R
→S
S
0
.
2
2
4
*
*
0
.
4
8
8
*
*
*
0
.
7
1
2
N
o
t
e
:
p<
0
.
0
0
1
(
*
**
)
,
p
<
0
.
0
1
(
*
*
)
.
T
h
e
i
n
d
i
r
e
c
t
e
f
f
e
c
t
o
f
U
S
R
o
n
S
S
w
a
s
c
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
e
d
a
s
t
h
e
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
s
U
S
R
→S
Q
(
0
.
7
7
4
)
a
n
d
S
Q
→S
S
(
0
.
6
3
0
)
,
y
i
e
l
d
i
n
g
a
v
a
l
u
e
o
f
0
.
4
8
8
.
T
h
e
t
o
t
a
l
e
f
f
e
c
t
w
a
s e
st
i
ma
t
e
d
b
y
a
d
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
d
i
r
e
c
t
e
f
f
e
c
t
(
0
.
2
2
4
)
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
n
d
i
r
e
c
t
e
f
f
e
c
t
(
0
.
4
8
8
)
,
r
e
su
l
t
i
n
g
i
n
a
t
o
t
a
l
v
a
l
u
e
o
f
0
.
7
1
2
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Med
ia
tin
g
r
o
le
o
f ser
vice
q
u
a
l
ity
b
etw
ee
n
u
n
ivers
ity
s
o
cia
l
… (
I
s
a
c
F
ern
a
n
d
o
E
s
p
in
o
z
a
Mo
n
tes
)
1147
4.
DIS
CU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
an
al
y
ze
d
th
e
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
al
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
am
o
n
g
USR
,
SQ,
an
d
SS
in
th
e
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
co
n
te
x
t.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
h
y
p
o
th
eses
wer
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
u
n
d
e
r
a
r
ea
s
o
n
ab
le
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
o
f
u
n
ce
r
tain
ty
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
wed
th
at
all
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
wer
e
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t,
r
ein
f
o
r
cin
g
th
e
th
eo
r
etica
l
v
alid
ity
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
d
el.
T
h
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
em
p
ir
ically
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
f
o
r
m
u
lated
h
y
p
o
t
h
eses
an
d
alig
n
wit
h
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
ev
id
en
ce
r
ep
o
r
ted
i
n
th
e
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
s
cien
tific
liter
atu
r
e.
First,
it
was
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
th
at
USR
ex
e
r
ted
a
d
ir
ec
t,
p
o
s
itiv
e,
an
d
s
i
g
n
if
ican
t
e
f
f
ec
t
o
n
SS
(
β=0
.
2
2
4
;
p
=
0
.
0
0
5
)
,
v
alid
atin
g
H1
.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
is
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
s
tu
d
ies
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
th
at
f
av
o
r
ab
le
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
USR
p
o
s
itiv
ely
in
f
lu
en
ce
SS
[
3
]
,
[
1
3
]
.
I
t
also
alig
n
s
with
th
e
r
ep
o
r
t
by
Su
r
a
n
ta
et
a
l
.
[
16
]
,
wh
o
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
o
f
eq
u
ity
th
eo
r
y
,
a
r
g
u
es
th
at
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
g
r
ea
ter
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
wh
en
th
e
y
p
er
ce
iv
e
th
at
USR
ac
tio
n
s
alig
n
with
p
r
in
ci
p
les
o
f
ju
s
tice
an
d
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
r
ec
ip
r
o
city
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
f
u
r
t
h
e
r
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
co
m
m
itm
en
t
g
r
o
u
n
d
e
d
in
v
alu
es
o
f
eq
u
ity
,
s
u
s
tain
ab
il
ity
,
an
d
citizen
s
h
ip
s
tr
en
g
th
en
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
s
en
s
e
o
f
b
elo
n
g
in
g
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
es
th
eir
o
v
er
all
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
clea
r
l
y
co
n
f
ir
m
th
at
p
o
s
itiv
e
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
USR
tr
an
s
late
d
ir
ec
tly
in
to
h
ig
h
er
le
v
els
o
f
SS
,
co
n
s
o
lid
atin
g
t
h
e
r
elati
o
n
s
h
ip
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
th
e
in
itial
h
y
p
o
th
esis
.
Seco
n
d
,
it
was
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
at
USR
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
s
SQ
(
β=0
.
7
7
4
;
p
<0
.
0
0
1
)
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
H2
.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
is
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
p
r
o
p
o
s
als
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
USR
d
r
iv
es
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
in
i
n
s
titu
tio
n
al
cu
ltu
r
e,
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
m
o
r
e
eth
ical,
in
clu
s
iv
e,
an
d
s
tu
d
en
t
-
ce
n
ter
ed
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t
[
2
]
.
Similar
ly
,
s
o
m
e
au
th
o
r
s
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
at
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
with
s
o
ciall
y
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
p
o
licies
ten
d
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
h
i
g
h
er
-
q
u
ality
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
er
v
ices,
g
en
er
atin
g
m
o
r
e
in
cl
u
s
iv
e
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
[
4
]
.
I
n
lin
e
with
th
is
,
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
s
ass
o
ciate
d
with
em
p
lo
y
ab
ilit
y
,
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e,
an
d
s
k
ills
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
-
k
ey
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
USR
-
h
av
e
b
ee
n
s
h
o
wn
to
p
o
s
itiv
ely
af
f
ec
t stu
d
en
ts
’
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
SQ
[1
1
]
.
T
h
e
th
ir
d
f
in
d
in
g
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
th
at
SQ
d
ir
ec
tly
i
m
p
ac
ts
SS
(
β=0
.
6
3
0
;
p
<0
.
0
0
1
)
,
v
alid
atin
g
H3
.
T
h
is
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
h
as
b
ee
n
wid
ely
d
o
cu
m
e
n
ted
in
r
e
ce
n
t
s
tu
d
ies
s
h
o
win
g
th
at
th
e
p
er
ce
iv
e
d
q
u
ality
o
f
ac
ad
em
ic
an
d
ad
m
in
is
tr
ativ
e
s
er
v
ices
is
a
s
tr
o
n
g
p
r
ed
icto
r
o
f
SS
[1
0
]
,
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
o
b
tain
ed
in
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
en
s
u
r
in
g
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le,
ef
f
ic
ien
t
s
er
v
ices
ad
ap
ted
to
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
r
ea
l
n
ee
d
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
wh
en
ap
p
ly
in
g
t
h
e
E
C
SI
m
o
d
el
in
th
e
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
co
n
tex
t,
p
e
r
ce
iv
ed
q
u
ality
e
m
er
g
ed
as th
e
m
ain
an
tece
d
en
t o
f
SS
,
r
ein
f
o
r
cin
g
t
h
e
ex
ter
n
al
v
alid
ity
o
f
th
e
ev
al
u
ated
m
o
d
el
[
29
]
.
Fin
ally
,
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
i
n
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
USR
o
n
SS
th
r
o
u
g
h
SQ
was
v
er
if
ied
(
β=0
.
4
8
8
)
,
c
o
n
f
ir
m
in
g
th
e
p
ar
tial
m
ed
iatio
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
in
H4
.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
is
co
n
s
is
t
en
t
with
m
o
d
els
th
at
id
en
tify
SQ
as
a
k
ey
ch
an
n
el
f
o
r
tr
an
s
f
e
r
r
in
g
t
h
e
b
e
n
ef
its
o
f
USR
in
to
h
ig
h
e
r
SS
[
4
]
,
[
16
]
.
T
h
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
m
ed
iatio
n
also
alig
n
s
with
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
th
eo
r
y
,
as
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
id
en
tifie
d
as
d
ef
in
itiv
e
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
,
d
ir
ec
tly
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
USR
,
SQ
,
an
d
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
.
T
h
eir
leg
itima
cy
g
r
an
t
s
th
em
v
o
ice,
th
eir
p
o
wer
d
r
i
v
es
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
en
ess
,
an
d
th
eir
u
r
g
en
cy
d
em
an
d
ti
m
ely
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
ac
tio
n
-
f
ac
t
o
r
s
th
at
co
llectiv
ely
ex
p
lain
th
e
m
ed
iatin
g
r
o
le
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
m
o
d
el
[
19
]
.
I
t h
as a
ls
o
b
ee
n
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
th
at
s
tu
d
en
t in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t in
US
R
in
itiat
iv
es
en
h
an
ce
s
th
ei
r
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
q
u
ality
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
a
m
u
ltip
lier
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
th
e
s
tu
d
en
t
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
[
30
]
.
Fr
o
m
a
p
r
ac
tical
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e,
th
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
to
d
ev
el
o
p
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
US
R
p
o
licies
a
s
p
ar
t
o
f
th
eir
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
s
tr
ateg
ies,
wh
il
e
em
p
h
asizin
g
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
i
n
v
esti
n
g
in
SQ
as
a
cr
itical
v
ar
iab
le
f
o
r
m
ax
i
m
izin
g
s
tu
d
en
t
well
-
b
ein
g
a
n
d
ac
ad
em
ic
lo
y
alty
.
T
h
e
ex
p
lan
ato
r
y
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
el
(
R
²=
0
.
6
0
f
o
r
SQ
an
d
R
²=
0
.
6
7
f
o
r
SS
)
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
its
u
tili
ty
as
a
d
iag
n
o
s
tic
an
d
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
to
o
l
f
o
r
L
atin
Am
er
ican
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
I
n
th
is
s
en
s
e,
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
m
o
d
els
allo
w
th
e
id
en
tific
atio
n
o
f
th
e
q
u
ality
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
w
ith
th
e
g
r
ea
test
im
p
ac
t
o
n
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
,
wh
ich
ca
n
g
u
id
e
m
o
r
e
p
r
ec
is
e
s
tr
ateg
ic
d
ec
is
io
n
s
in
em
er
g
in
g
c
o
n
tex
ts
s
u
ch
as Per
u
[1
4
]
.
Fro
m
a
p
o
licy
s
tan
d
p
o
in
t,
th
e
s
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
h
ig
h
e
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
au
th
o
r
ities
an
d
ac
cr
ed
itatio
n
b
o
d
ies
s
h
o
u
ld
i
n
teg
r
ate
s
o
ci
al
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
in
d
icato
r
s
an
d
SQ
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
in
to
i
n
s
titu
tio
n
al
ev
alu
atio
n
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
.
Stre
n
g
th
e
n
in
g
g
o
v
er
n
a
n
ce
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
th
at
e
n
co
u
r
a
g
e
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
to
e
m
b
e
d
eth
ical
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
co
m
m
u
n
ity
en
g
ag
em
en
t,
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
i
n
to
th
eir
cu
r
r
icu
la
ca
n
en
h
an
c
e
b
o
th
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
q
u
ality
an
d
SS
.
At
th
e
p
r
ac
tic
al
lev
el,
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
s
h
o
u
ld
im
p
lem
en
t
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
th
at
p
r
io
r
ities
ef
f
icien
t
ac
ad
em
ic
an
d
ad
m
in
is
tr
ativ
e
s
er
v
ices,
p
r
o
m
o
te
s
tu
d
en
t
p
a
r
ticip
atio
n
in
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es,
an
d
estab
lis
h
tr
a
n
s
p
ar
en
t
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
ch
a
n
n
els
b
etwe
en
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t
a
n
d
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
.
Su
ch
s
tr
ateg
ies
ca
n
tr
an
s
late
th
e
p
r
in
cip
les
o
f
USR
in
to
m
ea
s
u
r
ab
le
ac
tio
n
s
th
at
f
o
s
ter
s
tu
d
en
t
well
-
b
ein
g
an
d
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
cr
ed
ib
ilit
y
.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
wh
en
USR
is
in
teg
r
ated
as
a
tr
an
s
v
er
s
al
ax
i
s
o
f
i
n
s
titu
tio
n
al
m
an
ag
em
en
t
-
r
ath
er
th
a
n
tr
ea
t
ed
as
an
is
o
lated
o
r
co
m
p
lem
en
tar
y
ac
tio
n
-
it
ex
e
r
ts
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
SQ
an
d
,
b
o
th
d
ir
ec
tly
an
d
in
d
ir
ec
tly
,
o
n
SS
.
T
h
e
v
alid
ate
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
m
o
d
el
s
h
o
wed
h
ig
h
ex
p
lan
ato
r
y
p
o
wer
,
ac
co
u
n
tin
g
f
o
r
6
0
%
o
f
th
e
v
a
r
ian
ce
in
SQ
an
d
6
7
%
in
SS
,
co
n
f
ir
m
in
g
its
s
tat
is
tical
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
an
d
p
r
ac
tical
r
elev
an
ce
f
o
r
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
th
e
s
tu
d
en
t
ex
p
er
ien
ce
.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
SQ
was
v
er
if
ied
as
a
p
ar
tial
m
ed
iato
r
b
etwe
en
USR
an
d
SS
,
ac
tin
g
as
a
m
ec
h
an
is
m
th
at
tr
an
s
lates
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
co
m
m
itm
en
ts
in
to
tan
g
ib
le
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
15
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il
20
2
6
:
1
1
4
2
-
1
1
5
0
1148
q
u
ality
an
d
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
t
h
at
s
o
ci
al
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
s
tr
en
g
t
h
en
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
q
u
ality
an
d
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
cr
ed
i
b
ilit
y
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
tu
d
en
t
-
ce
n
ter
e
d
m
an
a
g
e
m
en
t.
Desp
ite
th
e
s
tat
is
tical
an
d
th
eo
r
etica
l
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
h
as
ce
r
tain
lim
itatio
n
s
th
at
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
wh
e
n
in
ter
p
r
et
in
g
th
e
r
esu
lts
.
First,
th
e
n
o
n
-
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
tal,
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
d
esig
n
p
r
ev
en
t
s
th
e
estab
lis
h
m
en
t
o
f
d
ef
in
itiv
e
ca
u
s
al
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
am
o
n
g
USR
,
SQ
,
an
d
SS
.
Seco
n
d
,
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
n
o
n
-
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
co
n
v
en
ien
ce
s
am
p
lin
g
l
im
its
th
e
g
en
er
aliza
b
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
to
o
th
er
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
co
n
tex
ts
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
d
ata
wer
e
co
llected
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
elf
-
r
ep
o
r
ted
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
,
w
h
ich
m
ay
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
b
iases
r
elate
d
to
s
o
cial
d
esira
b
ilit
y
o
r
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
’
s
u
b
jectiv
ity
.
T
h
ese
lim
itatio
n
s
d
o
n
o
t
in
v
alid
ate
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
b
tain
ed
;
h
o
wev
e
r
,
th
ey
s
u
g
g
est
ca
u
tio
n
in
th
eir
ex
tr
ap
o
l
atio
n
an
d
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
em
p
lo
y
in
g
lo
n
g
itu
d
in
al
d
esig
n
s
,
p
r
o
b
ab
ilis
tic
s
am
p
les,
an
d
c
o
m
p
ar
ativ
e
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
Fro
m
a
p
r
ac
tical
p
e
r
s
p
ec
tiv
e
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
atin
g
USR
a
s
a
s
tr
ateg
ic
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
to
en
h
a
n
ce
SQ
an
d
f
o
s
ter
SS
.
Fu
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
u
ld
p
r
io
r
itize
lo
n
g
itu
d
in
al
d
esig
n
s
to
ass
es
s
th
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
ese
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
,
test
t
h
e
m
o
d
el
ac
r
o
s
s
d
iv
er
s
e
cu
ltu
r
a
l
an
d
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
co
n
tex
ts
,
an
d
in
clu
d
e
em
er
g
i
n
g
v
ar
iab
les s
u
ch
as d
ig
ital tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
s
tu
d
en
t e
n
g
ag
em
e
n
t,
an
d
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
r
ep
u
tatio
n
.
Su
ch
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
wo
u
ld
e
x
p
an
d
th
e
m
o
d
el
’
s
ex
p
lan
ato
r
y
s
co
p
e
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
tr
o
n
g
er
ev
id
e
n
ce
f
o
r
d
esig
n
in
g
p
o
licies th
at
p
r
o
m
o
te
s
u
s
tain
ab
le,
in
clu
s
iv
e,
an
d
s
o
cially
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
h
ig
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
M
E
N
T
S
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
ex
p
r
ess
th
eir
s
in
c
er
e
g
r
atitu
d
e
t
o
all
th
o
s
e
wh
o
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t f
o
r
th
is
r
esea
r
ch
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
d
ec
lar
e
th
at
n
o
f
u
n
d
in
g
was in
v
o
lv
ed
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
t
r
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
a
x
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
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ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Na
m
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C
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C
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DATA AV
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[
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,
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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1149
RE
F
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NC
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S
[
1
]
A
.
A
.
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l
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3
]
K
.
F
.
La
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B
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Eu
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6
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W
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P
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9
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R
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A
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E.
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.