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488
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I
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A review
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M
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sy
ste
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s.
Th
is
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in
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se
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g
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Desig
n
af
f
o
r
d
a
n
ce
s
Dig
ital sy
s
tem
s
I
n
ter
ac
tio
n
d
esig
n
Sen
s
em
ak
in
g
T
y
p
o
lo
g
y
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Fad
zlin
Ah
m
ad
o
n
Facu
lty
o
f
C
o
m
p
u
ter
an
d
Ma
th
em
atica
l Scie
n
ce
s
,
Un
iv
er
s
iti T
ek
n
o
lo
g
i M
AR
A
C
awa
n
g
an
Me
lak
a
Me
lak
a,
Ma
lay
s
ia
E
m
ail:
f
ad
zlin
@
u
itm
.
ed
u
.
m
y
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Sen
s
em
ak
in
g
is
a
v
ital
ac
tiv
it
y
in
th
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
o
f
u
s
er
s
w
ith
d
ig
ital
s
y
s
tem
s
,
allo
win
g
i
n
d
iv
id
u
als
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
a
n
d
in
ter
p
r
et
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
Sen
s
em
ak
in
g
c
an
b
e
d
ef
in
e
d
as
“th
e
p
r
o
c
ess
th
r
o
u
g
h
wh
ich
in
d
iv
id
u
als
g
iv
e
m
ea
n
in
g
to
t
h
eir
co
llectiv
e
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
s
”
[
1
]
.
T
h
er
e
a
r
e
f
iv
e
d
is
tin
ct
s
ch
o
o
ls
o
f
s
en
s
em
ak
in
g
with
f
iv
e
m
ajo
r
r
esear
c
h
s
tr
ea
m
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
u
s
er
s
tu
d
i
es,
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
k
n
o
wled
g
e
m
an
ag
em
en
t,
c
o
g
n
itiv
e
s
y
s
te
m
en
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
,
an
d
h
u
m
an
-
c
o
m
p
u
ter
in
ter
ac
tio
n
(
HC
I
)
[
2
]
.
I
n
d
ig
ital
s
y
s
tem
s
,
s
en
s
em
ak
in
g
is
m
ain
ly
m
ap
p
e
d
to
th
e
f
ield
o
f
HC
I
,
r
elate
d
to
th
e
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
o
f
ex
ter
n
al
d
ata
[
3
]
.
I
n
th
e
co
n
te
x
t
o
f
in
ter
ac
tio
n
d
esig
n
,
th
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
o
f
ten
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
a
f
f
o
r
d
an
ce
s
,
wh
i
ch
ca
n
b
e
d
ef
in
ed
as
t
h
e
ac
tio
n
a
b
le
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
ies
p
er
ce
iv
ed
b
y
u
s
er
s
b
a
s
ed
o
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
d
i
g
ital
elem
en
ts
an
d
t
h
eir
o
wn
ca
p
a
b
ilit
ies
[
4
]
.
I
n
H
C
I
,
th
e
c
o
n
ce
p
t
o
f
d
esig
n
af
f
o
r
d
an
ce
s
,
r
o
o
ted
in
ec
o
lo
g
ical
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
y
,
ex
p
lain
s
h
o
w
d
ig
i
tal
in
ter
f
ac
e
elem
en
ts
en
ab
le
s
en
s
em
ak
in
g
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
s
en
s
em
ak
in
g
r
esear
ch
in
HC
I
is
ex
ten
s
iv
e,
f
ew
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
s
p
ec
if
ically
e
x
a
m
in
ed
th
e
af
f
o
r
d
an
ce
s
t
h
at
b
est
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
E
x
is
tin
g
wo
r
k
s
h
av
e,
h
o
wev
er
,
i
d
en
tifie
d
d
esig
n
el
em
en
ts
th
at
m
ak
e
s
en
s
em
ak
i
n
g
m
o
r
e
in
tu
itiv
e
in
d
ig
ital
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
r
ev
iews
s
u
ch
s
tu
d
ies
to
ex
tr
a
ct
k
ey
d
esig
n
elem
e
n
ts
,
d
eter
m
in
e
th
eir
ass
o
ciate
d
af
f
o
r
d
a
n
ce
s
,
an
d
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
a
g
en
er
alize
d
ty
p
o
lo
g
y
o
f
s
en
s
em
ak
in
g
a
f
f
o
r
d
an
ce
s
ap
p
licab
le
ac
r
o
s
s
d
ig
ital
p
latf
o
r
m
s
.
R
ec
o
g
n
izin
g
th
ese
af
f
o
r
d
a
n
ce
s
b
r
id
g
es
u
s
er
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
an
d
s
y
s
tem
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
,
g
u
id
in
g
d
esig
n
er
s
in
c
r
e
atin
g
in
tu
itiv
e
an
d
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
th
at
e
n
h
an
ce
u
s
er
s
’
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
a
n
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
7
6
A
r
ev
iew
o
f sen
s
ema
kin
g
d
esig
n
elem
en
ts
:
to
w
a
r
d
s
a
n
a
ffo
r
d
a
n
ce
s
typ
o
lo
g
y
(
F
a
d
z
lin
A
h
ma
d
o
n
)
489
2.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
R
E
VI
E
W
2
.
1
.
Desig
n
a
f
f
o
rda
nces
T
h
e
ter
m
'
af
f
o
r
d
a
n
ce
'
was
f
ir
s
t
co
in
ed
in
ec
o
lo
g
ical
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
y
to
d
escr
ib
e
th
e
ac
tio
n
ab
le
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
ies
av
ailab
le
to
an
ag
en
t
in
th
eir
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
[
5
]
.
I
n
HC
I
,
it
was
later
r
ed
ef
in
ed
as
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
an
o
b
ject’
s
p
r
o
p
er
tie
s
an
d
t
h
e
u
s
er
’
s
ca
p
a
b
ilit
ies,
d
eter
m
in
in
g
h
o
w
th
e
o
b
ject
c
an
b
e
u
s
ed
[
4
]
.
T
h
is
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
h
o
w
u
s
er
s
in
ter
p
r
et
an
d
in
ter
ac
t
with
in
ter
f
ac
e
elem
en
ts
b
ased
o
n
p
er
ce
i
v
e
d
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
ies,
wh
eth
er
o
r
n
o
t th
o
s
e
ac
tio
n
s
wer
e
in
ten
d
ed
b
y
th
e
d
esig
n
er
[
6
]
.
Su
b
s
eq
u
e
n
t stu
d
ies ex
p
an
d
e
d
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t,
class
if
y
in
g
af
f
o
r
d
an
ce
s
as
co
g
n
itiv
e,
p
h
y
s
ical,
s
e
n
s
o
r
y
,
f
u
n
ctio
n
al,
o
r
em
o
tio
n
al
,
ea
ch
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
d
if
f
er
en
t
asp
ec
ts
o
f
u
s
er
in
ter
ac
tio
n
[
7
]
.
T
h
is
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
h
a
s
b
ee
n
in
s
tr
u
m
en
tal
in
g
u
id
in
g
d
esig
n
er
s
o
n
h
o
w
to
tailo
r
u
s
er
in
ter
f
ac
es to
b
ett
er
m
ee
t u
s
er
n
ee
d
s
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
o
v
er
all
u
s
er
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
.
B
ey
o
n
d
ter
m
in
o
l
o
g
y
an
d
ca
te
g
o
r
izatio
n
,
s
ch
o
la
r
s
h
av
e
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
af
f
o
r
d
an
ce
as
a
r
elatio
n
a
l
th
eo
r
y
o
f
d
esig
n
.
Af
f
o
r
d
an
ce
-
b
ased
d
esig
n
(
AB
D)
,
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
as
p
ar
t
o
f
en
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
d
esig
n
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
,
co
n
tr
asts
with
p
u
r
ely
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
b
y
em
p
h
asizin
g
t
h
e
r
el
atio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
ar
tifa
cts
an
d
u
s
er
s
[
8
]
.
W
h
ile
alig
n
ed
with
N
o
r
m
an
’
s
ar
tif
ac
t
–
u
s
er
–
a
f
f
o
r
d
an
ce
m
o
d
el,
AB
D
b
r
o
ad
en
s
its
s
co
p
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
“d
esig
n
o
f
ev
er
y
d
a
y
th
in
g
s
”
to
th
e
“d
esig
n
o
f
ev
er
y
th
in
g
”
[
9
]
.
W
ith
in
th
is
co
n
s
tr
u
ct,
o
n
e
s
y
s
tem
m
ay
af
f
o
r
d
b
e
h
av
io
u
r
to
an
o
th
er
,
as illu
s
tr
ated
b
y
th
e
e
x
am
p
les in
T
ab
le
1
[
9
]
.
T
ab
le
1
.
E
x
am
p
les o
f
a
f
f
o
r
d
an
ce
s
,
s
y
s
tem
s
,
an
d
b
eh
av
io
u
r
s
A
f
f
o
r
d
a
n
c
e
S
y
st
e
m
1
S
y
st
e
m
2
B
e
h
a
v
i
o
u
r
Ty
p
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
P
e
r
so
n
K
e
y
b
o
a
r
d
Ty
p
i
n
g
Tu
r
n
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
G
e
a
r
1
G
e
a
r
2
P
o
w
e
r
t
r
a
n
s
mi
ss
i
o
n
Le
g
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
P
e
r
so
n
Le
t
t
e
r
s
R
e
a
d
i
n
g
C
o
mf
o
r
t
(
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
)
P
e
r
so
n
A
i
r
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
e
r
C
o
o
l
i
n
g
a
i
r
S
i
t
a
b
i
l
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t
y
P
e
r
so
n
R
e
c
l
i
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e
r
R
e
c
l
i
n
i
n
g
C
l
a
mp
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
C
l
a
mp
Lo
o
se
o
b
j
e
c
t
s
C
l
a
mp
i
n
g
2
.
2
.
Sens
em
a
k
ing
in
dig
it
a
l
s
y
s
t
em
s
Sen
s
em
ak
in
g
is
g
en
er
ally
d
ef
in
ed
as
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
wh
ich
in
d
iv
id
u
als
g
iv
e
m
ea
n
in
g
s
to
s
itu
atio
n
s
[
1
]
.
I
n
d
ig
ital
s
y
s
tem
s
,
esp
ec
ially
co
n
ce
r
n
in
g
th
e
f
ield
o
f
HC
I
,
th
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
was
m
ad
e
b
y
[
1
0
]
,
wh
er
e
th
e
f
o
cu
s
o
f
t
h
is
s
en
s
em
ak
in
g
is
o
n
s
ea
r
ch
in
g
f
o
r
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
an
d
en
c
o
d
in
g
d
ata
in
d
ig
ital
task
s
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
is
wo
r
k
,
s
en
s
em
ak
in
g
is
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
ch
o
o
s
in
g
,
u
s
in
g
,
an
d
s
h
if
tin
g
b
etwe
en
v
ar
io
u
s
co
g
n
itiv
e
an
d
ex
ter
n
al
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
th
at
ar
e
av
ailab
le
to
a
s
en
s
e
-
m
ak
er
in
o
r
d
er
to
l
o
wer
th
e
co
s
ts
ass
o
ciate
d
with
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
[
2
]
.
I
n
th
e
ea
r
ly
1
9
9
0
s
,
s
en
s
em
ak
in
g
g
o
al
in
HC
I
is
to
cr
ea
te
an
d
wo
r
k
w
ith
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
r
ep
r
e
s
en
tatio
n
s
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
in
s
ig
h
ts
,
an
d
e
x
ec
u
tio
n
o
f
in
tellig
en
t
ac
tio
n
s
[
1
0
]
.
W
ith
th
is
in
m
in
d
,
th
is
b
r
an
d
o
f
s
en
s
em
ak
in
g
p
r
esen
ted
a
r
ec
u
r
r
in
g
p
atter
n
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
‘
L
ea
r
n
in
g
L
o
o
p
C
o
m
p
lex
’
,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
s
y
s
tem
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
,
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
r
etr
iev
al,
a
n
d
u
s
e
r
in
ter
f
ac
e
d
esig
n
[
1
1
]
.
As
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1,
R
u
s
s
ell’
s
lea
r
n
in
g
lo
o
p
co
m
p
le
x
illu
s
tr
ates h
o
w
u
s
er
s
in
ter
ac
t w
ith
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
s
an
d
r
ef
in
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
v
er
tim
e.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
R
u
s
s
ell’
s
lear
n
in
g
lo
o
p
co
m
p
lex
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
7
6
I
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&
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T
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,
Vo
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1
5
,
No
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2
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
4
8
8
-
4
9
6
490
An
ex
ten
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
le
ar
n
in
g
l
o
o
p
s
en
s
em
ak
in
g
m
o
d
el
in
H
C
I
was
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
later
in
th
is
wo
r
k
[
1
0
]
wh
er
e
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
s
h
ap
in
g
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
is
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
two
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
lo
o
p
s
:
th
e
f
o
r
a
g
in
g
,
an
d
th
e
s
en
s
em
ak
in
g
lo
o
p
.
I
n
th
e
f
o
r
ag
in
g
lo
o
p
,
u
s
er
s
ee
k
s
an
d
f
ilter
s
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
th
e
n
r
ea
d
s
an
d
ex
tr
ac
ts
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
wh
ich
m
ig
h
t
also
in
clu
d
e
o
r
g
an
izin
g
th
em
i
n
to
s
ch
em
as
to
aid
s
an
aly
s
is
.
Me
an
wh
ile
in
th
e
s
en
s
em
ak
in
g
lo
o
p
,
u
s
er
iter
ativ
ely
d
ev
elo
p
a
m
en
tal
m
o
d
el
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
ch
em
as
th
at
p
r
o
v
id
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
d
ata
[
1
2
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
ws t
h
e
s
en
s
em
ak
in
g
m
o
d
el
with
th
e
f
o
r
ag
i
n
g
an
d
s
en
s
em
ak
in
g
lo
o
p
[
1
2
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
2.
Piro
lli an
d
c
ar
d
’
s
s
en
s
em
ak
in
g
2
.
3
.
Desig
n a
f
f
o
rda
nces f
o
r
s
ens
em
a
k
ing
R
esear
ch
in
d
esig
n
a
f
f
o
r
d
a
n
ce
s
th
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
en
s
em
a
k
in
g
is
s
till
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
a
n
d
lar
g
ely
u
n
d
er
e
x
p
lo
r
e
d
.
B
ec
au
s
e
th
e
c
o
n
ce
p
t
o
f
af
f
o
r
d
a
n
ce
o
r
ig
in
ate
s
in
ec
o
lo
g
ical
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
y
,
m
an
y
d
er
iv
atio
n
s
o
n
th
is
co
n
ce
p
t
ex
is
t
in
m
an
y
r
esear
ch
ar
ea
s
n
o
t
n
ec
ess
ar
ily
in
ter
ac
tio
n
d
esig
n
.
I
n
s
o
m
e
wo
r
k
s
,
‘
s
en
s
em
ak
in
g
’
is
lis
ted
as
an
af
f
o
r
d
an
ce
,
f
u
r
t
h
er
m
u
d
d
lin
g
th
e
ef
f
o
r
t
o
f
i
d
en
tify
in
g
a
f
f
o
r
d
an
ce
s
f
o
r
s
en
s
em
ak
in
g
d
esig
n
.
T
ab
le
2
s
u
m
m
a
r
izes
a
f
f
o
r
d
an
ce
s
ex
tr
ac
ted
f
r
o
m
p
r
io
r
r
esear
ch
f
o
c
u
s
ed
o
n
s
en
s
em
ak
in
g
in
d
esig
n
co
n
tex
ts
[
1
3
]
-
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
e
lim
itatio
n
o
f
id
e
n
tify
in
g
d
esig
n
af
f
o
r
d
an
ce
s
as
p
r
esen
t
ed
in
T
ab
le
2
d
o
es
n
o
t
r
ef
lect
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
r
esear
ch
th
at
h
av
e
b
ee
n
u
n
d
er
tak
en
in
d
esig
n
in
g
f
o
r
s
en
s
em
ak
in
g
.
T
h
e
r
e
ar
e
m
an
y
r
esea
r
ch
ef
f
o
r
ts
in
itiated
th
at
u
n
co
v
e
r
ed
d
esig
n
elem
e
n
ts
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
s
en
s
em
ak
i
n
g
,
m
an
y
o
f
wh
ich
r
esu
lted
i
n
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
s
en
s
em
ak
in
g
p
r
o
to
t
y
p
es.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
in
th
is
r
esear
ch
a
r
ev
ie
w
o
f
th
ese
r
esear
ch
is
u
n
d
er
tak
en
,
an
d
th
e
d
esig
n
af
f
o
r
d
a
n
ce
s
o
f
th
e
id
en
tifie
d
el
em
en
ts
ar
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
d
er
iv
ed
.
T
ab
le
2
.
Su
m
m
a
r
y
o
f
af
f
o
r
d
a
n
ce
s
id
en
tifie
d
in
p
r
i
o
r
s
en
s
em
a
k
in
g
-
f
o
cu
s
ed
d
esig
n
s
tu
d
ies
A
f
f
o
r
d
a
n
c
e
S
e
n
se
ma
k
i
n
g
f
o
c
u
s
S
o
u
r
c
e
D
i
sr
u
p
t
i
v
e
a
m
b
i
g
u
i
t
y
a
n
d
s
u
r
p
r
i
s
e
En
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
s
u
st
a
i
n
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
[
1
3
]
N
o
t
i
c
i
n
g
a
n
d
b
r
a
c
k
e
t
i
n
g
O
p
e
n
a
n
d
i
n
c
l
u
si
v
e
c
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
P
r
e
su
m
p
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
a
c
t
i
o
n
p
l
a
n
n
i
n
g
H
y
p
e
r
t
e
x
t
u
a
l
i
t
y
U
sers o
f
o
n
l
i
n
e
n
e
w
s
w
e
b
s
i
t
e
s
[
1
4
]
R
e
t
r
i
e
v
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
I
mp
o
r
t
a
n
c
e
I
mm
e
d
i
a
c
y
C
o
n
v
e
n
i
e
n
c
e
G
e
n
r
e
I
n
t
e
r
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
N
o
t
i
c
i
n
g
D
a
sh
b
o
a
r
d
i
n
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
a
n
a
l
y
t
i
c
s
[
1
5
]
I
n
t
e
r
p
r
e
t
i
n
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
7
6
A
r
ev
iew
o
f sen
s
ema
kin
g
d
esig
n
elem
en
ts
:
to
w
a
r
d
s
a
n
a
ffo
r
d
a
n
ce
s
typ
o
lo
g
y
(
F
a
d
z
lin
A
h
ma
d
o
n
)
491
3.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
is
d
esig
n
ed
to
an
s
wer
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
:
1
)
W
h
at
ar
e
th
e
d
esig
n
elem
en
ts
id
en
tifie
d
in
in
ter
ac
tio
n
d
esig
n
r
ese
ar
ch
as
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
s
en
s
em
ak
i
n
g
?
2
)
W
h
at
ar
e
th
e
af
f
o
r
d
a
n
ce
s
ass
o
ciate
d
with
t
h
e
id
en
tifie
d
d
esig
n
elem
e
n
ts
?
an
d
3
)
W
h
at
s
en
s
em
ak
in
g
a
f
f
o
r
d
a
n
ce
s
ty
p
o
lo
g
y
ca
n
b
e
s
y
n
th
esized
f
r
o
m
th
e
ass
o
ciate
d
af
f
o
r
d
an
ce
s
?
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
ws
th
e
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
o
f
t
h
is
r
esear
ch
.
A
s
ea
r
ch
s
tr
ateg
y
was
em
p
lo
y
ed
u
s
in
g
Go
o
g
le
Sch
o
lar
ac
ad
e
m
ic
d
a
tab
ase.
T
h
e
r
ea
s
o
n
th
is
p
la
tf
o
r
m
is
u
s
ed
is
b
ec
au
s
e
it
p
r
o
v
id
es
th
e
lar
g
est
co
v
er
ag
e
o
f
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
ac
a
d
e
m
ic
r
esear
ch
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
e
s
ea
r
c
h
ter
m
s
u
s
ed
in
clu
d
ed
‘
s
en
s
e
m
ak
in
g
’
,
‘
in
ter
ac
tio
n
d
esig
n
’
,
'
d
ig
ital
s
y
s
tem
s
'
,
‘
d
esig
n
elem
en
ts
’
an
d
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
s
th
er
eo
f
.
Var
iatio
n
s
o
f
s
p
ell
in
g
s
wer
e
a
ls
o
u
s
ed
i.e
.
b
o
th
‘
s
en
s
em
ak
in
g
’
an
d
‘
s
en
s
e
-
m
ak
in
g
’
.
T
h
e
in
cl
u
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
f
o
r
s
tu
d
ies
wer
e
th
o
s
e
th
at
s
p
ec
if
ically
ad
d
r
ess
ed
th
e
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
d
esig
n
elem
e
n
ts
in
d
ig
ital sy
s
tem
s
aim
in
g
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t sen
s
em
ak
in
g
.
Up
o
n
id
e
n
tific
atio
n
o
f
th
ese
d
esig
n
elem
en
ts
,
an
o
th
e
r
d
atab
ase
s
ea
r
ch
was
co
n
d
u
cted
to
d
er
iv
e
th
e
af
f
o
r
d
a
n
ce
s
ass
o
ciate
d
with
th
em
,
co
m
b
in
in
g
th
e
id
en
tifie
d
elem
en
ts
with
‘
af
f
o
r
d
an
c
es’
as
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
ter
m
s
.
Fin
ally
co
n
ce
p
t
s
y
n
th
esis
o
f
th
e
d
er
iv
ed
af
f
o
r
d
an
ce
s
is
co
n
d
u
cted
f
o
r
th
e
u
n
co
v
er
i
n
g
o
f
th
e
af
f
o
r
d
an
ce
s
ty
p
o
lo
g
y
,
a
g
en
er
alize
d
lis
t f
o
r
em
b
ed
d
i
n
g
s
en
s
em
ak
in
g
in
d
i
g
ital sy
s
tem
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
R
esear
ch
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
4.
F
I
NDING
S
4
.
1
.
Desig
n
elem
ent
s
f
o
r
s
ens
em
a
k
ing
4.
1
.
1.
T
a
g
g
ing
T
ag
g
in
g
r
e
f
er
s
to
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
u
s
er
s
ad
d
in
g
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
k
e
y
wo
r
d
s
o
r
tag
s
to
d
ig
ital
co
n
te
n
t
s
u
ch
as
im
ag
es,
v
id
eo
s
,
o
r
ar
ticles,
to
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
n
ten
t
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
an
d
r
etr
iev
al
[
1
7
]
.
User
s
ca
n
c
lick
an
y
tag
a
n
d
b
e
b
r
o
u
g
h
t
to
all
c
o
n
ten
ts
tag
g
e
d
th
e
s
am
e
W
h
ile
s
o
cial
tag
g
in
g
o
r
ig
in
all
y
h
as
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
f
o
r
p
er
s
o
n
al
co
llectio
n
o
f
item
s
,
it
h
as
b
ee
n
in
teg
r
ated
in
to
s
y
s
tem
s
m
ain
ly
p
er
s
o
n
alize
d
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ati
o
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as
r
etr
iev
in
g
m
u
s
ic
b
ased
o
n
m
o
o
d
s
[
1
8
]
.
T
ag
g
in
g
is
s
aid
to
b
e
well
-
ac
ce
p
ted
d
u
e
to
s
ev
er
al
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
allo
win
g
p
er
s
o
n
al
b
o
o
k
m
ar
k
in
g
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
k
n
o
wled
g
e
d
is
co
v
e
r
y
an
d
r
etr
ie
v
al,
lo
w
b
ar
r
ie
r
to
p
a
r
ticip
atio
n
,
an
d
r
ef
lectin
g
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
ity
[
1
9
]
.
So
cial
tag
g
in
g
b
r
i
n
g
ab
o
u
t
th
e
ar
is
in
g
o
f
f
o
lk
s
o
n
o
m
y
,
a
n
d
h
as
b
ee
n
h
y
p
o
th
esized
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
en
s
em
ak
in
g
s
in
ce
it
f
ir
s
t
g
ain
ed
p
r
o
m
in
en
ce
in
th
e
d
a
y
s
o
f
W
eb
2
.
0
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
is
is
b
ec
au
s
e
s
o
cial
tag
g
in
g
g
iv
es
r
is
e
to
co
llectiv
e
in
tellig
en
ce
,
i
n
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
u
s
er
-
g
e
n
er
ated
t
ag
s
th
at
f
ac
ilit
ates
th
e
ca
teg
o
r
izatio
n
an
d
d
escr
ip
tio
n
o
f
o
n
lin
e
co
n
te
n
t,
th
er
eb
y
aid
in
g
in
d
iv
id
u
als
in
m
ak
in
g
s
en
s
e
o
f
th
e
v
ast
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
av
ailab
le
o
n
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
an
d
o
th
er
o
n
lin
e
p
latf
o
r
m
s
[
2
1
]
.
As
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
s
o
cial
tag
g
in
g
allo
ws
u
s
er
s
to
lab
el
an
d
ca
teg
o
r
ize
co
n
te
n
t
b
ased
o
n
th
eir
o
wn
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
s
an
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
,
it a
lig
n
s
with
th
e
m
ec
h
an
is
m
o
f
b
r
ac
k
etin
g
an
d
lab
ellin
g
,
an
d
s
o
th
e
way
in
wh
ich
co
n
ten
t
is
lab
elled
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
h
o
w
in
d
i
v
id
u
als
co
m
p
r
eh
en
d
an
d
u
tili
ze
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
i
n
th
eir
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
an
d
ac
tiv
ities
[
2
2
]
.
Sen
s
em
ak
in
g
as
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
s
o
cial
tag
g
in
g
h
as
b
ee
n
d
e
s
cr
ib
ed
as
s
em
an
tic
s
tab
ilizatio
n
o
f
tag
s
u
s
ed
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
b
y
em
er
g
in
g
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
o
n
p
ar
tic
u
lar
ter
m
s
o
v
er
tim
e
[
2
3
]
.
C
o
llab
o
r
ativ
e
tag
g
in
g
o
f
g
r
o
u
p
c
h
at
h
as
also
b
ee
n
d
is
co
v
er
ed
to
h
el
p
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
e
n
s
em
ak
in
g
o
f
lar
g
e
co
n
v
er
s
atio
n
s
[
2
4
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
7
6
I
n
t J I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
,
Vo
l.
1
5
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
6
:
4
8
8
-
4
9
6
492
4
.
1
.
2
.
Anno
t
a
t
io
n
Sen
s
em
ak
in
g
ca
n
also
b
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
s
y
s
tem
d
esig
n
s
t
h
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
an
n
o
tatio
n
s
,
a
co
n
ce
p
t
clo
s
ely
r
elate
d
with
tag
g
in
g
.
E
ar
ly
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
s
en
s
em
ak
in
g
in
u
s
er
in
ter
f
ac
es
h
av
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
m
ea
s
u
r
ab
le
lear
n
in
g
g
ain
s
c
an
b
e
ac
h
iev
e
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
ac
c
ess
to
s
o
ci
al
an
n
o
tatio
n
s
m
ad
e
b
y
o
th
er
s
[
2
5
]
.
C
o
m
m
en
ts
,
r
atin
g
s
(
v
o
tes
an
d
n
u
m
b
er
s
)
,
an
d
tag
s
ar
e
ex
am
p
les
o
f
a
n
n
o
tatio
n
s
.
C
atsey
e
is
a
lig
h
tweig
h
t
an
n
o
tatio
n
to
o
l
u
s
ed
with
in
an
in
teg
r
ated
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
(
I
DE
)
,
wh
ich
allo
w
d
ev
el
o
p
er
s
to
an
n
o
tate
th
eir
co
d
e
to
e
n
h
an
ce
s
en
s
em
ak
in
g
wh
e
n
c
o
m
p
l
etin
g
d
eb
u
g
g
i
n
g
task
s
[
2
6
]
.
I
n
an
o
t
h
er
r
esear
c
h
,
an
n
o
tatio
n
p
r
ac
tices,
co
m
b
in
ed
with
m
u
ltimo
d
al
d
ata
in
c
lu
d
in
g
telem
etr
y
,
v
id
eo
,
an
d
co
n
v
er
s
atio
n
wer
e
h
elp
f
u
l
in
id
ea
tio
n
an
d
d
ev
el
o
p
in
g
co
n
tex
t
f
o
r
r
esear
c
h
in
th
e
wild
[
2
7
]
.
An
n
o
tatio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
r
atin
g
s
an
d
r
ev
iews is
also
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as p
ar
t o
f
h
u
m
a
n
-
h
u
m
an
d
ata
f
o
r
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
in
g
c
o
n
ten
ts
s
u
ch
as m
o
v
ies
[
2
8
]
.
4
.
1
.
3
.
Co
llect
ing
a
nd
o
rg
a
nizin
g
Desig
n
s
elem
en
ts
th
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
u
s
er
s
in
co
llectin
g
an
d
o
r
g
an
izin
g
ar
e
s
aid
to
en
h
an
ce
s
en
s
em
ak
in
g
.
Sen
s
eM
ap
,
a
b
r
o
wser
-
b
ased
o
n
lin
e
s
en
s
em
ak
in
g
to
o
l
th
at
was
d
esig
n
ed
b
ased
o
n
Piro
lli
an
d
C
ar
d
’
s
s
en
s
em
ak
in
g
th
e
o
r
y
h
elp
u
s
er
s
to
c
o
llect
an
d
cu
r
ate
in
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
we
b
,
wh
ic
h
ca
n
t
h
en
b
e
cu
r
ated
t
h
at
ess
en
tially
s
ig
n
if
ies
th
e
s
en
s
e
m
ak
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
[
2
9
]
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
Fo
r
Sen
s
e
is
a
s
en
s
em
ak
in
g
to
o
l
th
at
s
tar
ts
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
b
y
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
u
s
er
s
in
th
e
f
o
r
a
g
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
co
ll
ec
tin
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
an
d
en
h
a
n
ce
th
e
s
en
s
em
ak
in
g
p
h
ase
b
y
i
n
teg
r
atin
g
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
[
3
0
]
.
Dig
ital
cu
r
atio
n
is
an
in
ter
est
f
ield
o
f
m
a
n
y
r
esear
ch
er
s
.
T
h
e
r
e
ar
e
m
an
y
web
s
er
v
ices
th
at
p
r
o
v
id
e
to
o
ls
f
o
r
co
llectin
g
o
n
lin
e
co
n
ten
t
f
o
r
d
ig
ital
cu
r
ati
o
n
,
an
d
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
n
o
ted
is
Pin
ter
est,
with
3
2
2
m
illi
o
n
m
o
n
th
ly
ac
tiv
e
u
s
er
s
[
3
1
]
.
C
o
n
ten
t
cu
r
atio
n
is
clo
s
ely
ass
o
ciate
d
with
s
en
s
em
ak
in
g
,
wh
er
e
it is
d
ee
m
ed
as th
e
ce
n
t
r
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
an
d
ad
d
s
v
alu
e
to
t
h
e
co
n
te
n
t
[
3
2
]
.
4
.
1
.
4
.
Co
lla
bo
ra
t
i
o
n a
nd
s
ha
ring
C
o
llab
o
r
atio
n
a
n
d
s
h
ar
in
g
ar
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
in
en
h
an
cin
g
s
en
s
e
m
ak
in
g
,
p
ar
ticu
la
r
ly
in
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
-
r
ich
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
t
o
o
ls
an
d
p
latf
o
r
m
s
f
ac
ilit
ates
th
e
c
o
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
d
iv
er
s
e
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es,
en
ab
lin
g
a
c
o
llectiv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
an
d
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
.
C
o
llab
o
r
ativ
e
to
o
ls
s
u
ch
as
s
h
ar
ed
d
i
g
ital
wo
r
k
s
p
ac
es
p
la
y
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
r
o
le
as
n
o
n
-
h
u
m
an
ac
to
r
s
in
th
e
s
en
s
em
ak
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
in
f
l
u
en
ce
th
e
co
-
c
o
n
s
tr
u
cted
m
e
an
in
g
o
f
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
[
3
3
]
.
Fo
r
ex
a
m
p
le,
c
r
o
wd
s
y
n
th
esis
was
a
to
o
l d
ev
elo
p
e
d
to
allo
w
cr
o
wd
s
to
ex
tr
ac
t c
ateg
o
r
ies an
d
clu
s
ter
s
f
r
o
m
d
a
ta
co
llab
o
r
ativ
ely
b
y
s
ca
f
f
o
ld
in
g
ex
p
er
tis
e
f
o
r
n
o
v
ice
cr
o
wd
wo
r
k
er
s
an
d
cr
ea
t
in
g
co
n
s
is
ten
t
ca
teg
o
r
ies
[
3
4
]
,
an
d
C
r
o
wd
T
r
ac
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
a
cr
o
w
d
au
d
itin
g
s
tep
to
a
c
r
o
wd
s
o
u
r
ce
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
an
aly
s
is
[
3
5
]
.
Af
f
o
r
d
an
ce
s
th
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
a
n
d
s
h
ar
in
g
m
ay
in
clu
d
e
s
h
ar
ed
wh
iteb
o
ar
d
s
,
v
id
eo
co
n
f
er
en
cin
g
[
3
6
]
,
an
d
v
ir
tu
al
s
tick
y
n
o
tes
[
3
7
]
am
o
n
g
o
th
er
s
.
T
h
e
s
e
af
f
o
r
d
an
ce
s
n
o
t
o
n
ly
d
em
o
cr
atize
th
e
s
en
s
em
ak
in
g
p
r
o
c
ess
b
u
t
also
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
d
iv
er
s
e
v
iewp
o
i
n
ts
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
,
lead
in
g
to
m
o
r
e
in
cl
u
s
iv
e
o
u
tco
m
es.
4.
2
.
Af
f
o
rda
nces o
f
des
ig
n e
lem
e
nts f
o
r
s
ens
em
a
k
ing
T
h
e
f
iv
e
d
esig
n
elem
e
n
ts
p
u
r
p
o
r
ted
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
en
s
em
ak
in
g
as
id
en
tifie
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
r
e
v
iew
ab
o
v
e
in
clu
d
e
tag
g
in
g
,
an
n
o
tatio
n
,
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
,
co
llectin
g
an
d
o
r
g
an
izin
g
,
an
d
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
an
d
s
h
ar
in
g
.
T
h
is
lis
t
is
n
o
t
claim
ed
to
b
e
ex
h
a
u
s
tiv
e,
b
u
t
it
s
er
v
es
as
a
s
tar
tin
g
p
o
in
t
as
th
ey
h
av
e
b
ee
n
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
in
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
as
k
e
y
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
th
at
f
ac
ilit
ate
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
s
en
s
em
ak
in
g
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
u
s
er
s
with
th
e
to
o
ls
t
o
m
an
ag
e
a
n
d
in
ter
p
r
et
co
m
p
lex
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
d
e
r
iv
e
t
h
e
af
f
o
r
d
an
ce
s
ass
o
ciate
d
with
th
e
d
esig
n
elem
en
ts
ab
o
v
e,
b
eh
av
io
u
r
s
o
f
th
ese
elem
en
ts
a
s
d
escr
ib
ed
in
th
e
r
elate
d
li
ter
atu
r
e
ar
e
lis
ted
,
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
af
f
o
r
d
an
ce
s
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
o
f
Ma
ier
as
s
h
o
wn
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ly
in
T
ab
le
2
.
T
ab
le
3
s
h
o
ws
th
e
d
esig
n
elem
en
ts
,
th
eir
b
eh
av
io
u
r
s
,
an
d
af
f
o
r
d
an
ce
s
m
ap
p
e
d
to
th
e
m
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
liter
atu
r
es.
B
y
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
th
e
b
eh
av
io
u
r
s
o
f
th
ese
elem
en
ts
,
th
e
m
ap
p
in
g
o
f
af
f
o
r
d
an
ce
s
wi
th
th
e
s
elec
ted
d
esig
n
s
is
m
o
r
e
in
tu
itiv
e.
I
n
s
p
ir
e
d
b
y
Ma
ier
'
s
co
n
s
tr
u
ct,
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
attem
p
t
s
to
b
e
s
ch
o
lar
ly
r
ath
er
th
an
d
ev
iatin
g
f
r
o
m
estab
lis
h
ed
p
r
in
cip
les.
T
ab
le
3
.
Der
iv
e
d
af
f
o
r
d
a
n
ce
s
m
ap
p
ed
f
r
o
m
id
en
tifie
d
d
esig
n
elem
en
ts
an
d
b
eh
av
io
u
r
s
D
e
si
g
n
e
l
e
me
n
t
B
e
h
a
v
i
o
u
r
A
f
f
o
r
d
a
n
c
e
Ta
g
g
i
n
g
A
d
d
i
n
g
d
e
s
c
r
i
p
t
i
v
e
w
o
r
d
s
t
o
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
[
1
7
]
F
r
e
e
l
y
d
e
s
c
r
i
b
i
n
g
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
[
3
8
]
K
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
[
3
9
]
Ta
g
c
l
i
c
k
-
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
[
4
0
]
R
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
d
i
s
c
o
v
e
r
y
[
4
1
]
A
r
i
si
n
g
f
o
l
k
s
o
n
o
m
y
[
2
0
]
C
o
mm
u
n
i
t
y
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
[
4
2
]
A
n
n
o
t
a
t
i
o
n
C
o
n
t
e
n
t
r
e
c
o
mm
e
n
d
a
t
i
o
n
[
2
8
]
D
e
c
e
n
t
r
a
l
i
z
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
f
r
o
m
B
i
g
Te
c
h
s
[
4
3
]
N
o
t
e
a
n
n
o
t
a
t
i
o
n
s
[
2
6
]
Ex
t
e
r
n
a
l
i
z
i
n
g
t
h
o
u
g
h
t
s
[
4
4
]
V
i
su
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
S
h
o
w
v
i
su
a
l
r
e
p
r
e
se
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
s
[
4
5
]
S
u
p
p
o
r
t
i
n
g
n
e
w
i
n
s
i
g
h
t
s
[
4
6
]
P
r
o
v
i
d
i
n
g
s
i
t
u
a
t
i
o
n
a
w
a
r
e
n
e
ss
[
4
7
]
C
o
l
l
e
c
t
i
n
g
a
n
d
o
r
g
a
n
i
z
i
n
g
C
u
r
a
t
e
w
e
b
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
:
b
o
o
k
m
a
r
k
,
c
l
i
p
p
i
n
g
,
d
r
a
g
a
n
d
d
r
o
p
[
4
8
]
Ex
t
e
r
n
a
l
i
z
i
n
g
u
sers’
m
e
m
o
r
y
[
4
8
]
C
o
l
l
a
b
o
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
sh
a
r
i
n
g
S
h
a
r
e
d
s
p
a
c
e
s
:
w
h
i
t
e
b
o
a
r
d
[
3
6
]
,
s
t
i
c
k
y
n
o
t
e
s
[
3
7
]
Co
-
c
r
e
a
t
e
m
e
a
n
i
n
g
[
3
3
]
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
7
6
A
r
ev
iew
o
f sen
s
ema
kin
g
d
esig
n
elem
en
ts
:
to
w
a
r
d
s
a
n
a
ffo
r
d
a
n
ce
s
typ
o
lo
g
y
(
F
a
d
z
lin
A
h
ma
d
o
n
)
493
4
.
3
.
Af
f
o
rda
nces
t
y
po
lo
g
y
f
o
r
s
ens
em
a
k
ing
Fro
m
th
e
f
i
v
e
id
en
tifie
d
d
esig
n
elem
en
ts
,
eig
h
t
d
esig
n
b
e
h
av
io
u
r
s
a
n
d
ten
ass
o
ciate
d
af
f
o
r
d
a
n
ce
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
e
r
iv
ed
.
W
h
ile
th
ese
af
f
o
r
d
a
n
ce
s
ar
e
well
-
alig
n
ed
with
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
d
esig
n
elem
e
n
ts
an
d
b
eh
av
io
u
r
s
s
h
o
wn
in
T
a
b
le
3
,
th
e
g
o
al
o
f
d
ev
elo
p
i
n
g
a
r
o
b
u
s
t
s
en
s
em
ak
in
g
af
f
o
r
d
an
ce
t
y
p
o
lo
g
y
r
eq
u
ir
es
a
f
u
r
th
er
g
en
e
r
aliza
tio
n
a
n
d
d
is
till
atio
n
o
f
t
h
ese
af
f
o
r
d
an
ce
s
.
T
o
ac
h
iev
e
th
is
,
a
c
o
n
ce
p
t
s
y
n
th
esis
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
u
n
d
er
tak
e
n
,
m
er
g
i
n
g
s
o
m
e
o
f
th
e
in
d
iv
id
u
al
af
f
o
r
d
an
ce
s
i
n
to
b
r
o
a
d
er
,
m
o
r
e
g
en
er
alize
d
th
em
es.
T
ab
le
4
s
h
o
ws th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
is
ef
f
o
r
t
.
T
h
is
tab
le
p
r
esen
ts
a
g
en
er
alize
d
af
f
o
r
d
an
ce
ty
p
o
lo
g
y
th
at
ca
teg
o
r
izes
ten
s
p
ec
if
ic
af
f
o
r
d
an
ce
s
in
to
s
ix
b
r
o
ad
er
th
em
es.
T
h
e
co
n
s
o
lid
atio
n
o
f
th
ese
af
f
o
r
d
an
ce
s
in
to
th
ese
ty
p
o
lo
g
ies
en
h
a
n
ce
s
th
eir
ap
p
licab
ilit
y
an
d
r
elev
a
n
ce
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
d
esig
n
co
n
tex
ts
.
T
h
is
ty
p
o
lo
g
y
o
f
f
e
r
s
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
to
b
e
m
ap
p
ed
o
n
to
n
ew
d
esig
n
elem
en
ts
o
r
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
.
Fo
r
e
x
am
p
le,
wh
ile
th
e
'
ef
f
o
r
tles
s
d
is
co
v
er
y
'
ty
p
o
lo
g
y
is
o
r
ig
i
n
a
lly
d
e
r
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
af
f
o
r
d
a
n
ce
o
f
r
eso
u
r
ce
d
is
co
v
er
y
ty
p
ically
ass
o
ciate
d
with
tag
g
in
g
,
it
ca
n
r
ea
d
ily
b
e
ap
p
lied
to
d
esig
n
elem
en
ts
s
u
ch
as
tex
t
au
to
-
co
m
p
lete,
en
h
a
n
cin
g
t
h
e
u
s
er
'
s
ab
ilit
y
to
q
u
ick
ly
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fro
m
th
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sa
m
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u
n
i
v
e
rsity
i
n
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n
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
Tec
h
n
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y
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g
ra
d
u
a
ti
n
g
in
2
0
1
3
.
S
u
b
se
q
u
e
n
tl
y
sh
e
sta
rted
wo
rk
in
g
a
s
a
n
a
c
a
d
e
m
i
c
sta
ff
in
Un
iv
e
rsiti
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n
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i
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b
ra
n
c
h
i
n
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e
lak
a
a
n
d
is
c
u
rre
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tl
y
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tt
a
c
h
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d
a
s
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io
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tu
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t
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a
c
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l
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m
p
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ter
a
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a
th
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m
a
ti
c
a
l
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c
ien
c
e
s
.
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er
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
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d
e
h
u
m
a
n
-
c
o
m
p
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ter
in
tera
c
ti
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n
,
v
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se
n
siti
v
e
d
e
sig
n
,
g
a
m
e
-
b
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se
d
lea
rn
in
g
,
g
a
m
ifi
c
a
ti
o
n
,
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
a
n
d
islam
ic
e
th
ics
in
c
o
m
p
u
ters
.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
fa
d
z
li
n
@u
it
m
.
e
d
u
.
m
y
.
Mu
r
n
i
Bin
ti
M
a
h
m
u
d
is
a
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r
o
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ss
o
r
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t
th
e
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p
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rtme
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t
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fo
rm
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ti
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n
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y
ste
m
s,
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ll
iy
y
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h
/F
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c
u
lt
y
o
f
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fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
(KICT)
,
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Isla
m
ic
Un
iv
e
rsity
M
a
lay
sia
(IIU
M
).
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r
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
st
is
in
t
h
e
field
o
f
H
u
m
a
n
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m
p
u
ter
In
tera
c
ti
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a
n
d
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e
r
Ex
p
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rien
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e
De
sig
n
a
s
sh
e
is
fa
sc
in
a
ted
to
stu
d
y
t
h
e
u
se
r
b
e
h
a
v
io
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r
wh
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u
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g
a
p
p
li
c
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ti
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a
n
d
m
o
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il
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tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
.
S
h
e
a
d
v
o
c
a
tes
f
o
r
re
sp
o
n
sib
le
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se
o
f
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
.
M
u
rn
i
b
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li
e
v
e
s
th
a
t
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
is
a
to
o
l
fo
r
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irt
u
o
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s
a
n
d
e
t
h
ica
l
d
e
e
d
s
th
a
t
p
r
o
m
o
te
p
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rse
v
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ra
n
c
e
a
n
d
re
sili
e
n
t.
S
h
e
is
a
m
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
M
y
HCI
-
UX
,
M
y
AIS,
As
so
c
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n
fo
r
Co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
M
a
c
h
in
e
r
y
(ACM)
a
n
d
In
tera
c
ti
o
n
De
sig
n
F
o
u
n
d
a
ti
o
n
.
M
u
r
n
i
j
o
in
e
d
IIUM
i
n
2
0
0
0
,
a
fter
s
p
e
n
d
in
g
7
y
e
a
rs
a
t
Ex
x
o
n
M
o
b
il
.
S
h
e
c
o
m
p
lete
d
h
e
r
P
h
.
D
.
a
t
Th
e
U
n
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
M
a
n
c
h
e
ste
r,
Ba
c
h
e
lo
r
a
n
d
M
a
ste
r
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
Co
m
p
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
fro
m
th
e
S
tate
U
n
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
Ne
w Yo
rk
,
Bin
g
h
a
m
to
n
.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
m
m
u
rn
i
2
@g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
Mu
n
a
Bi
n
ti
Az
u
d
d
i
n
o
b
tai
n
e
d
h
e
r
M
a
ste
r
a
n
d
P
h
.
D
.
d
e
g
r
e
e
o
f
In
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
fr
o
m
I
IUM
.
S
h
e
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
a
lec
t
u
re
r
a
t
t
h
e
De
p
a
rtm
e
n
t
o
f
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
S
y
ste
m
s
KICT
.
S
h
e
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
a
n
i
n
stru
c
t
o
r
o
f
Dig
i
tal
M
e
d
ia
De
sig
n
,
sp
e
c
i
a
li
z
in
g
i
n
su
b
jec
ts
li
k
e
3
D
m
o
d
e
li
n
g
,
a
n
ima
ti
o
n
,
h
u
m
a
n
-
c
o
m
p
u
ter
i
n
tera
c
ti
o
n
,
m
u
lt
ime
d
ia
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
a
n
d
c
re
a
ti
v
e
d
e
sig
n
.
He
r
re
se
a
rc
h
wa
s
i
n
stru
m
e
n
tal
in
sh
a
p
in
g
t
h
e
fiel
d
’s
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
i
n
tera
c
ti
o
n
d
e
sig
n
,
a
c
c
e
s
sib
il
it
y
a
n
d
in
c
lu
si
v
it
y
p
a
r
ti
c
u
larly
in
t
h
e
c
o
n
tex
t
o
f
m
o
b
il
e
d
e
v
ice
s
a
n
d
e
Lea
rn
in
g
p
latfo
rm
.
He
r
p
a
ss
io
n
f
o
r
HCI an
d
u
se
r
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
h
a
s led
h
e
r
to
w
o
rk
o
n
a
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
p
ro
jec
ts
in
c
lu
d
in
g
p
r
o
fe
ss
io
n
a
l
m
icr
o
c
re
d
e
n
ti
a
ls,
e
Lea
rn
in
g
fo
r
k
i
d
s
with
sp
e
c
ial
n
e
e
d
s,
p
o
rtal/mo
b
il
e
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
u
se
r
e
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
,
a
n
d
n
e
u
ro
c
o
a
c
h
d
i
g
it
a
l
lab
u
se
r
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
te
d
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
m
u
n
a
a
z
u
d
d
i
n
@ii
u
m
.
e
d
u
.
m
y
.
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