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C
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A
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W
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Facu
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Ma
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m
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1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
W
ith
th
e
ex
is
ten
ce
o
f
lar
g
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
m
o
d
els
(
L
L
Ms)
s
u
ch
as
GPT4
,
Gem
in
i
1
.
5
,
C
lau
d
e
,
an
d
L
lam
a
3
,
th
er
e
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
g
en
er
ativ
e
ar
tific
i
al
in
tellig
en
ce
(
Gen
AI
)
r
esear
ch
an
d
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
1
]
−
[
4
]
.
On
e
o
f
th
e
Gen
AI
th
a
t
h
as
n
o
t
b
ee
n
m
u
ch
r
esear
ch
e
d
is
Gem
in
i
,
f
o
r
m
e
r
ly
k
n
o
wn
as
Go
o
g
le
B
ar
d
.
I
n
f
ac
t,
it
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
s
tu
n
n
in
g
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
in
th
e
wo
r
ld
cu
r
r
en
tly
,
as
it
is
k
n
o
wn
f
o
r
it
s
r
em
ar
k
ab
le
ab
ilit
y
to
ac
ce
s
s
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
q
u
ick
ly
v
ia
Go
o
g
le
[
5
]
,
[
6
]
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
Gen
AI
h
as
m
ad
e
r
em
ar
k
ab
le
im
p
ac
ts
o
n
h
u
m
a
n
s
’
liv
es,
th
er
e
a
r
e
also
m
a
n
y
n
eg
ativ
e
ef
f
ec
ts
b
r
o
u
g
h
t
b
y
it
[
7
]
,
[
8
]
.
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
i
n
s
titu
tio
n
s
in
th
e
wo
r
ld
a
r
e
f
ac
in
g
ch
allen
g
es
wh
ile
u
s
in
g
Gen
AI
.
Am
o
n
g
th
e
is
s
u
es
f
ac
ed
wh
i
le
u
s
in
g
Gen
AI
ar
e
p
lag
ia
r
is
m
,
b
ias
,
an
d
in
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
o
f
d
ata.
T
h
ey
h
in
d
er
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
cr
ea
tiv
ity
an
d
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
[
9
]
,
[
1
0
]
.
G
en
AI
also
p
r
o
m
o
tes
ac
ad
em
ic
d
is
h
o
n
esty
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
as
th
ey
ten
d
t
o
co
p
y
d
ir
ec
tly
f
r
o
m
th
e
a
n
s
wer
s
g
iv
e
n
b
y
Ge
n
AI
with
o
u
t
m
ak
in
g
t
h
eir
o
wn
j
u
d
g
m
e
n
t.
T
h
u
s
,
it
is
th
e
teac
h
er
s
’
r
o
le
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
AI
is
u
s
ed
to
its
m
ax
im
u
m
b
e
n
ef
its
[
1
1
]
.
As
G
o
o
g
le
Gem
in
i
is
s
till
a
n
ew
AI
in
ess
ay
wr
itin
g
,
th
e
r
e
h
as
n
o
t
b
ee
n
m
u
ch
r
esear
ch
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
o
n
it
y
et.
Hen
ce
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
ed
t
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
is
is
s
u
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iew
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
f
r
o
m
J
an
u
ar
y
2
0
2
2
u
n
til Au
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s
t 2
0
2
4
,
s
o
th
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an
p
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o
v
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e
m
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u
s
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u
l in
s
ig
h
ts
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
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r
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ch
o
n
it.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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I
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I
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tell
,
Vo
l.
1
5
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No
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2
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Ap
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il 2
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2
6
:
1
8
3
9
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8
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T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
in
ten
d
ed
t
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
:
i)
wh
at
is
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
v
er
tim
e
o
f
th
e
ar
ticles
ex
am
in
in
g
Gem
in
i
u
tili
s
atio
n
in
es
s
ay
wr
it
in
g
?
ii)
wh
at
ty
p
es
o
f
lear
n
er
s
ar
e
co
m
m
o
n
l
y
s
elec
ted
f
o
r
th
e
r
esear
ch
?
iii)
wh
at
ty
p
es
o
f
r
esear
ch
ar
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
r
eg
a
r
d
in
g
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
Gem
in
i
in
ess
ay
wr
itin
g
?
iv
)
wh
at
lea
r
n
in
g
th
e
o
r
ies
ar
e
u
s
u
ally
u
tili
s
ed
to
e
x
am
in
e
Gem
in
i
u
tili
s
atio
n
in
ess
ay
wr
itin
g
?
an
d
v
)
wh
at
ar
e
t
h
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
o
f
G
em
in
i in
ess
ay
wr
itin
g
as m
en
t
io
n
ed
in
t
h
e
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
?
2.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
R
E
VI
E
W
Gem
in
i
as
a
Go
o
g
le
A
I
is
f
o
r
m
er
ly
k
n
o
wn
as
B
ar
d
.
I
t
is
a
p
ath
way
s
lan
g
u
ag
e
m
o
d
el
(
Pa
L
M)
with
5
4
0
b
illi
o
n
p
ar
am
eter
s
b
u
ilt
u
s
in
g
th
e
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
er
ar
ch
itect
u
r
e
[
1
2
]
.
I
n
f
ac
t,
Gem
in
i
is
k
n
o
wn
as
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
b
est
Gen
AI
n
o
wad
ay
s
[
1
3
]
.
L
L
M
r
ef
er
s
t
o
a
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
s
y
s
tem
tr
ain
ed
to
p
r
ed
ict
th
e
c
h
an
ce
th
at
u
n
its
o
f
lan
g
u
ag
e
,
s
u
ch
as
ch
a
r
ac
ter
s
o
r
wo
r
d
s
,
ca
n
lo
g
ically
a
p
p
e
ar
in
a
g
iv
en
tex
t
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
ese
m
o
d
els
ar
e
tr
ain
ed
o
n
d
ata,
ty
p
ically
s
cr
ap
ed
f
r
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m
th
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web
.
T
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s
,
d
e
v
elo
p
er
s
o
f
L
L
M
m
u
s
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
th
e
tr
ain
in
g
d
ata
b
ef
o
r
e
tr
ain
in
g
th
e
m
o
d
el.
T
h
i
s
in
v
o
lv
es
b
r
ea
k
i
n
g
th
e
te
x
t
in
to
u
n
its
,
n
am
ely
to
k
e
n
s
,
wh
ic
h
ca
n
b
e
a
wo
r
d
o
r
p
ar
t
o
f
a
wo
r
d
,
an
d
later
c
h
a
n
g
in
g
ea
c
h
to
k
en
in
t
o
an
i
n
t
eg
er
.
T
r
ai
n
in
g
is
a
m
u
lti
-
s
tep
p
r
o
ce
s
s
wh
er
e
t
h
e
m
o
d
el
m
ak
es
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
e
twee
n
v
ar
io
u
s
to
k
en
s
.
E
ac
h
c
o
n
n
ec
tio
n
h
as
a
n
u
m
er
ical
we
ig
h
t.
E
ac
h
task
th
e
m
o
d
el
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
s
in
v
o
lv
es
d
if
f
er
en
t
weig
h
ts
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
co
m
p
u
tes
th
e
v
a
r
io
u
s
weig
h
ts
t
o
d
eter
m
in
e
wh
ich
co
m
b
in
atio
n
b
est
f
its
th
e
task
.
B
ein
g
th
e
lates
t
Go
o
g
le’
s
L
L
M
m
o
d
el,
Gem
in
i
ca
n
h
an
d
le
a
co
n
tex
t
len
g
th
o
f
32
K
[
9
]
,
[
1
3
]
.
I
n
f
ac
t,
Gem
in
i
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
ar
tific
ial
g
e
n
er
ativ
e
in
tellig
en
ce
(
AGI
)
.
AGI
ar
e
m
ac
h
in
es
th
a
t
ar
e
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
p
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
an
y
in
tellectu
al
task
th
at
a
h
u
m
an
ca
n
d
o
.
I
n
f
ac
t,
AGI
to
o
ls
ar
e
m
o
r
e
ca
p
ab
le
th
a
n
h
u
m
an
b
ein
g
s
in
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
d
ata
as
th
ey
ar
e
L
L
Ms
with
m
ass
iv
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
tr
ain
ed
o
n
ex
tr
em
el
y
lar
g
e
co
r
p
o
r
a
[
1
6
]
−
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
AGI
s
u
ch
as
Gem
in
i
e
x
h
ib
its
ex
ce
p
tio
n
ally
h
i
g
h
in
tellig
en
ce
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
ea
r
lier
AI
s
.
L
L
Ms
an
d
L
L
M
-
b
ased
ag
en
ts
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
in
v
ar
io
u
s
asp
ec
ts
s
u
ch
a
s
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
in
g
,
m
ath
em
atics,
a
n
d
o
th
e
r
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
1
9
]
−
[2
3
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
Go
o
g
le
h
ad
a
n
n
o
u
n
ce
d
Gem
in
i a
s
Go
o
g
le’
s
lar
g
est an
d
m
o
s
t c
ap
ab
le
Gen
AI
m
o
d
el
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
is
is
b
ec
au
s
e
Gem
in
i
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
s
C
h
atGPT
-
4
in
m
o
s
t
n
atu
r
al
lan
g
u
ag
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
(
N
L
P)
task
s
an
d
it
is
d
esig
n
ed
to
w
o
r
k
o
n
e
v
er
y
th
in
g
f
r
o
m
d
ata
ce
n
ter
s
to
m
o
b
ile
s
er
v
ices.
Gem
in
i
is
o
p
ti
m
is
ed
to
wo
r
k
in
3
d
if
f
er
en
t
f
o
r
m
ats
(
u
ltra
,
p
r
o
,
a
n
d
n
a
n
o
)
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
el,
Gem
in
i
1
.
0
,
was
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
f
o
r
th
r
ee
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
izes.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
m
o
d
el,
Gem
in
i
Ultr
a
is
k
n
o
wn
as
th
e
m
o
s
t
ca
p
ab
le
an
d
lar
g
est
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
h
i
g
h
ly
co
m
p
lex
task
s
th
at
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
ee
p
s
o
lv
in
g
s
k
ills
.
I
t
is
ab
le
to
w
o
r
k
with
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
s
o
u
r
ce
s
s
u
ch
as
p
h
o
to
s
,
v
id
eo
s
an
d
au
d
io
.
Me
an
w
h
ile,
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
m
o
d
el,
Gem
in
i
Pro
is
u
s
e
d
f
o
r
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
task
s
.
Fin
ally
,
Gem
in
i
Nan
o
is
k
n
o
wn
as
th
e
m
o
s
t
ef
f
icien
t
m
o
d
el
am
o
n
g
t
h
e
th
r
ee
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
t
h
er
e
h
as
b
ee
n
ex
ten
s
iv
e
r
esear
c
h
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
Gen
AI
an
d
C
h
atG
PT,
th
er
e
ar
e
s
till
in
s
u
f
f
icie
n
t
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
Go
o
g
le
Gem
in
i.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
is
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iew
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
to
e
x
am
in
e
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
Go
o
g
le
Gem
in
i
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
ess
ay
wr
itin
g
.
I
t
p
r
o
v
id
es
u
s
ef
u
l
in
s
ig
h
ts
f
o
r
r
esear
ch
er
s
an
d
p
r
ac
titi
o
n
e
r
s
in
u
s
in
g
Gem
in
i
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
lab
o
r
io
u
s
task
s
o
f
ess
ay
wr
itin
g
,
as
Gem
in
i
is
k
n
o
wn
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
to
b
e
ab
le
to
g
en
er
ate
id
ea
s
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
e
s
s
ay
s
an
d
ev
alu
ate
wr
itten
wo
r
k
,
b
u
t
also
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
p
r
ac
tice
an
d
s
am
p
le
test
s
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
f
u
r
th
er
im
p
r
o
v
e
o
n
th
eir
o
wn
[
2
4
]
.
I
n
f
ac
t,
it
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
an
in
teg
r
al
to
o
l
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
as
it
aid
s
in
v
ar
io
u
s
lear
n
in
g
task
s
s
u
ch
as
ass
ig
n
m
en
t
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t,
ess
ay
wr
itin
g
,
a
n
d
co
d
i
n
g
[
2
5
]
.
3.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
em
p
lo
y
ed
a
s
y
s
tem
atic
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew
(
SLR)
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
.
I
t
en
co
m
p
ass
es
th
e
s
tag
e
s
o
f
c
o
llectio
n
,
d
eter
m
in
atio
n
,
a
n
aly
s
is
,
an
d
s
y
n
th
esis
o
f
v
ar
i
o
u
s
ar
ticles
p
er
tain
in
g
to
th
e
te
m
p
o
r
al
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
r
esear
c
h
e
x
am
in
in
g
th
e
u
ti
lis
atio
n
o
f
Gem
i
n
i
in
ess
ay
w
r
itin
g
,
as
well
as
th
e
t
y
p
es
o
f
lear
n
er
s
t
y
p
ically
in
v
o
lv
ed
in
th
ese
s
tu
d
ies.
T
o
m
itig
ate
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
s
y
s
tem
atic
er
r
o
r
s
o
r
b
iases
in
h
er
e
n
t
in
th
e
SLR
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
we
ad
h
er
ed
to
a
r
ig
o
r
o
u
s
s
cien
tific
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iew
was
co
n
d
u
cted
o
v
er
a
p
er
io
d
f
r
o
m
J
an
u
ar
y
2
0
2
2
to
Au
g
u
s
t
2
0
2
4
.
I
t
f
o
llo
ws
th
e
p
r
ef
er
r
ed
r
ep
o
r
tin
g
i
tem
s
f
o
r
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iews
an
d
m
eta
-
an
aly
s
es
(
PR
I
SMA
)
r
ep
o
r
tin
g
g
u
id
eli
n
es.
T
h
ese
g
u
id
elin
es
d
elin
e
ate
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
f
o
r
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iews,
wh
ich
i
n
clu
d
es
s
ev
er
al
cr
itical
s
tep
s
:
i)
p
r
o
to
co
l
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
a
n
d
r
e
g
is
tr
atio
n
;
ii)
estab
lis
h
m
en
t
o
f
elig
i
b
ilit
y
cr
i
ter
ia;
iii)
id
en
tific
atio
n
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
o
u
r
ce
s
;
iv
)
s
y
s
tem
atic
s
ea
r
ch
o
f
r
elev
an
t
liter
atu
r
e;
v
)
s
tu
d
y
s
elec
tio
n
;
v
i)
d
ata
co
llectio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
;
an
d
v
ii)
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
d
ata
item
s
.
A
q
u
ality
ap
p
r
aisal
m
eth
o
d
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
b
y
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
er
s
was u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
is
s
tu
d
y
[
2
6
]
.
SLR
h
as
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
as
a
s
cie
n
tific
m
eth
o
d
to
g
ain
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
in
s
ig
h
t
in
to
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
r
esear
ch
d
o
m
ain
.
I
t
b
r
id
g
es
th
e
r
esear
ch
g
ap
an
d
id
en
tifie
s
th
e
tr
e
n
d
s
in
th
is
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
way
s
o
f
r
ev
iew
r
ep
o
r
tin
g
wer
e
g
o
v
er
n
ed
b
y
t
h
e
p
r
in
ci
p
les
o
f
PR
I
SMA
s
tatem
en
ts
[
2
7
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
r
ev
i
ewe
d
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
in
d
ex
ed
i
n
r
e
p
u
tab
le
jo
u
r
n
als
an
d
r
esear
ch
p
latf
o
r
m
s
s
u
ch
as
Sco
p
u
s
,
W
o
S,
Scien
ce
Dir
ec
t,
I
E
E
E
,
SAGE
,
W
iley
,
J
STO
R
,
an
d
Go
o
g
le
Sch
o
lar
to
o
b
tain
an
o
v
e
r
v
ie
w
o
f
Gem
in
i
u
tili
z
atio
n
i
n
le
ar
n
er
ty
p
es,
r
esear
ch
d
esig
n
,
an
d
th
e
th
eo
r
ies u
n
d
e
r
p
in
n
in
g
Gem
in
i a
p
p
licatio
n
s
i
n
ess
ay
wr
itin
g
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ar
tif
I
n
tell
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
9
3
8
R
ev
o
lu
tio
n
is
in
g
ess
a
y
w
r
itin
g
:
a
s
ystema
tic
r
ev
iew
o
f G
o
o
g
le
Gem
in
i
(
S
h
ir
ley
Lin
g
Je
n
)
1841
F
o
r
t
h
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
,
a
t
o
t
a
l
o
f
1
5
5
a
r
t
i
c
l
es
r
e
l
at
e
d
t
o
G
e
m
i
n
i
a
n
d
e
s
s
a
y
w
r
i
t
i
n
g
w
e
r
e
o
b
t
ai
n
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
p
u
b
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
p
l
a
t
f
o
r
m
s
.
W
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
e
d
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
p
l
a
t
f
o
r
m
s
w
it
h
t
h
e
k
e
y
w
o
r
d
s
‘
G
e
m
i
n
i
’
a
n
d
‘
E
s
s
a
y
W
r
i
ti
n
g
’
i
n
a
l
l
t
h
e
m
a
j
o
r
p
u
b
li
c
a
ti
o
n
p
l
a
t
f
o
r
m
s
m
e
n
ti
o
n
e
d
a
b
o
v
e
.
As
Gem
i
n
i
is
a
r
e
l
at
i
v
e
l
y
n
ew
G
e
n
AI
,
t
h
e
r
e
h
as
n
o
t
b
ee
n
m
u
c
h
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
o
n
i
t
y
e
t
.
T
h
u
s
,
a
l
l
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ls
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3
1
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c
le
s
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h
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t
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u
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ll
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th
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s
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f
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s
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.
3
.
1
.
P
r
o
ce
du
re
s
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
SLR
p
r
o
c
ess
in
v
o
lv
ed
in
th
is
r
esear
c
h
.
Af
ter
d
o
wn
lo
a
d
in
g
all
3
1
ar
ti
cles
,
th
ey
wer
e
r
ea
d
th
o
r
o
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g
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ly
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ch
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s
to
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eter
m
in
e
th
e
i
n
clu
s
io
n
elig
ib
ilit
y
in
th
e
f
in
al
r
ev
iew.
Ar
ticles
ch
o
s
en
m
u
s
t
co
n
s
is
t
o
f
em
p
ir
ical
s
tu
d
y
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d
in
v
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lv
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Gem
in
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as
a
p
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im
ar
y
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d
d
itio
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al
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o
m
p
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t
in
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ay
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.
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y
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es
o
f
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o
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m
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ts
s
elec
ted
f
o
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th
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in
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d
ed
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u
r
n
al
ar
ticles
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co
n
f
er
en
ce
p
r
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ce
ed
in
g
s
wr
itten
in
E
n
g
lis
h
.
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th
e
o
th
er
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d
,
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r
ticles
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at
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o
t
a
d
d
r
ess
th
e
ac
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al
ap
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licatio
n
o
f
Gem
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i
in
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ay
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e
o
m
itted
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o
m
th
e
s
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y
.
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n
ad
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n
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m
p
o
s
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s
,
ed
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ial
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s
,
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ee
tin
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s
tr
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ts
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o
o
k
s
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b
o
o
k
ch
ap
ter
s
,
m
aster
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esis
,
Ph
.
D
.
th
esis
,
an
d
b
io
g
r
ap
h
ical
item
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wer
e
al
s
o
ex
clu
d
ed
.
Ar
ticles
th
at
m
en
tio
n
th
e
ter
m
‘
Gem
in
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b
u
t
ar
e
ab
o
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t
o
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er
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p
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b
s
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ac
t
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ce
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al
p
a
p
er
s
wer
e
also
ex
clu
d
ed
,
as
th
ey
d
o
n
o
t
p
r
esen
t
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
u
s
in
g
Gem
in
i
clea
r
ly
.
T
h
e
d
ata
co
llected
f
o
r
th
is
s
tu
d
y
wer
e
d
eter
m
in
ed
u
s
in
g
th
e
q
u
alitativ
e
co
n
ten
t
an
al
y
s
is
m
eth
o
d
,
as
it
allo
wed
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
s
y
s
tem
atic
an
d
o
b
jecti
v
e
ca
teg
o
r
izatio
n
o
f
q
u
alitativ
e
d
ata
[2
8
]
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
wer
e
th
en
p
r
esen
ted
u
s
in
g
d
iag
r
am
s
.
T
ab
le
1
.
I
n
clu
s
io
n
an
d
ex
clu
s
i
o
n
cr
iter
ia
I
n
c
l
u
s
i
o
n
Ex
c
l
u
si
o
n
−
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u
s
t
u
se
G
e
m
i
n
i
a
s
t
h
e
ma
i
n
o
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d
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t
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m
p
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t
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ssa
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w
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t
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n
g
.
−
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e
a
r
t
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c
l
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s
p
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n
t
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o
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p
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t
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G
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m
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y
p
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c
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s
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d
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s,
w
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t
t
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En
g
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sh
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En
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sh
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a
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s.
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mi
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ssa
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w
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t
i
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g
.
−
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y
mp
o
s
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u
m
,
e
d
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t
o
r
i
a
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w
r
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me
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a
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P
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d
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c
l
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h
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t
me
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t
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m ‘G
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mi
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b
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se
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su
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t
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a
r
l
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.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
ie
w
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
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3.
2.
Ca
t
eg
o
ries
T
h
e
y
ea
r
o
f
th
e
jo
u
r
n
al
p
u
b
lic
atio
n
s
r
an
g
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
em
er
g
e
n
ce
o
f
Gem
in
i
in
2
0
2
2
till
Au
g
u
s
t
2
0
2
4
.
Fo
r
th
e
r
esear
ch
d
esig
n
,
th
r
ee
g
r
o
u
p
s
wer
e
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
:
q
u
a
n
titativ
e,
q
u
alitativ
e
,
an
d
m
ix
ed
-
m
eth
o
d
.
L
ea
r
n
e
r
ty
p
es
an
d
lear
n
i
n
g
th
eo
r
ies
w
er
e
id
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tifie
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
ap
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s
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d
n
o
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p
r
e
-
d
eter
m
in
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d
.
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h
e
ty
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es
o
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r
n
er
s
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o
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n
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
a
p
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s
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clu
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e
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ig
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ca
tio
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titu
tio
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(
HE
I
)
s
tu
d
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ts
,
in
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ch
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l stu
d
en
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.
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h
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f
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d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
as f
o
llo
ws
.
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
is
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iew
u
tili
ze
d
3
1
ar
ticles
in
to
tal.
T
ab
le
2
(
s
ee
Ap
p
en
d
ix
)
p
r
esen
ts
a
s
u
m
m
ar
y
o
f
th
ese
ar
ticles.
All selec
ted
ar
ti
cles a
r
e
d
etailed
in
th
e
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
d
tab
le
f
o
r
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
.
4.
1.
Resea
rc
h
qu
estio
n 1
:
dis
t
ributio
n o
v
er
t
im
e
ex
a
m
ini
ng
G
em
ini
us
a
g
e
in wr
it
ing
Stu
d
ies
ab
o
u
t
Gem
i
n
i
o
n
l
y
s
ta
r
ted
to
em
er
g
e
in
t
h
e
y
ea
r
2
0
2
3
.
T
h
er
e
wer
e
n
o
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
Gem
in
i
in
th
e
y
ea
r
2
0
2
2
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
Gem
in
i
h
av
e
b
eg
u
n
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
s
tar
tin
g
th
e
y
ea
r
2
0
2
4
.
I
n
to
tal,
th
er
e
wer
e
3
1
a
r
ticles
o
n
Gem
in
i
an
d
ess
ay
wr
itin
g
.
T
ab
le
3
a
n
d
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
w
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
s
tu
d
ies s
in
ce
y
ea
r
2
0
2
2
u
n
til
Au
g
u
s
t 2
0
2
4
.
T
ab
le
3
an
d
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
w
th
a
t
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ar
ticles
o
n
Gem
in
i
h
as
in
cr
ea
s
ed
m
o
r
e
th
an
7
tim
es
in
th
e
y
ea
r
2
0
2
4
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
th
e
y
ea
r
2
0
2
3
.
T
h
is
im
p
lies
th
at
m
o
r
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
h
av
e
s
tar
ted
to
ex
am
in
e
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
Gem
in
i
r
ec
en
tly
.
T
h
is
is
p
r
o
b
ab
ly
d
u
e
to
th
e
g
r
o
win
g
d
e
m
an
d
f
o
r
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
Gem
in
i
in
ess
ay
wr
itin
g
s
in
ce
2
0
2
4
.
Mo
r
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
h
a
v
e
s
tar
ted
to
s
ee
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
Gem
in
i
as
it
n
o
t
o
n
ly
ass
is
ts
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
lear
n
in
g
b
u
t
also
r
ed
u
ce
s
teac
h
er
s
’
b
u
r
d
en
[
2
9
]
,
[
3
0
]
.
I
n
f
ac
t,
th
e
m
ar
k
i
n
g
d
o
n
e
b
y
Gem
in
i
is
co
m
p
a
r
ab
le
to
th
e
m
ar
k
in
g
d
o
n
e
b
y
h
u
m
a
n
s
.
Nev
er
th
eless
,
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
C
h
atGPT
,
th
er
e
ar
e
s
till
n
o
t
m
an
y
s
tu
d
ies
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
o
n
Gem
in
i
an
d
th
is
h
as c
alled
o
n
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
s
tu
d
ies o
n
it.
T
ab
le
3
.
Nu
m
b
er
o
f
s
tu
d
ies ab
o
u
t G
o
o
g
le
Gem
i
n
i f
r
o
m
2
0
2
2
to
2
0
2
4
Y
e
a
r
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
st
u
d
i
e
s
2
0
2
2
0
2
0
2
3
4
2
0
2
4
27
To
t
a
l
31
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Nu
m
b
er
o
f
s
tu
d
ies
f
r
o
m
2
0
2
2
to
2
0
2
4
4
.
2
.
Resea
rc
h
qu
estio
n 2
:
t
y
pes
o
f
lea
rner
s
co
m
mo
nly
s
elec
t
ed
f
o
r
t
he
re
s
ea
rc
h
T
h
er
e
wer
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
ty
p
es
o
f
lear
n
er
s
s
elec
ted
f
o
r
th
e
s
tu
d
i
es
o
n
Go
o
g
le
Gem
in
i
a
n
d
ess
ay
wr
itin
g
.
I
n
to
tal,
t
h
er
e
wer
e
a
to
tal
o
f
1
6
s
am
p
les
in
v
o
lv
e
d
u
s
in
g
Gem
in
i.
T
ab
le
4
an
d
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
w
th
e
ty
p
es
o
f
lear
n
er
s
s
elec
ted
f
o
r
s
tu
d
ies o
n
Gem
in
i.
As
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
4
a
n
d
Fig
u
r
e
3
,
t
h
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
t
h
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
in
v
o
lv
ed
wer
e
f
r
o
m
HE
I
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
ey
co
n
s
titu
ted
6
8
.
7
5
%
o
f
th
e
o
v
e
r
all
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
Gem
in
i.
T
h
is
is
f
o
llo
we
d
b
y
th
r
ee
s
tu
d
ies
co
n
d
u
cte
d
o
n
i
n
-
s
er
v
ice
teac
h
er
s
o
r
1
8
.
7
5
%
o
f
th
e
o
v
er
a
ll
s
tu
d
ies.
T
h
er
e
was
o
n
e
s
tu
d
y
co
n
d
u
cted
with
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
also
o
n
e
s
tu
d
y
co
n
d
u
cted
at
wo
r
k
p
lace
.
T
h
is
s
h
o
ws
th
at
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
o
n
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
Gem
in
i
am
o
n
g
o
t
h
er
ty
p
es
o
f
lear
n
er
s
is
s
till
lack
in
g
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
er
e
is
a
n
ee
d
to
r
esear
ch
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
Gem
i
n
i
with
o
th
er
ag
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
as we
ll
[
3
1
]
,
[
3
2
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t J Ar
tif
I
n
tell
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SS
N:
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8
9
3
8
R
ev
o
lu
tio
n
is
in
g
ess
a
y
w
r
itin
g
:
a
s
ystema
tic
r
ev
iew
o
f G
o
o
g
le
Gem
in
i
(
S
h
ir
ley
Lin
g
Je
n
)
1843
T
ab
le
4
.
T
y
p
es o
f
lear
n
er
s
s
elec
ted
f
o
r
s
tu
d
ies o
n
Gem
in
i a
n
d
ess
ay
wr
itin
g
Ty
p
e
o
f
l
e
a
r
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e
r
s
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u
mb
e
r
o
f
st
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d
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es
H
EI
11
Te
a
c
h
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r
s
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e
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o
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r
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1
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o
r
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l
a
c
e
1
To
t
a
l
16
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Nu
m
b
er
o
f
s
tu
d
ies a
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
ty
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es
o
f
lear
n
e
r
s
4
.
3
.
Resea
rc
h
qu
estio
n
3
:
t
y
pes
o
f
re
s
ea
rc
h
des
ig
n
a
nd
da
t
a
co
llect
io
n
m
et
ho
ds
a
pp
lied
t
o
ex
a
m
ine
G
em
ini
us
a
g
e
in ess
a
y
writ
in
g
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
in
d
icate
d
th
at
th
e
m
o
s
t
f
r
eq
u
en
tly
u
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
to
g
ath
er
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
r
eg
a
r
d
in
g
Gem
in
i
u
s
ag
e
in
ess
ay
wr
itin
g
was
q
u
alitativ
e.
T
ab
le
5
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
ty
p
es
o
f
s
tu
d
ies
an
d
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
cy
u
s
ed
.
1
9
s
tu
d
ies
co
n
d
u
cte
d
u
s
ed
q
u
alitativ
e
m
eth
o
d
with
d
o
c
u
m
en
t
a
n
aly
s
is
b
ein
g
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
f
r
eq
u
en
tly
u
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
m
o
s
t
f
r
eq
u
en
tly
u
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
was
q
u
an
titativ
e
(
8
s
tu
d
ies)
th
at
in
clu
d
ed
m
o
s
tly
q
u
esti
o
n
n
ai
r
es.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
r
e
wer
e
also
f
o
u
r
s
tu
d
ies co
n
d
u
cted
u
s
in
g
m
ix
e
d
m
eth
o
d
.
T
ab
le
5
.
T
y
p
es o
f
s
tu
d
ies u
s
ed
Ty
p
e
s
o
f
s
t
u
d
i
e
s
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
st
u
d
i
es
Q
u
a
l
i
t
a
t
i
v
e
19
Q
u
a
n
t
i
t
a
t
i
v
e
8
M
i
x
e
d
-
me
t
h
o
d
4
Gen
er
ally
,
th
er
e
wer
e
m
an
y
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
ty
p
es
o
f
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
u
s
ed
to
co
llect
d
ata
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
G
em
in
i
an
d
ess
ay
wr
itin
g
.
T
ab
le
6
an
d
Fig
u
r
e
4
s
h
o
w
th
e
ty
p
es o
f
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
u
s
ed
to
co
llect
th
e
d
ata
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
s
h
o
ws th
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
t
y
p
es
o
f
i
n
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tr
u
m
en
ts
u
s
ed
to
ex
a
m
in
e
u
s
ag
e
o
f
Ge
m
in
i
in
ess
ay
wr
itin
g
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at
c
o
n
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ted
o
f
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o
cu
m
e
n
t
an
aly
s
is
(
1
6
s
tu
d
ies),
q
u
esti
o
n
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air
es
(
6
s
tu
d
ies),
s
em
i
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s
tr
u
ctu
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ter
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iews
(
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en
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aly
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ies),
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y
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atic
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er
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an
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co
o
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.
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is
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ws
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at
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e
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ch
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e
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ata
f
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th
e
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ia
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g
u
late
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e
f
in
d
in
g
s
f
r
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m
th
e
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tu
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y
.
T
ab
le
6
.
T
y
p
es o
f
r
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s
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m
en
ts
u
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Ty
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me
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t
s
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N
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mb
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D
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16
S
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6
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a
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o
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I
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8
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5
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2
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Ap
r
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0
2
6
:
1
8
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1
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1844
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
y
p
es o
f
i
n
s
tr
u
m
en
t
s
u
s
ed
to
co
llect
th
e
d
ata
4
.
4
.
Resea
rc
h
qu
estio
n 4
:
le
a
rning
t
heo
ries m
ent
io
ned in t
he
s
t
ud
ie
s
T
h
er
e
wer
e
m
an
y
d
if
f
er
en
t le
a
r
n
in
g
th
eo
r
ies m
en
tio
n
ed
in
th
e
s
tu
d
ies r
eg
ar
d
in
g
Gem
in
i u
ti
li
z
atio
n
in
ess
ay
wr
itin
g
.
T
h
e
th
r
ee
m
o
s
t
co
m
m
o
n
lear
n
in
g
t
h
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r
ies
m
en
tio
n
e
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wer
e
s
o
cial
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g
n
itiv
e
th
eo
r
y
,
s
o
cial
cu
ltu
r
al
th
eo
r
y
,
a
n
d
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ctiv
is
t.
T
h
is
is
b
ec
au
s
e
Gem
in
i
s
ca
f
f
o
ld
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
lea
r
n
in
g
b
y
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
p
er
s
o
n
ali
z
ed
tu
to
r
in
g
an
d
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
.
T
h
ese
ar
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t e
le
m
en
ts
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
lear
n
i
n
g
[
3
3
]
,
[
3
4
]
.
C
o
m
p
ar
e
d
to
th
e
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
way
o
f
teac
h
in
g
,
Gem
in
i
n
o
t
o
n
ly
p
r
o
v
id
es
im
m
ed
iate
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
es
b
ased
o
n
th
e
p
r
o
m
p
ts
k
ey
ed
in
b
y
t
h
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
it
also
p
r
o
v
id
es
p
r
ac
tice
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
lear
n
f
u
r
th
er
o
n
th
ei
r
o
wn
[
3
5
]
−
[
3
8
]
.
Gem
in
i
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
an
in
teg
r
al
to
o
l
f
o
r
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
as
it
a
s
s
i
s
ts
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
v
ar
io
u
s
task
s
s
u
ch
as
ass
ig
n
m
en
t
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
ess
ay
wr
itin
g
an
d
co
d
i
n
g
[
3
9
]
−
[
4
1
]
.
Oth
er
lear
n
in
g
th
e
o
r
ies
th
at
wer
e
m
en
tio
n
e
d
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
in
cl
u
d
e
i
n
n
o
v
atio
n
t
h
eo
r
y
as
Gem
in
i
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
latest
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
in
Go
o
g
le,
m
o
r
al
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
,
s
o
cio
-
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
a
n
d
s
elf
-
d
ir
ec
ted
lear
n
i
n
g
.
Gem
in
i
p
r
o
v
id
es
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
an
d
s
ca
f
f
o
ld
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
lear
n
in
g
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
tes th
em
t
o
lear
n
in
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
tly
with
o
u
t t
h
e
n
ee
d
t
o
r
ely
o
n
th
eir
teac
h
e
r
s
.
4
.
5
.
Resea
rc
h
qu
estio
n 5
:
f
u
nct
io
ns
o
n G
em
ini
in t
he
s
t
u
dies
Gen
er
ally
,
th
er
e
wer
e
m
an
y
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
o
f
Gem
in
i
in
ass
is
tin
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ess
ay
wr
itin
g
.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tly
m
en
tio
n
ed
f
u
n
ctio
n
is
th
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
Gem
in
i to
g
en
er
ate
id
ea
s
.
T
h
is
is
b
ec
au
s
e
Gem
in
i is b
u
ilt u
s
in
g
th
e
co
r
p
u
s
o
f
d
ata
f
r
o
m
G
o
o
g
le.
I
n
f
ac
t,
Gem
i
n
i
is
k
n
o
wn
f
o
r
its
r
em
a
r
k
ab
le
ab
ilit
y
to
g
e
n
er
ate
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
q
u
ick
er
th
an
o
th
er
Gen
AI
to
o
l
s
[
9
]
,
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
Gem
in
i
is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
b
r
ain
s
to
r
m
in
g
s
ess
io
n
s
,
r
ep
o
r
t
wr
itin
g
,
an
d
cr
ea
tiv
e
s
to
r
y
tellin
g
.
B
esid
es,
Gem
in
i
is
also
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tly
u
s
ed
f
o
r
ess
ay
e
v
alu
atio
n
o
r
g
r
ad
in
g
.
Stu
d
en
ts
ca
n
u
s
e
it
to
c
h
ec
k
o
n
th
eir
s
tr
en
g
th
s
an
d
wea
k
n
ess
es
in
ess
ay
wr
it
in
g
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
m
b
ef
o
r
e
s
u
b
m
itti
n
g
th
e
ess
ay
to
th
e
teac
h
er
.
Gem
in
i
is
also
ab
le
t
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
lan
g
u
ag
e
in
ter
m
s
o
f
co
n
ten
t,
g
r
a
m
m
a
r
,
an
d
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
.
B
ein
g
a
Gen
AI
,
Gem
in
i is ab
l
e
to
g
en
er
ate
g
r
am
m
atica
lly
ac
cu
r
ate
s
en
ten
ce
s
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
m
o
d
el.
Stu
d
ies
co
n
d
u
cte
d
s
h
o
w
th
at
Gem
in
i
is
also
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tly
u
s
ed
to
g
i
v
e
p
e
r
s
o
n
alize
d
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
an
d
lear
n
in
g
to
s
tu
d
en
ts
[
2
4
]
.
Oth
er
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
o
f
Gem
in
i
m
en
tio
n
ed
in
th
e
s
tu
d
ies
in
clu
d
e
au
to
m
ated
ess
ay
wr
itin
g
,
au
to
m
ated
d
etec
to
r
s
o
f
AI
-
g
en
er
ated
tex
ts
,
s
u
m
m
ar
izatio
n
,
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
le
ar
n
in
g
,
t
r
an
s
latio
n
,
in
tellig
en
t
tu
to
r
in
g
s
y
s
tem
,
a
n
d
c
o
d
in
g
.
T
o
s
u
m
u
p
,
th
er
e
ar
e
in
d
ee
d
m
an
y
b
e
n
ef
its
o
f
Gem
in
i
f
o
r
ess
a
y
wr
itin
g
as f
o
u
n
d
in
th
e
s
tu
d
ies.
5.
DIS
CU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
Gem
in
i
in
ess
ay
wr
itin
g
.
Stu
d
ies
o
n
Ge
m
in
i
h
av
e
o
n
ly
s
tar
ted
to
em
er
g
e
s
in
ce
2
0
2
3
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
Gem
in
i
h
a
d
r
e
ce
iv
ed
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
atten
tio
n
in
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
y
ea
r
.
Stu
d
ies
o
n
Gem
in
i
h
a
v
e
in
cr
e
ased
by
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
6
tim
es
in
t
h
e
y
ea
r
2
0
2
4
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
2
0
2
3
.
T
h
is
s
h
o
ws
th
at
m
o
r
e
r
esear
c
h
er
s
h
av
e
s
tar
ted
to
s
ee
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
Gem
i
n
i
in
ess
ay
wr
itin
g
as
it
n
o
t
o
n
ly
ass
is
t
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
eir
ess
ay
wr
itin
g
,
b
u
t
it
al
s
o
ea
s
es
teac
h
er
s
’
b
u
r
d
en
in
t
ea
ch
in
g
[
31
]
,
[
4
2
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
Gem
in
i
wer
e
o
n
ly
c
o
n
d
u
cted
in
HE
I
,
s
u
ch
as
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
an
d
co
lleg
es.
T
h
er
e
was
a
lack
o
f
s
tu
d
ies
co
n
d
u
cte
d
with
o
th
er
a
g
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
o
f
lear
n
e
r
s
.
6
8
.
7
5
%
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
ies
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cted
at
h
ig
h
er
lear
n
in
g
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
with
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
Hen
ce
,
m
o
r
e
s
tu
d
ies
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
co
n
d
u
cted
with
o
th
e
r
ag
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
o
f
lear
n
e
r
s
.
B
esid
es
th
at,
th
e
m
o
s
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tly
u
s
ed
r
esear
ch
d
esig
n
is
q
u
alitativ
e
s
tu
d
ies.
A
to
tal
o
f
61
.
29
%
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
ies
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cted
u
s
in
g
q
u
alitativ
e
m
eth
o
d
s
a
n
d
4
o
f
th
e
m
wer
e
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
i
es.
T
h
is
is
b
ec
au
s
e
q
u
alitativ
e
s
tu
d
ies
en
ab
le
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
er
s
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
m
o
r
e
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
ly
th
e
r
esear
ch
i
n
v
o
lv
e
d
.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tly
u
s
ed
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
in
th
e
s
tu
d
ies
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
Gem
in
i a
n
d
ess
ay
wr
itin
g
was
d
o
cu
m
e
n
t
an
aly
s
is
.
5
0
%
o
f
all
th
e
s
tu
d
ies
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cte
d
u
s
in
g
d
o
cu
m
en
t
an
aly
s
is
.
Oth
er
f
r
e
q
u
en
tly
u
s
ed
r
esear
ch
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
co
n
s
is
t
o
f
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es a
n
d
s
em
i
-
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
in
te
r
v
iews.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ar
tif
I
n
tell
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
9
3
8
R
ev
o
lu
tio
n
is
in
g
ess
a
y
w
r
itin
g
:
a
s
ystema
tic
r
ev
iew
o
f G
o
o
g
le
Gem
in
i
(
S
h
ir
ley
Lin
g
Je
n
)
1845
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
Gem
in
i
in
ess
ay
wr
itin
g
is
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
m
ain
ly
b
y
s
o
cial
lear
n
in
g
th
eo
r
ies
,
n
am
ely
s
o
cial
cu
ltu
r
al
th
eo
r
y
,
s
o
cial
co
g
n
itiv
e
th
eo
r
y
,
s
o
cial
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
an
d
co
n
s
tr
u
ctiv
is
t
th
eo
r
y
.
T
h
is
is
b
ec
au
s
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
lear
n
ab
o
u
t
ess
ay
wr
itin
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
in
te
r
ac
tio
n
with
Gem
in
i.
T
h
ey
ac
tiv
ely
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
k
n
o
wled
g
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
in
ter
ac
tio
n
with
Gem
in
i
,
wh
ich
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
p
er
s
o
n
alize
d
t
u
to
r
in
g
,
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
an
d
s
am
p
les
o
f
ess
ay
s
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
f
o
llo
w.
Similar
to
C
h
atGPT
,
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
s
h
o
wn
t
h
at
p
er
s
o
n
ali
z
ed
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
f
r
o
m
Gem
in
i
p
r
o
m
o
tes
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
es
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ess
ay
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
[4
3
]
−
[4
7
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
Gem
in
i f
u
r
th
er
e
n
h
a
n
ce
d
th
is
f
u
n
ctio
n
as it c
an
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
t r
esp
o
n
s
es b
ased
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
lev
el
o
f
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
.
T
h
e
ca
n
v
as
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
Gem
in
i
e
n
ab
les
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
c
h
o
o
s
e
th
e
len
g
t
h
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
s
es
f
r
o
m
Gem
in
i.
Fig
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
ws th
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
ca
n
v
as th
at
en
ab
les u
s
er
s
to
ch
o
o
s
e
d
if
f
er
en
t ty
p
es o
f
r
esp
o
n
s
es b
ased
o
n
th
e
s
am
e
q
u
er
y
.
T
h
u
s
,
t
h
e
w
e
a
k
e
r
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
c
a
n
c
h
o
o
s
e
a
s
h
o
r
t
e
r
r
es
p
o
n
s
e
w
h
ile
t
h
e
m
o
r
e
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
c
a
n
c
h
o
o
s
e
l
o
n
g
e
r
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
.
T
h
i
s
i
s
t
e
r
m
ed
a
s
a
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
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